{"id":13798,"date":"2021-08-22T05:40:37","date_gmt":"2021-08-21T22:40:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=13798"},"modified":"2021-08-22T05:48:51","modified_gmt":"2021-08-21T22:48:51","slug":"cu-si-gioi-phap-chuong-iii-phap-mon-tu-tap-cua-cu-si","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/08\/22\/cu-si-gioi-phap-chuong-iii-phap-mon-tu-tap-cua-cu-si\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u01b0 s\u0129 gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p : CH\u01af\u01a0NG III :PH\u00c1P M\u00d4N TU T\u1eacP C\u1ee6A C\u01af S\u0128"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG III :PH\u00c1P M\u00d4N TU T\u1eacP C\u1ee6A C\u01af S\u0128<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.1. QUI Y TAM B\u1ea2O <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

(Tisara\u1e47agamana)\u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 qui y<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Q<\/strong>ui y (sara\u1e47agamana) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i t\u00ecm n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 an \u1ee7i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh th\u1eadp t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t sanh thay v\u00ec \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m m\u00e0 anh ta quen bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho anh ta l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong kinh ph\u00e1p c\u00fa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y: “Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t b\u00e8n \u0111i t\u00ecm nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, n\u00fai non, r\u1eebng r\u1eadm, v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 qui y an \u1ed5n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qui y cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 qui y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ai qui y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, qui y ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 – t\u1eadp – di\u1ec7t – \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 qui y an \u1ed5n, l\u00e0 qui y cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qui y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”. (Dhp.188-192).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qui y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (buddha), Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (dhamma), v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang (sa\u1e45gha).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed qui y Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 qui ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c, xem \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i hay ban cho \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed qui y Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 qui ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng, n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh qui y ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau tai gi\u1ea3i n\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed qui y T\u0103ng l\u00e0 qui ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n anh d\u00ecu d\u1eaft m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1eeb Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh qui y T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng T\u0103ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u1ea7n linh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin, v\u00e0o v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129, n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh; t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1eed ki\u00eang \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh.C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, s\u1ef1 qui y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qui y<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ef1 qui y do ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) \u0110\u1ee9c tin (Saddh\u0101)
b) Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (Pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)
c) Ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c sanh m\u1ea1ng (J\u012bvitaparicc\u0101ga)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin trong s\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0i nghi, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n Tam b\u1ea3o, m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n qui y, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1ef1 qui y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Qui y m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng tin th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m noi theo Tam b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qui y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i qui y, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt – Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p – T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 xin qui y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ef1 qui y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c sanh m\u1ea1ng cho Tam b\u1ea3o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n theo l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tu t\u1eadp, n\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00f3 xin qui y v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. V\u00ec v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1ef1 qui y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c sanh m\u1ea1ng cho Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qui y<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qui y Tam b\u1ea3o<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2ng m\u00ecnh qui ph\u1ee5c (Attasanniy-y\u0101tan\u0101)
b) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a (Tappar\u0101yan\u0101)
c) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 (Sissabh\u0101vupagamana)
d) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh (Pa\u1e47ip\u0101ta)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i Tam b\u1ea3o mu\u1ed1n qui y Tam b\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh nghi th\u1ee9c qui y. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qui y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai “Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Tam b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qui y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Qui y b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2ng m\u00ecnh qui ph\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: “Ajja \u0101di\u1e43 katv\u0101 aha\u1e43 att\u0101na\u1e43 buddhassa dhammassa sa\u1e45ghassa niyy\u0101demi<\/em>” (B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay con xin d\u00e2ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Qui y b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: “Ajja \u0101di\u1e43 katv\u0101 aha\u1e43 buddha-par\u0101yano dhammapar\u0101yano sa\u1e45ghapar\u0101yano. Iti ma\u1e43 dh\u0101retha<\/em>” (B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay con c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a, c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a, c\u00f3 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a. Xin Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft cho con nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qui y n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u01b0 s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1oth\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng: “Eso’ ha\u1e43 suciraparinibbuta\u1e43pi ta\u1e43<\/em> bhagavanta\u1e43 sara\u1e47a\u1e43 gacch\u0101mi dhamma\u00f1ca bhikkhusa\u1e45gha\u00f1ca up\u0101saka\u1e43 ma\u1e43 dh\u0101retha”.(Con xin y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n\u0111\u00e3 n\u00edp b\u00e0n, xin y ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, xin y ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fang t\u1ef3 kheo. Mong Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft con l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eadn s\u1ef1).