{"id":10063,"date":"2021-03-13T22:43:47","date_gmt":"2021-03-13T15:43:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=10063"},"modified":"2021-03-13T22:43:51","modified_gmt":"2021-03-13T15:43:51","slug":"lich-su-phat-giao-dai-thua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/03\/13\/lich-su-phat-giao-dai-thua\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

J. R. O’Neil<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mahayana (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi gian 250 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 150 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn 100 CN, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi d\u1eady t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i trong x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan m\u1edbi, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb si\u00eau nh\u00e2n, si\u00eau th\u1ebf. Th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m (Abhidhamma, Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p), ph\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 “kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh” s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan tri\u1ebft l\u00fd m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ea7y, ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u1eafn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mahayana \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung \u1ea4n ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef v\u0103n “Sanskrit t\u1ea1p”, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Sanskrit c\u1ed7, ng\u1eef v\u0103n qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u0103n li\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng — l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt — \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 trong phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, v\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 200,000 v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u0103n li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 “l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt” (Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n – Buddhavaccana) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Th\u1eadt ra, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng khen ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i kinh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung v\u1edbi t\u1ea1ng kinh lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Mahayana ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n” v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u \u0111i t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea7n r\u1eafn (Naga, Long v\u01b0\u01a1ng), cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kinh th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang qua n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong l\u00fac tham thi\u1ec1n. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m tham thi\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba xem nh\u01b0 “th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai”, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cao s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c kinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung ra nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1, t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc, tham c\u1ee9u, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Mahayana \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, tu s\u0129 l\u1eabn c\u01b0 s\u0129, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n th\u00eam t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u xa, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c khai ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 — gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m (bodhi-citta), m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 “m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i”, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 650 CN. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n danh, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 khi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tr\u0103m trang gi\u1ea5y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i kinh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ba trang. Th\u1eadt ra, trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i kinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n cao qu\u00fd, xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, chung quanh l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. C\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Mahayana \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y. Trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y, \u0111a ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i n\u1ea7y, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u danh hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd, s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, thu h\u00fat qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, gi\u00fap th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Th\u1eeba (Bodhisatva-yana). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Thanh V\u0103n Th\u1eeba (Sravaka-yana) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahat), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c (Samma-sambuddho). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c Th\u1eeba (Pratyeka-Buddha-yana), d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, khi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng ca ng\u1ee3i t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng m\u1edbi: Mahayana (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba). C\u00e1c “th\u1eeba” kh\u00e1c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb khinh ch\u00ea l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Hinayana (Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba). L\u00fd do bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u00e1i “l\u1edbn” c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u1edf trong 3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c: \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb bi mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c th\u00e2m s\u00e2u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ed5 v\u00f5, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 200 CN, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean “Hoa sen c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p” (Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa, Saddharmapundarika) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1ng “Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba”, b\u1ed9 kinh cho r\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Ph\u1ea9m 2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh n\u1ea7y, trong vi\u1ec7c dung n\u1ea1p Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba: quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o”. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u00f9y theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u0103n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe — vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong t\u1ea1ng kinh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1o b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p cao si\u00eau cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi “v\u00f4 minh, c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p”, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n qua qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. V\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c. Cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n nghe th\u00eam n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng A-la-h\u00e1n, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe, Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba (eka-yana), c\u1ed7 xe c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o” \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra 3 c\u1ed7 xe kh\u00e1c: Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1eeba. Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n c\u1ed7 xe n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec5n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n cho c\u1ed7 xe Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, v\u00ec kinh \u0111\u1ec1 cao B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, kinh n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Mahayana \u0111\u1ec1u theo quan ni\u1ec7m Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba n\u1ea7y. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 kinh cho r\u1eb1ng trong ba th\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Theravada ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean — v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n — l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o cho r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sinh t\u1eed. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y khai s\u00e1ng Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 Thanh V\u0103n Th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt trong to\u00e0n x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 500 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ho\u1eb1ng khai Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Theravada v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, tr\u1ea3i qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang sinh. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Theravada h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, v\u00e0 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1edbi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111a s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Theravada \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng A-la-h\u00e1n, h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec theo c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m, ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 th\u00e1nh (D\u1ef1 L\u01b0u, Nh\u1ea5t Lai, B\u1ea5t Lai, v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u khi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111i theo B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t gia, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu s\u0129, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1ec1 sau, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt (Vimalakirti-nirdesa). T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng hy sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c, ph\u00fang t\u1ee5ng, x\u00e2y th\u00e1p v.v. Quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang Trung Hoa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c th\u00eam t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec theo c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Thanh V\u0103n Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng \u1edf chung m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Hoa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ri\u00eang r\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. V\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y, danh t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba (Hinayana) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n, th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (Mahayana).Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, danh t\u1eeb Hinayana kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean do c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Mahayana \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Kinh B\u1ed9” (Nikaya Buddhism) ho\u1eb7c “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi” (Original Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” (Northern Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng (M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng), “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” (Eastern Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” (Southern Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Cam B\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John R. O’Neil
(“The Formation of Mahayana”, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea1nh tr\u00edch d\u1ecbch)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/www.kbc.edu.vn\/vi\/blog\/nguon-goc-cua-phat-giao-dai-thua–phan-1-.34<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba (ph\u1ea7n 1)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

PHKHO – Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Mah\u0101y\u0101na th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef H\u012bnay\u0101na l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d. Ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 h\u012bna trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cH\u012bnay\u0101na\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf\u201d; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu\u201d hay \u201cth\u1ea5p k\u00e9m\u201d. Danh x\u01b0ng \u201cH\u012bnay\u0101na\u201d do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya (Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba (ph\u1ea7n 1)<\/em>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u012bnay\u0101na. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba g\u1ecdi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba hay kh\u00f4ng, hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn trong \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramitopade\u015ba,T 1509) ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa b\u1ed9 (Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Therav\u0101da v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 (Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika) hay kh\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n (d.423?) chia nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i (Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c k\u00fd, T2085, Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o): \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn (Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9). So s\u00e1nh k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c, Huy\u1ec1n Trang (600-664), T\u00e2y du k\u00fd (T2087, M\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda T\u00e2y), cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya. Huy\u1ec1n Trang hi\u1ec3u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t danh \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 (Sammat\u012bya), v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 (Lokottarav\u0101din). \u1ede nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0i ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 t\u00ean t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi ng\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hai n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Therav\u0101da v\u00e0 ba n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7t danh \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d.1<\/sup> S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ng\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u0103m khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da Sri Lanka, ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cTherav\u0101da \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d.2<\/sup> Ph\u00e1i Abhayagiri thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Sri Lanka v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. V\u1ec1 sau n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1i Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra, ph\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Sri Lanka ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Sri Lanka. Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i (a\u1e6d\u1e6dhakath\u0101) c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra, khi xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Do \u0111\u00f3, Huy\u1ec1n Trang g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Huy\u1ec1n Trang kh\u00f4ng xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0i xem ph\u00e1i Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 (Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika), l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i cu\u1ed1n Mah\u0101vastu (\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ef1), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 trong k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh (635-713), Nam h\u1ea3i k\u00fd quy n\u1ed9i ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec7n (T 2125, Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Malay). Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u01a1i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng s\u0129 Ti\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u theo Vinaya, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u01a1i T\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf. Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Ch\u1ec9 Trung Qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng (M\u0101dhyamika) v\u00e0 Duy Th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng (Yog\u0101c\u0101ra) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.3 Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3i qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u1edf N\u0101land\u0101 thu\u1ed9c Trung \u1ea4n. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i N\u0101land\u0101 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Huy\u1ec1n Trang v\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba s\u01a1 k\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i chung, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201c\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na\u201d (Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 \u201cBoddhisattvay\u0101na\u201d (B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba) th\u1eadm ch\u00ed x\u01b0a h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thay th\u1ebf cho Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba thay th\u1ebf cho B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba. Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya n\u00f3i chung. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eadu t\u1ed1 y\u0101na trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cH\u012bnay\u0101na\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cMah\u0101y\u0101na\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed5 xe\u201d, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sinh t\u1eed, v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb b\u1edd m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 sang b\u1edd kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00f5i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 (p\u0101ramit\u0101) minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Therav\u0101da, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. M\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. C\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tu t\u1eadp. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba (\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na) \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tinh th\u00f4ng n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tr\u00f2 l\u00ean th\u1ea7y. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201c\u015br\u0101vaka\u201d, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafng nghe\u201d hay \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc\u201d, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. Thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c do ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba xem l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba g\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed\u201d, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u015br\u0101vaka. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y d\u00f9 khi \u0111ang c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft hay m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe d\u00e0nh cho ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh. Do \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y trong khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh xa th\u1ebf gian. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau n\u01a1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y \u201cNi\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d (apati\u1e63\u1e6dhita-nirv\u0101\u1e47a) m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eabn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t. Ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t nh\u01b0 V\u0103n Th\u00f9 (Ma\u00f1ju\u015b\u012b), Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n (Samantabhadra) v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m (Avalokite\u015bvara) c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 A Di \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t (parinirv\u0101\u1e47a). H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh. Nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh. Kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Trung \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya. Nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt: Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n (dharmak\u0101ya), B\u00e1o th\u00e2n (sa\u1e43bhogak\u0101ya), v\u00e0 H\u00f3a th\u00e2n (nirm\u0101\u1e47ak\u0101ya). Nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (da\u015babh\u016bmi: th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba) hay 42 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi danh m\u1ee5c Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 hay v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t A-la-h\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba quan ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n hay vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh trong khi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Cave 10 In Ellora, India<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ba ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o. C\u00f3 ba ngu\u1ed3n cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n sau. Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya (Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i). Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 (Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika). Nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u sau khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 sang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Trong khi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9 (Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka), Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 (Dharmaguptaka), v\u00e0 Therav\u0101da c\u0169ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 (Sammat\u012bya) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho thu\u1ed9c \u201cph\u00e1i T\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt\u201d (T\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba) s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c.4<\/sup> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya, n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ranh gi\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p. Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u00ed v\u00e0o t\u00e1m b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Trung \u1ea4n. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u00edn t\u00e2m t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp. V\u1ec1 sau, vua A\u015boka \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n. Trong nh\u1eefng trang sau, ba ngu\u1ed3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7t danh ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u201cTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u201d (c\u1ed7 xe nh\u1ecf). Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramitopade\u015ba,T 1509, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho N\u0101g\u0101rjuna) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (Pa\u00f1cavim\u015batis\u0101hasrik\u0101-PP,T 223) th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tham kh\u1ea3o gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kinh Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p (dharma) th\u00e0nh n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c t\u1eed b\u1ed9 (V\u0101ts\u012bputr\u012bya) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba.5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111ang l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean hay c\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t xa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp hay s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i dung, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong D\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn (Samayabhedoparacanacakra,T 2031)6<\/sup> c\u1ee7a Vasumitra (Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Vasumitra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c.N\u01a1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Vasumitra \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9, Nh\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed9 [Ekavyavah\u0101rika], v\u00e0 K\u1ebf d\u1eabn b\u1ed9 [Kauku\u1e6dika]) thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201cCh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, ch\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u si\u00eau ph\u00e0m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (s\u0101srava)\u201d (T 49:15b). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. B\u1ed1n t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d (T 49:i5b). Theo \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, T 27:41a-b), gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vibhajyav\u0101din \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u01a1i \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft (Vimalak\u012brtinirde\u015ba, T14:538a). Vasumitra c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng \u201cr\u016bpak\u0101ya\u201d (s\u1eafc th\u00e2n) c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u0169ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ni\u1ec1m tin thanh t\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong h\u1ecd\u201d (T 49: i5b-c). Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o th\u00e2n (sa\u1e43bhogak\u0101ya) Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vasumitra c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tham, s\u00e2n, hay l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00fang sanh, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m theo mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d (T 49: 15c). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u01a1i h\u1ecd s\u1ebd sanh th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1i sanh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh; n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh khi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d (T49:15c). Gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u0101rip\u016btrabhidharma\u015b\u0101stra, T 28:697b). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng kinh P\u0101li. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt d\u0129 nhi\u00ean g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00f3m. