{"id":13947,"date":"2021-09-04T04:13:31","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T21:13:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?page_id=13947"},"modified":"2021-09-04T11:14:18","modified_gmt":"2021-09-04T04:14:18","slug":"khai-niem-thuat-ngu-phat-hoc-p1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/khai-niem-thuat-ngu-phat-hoc-p1\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc P1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tra c\u1ee9u qua m\u1ea1ng , c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I.Tam b\u1ea3o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tam b\u1ea3o<\/strong>\u00a0(zh.\u00a0s\u0101nb\u0103o<\/em>\u00a0\u4e09\u5bf6, ja.\u00a0sanb\u014d<\/em>, sa. \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0924\u094d\u0928\u00a0triratna<\/em>, pi.\u00a0tiratana<\/em>) l\u00e0 “Ba ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u”, ba c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a>:\u00a0Ph\u1eadt<\/a>,\u00a0Ph\u00e1p<\/a>,\u00a0T\u0103ng<\/a>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 n\u01a1i Tam b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc\u00a0D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/a>\u00a0(v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/a>\u00a0bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quy y Tam b\u1ea3o (Tam quy y<\/a>). Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n\u00a0T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m<\/a>\u00a0(pi.\u00a0anussati<\/em>), ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I.1. Ph\u1eadt <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1eadt<\/strong> (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/a>: \u4f5b) hay B\u1ee5t<\/strong> (ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n<\/a>: Buddh\u00e3) trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 B\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/a>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/a> th\u00f4ng qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/a> \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u00f4 minh<\/a> – g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra sinh t\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/a>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb bi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh \u0111ang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/a>. Khi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t<\/a> – T\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p<\/a> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng thanh t\u1ecbnh, tuy nhi\u00ean Ph\u1eadt to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/a> kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/a> t\u00ean l\u00e0 “Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni<\/a>“, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 khai sinh ra Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a>. Nh\u01b0ng theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a C\u1ed3-\u0111\u00e0m<\/a> th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t<\/a> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9 n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/a>, x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 – t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i \u00f4ng ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c: nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (\u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u0169ng theo l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 sau, tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u1eefa \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a>, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. V\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3\u00a0th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/a>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb\u00a0Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c<\/a>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00edt tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. V\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0\u00a0Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 Ph\u1eadt<\/a>. Trong khi v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0\u00a0Di-l\u1eb7c<\/a>. Trong\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng<\/strong>\u00a0th\u00ec c\u00f2n chia ra\u00a0Ph\u1eadt m\u1eabu<\/a>,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a>,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/em>. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng tu h\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0:\u00a0Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c),\u00a0Thanh v\u0103n<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb\u00a0A-la-h\u00e1n<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.Ph\u00e1p<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1p (P\u0101li: Dhamma, Sanskrit: Dharma) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a, t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Ph\u1eadt Quang \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/em>, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, h\u1eefu, v\u00f4 g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc<\/em>, Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 chung cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9, c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Nh\u1eadm tr\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, qu\u1ef9 sinh v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, theo Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0inh Ph\u00fac B\u1ea3o, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn ta l\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c – c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ta m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Tu\u1ec7 Quang, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o uy\u1ec3n<\/em>, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, th\u00f3i quen, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p c\u01b0 x\u1eed, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, quy c\u1ee7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u00fd (ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m Kinh-Lu\u1eadt-Lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p trong hai \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean, \u201cAi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p; ai th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d (Kinh Trung b\u1ed9<\/em>, s\u1ed1 28, \u00d0\u1ea1i kinh D\u1ee5 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n voi) v\u00e0 \u201cAi th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai; ai th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p\u201d (Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (Tam t\u1ea1ng) m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Vi\u00ean Minh trong\u00a0Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/em>: \u201cTrong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. P\u0101li l\u00e0 Dhamma, Sanskrit l\u00e0 Dharma, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u2018Ai th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai, ai th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p\u2019. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: \u2018Ai th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai, ai th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c\u2019. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111ang l\u00e0. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u1ecb b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n (th\u1ea5y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, h\u00e3y h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, ngay tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. T\u0103ng<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

