{"id":13733,"date":"2021-08-12T22:44:11","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T15:44:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=13733"},"modified":"2021-08-12T22:44:14","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T15:44:14","slug":"bon-nguyen-nhan-dua-den-cai-chet-theo-vi-dieu-phap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/08\/12\/bon-nguyen-nhan-dua-den-cai-chet-theo-vi-dieu-phap\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft theo Vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

http:\/\/daophatkhatsi.vn\/phat-hoc\/giao-ly-co-ban\/bon-nguyen-nhan-dua-den-cai-chet-theo-vi-dieu-phap.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"linhon\"Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt chung trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o, sang hay h\u00e8n, \u0111\u00e3 sanh ra tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ra \u0111i, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n. Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em> (Sa\u1e41yutta-nik\u0101ya),<\/em> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi\u201d<\/em>[1]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em>Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u xui x\u1ebbo, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00e0n t\u00e1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m, v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp sinh nh\u1eadt hay c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi, t\u1eeb \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn. Theo l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, \u0111i\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn hay r\u1ee7i ro, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra; n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u, nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ai cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u xui x\u1ebbo th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft kh\u1ed5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, \u00e2u lo\u201d, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Sri Dhammanandaph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cCh\u1ebft, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, ch\u00ednh n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d<\/em>[2]<\/a>.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n sanh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ni\u1ec1m tin trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, b\u1ecb \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch tra t\u1ea5n \u2018s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u00ean\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 tra t\u1ea5n t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n; h\u1ecd tr\u00f3i tay ch\u00e2n t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ng\u1ed3i ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc treo tr\u00ean cao, khi nh\u1eefng t\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf (r\u1ec9) h\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. T\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt\u2026 t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e9 x\u00edu \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1t b\u00faa n\u1eb7ng tr\u1ecbch b\u1ed5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh nan y, l\u00fac \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1eeb. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf ph\u00eda cu\u1ed1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft \u0111ang ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do c\u0103n b\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c quan y\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi, bi\u1ebft m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3c, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n vui v\u1ebb s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p m\u00ecnh bu\u1ed3n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 d\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i kinh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh nan y nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c quan t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1ng thanh th\u1ea3n h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu. B\u00e1c s\u0129 Alexis Carel kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cNh\u1eefng ai gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n th\u01b0 th\u00e1i, an t\u1ecbnh ngay gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d<\/em>[3]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019 qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. Ch\u1ebft theo quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 2.600 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed5n (Mah\u0101pad\u0101na Sutta) <\/em>thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>:Ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Vipass\u012b (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111i d\u1ea1o b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft n\u1eb1m b\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft n\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh xe \u201cSao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft?<\/em>\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00e1p: \u201cTh\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u00e0 con h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u1eefa; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y cha m\u1eb9 hay nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt kh\u00e1c\u201d<\/em>[4]<\/a>.<\/em> Theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y: ch\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. Y h\u1ecdc th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng: ch\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 m\u00e1u trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tim ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y trong Tam t\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb P\u0101li \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 \u201cmara\u1e47a <\/em>(ch\u1ebft), cuti <\/em>(t\u1eed vong), cavanat\u0101 <\/em>(t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n) bheda <\/em>(tan r\u00e3), antaradh\u0101na <\/em>(ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t), maccu <\/em>(t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf), k\u0101lakiriy\u0101 <\/em>(ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng) v.v…[5]<\/a> Trong nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, \u2018mara\u1e47a\u2019<\/em> v\u00e0 \u2018cuti\u2019<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t; \u2018mara\u1e47a\u2019 <\/em>c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u0103n \u221amar<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019 hay \u2018ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t\u2019, \u2018cuti\u2019<\/em> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u0103n \u221acu<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019, \u2018bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\u2019 hay \u2018\u0111i qua\u2019[6]<\/a>. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, \u2018mara\u1e47a\u2019<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong Kinh t\u1ea1ng, \u2018cuti\u2019<\/em> th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng hay Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p[7]<\/a>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u2018mara\u1e47a\u2019<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf th\u00e2n n\u0103m u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh[8]<\/a>; trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u2018cuti\u2019<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng sanh kh\u1edfi trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1eed t\u00e2m\u2019 (cuti-citta)<\/em>[9]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Kinh nh\u01b0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na Sutta)<\/em> thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>, \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft? M\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh trong t\u1eebng gi\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 t\u1eed vong, th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5t b\u1ecf t\u1eed thi. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\u201d<\/em>[10]<\/a>;<\/em> trong Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh <\/em>v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh,<\/em> ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0: \u201cCh\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n, s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng\u201d<\/em>[11]<\/a>.<\/em> Trong Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p T\u1ee5, Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p T\u1ee5<\/em> hay B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch,<\/em> \u2018ch\u1ebft\u2019 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i, ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t, t\u00e1n vong, qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng, tan r\u00e3 u\u1ea9n, b\u1ecf x\u00e1c, d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u00e2n h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh\u201d<\/em>[12]<\/a>.<\/em> H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Mahasi khi gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n (Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta)<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cCh\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a danh (n\u0101ma) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa) trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sanh di\u1ec7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9\u201d<\/em>[13]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh ch\u1ebft trong t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y t\u1eebng ph\u00fat, vi t\u1ebf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na. Trong Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch<\/em> v\u00e0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn,<\/em> Ng\u00e0i \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 ba d\u1ea1ng: (i) ch\u1ebft trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na (kha\u1e47ika<\/em>–mara\u1e47a),<\/em> (ii) ch\u1ebft theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc (sammuti-mara\u1e47a),<\/em> v\u00e0 (iii) c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (samuccheda-mara\u1e47a)<\/em>\u201d[14]<\/a>. Ch\u1ebft trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n hay t\u00e2m, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.000 t\u1ef7 l\u1ea7n t\u00e2m sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m sanh di\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh; v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay s\u1eafc th\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y, s\u1eafc sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t h\u01a1n 58 t\u1ef7 l\u1ea7n[15]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft hay ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau danh (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ebft \u0111i, th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u2018ch\u1ebft trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na\u2019. Ch\u1ebft theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng A, b\u00e0 B \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Ch\u1ebft theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 hai l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi (k\u0101la-mara\u1e47a) <\/em>v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi (ak\u0101la-mara\u1e47a)<\/em>:ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra khi ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed. Ch\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t hay nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh A-la-h\u00e1n, khi c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi c\u00f3 sanh \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1eed \u2018sanh t\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u\u2019, n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng ai m\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ea3o, ch\u00fang ta \u00e2m th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd ra \u0111i; nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta \u0111i v\u00e0 ra \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi! M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n xanh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ebft l\u00fac trung ni\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ebft. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec gi\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec tai n\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c bu\u1ed3n lo, ch\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00edt l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ebft v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1m \u0103n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ebft v\u00ec th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v.v\u2026 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft. Theo l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y trong Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 4 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft do nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft do nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft (\u0101yukkhaya-mara\u1e47a)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y hay \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. Theo l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, trong tam gi\u1edbi (d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi) c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 31 c\u00f5i: 11 c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c, 16 c\u00f5i s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 4 c\u00f5i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc; th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c (Niraya)<\/em> v\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 (Nevasa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101n\u0101sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yatana-bh\u016bmi).<\/em> Ch\u00fang sanh trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f5i s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f5i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb 1\/3 ki\u1ebfp cho \u0111\u1ebfn 84.000 ki\u1ebfp (1 ki\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng 1 l\u1ea7n sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y). Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u1edf 6 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1eeb 500 n\u0103m c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi (9.000.000 n\u0103m c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi) cho \u0111\u1ebfn 60.000 n\u0103m c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi (9.216.000.000 n\u0103m c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh trong 4 c\u00f5i kh\u1ed5 (\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, s\u00fac sanh v\u00e0 a-tu-la) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng em b\u00e9 m\u1edbi sanh ra \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 em 1 hay 2 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u0103m hay h\u01a1n tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u1ebb, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft l\u00fac trung ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0. D\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u1ebft t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t; n\u00f3i theo th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ed1 n\u00ean ch\u1ebft. Ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u t\u1eaft l\u00e0 do tim \u0111\u00e8n (b\u1ea5c) b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o(janaka-kamma)<\/em> ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft. Nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u, thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh t\u00e1i sanh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. Theo c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m linh (danh u\u1ea9n) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh l\u00fac nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9. Ch\u00ednh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1ea5y (nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u00e1i sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft th\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c cao h\u01a1n hay th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u00f9y theo nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ch\u1ebft do nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ebft (kammakkhaya-mara\u1e47a)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd (cetana),<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua th\u00e2n, qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Trong Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu<\/em>, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u0101rada li\u1ec7t k\u00ea r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng hay ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 4: nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean, nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t; theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 4: tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1eadn t\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, v.v\u2026 Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (janaka-kamma),<\/em> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt – \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ng hay ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh), v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ch\u00ednh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng hay ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, th\u1ebf n\u00ean khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i em b\u00e9 khi sanh ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh b\u1ea9m sinh, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 \u0111au do b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt, th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c em l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. Ch\u1ebft do nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u t\u1eaft l\u00e0 do h\u1ebft d\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ch\u1ebft do nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft <\/strong>(ubhayakkhaya-mara\u1e47a)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 cho nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean (Upatthambhaka-kamma),<\/em> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. T\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ngay sau khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd thai, nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o; nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean thi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 70, 80 n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. Khi c\u1ea3 hai, th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t th\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u t\u1eaft l\u00e0 do tim (b\u1ea5c) v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Ch\u1ebft do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t (upacchedaka-mara\u1e47a)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t (upagh\u0101taka-kamma<\/em>) l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong 4 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t do m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngh\u1ecbch chi\u1ec1u h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngh\u1ecbch chi\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 sanh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd khi \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean bay, l\u00e0m cho m\u0169i t\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho ki\u1ebfp sanh t\u1ed3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t sanh kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t d\u00f2ng sanh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, n\u00f3i theo th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed. Ch\u1ebft do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u t\u1eaft l\u00e0 do gi\u00f3 hay do ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n ng\u00e3 n\u00ean l\u1eeda t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong 4 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u1eeba n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, 3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi (k\u0101la-mara\u1e47a),<\/em> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang duy\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra; lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi (ak\u0101la-mara\u1e47a)<\/em> hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed. Trong Kinh Mi Ti\u00ean V\u1ea5n \u0110\u00e1p (Milindapa\u00f1h\u0101<\/em>), Ng\u00e0i Na-ti\u00ean(N\u0101gasena)\u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ng\u00e0i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi, ch\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n,\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, ch\u1ebft kh\u00e1t, ch\u1ebft do r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1eafn, ch\u1ebft do b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, ch\u1ebft do b\u1ecb t\u00e9 v\u00e0o l\u1eeda, ch\u1ebft do b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i ao h\u1ed3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft do b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean, Ng\u00e0i Na-ti\u00ean c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddix\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh hay qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng, do m\u01b0a l\u0169 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u hay l\u00e0 do h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v.v\u2026[18]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng an vui, ch\u1ebft nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft (mara\u1e47\u0101nussati)<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 40 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (samatha-bh\u0101van\u0101),<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp, d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i, d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p; xa h\u01a1n gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thanh th\u1ea3n, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, an l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc T\u1ed5 s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u201cS\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eafp ch\u0103n \u0111\u00f4ng, ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 c\u1edfi \u00e1o h\u1ea1\u201d, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t thong dong t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng hay \u0111ang c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 b\u00ean b\u1edd sanh t\u1eed! Trong Kinh T\u0103ng Chi,<\/em> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cQu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t sanh t\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. Do v\u1eady, qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d<\/em>[19]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng trong Kinh T\u0103ng Chi,<\/em> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng an vui, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00f3 hai vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed7i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm th\u1ee9c d\u1eady ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u0111i l\u1ee1 t\u00e9 tr\u00fang ch\u1ed7 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft, xe