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mah\u0101vastu (\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ef1) l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 (Lokottarav\u0101din), nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, t\u1ea1o ra. Mah\u0101vastu7<\/sup> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ecba (bhumi) hay b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba kinh (Da\u015babh\u016bmikas\u016btra, T287) c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Mah\u0101vastu v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3n h\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp kinh (Abhini\u1e63krama\u1e47as\u016btra?, T190), m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 (Dharmaguptaka) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 (mah\u0101vastu) v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, Ca-di\u1ebfp di b\u1ed9 (K\u0101\u015byap\u012bya), v\u00e0 H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9 (Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka) g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed chung v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (T3:932a). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Mah\u0101vastu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, kinh Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3n h\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 kinh Ph\u1ed5 di\u1ec7u (Lalitavistara)8<\/sup> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Mah\u0101vastu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, A\u015bvagho\u1e63a (V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u00e0nh t\u00e1n (Buddhacarita), c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110a v\u0103n b\u1ed9 (Bahu\u015brut\u012bya), K\u1ebf d\u1eabn b\u1ed9 (Kauku\u1e6dika), Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 (Sautr\u0101ntika), v\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 t\u00f4ng (Yog\u0101c\u0101ra),9<\/sup> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o. Kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 M\u0101t\u1e5bceta, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u00e1i T\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt\u201d (T\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0101t\u1e5bceta s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II ho\u1eb7c III TL v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1eadn A\u015bvagho\u1e63a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng thi ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 \u015aatapa\u00f1c\u0101\u015batka-stotra (150 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1) v\u00e0 Varn\u0101harvar\u1e47a-stotra (400 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch kh\u1eafp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.10<\/sup> Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, M\u0101t\u1e5bceta \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, M\u0101t\u1e5bceta d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, M\u0101t\u1e5bceta c\u0169ng ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec to\u00e0n m\u00e3n, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u00ec v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ca ng\u1ee3i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ea3 hai thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng M\u0101t\u1e5bceta thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng thi nh\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cT\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa (Saddharmapu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bkas\u016btra, T 9:9c) c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101), gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh: \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c) nh\u1eefng t\u00e1n ca t\u00e1n th\u00e1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec qu\u00e1 l\u1eafm l\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d (T 27:410a-b). \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1n ca t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cT\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba\u201d. Trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn sau, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u00e0y (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc A\u015bvagho\u1e63a) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vinaya. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101vastu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Mah\u0101vastu v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong Vinaya c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9. Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed, Mah\u0101vastu, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u (Mah\u0101khandhaka) c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n Mah\u0101vagga(\u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m) c\u1ee7a Vinaya P\u0101li. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cvastu\u201d, \u201cvagga\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckhandhaka\u201d t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u201cph\u1ea9m\u201d (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) hay \u201cph\u1ea7n\u201d. T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cMah\u0101vastu\u201d do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m\u201d (ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn). Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Mah\u0101khandhaka ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, v\u00e0 E.Windisch \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101vastu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101khandhaka. Khi ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi Vinaya v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Mah\u0101vastu. Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Mah\u0101vastu, T\u1ef3-ni t\u1ea1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt), cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i Vinaya. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi nidana (nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n minh h\u1ecda ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt) v\u00e0 avadana (nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi) trong Vinaya ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi Vinaya. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n n\u00ean ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nidana v\u00e0 avadana trong Vinaya. Quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c J\u0101taka, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ti\u00ean th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Vinaya. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed trong Vinaya l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Mah\u0101vastu, do ph\u00e1i Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 (Lokottaravadin) thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1o ra; Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3n h\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp kinh (Abhini\u1e63krama\u1e47as\u016btra?,T 190) c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9; v\u00e0 kinh Ph\u1ed5 di\u1ec7u (Lalitavistara; b\u1ea3n Sanskrit, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 hai b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n ng\u1eef T 186 v\u00e0 187, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i thu\u1ed9c Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9, v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n, b\u1ea3n Sanskrit v\u00e0 T 187, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng (Tath\u0101gatagarbha) v\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i; nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. Trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kinh (T189), Th\u00e1i t\u1eed th\u1ee5y \u1ee9ng b\u1ed1n kh\u1edfi kinh (T185, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka), Tu h\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n kh\u1edfi kinh (T184), Trung b\u1ed5n kh\u1edfi kinh (T196), D\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1ed5n kh\u1edfi kinh (Abhini\u1e63krama\u1e47as\u016btra?,T188), Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3n h\u1ea1nh kinh (T193), Ph\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u00e0nh t\u00e1n (Buddhacarita*,T 192). Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cb\u1ed5n kh\u1edfi\u201d, \u201cb\u1ea3n h\u1ea1nh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1edf h\u00e0nh\u201d trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u00fat g\u1ecdn hay b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Hirakawa Akira
Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p<\/strong>d\u1ecbch<\/em>
(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp) 
_________________
(1) V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cH\u012bn\u0101yana\u201d (Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba) c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang, xem Hirakawa, Shoki Daij\u014d Bukky\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr.700-718. 