T\u0103ng<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem\u00a0l\u00e0<\/strong>\u00a0c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (t\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi\u00a0l\u00e0<\/strong>\u00a0l\u1ee5c h\u00f2a (s\u00e1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.Tu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Tu c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 “s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i”<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.1. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 tu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tu l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Tu l\u00e0 s\u1eeda, Tu l\u00e0 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i c\u00e1i sai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Tu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi h\u1ef7 x\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Tu l\u00e0 quay v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 soi m\u00ecnh, Tu l\u00e0 b\u1edbt tham \u2013 s\u00e2n \u2013 si \u2013 ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn\u2026 Tu l\u00e0 quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh b\u1ed5n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i B\u1ed5n Lai Di\u1ec7n M\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt T\u00e1nh T\u1eeb Bi v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Tu v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, Tu v\u1edbi c\u00e1i T\u00e2m V\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, Tu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1nh x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00f3 l\u1edbn t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y, Tu v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00fang ta gay ra bao \u0111\u1eddi, Tu v\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3\u2026. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 s\u1eeda l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1eady th\u00f4i ! Tu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c… c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e0ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 tu, ch\u1ee9 su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra thi l\u1ea5y g\u00ec m\u00e0 tu, v\u1eady m\u1edbi n\u00f3i ” Kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t tu ch\u1ee3, sau l\u00e0 tu nh\u00e0, th\u1ee9 ba m\u1edbi tu ch\u00f9a “. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.2. Tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu b\u1eaft c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh trong 6 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch tu n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e9p tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh n\u1eb1m trong phong tr\u00e0o t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p tu kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, s\u1ed1ng im l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean t\u0129nh ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. H\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111au kh\u1ed5, n\u00ean h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Ph\u00e9p tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nay c\u0169ng h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n s\u00e1u tr\u0103m n\u0103m, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean b\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai tu theo ph\u00e9p tu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1eefa[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>. Tuy v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f2n theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e9p tu n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.3. Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Trung \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xa l\u00eca hai l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng truy hoan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u00e9p x\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, hay tr\u00e1nh hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n hay \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trung \u0111\u1ea1o (madhyam\u0101-pratipad) l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh xa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan: h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, sau khi s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 trong ho\u00e0ng cung, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua 6 n\u0103m tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, nh\u1edd con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.4. B\u1ed5 t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Trong ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, tu H\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9t, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hai ch\u1eef B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t. B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t theo s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: \u201cGi\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh\u201d; gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111em s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, b\u00e0y v\u1ebd, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.5. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ngh\u1ecbch h\u1ea1nh<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ngh\u1ecbch h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea1o, hung d\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ecbch h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi, c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch h\u1ea1nh kinh kh\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m l\u00e0m ngh\u1ecbch h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.6. B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecfa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t l\u00e0 n\u1eeda ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 “b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecfa”. B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “gi\u00e1c”, t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecfa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh”. T\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.G\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u2019gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh\u2018\u2019? T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh minh b\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c gi\u00e1c tha c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t.G\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u2019h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c\u2018\u2019? B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh, v\u00ec tu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh, cho n\u00ean th\u00e0nh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 trong h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng do ch\u00fang sinh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh, l\u00e0 ch\u00fang duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 sinh. Ph\u1eadt B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u00fang sinh, b\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t si\u00eang tu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh, cho n\u00ean th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t; c\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu tu h\u00e0nh, cho n\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.Danh hi\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

III.1.Ph\u1eadt<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1eadt<\/strong>\u00a0(ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/a>: \u4f5b) hay\u00a0B\u1ee5t<\/strong>\u00a0(ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n<\/a>: Buddh\u00e3) trong\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a>\u00a0ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 B\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n trong\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/a>,\u00a0tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/a>\u00a0th\u00f4ng\u00a0qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\u00a0Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/a>\u00a0\u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n\u00a0v\u00f4 minh<\/a>\u00a0– g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra sinh t\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/a>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb bi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh \u0111ang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/a>. Khi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3\u00a0Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t<\/a>\u00a0–\u00a0T\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p<\/a>\u00a0v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng thanh t\u1ecbnh, tuy nhi\u00ean Ph\u1eadt\u00a0to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/a>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.2. B\u00edch Chi Ph\u1eadt<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