t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft, \u0103n tr\u00fang th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft, c\u00e2y r\u1edbt tr\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft v.v\u2026 Th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed7i t\u1ed1i l\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean suy ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb t\u1ed1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, l\u1ee1 tr\u00fang gi\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft, l\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft, huy\u1ebft \u00e1p l\u00ean cao c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft v.v\u2026[20]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i h\u01a1n 26 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n; trong l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111i b\u1ed9 trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ea5y huynh \u0111\u1ec7 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y g\u00e3y v\u00e0 r\u1edbt ngay \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e9 x\u1ec9u, may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong. Do v\u1eady, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o,<\/em> Ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean n\u00ean t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh, l\u01b0ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\u201d<\/em> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn \u201cch\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft\u201d<\/em>[21]<\/a>.<\/em> Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, t\u00e2m an tr\u00fa v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n. Ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cNh\u1eefng ai th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, an vui v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt; h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb m\u00ea m\u1edd b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 nh\u1ee1, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng th\u00eam th\u0103ng hoa, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng an vui v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft\u201d[22]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi quan y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u1ebft, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng lo ch\u1ebft, c\u0169ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi quan; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1c quan, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi con Ph\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh, l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i hay suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u bi quan th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2013 b\u1eadc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 to\u00e0n tr\u00ed, to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, ngay trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2 th\u00e1ng sau ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u2013 Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt (kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf), m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft. H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu ai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng ra sao, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d<\/em>[23]<\/a>.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t mong manh, ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, c\u1ee9 lo l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, lo h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, m\u00e3i nu\u00f4i l\u1edbn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ra \u0111i; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ai bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i mong manh, \u201cth\u00e1c b\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n; \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft\u201d<\/em>, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 suy ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta tinh t\u1ea5n tu h\u1ecdc, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft hay ngay khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean sau khi ch\u1ebft n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0a r\u1eb1ng: \u201cB\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ch\u00fang con l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia, c\u00f2n b\u1ecb t\u00e0i s\u1eafc l\u1ee3i danh tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c n\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia, ch\u00fang con ch\u1ec9 mong sau khi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, b\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u00e3y t\u1eeb bi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang con ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac sau khi ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh\u201d<\/em>. Khi \u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed: T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi ch\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng an vui, ch\u1ebft nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y, ngay trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, sanh v\u00e0 t\u1eed l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, sanh x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec t\u1eed n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 sanh. Do v\u1eady, ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng sau c\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 sanh ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i k\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Mu\u00f4n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh \u1eaft c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t<\/em>\u2019, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh an, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i th\u00ec ngay cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m trong t\u1eebng h\u01a1i th\u1edf, t\u1eebng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y d\u1eaby \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con Ph\u1eadt ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf, t\u00e2m hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1y: \u201cCh\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eady\u201d[24]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em> C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y; ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thong dong t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i trong v\u00f2ng sanh di\u1ec7t, s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111i s\u1edbm hay mu\u1ed9n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00f9y duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abhidhamma P\u0101li: Dhammasa\u1e45ga\u1e47\u012b A\u1e6d\u1e6dhakath\u0101: Dukam\u0101tik\u0101padava\u1e47\u1e47an\u0101. Vibha\u1e45ga: Sacca-vibha\u1e45ga. Vibha\u1e45ga A\u1e6d\u1e6dhakath\u0101: Sacca-vibha\u1e45ga; Pa\u1e6diccasamupp\u0101da-vibha\u1e45ga. Cha\u1e6d\u1e6dha Sa\u1e45g\u0101yan\u0101<\/em> CD-ROM, published by Vipassan\u0101 Research Institute, India, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bodhi, Bhikkhu tr., The Connected Discourses of the Buddha.<\/em> Boston: Wisdom Publication, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed. A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma<\/em>. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carnegie, Dale. How to Stop Worrying and Start Living<\/em>. http:\/\/aqilkhans.files.wordpress.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Davids, Rhys. P\u0101\u1e37i – English Dictionary.