(2) S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr.713. (3) S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr.718-721. 
(4) Hirakawa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef T\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 169-170. 
(5) S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 746-775. 
(6) V\u1ec1 D\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn, xem Higata v\u00e0 Kimura, \u201cKetsuj\u016bshi bunpashi k\u014d.\u201d B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Nh\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u1eeb phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u1ea1i Teramoto, Chibettogo bunp\u014d. 
(7) Mah\u0101vastu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c9.Senart xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1882 \u0111\u1ebfn 1897. J.J.Jones \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u1ebfn 1956. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1963, R.Basak \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ba t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101vastu Avad\u0101na). \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, xem Yamada, Bongo Butten no shobunken, tr. 66. 
(8) \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n Lalitavistara, xem Yamada, Bongo Butten no shobunken, tr.67. 
(9) V\u1ec1 A\u015bvagho\u1e63a, xem Kanakura, Memy\u014d no kenky\u016b; Yamada, Bongo Butten no shobunken, tr.69; Tsuji, Sansukuritto bungakushi, tr.11-17. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit c\u1ee7a A\u015bvagho\u1e63a l\u00e0 Buddhuarita, Saundarananda, v\u00e0 \u015a\u0101riputraprakara\u1e47a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Kalpan\u0101ma\u1e47\u1e0ditik\u0101 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Luders v\u00e0 D\u1e5b\u1e63t\u0101ntapa\u1e45kti c\u1ee7a Kum\u0101ral\u0101ta n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd. 
(10) M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Tsuji Naoshiro v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u015aatapa\u00f1ca\u015batkastotra c\u1ee7a M\u0101t\u1e5bceta do D. R. S. Bailey th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong T\u014dy\u014d gakuh\u014d 33, nos. 3-4 (1951). C\u0169ng xem Nara, \u201cBukky\u014d shijin\u201d, tr.135; Kanakura, Memy\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 92f.; v\u00e0 Tsuji, Sansukuritto bungakushi, tr. 17-20.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft:\u00a0<\/strong>Hirakawa Akira Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (k\u1ef3 2)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

PHKH – T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd k\u00fd (vy\u0101kara\u1e47a) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara (Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng) r\u1eb1ng Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Cave 10 In Ellora, India<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (k\u1ef3 2)<\/em>Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tr\u1ebb. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, m\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 Sumati, Sumedha v\u00e0 Megha. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 g\u00ec, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 sau t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ti\u00ean b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00eda sau l\u1eddi th\u1ecd k\u00fd c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd k\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra khi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tr\u1ebb d\u00e2ng c\u00fang n\u0103m b\u00f4ng hoa m\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 mua t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1eef nh\u00e2n cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara. Theo nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng xem Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0169ng b\u00f9n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara. Ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean b\u00e8n nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00f5a m\u00e1i t\u00f3c d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i n\u00f3 qua v\u0169ng b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n. Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecd k\u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ec7 nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecd k\u00fd v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi th\u1ecd k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong ba \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi th\u1ecd k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt D\u012bpa\u1e45kara, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tu t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00e1t khao tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t A-la-h\u00e1n hay B\u00edch Chi Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Danh m\u1ee5c m\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u (nid\u0101na-kath\u0101) c\u1ee7a J\u0101taka P\u0101li c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khai tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (T 27:892b-c), nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ba-la-m\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed1n ba-la-m\u1eadt cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng trong Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u1ec7t k\u00ea s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt, v\u00e0 danh m\u1ee5c s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt theo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed, \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh sau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: \u201cNg\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3. Ng\u00e0i s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n tr\u00ed\u201d. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5, xem Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kinh,T3:623a). M\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong Mah\u0101vastu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cNg\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d. Ngay cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00f3i chung tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tr\u1ea3i qua m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n sinh n\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 (eka-j\u0101ti-pratibaddha) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Di L\u1eb7c (Maitreya). Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni hay v\u1edbi Di L\u1eb7c th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi Tu\u1e63ta (\u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t), mang l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t con voi tr\u1eafng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u00e0o thai c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Maya c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e1m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n then ch\u1ed1t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (gi\u00e1ng sanh t\u1eeb c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi Tu\u1e63ita, nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ea3n sinh, xu\u1ea5t gia, h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c ma qu\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lai l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd k\u00fd (vy\u0101kara\u1e47a) v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Mah\u0101vastu, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t khao \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd k\u00fd r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e0m phu B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u00e1c kh\u00e1c) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n (Samantabhadra), V\u0103n Th\u00f9 (Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012b), Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m (Valokite\u015bvara) v\u00e0 Di L\u1eb7c (Maitreya) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u00f4 danh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xem h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

