{"id":13729,"date":"2021-08-12T22:41:28","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T15:41:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=13729"},"modified":"2021-08-12T22:41:31","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T15:41:31","slug":"su-lien-he-giua-vi-dieu-phap-va-thien-quan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/08\/12\/su-lien-he-giua-vi-dieu-phap-va-thien-quan\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n ra h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh an gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ngay trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li l\u00e0 Abhidhamma; v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u1ea5ygi\u00fap cho n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li l\u00e0 Vipassan\u0101. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa trong b\u1ed9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n Vipassan\u0101\u201d<\/em>.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u01a1 n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt (Kinh, Lu\u1eadt, Lu\u1eadn), t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ea1ng Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p vi di\u1ec7u, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p cao t\u1ed9t, hay Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p. Khi n\u00f3i Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p hay Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 trong Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u012blananda trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p[2]<\/a> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: Kinh, Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y h\u01a1n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1ng kia. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, Ng\u00e0i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong Kinh. Do v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p (lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00e0 do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y hay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia). Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eebng d\u1ea1y: \u201cAi th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai\u201d.<\/em> L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd N\u0103m u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c), trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 N\u0103m u\u1ea9n ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n trong m\u1ed9t trang gi\u1ea5y; nh\u01b0ng trong B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 hai trong b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p), gi\u00e1o l\u00fd N\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong 68 trang gi\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p cao t\u1ed9t, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p vi di\u1ec7u, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ea1ng Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Atthas\u0101lin\u012b)<\/em>,[3]<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng tri \u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1eabu, t\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Maya \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u1ebfn cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u-su\u1ea5t (Tusita)<\/em>, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a An c\u01b0 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y sau ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn cung tr\u1eddi \u0110ao-l\u1ee3i(T\u0101vati\u1e43sa)<\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t ba th\u00e1ng m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i, ng\u1ed3i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, c\u00f2n Ng\u00e0i r\u1eddi cung tr\u1eddi \u0110ao-l\u1ee3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Anotatta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eafm v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Uttarakuru. Sau khi d\u00f9ng tr\u01b0a xong, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ecd b\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Anotatta \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 tr\u01b0a. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c) cho T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t nghe nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi \u0110ao-l\u1ee3i. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1edf th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf (Pa\u00f1\u00f1atti)<\/em> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf (Paramattha),<\/em> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1p Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, trong b\u1ea3yb\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 duy nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ecbnh (Puggalapa\u00f1\u00f1atti)<\/em>. Theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: T\u00e2m (citta)<\/em>, T\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika)<\/em>, S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (r\u016bpa)<\/em>, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibb\u0101na)<\/em>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Danh (n\u0101ma)<\/em> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 T\u00e2m v\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa)<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo T\u1ef3 kheo Bodhi, T\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00ec t\u00e2m l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng).[4]<\/a> H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:\u201cT\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p; t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7, t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c; n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i hay l\u00e0m v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n; \u0111au kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd theo li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n con v\u1eadt k\u00e9o. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i hay l\u00e0m v\u1edbi t\u00e2m trong s\u1ea1ch: h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac s\u1ebd theo li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi h\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/em> [5]<\/a> \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng khen hay ch\u00ea, kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cN\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d.<\/em>[6]<\/a> L\u1ea7n n\u1ecd, vua Mi-lan-\u0111\u00e0 h\u1ecfi T\u1ef3 kheo Na-ti\u00ean: \u201cK\u00ednh b\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m?\u201d <\/em>Ng\u00e0i Na-ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e1p: \u201cT\u00e2m l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d<\/em>, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Na-ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee9 ng\u1ed3i \u1edf c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o ra th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y, h\u01b0\u1edbng Nam, … B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn, anh ta \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, anh ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u00e2m thanh, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, v.v…. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; anh ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia th\u1ea5p, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a xe; m\u00f9i n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, m\u00f9i kia kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu… H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, th\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9c vua\u201d.[7]<\/a> T\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u00e2m sanh kh\u1edfi nh\u01b0 c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c, c\u00f5i S\u1eafc hay V\u00f4 s\u1eafc; t\u00f9y theo ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 hay t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 89 hay 121 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd sanh kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m sanh kh\u1edfi lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u00f9ng sanh kh\u1edfi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m tham hay t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e2m s\u00e2n hay t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, v.v… Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa so s\u00e1nh t\u00e2m v\u00ed nh\u01b0 vua v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00ed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng. Vua kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng \u0111i theo.