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Qui y b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: “Ajja \u0101di\u1e43 katv\u0101 aha\u1e43 bud-dhassa antev\u0101siko dhammassa antev\u0101siko sa\u1e45ghassa antev\u0101siko. Iti ma\u1e43 dh\u0101retha” (B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay con l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang. Xin Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft cho con nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) Qui y b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: Ajja \u0101di\u1e43 katv\u0101 aha\u1e43 abhi-v\u0101dana\u1e43 paccupa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na\u1e43 a\u00f1jalikamma\u1e43 s\u0101m\u012bci-kamma\u1e43 buddh\u0101d\u012bna\u1e43-y-eva tinna\u1e43 vatth\u016bna\u1e43 karomi. Iti ma\u1e43 dh\u0101retha”<\/em>(B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay con ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5, nghinh ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e1i ch\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ba ng\u00f4i Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng. Xin Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft con l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1nh qui y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Tu \u0111\u00e0 hu\u1eddn v.v… kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qui y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, ph\u00e0m qui y, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y, v\u00ec ph\u00e0m phu v\u1eabn c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qui y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t danh hi\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 (Up\u0101saka). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ba s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed (a\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)
b) Ho\u00e0i nghi (sa\u1e43saya)
c) T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (micch\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassa)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y b\u1edfi do thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha, kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nghi ng\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nghi ng\u1edd hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, nghi ng\u1edd ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y, b\u1edfi do ho\u00e0i nghi n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ea5n, xao l\u00e3ng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tam b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tri ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m, hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e0 ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 tin b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng v.v… g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ee3n nh\u01a1 qui y, b\u1edfi do t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu t\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111i xa l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n qui y<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 si\u00eau th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qui y b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i n\u01a1i Tam b\u1ea3o, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n qui y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh qui y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u1ecb th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc d\u00f9 m\u1ea1ng chung \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y sanh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tam qui, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 si\u00eau th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qui y c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n qui y c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) \u0110\u1ee9t qui y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i (Anavajjo)
b) \u0110\u1ee9t qui y c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i (S\u0101vajjo)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ebft th\u00ec xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n qui y, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Tam b\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tu t\u1eadp trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9t qui y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o, sau \u0111\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng theo ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng T\u0103ng ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9t qui y c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i. C\u00f3 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111au kh\u1ed5; n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Tam b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c; n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Tam b\u1ea3o th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u00e1c qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eef s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9t qui y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qui y<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Qui y Tam b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tu b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129, t\u1eeb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 qui y s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin, tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 mu\u1ed1n tu ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qui y Tam b\u1ea3o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft tha h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 qui y Tam b\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 qui thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c th\u00ec nh\u1edd duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh n\u00ean r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m qui y Tam b\u1ea3o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u an vui, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u00e2n to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng, c\u00f3 ng\u0169 quan nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n … h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.2. H\u1ea0NH B\u1ed0 TH\u00cd (D\u0101na)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (D\u0101na, t\u00e0u \u00e2m \u0111\u00e0n-na) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cho, bi\u1ebfu, t\u1eb7ng, hi\u1ebfn, d\u00e2ng c\u00fang … cho ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u danh t\u1eeb “B\u1ed1 th\u00ed” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng “Cho v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khinh b\u1ec9”. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p. “B\u1ed1 th\u00ed” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a c\u1eed, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m keo ki\u1ebft b\u1ecfn s\u1ebbn m\u1edbi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, do v\u1eady, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cao qu\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng vui th\u00edch san s\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng hoan h\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng hoan h\u1ef7 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, vui th\u00edch ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m ch\u00fang sanh ph\u00e0m phu kh\u00f4ng th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 l\u00fac d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3 t\u00e0i, c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u00f3 khi h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 khi th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u0101na) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 t\u00e0i (c\u0101ga) hay th\u00ed x\u1ea3 (paricc\u0101ga).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) C\u00f3 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m (cetan\u0101)
b) C\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u00ed (vatthu)
c) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn (pa\u1e6dig\u0101haka)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “C\u00f3 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t hay c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd r\u1eb1ng: “Ta s\u1ebd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed”, ho\u1eb7c “Ta h\u00e3y b\u1ed1 th\u00ed”, ho\u1eb7c “Ta ch\u1edb n\u00ean b\u1ecfn s\u1ebbn” … t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n<\/em> (pubbacetan\u0101<\/em>); t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi \u0111ang l\u00e0m th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n<\/em> (mu\u00f1canacetan\u0101<\/em>), t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hoan h\u1ef7 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m qua th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0 h\u1eadu<\/em> (aparacetan\u0101<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m (cetan\u0101) r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ed1 th\u00ed; c\u00f3 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m c\u00e0ng l\u00e2u th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec c\u00e0ng t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, hay ch\u1ec9 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. T\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2ng y Ka\u1e6dhina v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau n\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c … Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee3t c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u00e0y ng\u1eeda tay xin ti\u1ec1n, c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nam \u1ea5y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u00e0y ngay khi \u1ea5y …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m thi\u1ec7n \u0111ang khi l\u00e0m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, b\u1edfi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m thi\u1ec7n sau khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00ec c\u00e0ng hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 cho \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00eam n\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eadn y duy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadu t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eafng kh\u00edt, kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 “C\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u00ed”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em cho, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00f3i theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 y ph\u1ee5c (c\u012bvara), v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c (pi\u1e47\u1e0dap\u0101ta), tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 (sen\u0101sana), thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh (gil\u0101nabhesajja). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u00f3n nhu y\u1ebfu, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; y ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c che th\u00e2n, v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u00e1nh m\u01b0a n\u1eafng, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5. B\u1ed1n v\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng ch\u00fang trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00f3i theo kinh t\u1ea1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n (a\u1e47\u1e47a), n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng (p\u0101na), y ph\u1ee5c (vattha), xe thuy\u1ec1n (y\u0101na), b\u00f4ng hoa (m\u0101l\u0101), v\u1eadt th\u01a1m (gandha), v\u1eadt thoa (vilepana), gi\u01b0\u1eddng gh\u1ebf (seyy\u0101), ch\u1ed7 \u1edf (\u0101vasatha), \u0111\u00e8n \u0111u\u1ed1c (pad\u012bpa). M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch ti\u1ec7n nghi cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m v\u1eadt th\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00f3i theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa), thinh (sadda), h\u01b0\u01a1ng (gandha), v\u1ecb (rasa), x\u00fac (pho\u1e6d\u1e6dhabba) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p (dhamma). S\u00e1u v\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00e0o m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00ed, v\u1eadt th\u00ed n\u00e0o m\u00e0 tai th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thinh th\u00ed v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadt th\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111em cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ta m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0103n c\u01a1m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1m n\u1ea5u d\u1ecdn l\u00ean b\u00e0n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 “C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho. N\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1eadt th\u00ed, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn v\u1eadt th\u00ed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd th\u00ed hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed c\u00f3 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (pa\u1e6dipuggalika) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (sa\u1e45ghika).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo, hay b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u00e0y, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, hay l\u00e0 cho th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3, m\u1ed9t con m\u00e8o v.v… nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ecd th\u00ed \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng t\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tu s\u0129, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u00ean tai, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i v.v… \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ra c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, b\u1eadc h\u1eefu \u00e2n, h\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01a1n, h\u1ea1ng s\u00fac sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed l\u00e0 b\u1eadc kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00e1c sa-m\u00f4n, b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed l\u00e0 b\u1eadc h\u1eefu \u00e2n th\u1ea7y t\u1ed5, \u00f4ng b\u00e0, cha m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1eadc kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1eadc h\u1eefu \u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng s\u00fac sanh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i b\u00e0ng sanh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd th\u00ed n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 “Cho” th\u00ec n\u00f3i c\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) B\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 (sa\u1e45gahavasa)
b) B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng (p\u016bjavasa)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 bi t\u00e2m, th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, mong xoa d\u1ecbu n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cho y ph\u1ee5c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n xin, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u00ean tai v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn t\u00e2m, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u00e2m trong s\u1ea1ch cung k\u00ednh, mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd th\u00ed ch\u00fac ph\u00fac. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc sa-m\u00f4n, b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111em t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u00f9y v\u00e0o t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 t\u00e1m t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (A.IV.236):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (chand\u0101 d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean h\u1ecd bi\u1ebfu t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.
2- Do gh\u00e9t m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dos\u0101 d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i do b\u1ecb xin x\u1ecf qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho y\u00ean; ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed; ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec gh\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111em cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.