J\u0101taka v\u00e0 Avad\u0101na <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng J\u0101taka (nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) v\u00e0 Avand\u0101na (P. Apad\u0101na, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt). S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101vastu l\u00e0 Mah\u0101vastu-avad\u0101na. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cJ\u0101taka\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cAvad\u0101na\u201d kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cavad\u0101na\u201d \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3. C\u1ea3 J\u0101taka v\u00e0 Avad\u0101na \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t s\u1edbm trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Trong c\u00e1c Nik\u0101ya c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n kinh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Mah\u0101pad\u0101nasuttanta, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb apad\u0101na v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cavd\u0101na\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n.11 Kho\u1ea3ng sau khi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c A-h\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c Avad\u0101na m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Apad\u0101na P\u0101li, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 kinh (Khuddhaka-nik\u0101ya), \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 sau, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Avad\u0101na \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Avad\u0101na c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Mah\u0101vastu, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit nh\u01b0 Avad\u0101na\u015bataka (tham chi\u1ebfu T 200), Divy\u0101vad\u0101na, v\u00e0 Sum\u0101gadh\u0101vad\u0101na (tham chi\u1ebfu T 128-129) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Avad\u0101na v\u1ec1 sau hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.12 Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Avad\u0101ta s\u1edbm h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ch\u1ea1m t\u1ea1i Bharhut, v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc Bharhut.13 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II tr.TL, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u1ed9i dung th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Avad\u0101na. J\u0101taka ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, bao g\u1ed3m 547 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u0103m t\u1eadp (T 154) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i trang nghi\u00eam lu\u1eadn kinh (Kalpan\u0101ma\u1e47\u1e0ditik\u0101*, T 201), Avad\u0101na\u015bataka, Divy\u0101vad\u0101na, Ph\u1eadt ng\u0169 b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed5n kh\u1edfi kinh (T 199), B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1ed5n h\u1ea1nh kinh (Bodhisattvap\u016brvacarya?, T 155), v\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 la-s\u00e1t s\u1edf t\u1eadp kinh (T 194). L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp kinh (\u1e62a\u1e6dp\u0101ramit\u0101sa\u1e45graha?, T 152), v\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1ed5n nguy\u1ec7n kinh (Boddhisattv\u0101vad\u0101na?, T 153) bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramitopade\u015ba, T 1509) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp kinh (\u1e62a\u1e6dp\u0101ramit\u0101sa\u1e45graha?, T 152) bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c sau c\u00e1c kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba s\u01a1 k\u1ef3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c J\u0101taka v\u00e0 Avad\u0101na, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sinh s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng soi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 upama. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kinh B\u00e1ch d\u1ee5 (T 209) v\u00e0 kinh Hi\u1ec1n ngu (Damam\u016bkanid\u0101nas\u016btra, T 202). T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u0101r\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101ntika (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u0101r\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101ntika gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn hay gi\u1edbi tri\u1ec7u trong \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (T 1545). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u0101r\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101ntika \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 (Sautr\u0101ntika), nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i.14 M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u0101r\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101ntika n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Kum\u0101ral\u0101ta, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf trong Mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn (Tattvasiddhi\u015b\u0101stra?,T 1646,).15 Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101 v\u00e0 Tattvasiddhi\u015b\u0101stra. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n Sanskrit c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, Kalpan\u0101ma\u1e47\u1e0ditik\u0101, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Trung \u00c1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y (T 201), m\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n Sanskrit, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a A\u015bvagho\u1e63a. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y.16 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. N\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, bao g\u1ed3m kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa (Saddharmapu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bkas\u016btra, T 262) v\u00e0 kinh A Di \u0110\u00e0 (Sukh\u0101vat\u012bvy\u016bha, T 366).17 Ngo\u00e0i ra, quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (Dharma). Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi si\u00eau ph\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ed1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft d\u00e0nh cho B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan y\u1ebfu trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 sau Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u1edbi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eam tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt hay d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Thay v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho m\u00ecnh. Trong khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i gia nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129. Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt A S\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh. Nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh n\u01a1i l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y sau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca trong kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa (T 9:14c): \u201cBa c\u00f5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t an. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3 ba c\u00f5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a ta\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i gia, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n trao gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u01b0 s\u0129 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n T\u0103ng, h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng. Trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi T\u0103ng l\u1eef h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n trao nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia. Theo kinh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n P\u0101li, khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt s\u1eafp nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, Ng\u00e0i b\u1ea3o T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ananda r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng Ni kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng c\u00fang x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Thay v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd n\u00ean \u201cn\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t (P.sadattha)\u201d. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u1edbi t\u00edn t\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gia ch\u1ee7 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ebd t\u00f4n k\u00ednh x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i (P. sar\u012bra-p\u016bj\u0101) c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai\u201d.18 Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malla c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Ku\u015binagara (C\u00e2u-thi-na) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh tang l\u1ec5. X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng t\u00e1m ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 s\u0129 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh. Theo \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n kh\u00e1c trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m (cetiya) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n n\u01a1i n\u00e0y: n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea3n sinh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Lumbin\u012b, n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Buddhagay\u0101, n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Ku\u015binagara. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1edbm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u00eam b\u00e1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng do nh\u1eefng \u1ee7y ban Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd; ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u1ea5y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua A\u015boka \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ph\u1ebf t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi A\u015boka. Ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Bh\u0101rhut, S\u0101\u00f1c\u012b thu\u1ed9c Trung \u1ea4n, v\u00e0 th\u00e1p Dharmar\u0101jik\u0101 t\u1ea1i Taxila \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p do nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 s\u0129 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nam n\u1eef c\u01b0 s\u0129, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00fang b\u00e1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1, r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Bh\u0101rhut v\u00e0 S\u0101\u00f1c\u012b ghi ch\u00e9p t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng Ni \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec T\u0103ng Ni c\u00f3 \u00edt t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00ean trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1. D\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng c\u00fang c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p. C\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Vinaya c\u1ee7a Therav\u0101da kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p ngay cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u00ean trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1 Therav\u0101da trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng s\u0129 Therav\u0101da b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng c\u00fang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 sau khi Vinaya \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Vinaya c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 (T 1435 v\u00e0 1425) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n hai Vinaya n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n Vinaya P\u0101li. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Vinaya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n sau khi c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p. Vinaya c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec gi\u1eefa t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p (T 22:498a; 23:352b). Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t T\u0103ng s\u0129 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i p\u0101r\u0101jika(ba-la-di) v\u00ec \u0103n c\u1eafp. Theo Vinaya c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9 (T 1421 v\u00e0 1428), ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n\u201d.19 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u00ean trong t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c Vinaya, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e0nh cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n, cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n T\u0103ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 D\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn (Samayabhedoparacanacakra) c\u1ee7a Vasumitra cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn\u201d (T 49:17a). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ch\u1ebf \u0111a s\u01a1n b\u1ed9 (Caitika), T\u00e2y s\u01a1n tr\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 (Apara\u015baila), B\u1eafc s\u01a1n tr\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 (Uttara\u015baila), v\u00e0 H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9 (Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i \u00edt ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (T 49: 16a). \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Caitika \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Amar\u0101vat\u012b \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p l\u1edbn (mah\u0101cetiya) t\u1ea1i Amar\u0101vat\u012b, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III v\u00e0 IV TL. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ch\u1ebf \u0111a s\u01a1n b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng c\u00fang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p l\u1edbn v\u1eabn c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (Mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, T 1545) v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 (Abhdidharmako\u015ba, T 1558), c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p (T 27:678b). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya, nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p. C\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n sau khi c\u00e1c T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u00e1p gia t\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 s\u0129 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o.20 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng hoa, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1edd, ph\u01b0\u1edbn, ca v\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed7i l\u1ec5 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u00e1p. Ngay \u1edf l\u1ec5 tang \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malla c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Ku\u015binagara \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ca v\u0169, h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ee5c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (DN, t\u1eadp 2, tr. 159). Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ca v\u0169 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng T\u0103ng s\u0129. Trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt d\u00e0nh cho Sa-di, T\u0103ng v\u00e0 Ni, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Ca v\u0169, k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi T\u0103ng s\u0129, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00f9a vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quanh nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p th\u1edd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ca v\u0169 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gigaku. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u00e1p d\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang b\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. Ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p, n\u01a1i \u1edf t\u1ea1m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u00eam b\u00e1i, gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ed3 t\u1eafm c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u1edf khu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i xung quanh ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 khi h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec5u quanh ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng bao b\u1ecdc xung quang khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1eafc ch\u1ea1m tr\u00ean r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd chuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Jat\u0101ka v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fang b\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u01a1i \u1edf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh.21 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00f3. V\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, hoa, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eb3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed v\u1eadt \u1ea5y d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng coi ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t gia. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu s\u0129. Khi nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng minh h\u1ecda Jat\u0101ka v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, h\u1ecd t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i Buddhagay\u0101 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong khi ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh nh\u1edb ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u0101dhi) m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi pratyutpanna-sam\u0101dhi (ban ch\u00e2u tam mu\u1ed9i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1edd c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n xung quanh ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u00e1p cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (boddhisattvaga\u1e47a) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Nik\u0101ya (\u015br\u0101vakas\u1e45gha).22 Boddhisattvaga\u1e47a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. Hirakawa Akira
Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p<\/strong>d\u1ecbch<\/em>___________________
Ngu\u1ed3n: Hirakawa Akira, A History of Indian Buddhism: From \u015a\u0101kyamuni to Early Mah\u0101y\u0101na, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 256-274. 

(11) V\u1ec1 avad\u0101na, xem Hirakawa, Ritsuz\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 329-4-15. 
(12) Ogihara \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch 79 b\u1ea3n Avad\u0101na v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n J\u0101taka ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Avad\u0101na (Ogihara Unrai bunsh\u016b, tr. 451f.). V\u1ec1 Sum\u0101gadh\u0101vad\u0101na, xem Iwamoto, Bukkyo setsuwa kenky\u016b josetsu v\u00e0Sum\u0101gad\u0101vad\u0101na. Sum\u0101gad\u0101vad\u0101na bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n Avad\u0101na, xem Yamada, Bongo Butten no shobunken, tr. 61-66. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o r\u1ea5t tr\u1ec5 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Yamada l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Avad\u0101na\u015bataka, Divy\u0101vad\u0101na c\u1ee7a P. L. Vaidya, J\u0101takam\u0101l\u0101 c\u1ee7a Arya\u015b\u016bra, v\u00e0 Avad\u0101nakalpalat\u0101 c\u1ee7a K\u1e63emendra. 
(13) Higata, Honsh\u014dky\u014drui no shis\u014dshiteki kenky\u016b, tr.22 
(14) Miyamoto, \u201cHiy\u016bsha, Daitoku Hokku, T\u014dju, Yumanron no kenky\u016b\u201d, tr.117-192. 
(15) Miyamoto, Daij\u014d tosh\u014dj\u014d, tr. 164 
(16) Yamada, Bongo Butten no shobunken, tr. 72. 
(17) V\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p, xem Hirakawa, Shoki Daij\u014d Bukky\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 549-601; Nakamura, \u201cGokuraku j\u014ddo no kannen no Indogakuteki kaimei to Chibettoteki hen\u2019y\u014d,\u201d tr. 131-153; v\u00e0 Fujita, Genshi j\u014ddo shis\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 250-253. 
(18) Hirakawa, Shoki Daij\u014d Bukky\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 618-627. 
(19) Hirakawa, Genshi Bukky\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 355-360. 
(20) V\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nik\u0101ya, xem Hirakawa, Shoh Daij\u014d Bukky\u014d no kenky\u016b, tr. 603-657. 
(21) V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quanh c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p, xem s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 788-796. 
(22) V\u1ec1 Bodhisattvaga\u1e47a, xem s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 797-811.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: <\/strong>Hirakawa Akira Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba J. R. O’Neil Phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mahayana (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba), b\u1eaft\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10064,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[102],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-10063","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phat-giao-dai-thua"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10063","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10063"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10063\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10067,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10063\/revisions\/10067"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10064"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10063"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10063"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10063"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=10063"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}