<\/em> Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dhammananda, Venerable Dr. K. Sri. How to Live Without Fear and Worry<\/em>. Malaysia: Buddhist Missionary Society, 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hare, E.M., tr. The Book of Gradual Sayings<\/em>. London: P\u0101\u1e37i Text Society, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horner, I. B., tr. Milinda\u2019s Questions<\/em>. London: Luzac & Company, LTD., 1964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Janak\u0101bhiva\u1e41sa, Ashin. Abhidhamma in Daily Life<\/em>. Yangon: Ministry of Religious Affairs, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kashyap, Bhikkhu J. The Abhidhamma Philosophy<\/em>. Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mah\u0101si, Sayadaw. Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta<\/em>. Penang: Sukhi Hotu, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mon, Dr. Mehm Tin. The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma<\/em>. Yangon: Mya Mon Yadanar Publication, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli, Bhikkhu and Bodhi, Bhikkhu, tr. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha. <\/em>Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli, Bhikkhu, tr. The Dispeller of Delusion<\/em>. London: P\u0101\u1e37i Text Society, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli, Bhikkhu, tr. The Path of Purification.<\/em> Malaysia: Penang Buddhist Association, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0101rada, Venerable, tr. A Manual of Abhidhamma, <\/em>2nd<\/sup> ed. Yangon: Ti Ni Publishing, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nyanaponika, Bhikkhu and Bodhi, Bhikkhu, tr. Numerical Discourses of the Buddha.<\/em> Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nyanatiloka, Venerable. Buddhist Dictionary<\/em>. Yangon: Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suttanta P\u0101li: D\u012bgha-nik\u0101ya: Mah\u0101pad\u0101na Sutta; Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na Sutta. Majjhima-nik\u0101ya: Samm\u0101di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi Sutta. Sa\u1e41yutta-nik\u0101ya: Vibha\u1e45ga Sutta; Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta, Indaka Sutta. Cha\u1e6d\u1e6dha Sa\u1e45g\u0101yan\u0101<\/em> CD-ROM, published by Vipassan\u0101<\/em> Research Institute, India, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed5n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>. H\u1ea1 t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: Buddhanet.net.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>. Buddhanet.net.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thich Nhat Hanh, Venerable. The Miracle of Mindfulness<\/em>. Boston: Beacon Press, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1e6d\u1e6dila, Venerable, tr. The Book of Analysis.<\/em> London: P\u0101\u1e37i Text Society, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tin, Pe Maung, tr. The Expositor<\/em>. London: P\u0101\u1e37i Text Society, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Walshe, Maurice, tr. The Long Discourses of the Buddha.<\/em> Kandy: BPS, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Bhikkhu Bodhi (d\u1ecbch), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, tr. 118.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Venerable Dr. Sri Dhammananda, How to Live Without Fear and Worry<\/em>, tr. 118.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Dale Carnegie, How to Stop Worrying and Start Living<\/em>, tr. 23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (d\u1ecbch), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh\u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed5n<\/em>\u201d,<\/em> t\u1eadp 2, tr. 30; Maurice Walshe d\u1ecbch, The Long Discourses of the Buddha,<\/em> tr. 209.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> D\u012bgha-nik\u0101ya,<\/em> II. tr. 305, III. tr. 252; Majhima-nik\u0101ya<\/em>, I. tr. 49, III. tr. 249; Samyutta-nik\u0101ya<\/em>, II. tr.3, 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Rhys Davids, P\u0101\u1e37i – English Dictionary, <\/em>tr. 270, 524.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Dhammasangan\u012b A\u1e6d\u1e6dhakath\u0101,<\/em> tr. 265, 292; Vibhanga,<\/em> tr. 99; Vibhanga A\u1e6d\u1e6dhakath\u0101<\/em>, tr. 100, 157, 161<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> Venerable Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary<\/em>, tr. 97.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Venerable N\u0101rada, Manual of Abhidhamma<\/em>, Vol. I, tr. 154; Bhikkhu Bodhi, A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma,<\/em> tr. 124.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (d\u1ecbch), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9\u201d<\/em>, t\u1eadp 2, tr. 313-314; Maurice Walshe d\u1ecbch, The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, tr. 344.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Samyutta-nik\u0101ya, II. tr. 42; Venerable \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli (d\u1ecbch), The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, tr. 1098; Bhikkhu Bodhi (d\u1ecbch), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha,<\/em> Vol. I, tr. 534<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> Vibhanga, tr 99; Venerable Thi\u1e6d\u1e6dila (d\u1ecbch), The Book of Analysis<\/em>, tr. 130; Pe Maung Tin d\u1ecbch, The Expositor,<\/em> tr. 429.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> Venerable Mah\u0101si Sayadaw, Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta<\/em>, tr. 127.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Bhikkhu \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli (d\u1ecbch), Dispeller of Delusion<\/em>, tr. 121; Bhikkhu \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli (d\u1ecbch), The Path of Purification<\/em>, tr. xxvi, 247.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Dr. Mehm Tin Mon, The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma<\/em>, tr. 131-132.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> Venerable N\u0101rada, Manual of Abhidhamma<\/em>, Vol. I, tr. 25; Bhikkhu Bodhi, A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma,<\/em> tr. 220; J. Kashyap, The Abhidhamma Philosophy<\/em>, tr.162.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Venerable N\u0101rada, Manual of Abhidhamma<\/em>, Vol. I, tr. 233f; Venerable Janak\u0101bhiva\u1e41sa, Abhidhamma in Daily Life,<\/em> tr. 227.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> I.B. Horner, Milinda\u2019s Questions<\/em>, Vol. II, tr. 134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> Bhikkhu Nyanaponika, Numerical Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, tr. 224.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> E.M. Hare d\u1ecbch, The Book of Gradual Sayings<\/em>, Vol. III, tr. 305-306.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> Bhikkhu \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli (d\u1ecbch), The Path of Purification<\/em>, tr. 248.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Bhikkhu \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli, The Path of Purification<\/em>, tr. 259.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> Venerable Thich Nhat Hanh, The Miracle of Mindfulness<\/em>, tr. 50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> S\u0111d<\/em>, tr. 51         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

http:\/\/daophatkhatsi.vn\/phat-hoc\/giao-ly-co-ban\/bon-nguyen-nhan-dua-den-cai-chet-theo-vi-dieu-phap.html Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt chung trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o, sang\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13734,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-13733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vi-dieu-phap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13733"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13735,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13733\/revisions\/13735"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13734"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13733"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=13733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}