3- Do d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (moh\u0101 d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ai xin th\u00ec cho v\u1eady th\u00f4i.
4- Do s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (bhay\u0101 d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i cho t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean th\u00e2n.
5- Do truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (kulava\u1e43s\u0101 d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i x\u1ea3 t\u00e0i v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh.
6- Do m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sanh thi\u00ean m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Sugati-upapannatth\u0101ya d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng sau khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed ta ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd sanh thi\u00ean.
7- Do m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e2m an vui m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (cittapa-s\u012bdanatth\u0101ya d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng khi ta b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111em ni\u1ec1m vui cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui.
8- Do m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang b\u1ecb cho t\u00e2m m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (cittaparikkh\u0101rattha\u1e43 d\u0101na\u1e43 deti). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, mu\u1ed1n trang b\u1ecb cho t\u00e2m, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1ng kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf xan tham n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Trong t\u00e1m t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang b\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cao qu\u00ed, s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e2m an vui c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sanh thi\u00ean, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed trong \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng xem l\u00e0 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed c\u00f3 n\u0103m (A.III.171), l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng (Sakkacca\u1e43 deti). T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi cho ai th\u00ec cho b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n.
2- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 (Citt\u012bkatv\u0101 deti), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
3- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ef1 tay (Sahatth\u0101 deti), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng sai b\u1ea3o hay giao ph\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m.
4- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u0103ng b\u1ecf (anapaviddha\u1e43 deti), l\u00e0 cho v\u1eadt t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang d\u00f9ng x\u00e0i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt d\u01b0 th\u1eeba hay th\u1ed1i h\u01b0.
5- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (\u0101gamanadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko deti), l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn an vui, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.
Cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng phi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed c\u00f3 n\u0103m (A.III.171) l\u00e0:<\/p>

1- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng (asakkacca\u1e43 deti). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng phi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed khi cho ai th\u00ec cho v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khinh r\u1ebb.
2- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 (acitt\u012bkatv\u0101 deti). H\u1ea1ng phi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1edd \u01a1, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m.
3- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 tay (asahath\u0101 deti). H\u1ea1ng phi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sai b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m.
4- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u0103ng b\u1ecf (apaviddha\u1e43 deti). H\u1ea1ng phi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1n ch\u00ea, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng x\u00e0i n\u1eefa.
5- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (an\u0101gamanadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko deti). H\u1ea1ng phi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cao c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng, l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00f4i.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho th\u00ed ch\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo v\u1eadt th\u00ed, t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u00f9y theo v\u1eadt th\u00ed (v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c y ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 …), \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 (A.III.42):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- H\u01b0\u1edfng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u00ed th\u1ef1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.
2- H\u01b0\u1edfng dung s\u1eafc nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u00ed th\u1ef1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n xinh t\u1ed1t.
3- H\u01b0\u1edfng an vui nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u00ed th\u1ef1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5.
4- H\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u00ed th\u1ef1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sung m\u00e3n.
5- H\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u00ed th\u1ef1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (A.A.257) c\u00f3 5 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec gh\u00e9t, v\u00ec d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi.
2- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4i.
3- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec mong sanh thi\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean.
4- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m an vui th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i (manussa-sampatti), t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean (devasampatti).
5- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho t\u00e2m, l\u00e0m trang nghi\u00eam t\u00e2m, c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n hay th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u N\u00edp b\u00e0n (nibb\u0101nasam-patti), n\u1ebfu th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t N\u00edp b\u00e0n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed th\u00ec v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u theo cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (A.III.172) c\u00f3 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 xinh \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i.
2- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qui ph\u1ee5c.
3- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac.
4- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n.
5- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n; kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n b\u1edfi l\u1eeda, n\u01b0\u1edbc, vua, k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (A.III.38) c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn.
2- \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c giao h\u1ea3o.
3- Danh th\u01a1m ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t lan truy\u1ec1n
4- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m d\u1ea1n d\u0129 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang.
5- Sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

III. 3. H\u1ea0NH TR\u00cc GI\u1edaI (S\u012bla)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi (s\u012bla) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho \u00fd t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00ec gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (s\u012bra), l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1t m\u1ebb (s\u012btala) do b\u1ea5t h\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u00eang c\u1eed nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u. S\u1ef1 ki\u00eang c\u1eed hay s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c c\u00f3 ba tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Ki\u00eang l\u00e0m \u00e1c do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh (sampattavirati). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi.
b) Ki\u00eang l\u00e0m \u00e1c do th\u1ecd tr\u00ec (sam\u0101d\u0101navirati). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00ean nguy\u1ec7n tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi.
c) Ki\u00eang l\u00e0m \u00e1c do d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (samuc-chedavirati). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00eca phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o do th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1edbi do t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ed1 \u00fd (cetan\u0101-s\u012bla\u1e43).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh (Visdh I.16):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) T\u00e0m (hiri), l\u00f2ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i
b) Qu\u00fd (ottappa), t\u00e2m gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, gia th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng “Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf”. Nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 th\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn nh\u1edd c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng t\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 tr\u00ed qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t n\u1ebfu ta ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m … nh\u1edd ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn nh\u1edd c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng qu\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i gia, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn xem l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, hay nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u00e0m qu\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi cho t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Khi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u00e0m qu\u00fd th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi (pa\u00f1cas\u012bla) v\u00e0 b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi (a\u1e6d\u1e6dha-uposathas\u012bla).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u0103m gi\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u00f2i c\u01b0 s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi n\u00ean ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt gi\u1edbi (niccas\u012bla), g\u1ed3m n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh (p\u0101\u1e47\u0101tip\u0101t\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sanh.
2- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp (adinn\u0101d\u0101n\u0101 vera-ma\u1e47\u012b), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng cho. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp.
3- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c (k\u0101mesu micch\u0101-c\u0101r\u0101), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i v\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00e0 d\u00e2m.
4- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i (mus\u0101v\u0101d\u0101), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3i l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 vui c\u01b0\u1eddi. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i.
5- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t say (sur\u0101-merayamajjapam\u0101da\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101n\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 say s\u01b0a r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t say. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u1ecd tr\u00ec v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y b\u1ed1 t\u00e1t (uposatha), l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u00e2l m\u00f9ng 5, m\u00f9ng 8, ng\u00e0y 14, ng\u00e0y 15, ng\u00e0y 20, ng\u00e0y 23, ng\u00e0y 29 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 30 (n\u1ebfu th\u00e1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec trai gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 28 v\u00e0 29 \u00e2l). T\u00ednh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc h\u00f4m sau. B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh (p\u0101\u1e47\u0101tip\u0101t\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b).
2- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp (adinn\u0101d\u0101n\u0101 vera-ma\u1e47\u012b)
3- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh phi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh (abrahma-cariy\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ki\u00eang c\u1eed s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m, d\u00f9 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng ki\u00eang g\u1ea7n g\u0169i x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt khi gi\u1eef trai gi\u1edbi. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m.
4- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i (mus\u0101v\u0101da verama\u1e47\u012b)
5- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t say (sur\u0101me-rayamajjapam\u0101da\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101n\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b)
6- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh \u0103n phi th\u1eddi (vik\u0101labhojan\u0101 vera-ma\u1e47\u012b), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n nhai thu\u1ed9c tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y m\u1ec5 c\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eebng \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0103n phi th\u1eddi.
7- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh xem m\u00faa, h\u00e1t, nh\u1ea1c, k\u1ecbch, trang s\u1ee9c v\u00f2ng hoa, h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, v\u1eadt thoa v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trang (naccag\u012btav\u0101ditavis\u016bkadassanam\u0101l\u0101gandhavilepana-dha\u00e0ra\u1e47ama\u1e47\u1e0danavibh\u016bsana\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101n\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ca h\u00e1t \u0111\u1eddn k\u00e8n, trang \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00e2n. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c.
8- Ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00e0ng t\u1ecda cao r\u1ed9ng (ucc\u0101sayanamah\u0101sayan\u0101 verama\u1e47\u012b), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ng\u1ed3i n\u01a1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng gh\u1ebf cao sang nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1ng qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi d\u00f9ng s\u00e0ng t\u1ecda.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 chi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi (a\u1e45ga), \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng (\u0111\u1ee9t gi\u1edbi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CHI C\u1ee6A GI\u1edaI (A\u1e45ga)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi hay h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9t gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 chi ph\u1ea7n; n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 chi gi\u1edbi th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t chi c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 chi c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i chung nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sanh” c\u00f3 5 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh (p\u0101\u1e47a).