[8]<\/a> Khi t\u00e2m sanh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf sanh c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sanh kh\u1edfi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd sanh kh\u1edfi ri\u00eang l\u1ebd. Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Anurudha \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cT\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh: sanh c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, di\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 sanh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 (c\u0103n) v\u1edbi t\u00e2m\u201d<\/em>.[9]<\/a> H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u012blananda gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam: \u201cT\u00e2m s\u1edf lu\u00f4n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m sanh th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1edbi sanh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sanh kh\u1edfi\u201d.<\/em>[10]<\/a> T\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 52 lo\u1ea1i, chia th\u00e0nh 4 nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh: 7 Bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, 6 Bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh, 14 T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 25 T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ecbnh h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p T\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cS\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n xung quanh\u201d<\/em>.[11]<\/a> Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i Ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, t\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p? N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi l\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi n\u00f3ng, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3i, kh\u00e1t, b\u1edfi ru\u1ed3i, mu\u1ed7i, gi\u00f3, s\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v<\/em>\u201d…[12]<\/a> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo da d\u1ebb kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n, tay ch\u00e2n n\u1ee9t n\u1ebb; m\u00f9a h\u1ea1 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi oi b\u1ee9c, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i nh\u1ec5 nh\u1ea1i, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi; m\u00f9a thu m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoan kho\u00e1i d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec da d\u1ebb h\u1ed3ng h\u00e0o; ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n th\u00ec da nh\u0103n, m\u1eb7t \u1ed1m, ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y xanh xao; v.v… C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. T\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f2n nhanh h\u01a1n s\u1eafc, n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cT\u00e2m vi\u00ean, \u00fd m\u00e3\u201d, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf, m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. Theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 28 lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda, v.v…; theo Kinh T\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 32 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, da, th\u1ecbt, v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ngay trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh m\u00ecnh. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n (Vipassan\u0101)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li l\u00e0 Vipassan\u0101, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n). Theo t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc, \u2018Vi\u2019 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u2019 hay \u2018nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau\u2019, v\u00e0 \u2018passan\u0101\u2019 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u0103n \u221adis, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018th\u1ea5y\u2019; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2018Vipassan\u0101\u2019 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u2019 hay \u2018th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau\u2019.[13]<\/a> Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa trong Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p T\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: \u201cTh\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0\u201d<\/em>.[14]<\/a> Th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft tu\u1ec7, th\u1ea5y qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m tu t\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean trong Kinh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, b\u00e0i Kinh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n,[15]<\/a>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m Th\u1ecd, ni\u1ec7m T\u00e2m v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea1i Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i chia nh\u1ecf ra v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec7n ni\u1ec7m Th\u1ecd, c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m T\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n, l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd, l\u00e0 T\u00e2m, hay l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nhau. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, th\u00e2n, th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m hay ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ngay n\u01a1i th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i kia, trong ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m Th\u1ecd, T\u00e2m v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p; trong ni\u1ec7m T\u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi hai ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c; n\u00f3i theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, quan s\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, quan s\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n Vipassan\u0101. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb trong th\u00e2n hay ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3,m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tham s\u00e2n si. N\u00ean h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ecf b\u1edbt \u0111i. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, quan s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra quanh m\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111em t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111i b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 \u0111ang b\u1ecf tham, s\u00e2n, si,…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00ec gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Danh (n\u0101ma)<\/em> v\u00e0 S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa)<\/em>. Danh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, s\u1eafc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnhkinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7aDanh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ed5 S\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 Kinh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 d\u1ea1y qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n, Th\u1ecd, T\u00e2m v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay S\u1eafc theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m, ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Danh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m trong Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Do s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n Vipassan\u0101. H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nandam\u0101la kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cKi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/em>[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4 khan, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Do thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, thay v\u00ec tinh t\u1ea5n ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y danh s\u1eafc theo s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y do hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng (m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n), v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh sai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian. Th\u1eadt ra, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft su\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m. H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u0101rada kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cVi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t\u201d.