B\u00edch-chi Ph\u1eadt<\/strong> (Devanagari<\/a>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927; pratyeka-budhha<\/em>; pacceka-buddha<\/em>; ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/a>: \u8f9f\u652f\u4f5b), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt<\/strong> (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u7368\u89ba\u4f5b) hay Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt<\/strong> (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u7de3\u89ba\u4f5b), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 do t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed (sarvaj\u00f1at\u0101<\/em>) hay M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ef1c (da\u015babala<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tam-mi\u1ec7u Tam-ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0 (samyak-sambodhi<\/em>). \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc \u1edf qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa A-la-h\u00e1n<\/a> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt<\/a>. C\u00f3 khi \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 trong th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u1ed7 xe (Tam Th\u1eeba g\u1ed3m Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba, Thanh V\u0103n th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t\u00a0Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.3. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/strong> (\u83e9\u85a9) l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1-t\u00e1t-\u0111\u00f3a<\/strong> (zh. \u83e9\u63d0\u85a9\u57f5, sa. bodhisattva<\/em>), c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n bodhisattva<\/em> sang H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, d\u1ecbch \u00fd l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/strong> (zh. \u89ba\u6709\u60c5), ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea1i s\u0129<\/strong> (zh. \u5927\u58eb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng\u00a0t\u1eeb bi<\/a>\u00a0\u0111i song song v\u1edbi\u00a0tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/a>. B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m\u00a0B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 gi\u1eef\u00a0B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/a>. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tu h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t theo kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam th\u00ec c\u00f3 52 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb g\u1ed3m Th\u1eadp T\u00ednh, Th\u1eadp Tr\u1ee5, Th\u1eadp H\u1ea1nh, Th\u1eadp H\u1ed3i H\u01b0\u1edbng,\u00a0Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 hai qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7u gi\u00e1c. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Quan Th\u1ebf \u00c2m B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, \u0110\u1ecba T\u1ea1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t,…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.4. A La h\u00e1n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A-la-h\u00e1n<\/strong> (Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3<\/a> \u963f\u7f85\u6f22<\/a>; sa. arhat, arhant<\/em>; pi. arahat, arahant<\/em>; bo. dgra com pa<\/em>, trong d\u00e2n gian th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 la h\u00e1n<\/strong>) l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng”[1]<\/a><\/sup> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o”[1]<\/a><\/sup>[2]<\/a><\/sup> theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/a>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/a>, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup>[1]<\/a><\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a>, th\u00ec thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/a>, c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/a> nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/a>.[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0H\u1eefu d\u01b0\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(sa.\u00a0sopadhi\u015be\u1e63anirv\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>; pi.\u00a0savupadisesanibb\u0101na<\/em>), khi A-la-h\u00e1n n\u00e0y\u00a0vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/a>\u00a0th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadp\u00a0V\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/em>\u00a0Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.5.Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

B\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh nh\u1edd suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, nh\u1edd quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh.\u00a0T\u1eeb Sanskrit g\u1ecdi b\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Prateyka Buddha. H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u00e2m l\u00e0 B\u00edch Chi Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.6. Thanh v\u0103n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a A La H\u00e1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV.Tam h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u0103n \u2013 t\u01b0 \u2013 tu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0103n: L\u00e0 nghe: nghe l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (gi\u00e1o l\u00fd)
T\u01b0: l\u00e0 ngh\u0129: Sau khi nghe c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u1ea5y (gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1ea5y) c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?
Tu: S\u1eeda, khi suy ng\u1eabm n\u1ebfu ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00ec ta ph\u1ea3i theo l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i s\u1eeda m\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V.Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi \u2013 \u0110\u1ecbnh \u2013 Tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xem chi ti\u1ebft<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

VI.Tam t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n