2- K\u1ebb gi\u1ebft bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt (p\u0101\u1e47a-sa\u00f1\u00f1\u012b).
3- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i (vadhakacitta)
4- H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1 s\u00e1t (upakkamo)
5- \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 s\u00e1t \u1ea5y (tenama-ra\u1e47a\u1e43)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 5 chi n\u00e0y m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp” c\u00f3 5 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- V\u1eadt b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n (paraparig-gahita\u1e43).
2- K\u1ebb l\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 (paraparigga-hitasa\u00f1\u00f1\u012b)
3- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp (theyyacitta\u1e43)
4- C\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m (upakkamo)
5- V\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111em \u0111i kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 do s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9m \u1ea5y (tena harana\u1e43)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 5 chi n\u00e0y m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi t\u00e0 d\u00e2m” trong ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 4 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn (agaman\u012byat-th\u0101na\u1e43), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p cho quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c.
2- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y (tasmi\u1e43 sevan\u0101citta\u1e43)
3- C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (upakkamo)
4- \u0110\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (maggena maggappa-\u1e6dip\u0101dana\u1e43)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n chi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi t\u00e0 d\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m” trong b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 4 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- C\u00f3 l\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m (bhedanavatthu), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong th\u00e2n c\u00f3 3 khi\u1ebfu, t\u00ednh theo h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 30 khi\u1ebfu.
2- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ee5c (sevan\u0101citta\u1e43)
3- C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n (tajjov\u0101-y\u0101mo)
4- \u0110\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (maggena maggappa-\u1e6dip\u0101dana\u1e43), l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho khi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea1m khi\u1ebfu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 4 chi \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i” c\u00f3 4 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt (atatha\u1e43vatthu) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng, chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i c\u00f3.
2- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i sai (visa\u1e43v\u0101danacitta\u1e43)
3- C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00f3i sai (tajjo v\u0101y\u0101mo)
4- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u00e3 tin ch\u1eafc l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 (parassa tadatthavij\u0101n\u0101na\u1e43)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 4 chi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u” c\u00f3 4 chi “:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t say (majjan\u012byavatthu), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9
2- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n u\u1ed1ng (P\u0101tukamyat\u0101citta\u1e43)
3- C\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5t say \u1ea5y (tajjo v\u0101yamo)
4- \u0110\u00e3 u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc say \u1ea5y (tassa p\u0101na\u1e43), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt r\u01b0\u1ee3u nu\u1ed1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 4 chi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi \u0103n phi th\u1eddi” trong b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 3 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Phi th\u1eddi (vik\u0101la), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eebng \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau.
2- V\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u00e1c th\u1eddi (y\u0101vak\u0101lika), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0103n bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u1ec5 c\u1ed1c, c\u01a1m b\u00e1nh v.v…
3- \u0110\u00e3 nu\u1ed1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed5 (ajjhoharana\u1e43)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 3 chi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi \u0103n phi th\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c” trong b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m hai s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c: th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ba chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- \u0110i\u1ec7u m\u00faa, b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v.v… (naccag\u012bt\u0101di)
2- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (kattukamyat\u0101citta\u1e43), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n hay xem tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n.
3- \u0110\u00e3 d\u1ef1 nghe ho\u1eb7c xem (sutadassanatth\u0101ya gamana\u1e43)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ba chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- L\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c trang \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng hoa v.v… (m\u0101l\u0101di)
2- \u01afa mu\u1ed1n trang \u0111i\u1ec3m (dh\u0101ra\u1e47achandat\u0101), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u00edch mu\u1ed1n \u0111eo \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, hay thoa x\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m.
3- \u0110\u00e3 trang \u0111i\u1ec3m (tassa dh\u0101ra\u1e47a\u1e43) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t quan trai, khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 3 chi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong hai s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* “Gi\u1edbi d\u00f9ng s\u00e0ng t\u1ecda”, c\u00f3 3 chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ch\u1ed7 n\u1eb1m ng\u1ed3i cao v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng (ucc\u0101sayanamah\u0101sayana\u1e43), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 cao t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 cao qu\u00e1 5 t\u1ea5c t\u00e2y; g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u0169 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u1eb1m ng\u1ed3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 trang ho\u00e0ng sang tr\u1ecdng.