<\/em>[17]<\/a> Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp,ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 hay la b\u00e0n trong tay, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef3 kheo Nyanaponika trong quy\u1ec3n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. Theo Ng\u00e0i, hai ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh song song v\u1edbi nhau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m; v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng.[18]<\/a>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (S\u1eafc) v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (Danh); ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ba nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, quan s\u00e1t, khi nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cao hay th\u1ea5p, m\u1eadp hay \u1ed1m, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u,… m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tha th\u1ee9; v\u00e0 khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn danh v\u1ecdng, v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5t, h\u01a1n thua, th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i, nh\u1ee5c vinh,… N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, xu\u1ed1ng l\u00ean theo chu\u1ed7i th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Khi g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh th\u00edch \u00fd v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng th\u00ec t\u00e2mch\u00fang ta h\u00e2n hoan sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u1ecbch l\u00f2ng th\u00ec t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng r\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra quanh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng mong c\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u201cph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u201d hay \u201cs\u1ebd l\u00e0\u201d th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd \u00edt g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u00edt kh\u1ed5 \u0111au h\u01a1n;v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng, trong s\u00e1ng quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng\u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1ed9: \u201cN\u00e0o ng\u1edd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh, n\u00e0o ng\u1edd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng sanh di\u1ec7t, n\u00e0o ng\u1edd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u00e0o ng\u1edd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00e0o ng\u1edd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh hay sanh mu\u00f4n ph\u00e1p\u201d.<\/em>[19]<\/a> S\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng sanh di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng,…ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa, T\u1ef3 kheo \u00d1\u0101\u1e47moli d\u1ecbch, The Path of Purification,<\/em> NXB Malaysia: Penang Buddhist Association, 1999, tr. xvi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a>H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u012blananda, Handbook of Abhidhamma Studies,<\/em> NXB Malaysia: SBVMS, 2012, tr.10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa, Pe Maung Tin d\u1ecbch, The Expositor (Atthas\u0101lan\u012b), <\/em>NXB London: P\u0101li Text Society, 1976, tr. 1-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a>T\u1ef3 kheo Bodhi, A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma,<\/em> NXB Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993, p. 27<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a>Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch, Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa,<\/em> www.budsas.org<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a>Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa, Pe Maung Tin d\u1ecbch, The Expositor (Atthas\u0101lan\u012b),<\/em> NXB London: P\u0101li Text Society, 1976, quy\u1ec3n 1, tr. 85; Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Pa<\/em>\u1e6d<\/em>isambhid\u0101magga P\u0101li,<\/em> quy\u1ec3n 1, tr. 98; Ledi Sayadaw, Paramatthad\u012bpan\u012b,<\/em> tr. 19<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> I.B. Horner d\u1ecbch, Milinda\u2019s Questions,<\/em> NXB England: Luzac Company, 1964, tr. 183<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a>Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa, Pe Maung Tin d\u1ecbch, The Expositor (Atthas\u0101lan\u012b),<\/em> NXB London: P\u0101li Text Society, 1976, quy\u1ec3n 1, tr. 90<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a>Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0Anurudha, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u0101radha d\u1ecbch, A Manual of Abhidhamma,<\/em> NXB Yangon: Ti Ni Publishing Centre, 1992, quy\u1ec3n 1, tr. 76<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a>H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u012blananda, Lectures on Abhidhamma,<\/em> CD-Rom<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a>Dhammasa<\/em>\u1e45<\/em>ga<\/em>\u1e47<\/em>\u012b A<\/em>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/em>hakath\u0101,<\/em> Cha\u1e6d\u1e6dha Sa\u1e45g\u0101yan\u0101 CD-Rom, tr. 51<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a>Sa<\/em>\u1e43<\/em>yutta Nik\u0101ya, quy\u1ec3n III,<\/em> Cha\u1e6d\u1e6dha Sa\u1e45g\u0101yan\u0101 CD-Rom, tr. 86,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Anurudha, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u0101radha d\u1ecbch, A Manual of Abhidhamma,<\/em> NXB Yangon: Ti Ni Publishing Centre, 1992, quy\u1ec3n 2, tr. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a>Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa, Pe Maung Tin d\u1ecbch, The Expositor (Atthas\u0101lan\u012b),<\/em> NXB London: P\u0101li Text Society, 1976, quy\u1ec3n 1, tr. 71<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Rahula, What the Buddha Taught,<\/em> NXB London: Gordon Fraser, 1989, tr. 69; T\u1ef3 kheo Nyanatiloka, The Path to Deliverance,<\/em> NXB Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 2000, tr. 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nandam\u0101la, Abhidhamma Lectures,<\/em> CD-Rom, 11-06-2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a>Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Anurudha, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u0101radha d\u1ecbch, A Manual of Abhidhamma,<\/em> NXB Yangon: Ti Ni Publishing Centre, 1992, quy\u1ec3n 1, tr. v<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a>T\u1ef3 kheo Nyanaponika, Abhidhidhamma Studies,<\/em> NXB Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, tr. xxiii-xxiv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a>H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh T\u1eeb, Kinh Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0n,<\/em>www.thuvienhoasen.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13731,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[110,111],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-13729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thien-minh-sat-tue","category-vi-dieu-phap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13729"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13732,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13729\/revisions\/13732"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13729"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=13729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}