2- C\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (paribhogacitta\u1e43)
3- \u0110\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (paribhogakara\u1e47a\u1e43) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ch\u1ed7 \u1ea5y.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 3 chi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi d\u00f9ng s\u00e0ng t\u1ecda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu sai ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 chi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u00ec ch\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho gi\u1edbi<\/strong>.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp n\u0103m ph\u00e1p l\u00e0nh (kaly\u0101nadhamma), l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p (atthakath\u0101):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) T\u1eeb bi (mett\u0101karu\u1e47\u0101), t\u00ednh h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee1 h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sanh, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee1 \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 s\u00e1t sanh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng (samm\u0101-\u0101jiva), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ng, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 vui s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gian tham tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai (tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 d\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n (k\u0101masa\u1e43vara). K\u1ec1m gi\u1eef t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111am m\u00ea s\u1eafc d\u1ee5c, lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu th\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e0 \u00fd v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba (tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u00e0 d\u00e2m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) Ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt (sacca). T\u00ednh ngay th\u1eb3ng trung th\u1ef1c, \u01b0a th\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 vui trong ph\u00e1p ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (satisampaja\u00f1\u00f1a). S\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 quen s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (tr\u00e1nh u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 trong ng\u00e0y tr\u00ec b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thanh t\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi (trai gi\u1edbi):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Thu th\u00fac c\u00e1c c\u0103n (indriyasa\u1e43v\u0101ra). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 trong ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi sau khi ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n th\u1ecd b\u00e1t quan trai, tr\u1ecdn ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m khi m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y, tai nghe, m\u0169i ng\u1eefi, l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfm, th\u00e2n x\u00fac, \u00fd suy ngh\u0129, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham s\u00e2n sanh kh\u1edfi do th\u1ea5y, nghe v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- Tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng (paccavekkhana). Ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 n\u00ean d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3- Tu t\u1eadp t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m (anussati). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tu thi\u1ec1n trong ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi s\u00e1u t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p, ni\u1ec7m t\u0103ng, ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed, ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi, ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4- Tu t\u1eadp t\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na). N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n th\u00ec ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi tu t\u1eadp t\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, c\u00e0ng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecd, ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m, ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m, hay thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb n\u01a1i ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng hay v\u1ecb s\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n trai gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh cho t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c (Ud.86):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn.
2- C\u00f3 danh th\u01a1m ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed3n xa.
3- \u0110i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang, t\u00e2m d\u1ea1n d\u0129 ung dung
4- L\u00fac ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng h\u00f4n m\u00ea
5- Sau khi ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa (A.V.1) nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y cho t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0100nanda r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u00e0y \u0100nanda, gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ed1i”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ray r\u1ee9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u1ecd tr\u00ec ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi th\u1ecd tr\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh”<\/strong> c\u00f3 23 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd
2- Th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0n t\u1eadt
3- \u00cdt b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n
4- Th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n
5- Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 xinh t\u1ed1t
6- T\u01b0\u1edbng khoan thai cao r\u00e1o
7- C\u1eed ch\u1ec9 linh ho\u1ea1t
8- B\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p
9- V\u1ebb m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng
10- T\u00ednh t\u00ecnh nhu h\u00f2a
11- Tinh th\u1ea7n an vui
12- T\u00e2m d\u1ea1n d\u0129 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m
13- C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh
14- N\u00f3i n\u0103ng b\u1eb7t thi\u1ec7p
15- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t
16- Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kinh ho\u00e0ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i
17- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i
18- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 s\u00e1t
19- Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh
20- Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd
21- C\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng
22- \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn
23- Kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh sanh ly t\u1eed bi\u1ec7t<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

“Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp”<\/strong> c\u00f3 11 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i
2- C\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7
3- Ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng
4- C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3
5- T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng
6- Mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3
7- T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao do thi\u00ean tai, ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, t\u1ecbch bi\u00ean hay do ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n.
8- C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t.
9- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nghe v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft “s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3”.
10- \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui.
11- D\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n Si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

“Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m”<\/strong> c\u00f3 20 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch
2- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ganh gh\u00e9t
3- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1i
4- \u00cdt b\u1ecb xa l\u00eca ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng
5- L\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi
6- C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n h\u1eefu qu\u00ed m\u1ebfn
7- T\u00ecm c\u00e1i \u0103n, c\u00e1i m\u1eb7c, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng
8- Ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui
9- Th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui
10- N\u1eb1m ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng an vui
11- Sinh k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n
12- Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh
13- Kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh
14- Kh\u00f4ng sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n nam b\u00e1n n\u1eef
15- T\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam t\u00fac
16- L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c minh b\u1ea1ch
17- T\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o uy nghi
18- Ng\u0169 quy\u1ec1n (m\u1eaft, tai … ) \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7
19- C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00fap, “T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 oai phong”
20- Kh\u00f4ng g\u1ee5c m\u1eb7t, “T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

“Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/strong>” c\u00f3 14 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- C\u00f3 ng\u0169 quy\u1ec1n (m\u1eaft, tai … ) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng
2- C\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i thanh tao
3- C\u00f3 h\u00e0m r\u0103ng kh\u00edt khao \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n
4- Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1eadp
5- Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u1ed1m
6- Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 cao
7- Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u00f9n
8- \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00fac l\u1ea1c
9- Mi\u1ec7ng th\u01a1m nh\u01b0 hoa sen
10- L\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh sen
11- Kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2m ng\u1ecdng
12- C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng t\u00edn c\u1ea9n
13- L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m
14- T\u00e2m tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

“Kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u”<\/strong>, c\u00f3 15 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eabn
2- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1edd \u0111\u1eabn
3- C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft mau l\u1eb9
4- Th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a tr\u00ed
5- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri th\u1ee9c
6- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch.
7- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t
8- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i
9- Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi vu kh\u1ed1ng
10- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u0103ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac
11- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi si\u00eang n\u0103ng ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9
12- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c
13- L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00eam s\u1ec9
14- Lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an vui
15- Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh n\u1ec3.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u1ecd tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh do ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i v.v… ta s\u1ebd theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n, ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam nay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o v.v… Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trai gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn, l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn, ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n (A.IV.248).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trai gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf cai tr\u1ecb m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau khi m\u1ec7nh chung s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh c\u1ed9ng tr\u00fa v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (A.IV.251).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.4. H\u1ea0NH TU TI\u1ebeN (Bh\u0101van\u0101)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a tu ti\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tu ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5n h\u00f3a, l\u00e0m cho thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c; “Bh\u0101vet\u012b’ ti bh\u0101van\u0101” ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a tu ti\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00fap cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1eefa b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00e2u lo, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n th\u00ec cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c. Th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng do tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u00edt, khi t\u00e2m t\u01b0 b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o chi ph\u1ed1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh b\u1ecb c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c suy s\u1ee5p, sanh ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 tim m\u1ea1ch, v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a v.v… Do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t gia, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tu ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu ti\u1ebfn (bh\u0101van\u0101)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu ti\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Tu ch\u1ec9 (Samathabh\u0101van\u0101)
2) Tu qu\u00e1n (Vipassan\u0101bh\u0101van\u0101)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp (bh\u0101vetabbadhamma), c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n minh (vijj\u0101bh\u0101giyadhamma) — (D.III.273; A.I.60)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu ch\u1ec9 hay tu t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, an t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m t\u01b0, vi t\u1ebf t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u00ean c\u1ed1. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecbnh thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c s\u1ebd an tr\u00fa trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh l\u1eb7ng n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, h\u00f4n th\u1ee5y, tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, cho d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c tr\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu qu\u00e1n hay tu t\u1eadp minh s\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, li\u1ec5u tri th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng-l\u1ea1c-ng\u00e3-t\u1ecbnh. Tu ti\u1ebfn Minh s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng. Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh (Sam\u0101dhi), thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh. Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i; thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) \u0110\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c. Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1n x\u1ee9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v.v… Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1n x\u1ee9 ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 danh s\u1eafc, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu ti\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 (kamma\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n (satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham d\u1ef1 kh\u00f3a thi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch sinh ho\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. C\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu thi\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1edfi b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu ti\u1ebfn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tu ti\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) M\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m (anussati), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p, ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng, ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed, ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi, ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean, ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf, ni\u1ec7m t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh (A.I.30-41; Vism. 197).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa (brahmavih\u0101ra), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, bi t\u00e2m, h\u1ef7 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 t\u00e2m (D.II.196; D.III.220; Dhs.262; Vism.320).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) N\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n (abhi\u1e47hapaccavekkha\u1e47a), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0, qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 b\u1ec7nh, qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, qu\u00e1n bi\u1ec7t ly, qu\u00e1n nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 (A.III.71).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tu ti\u1ebfn s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 oai nghi (\u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tu ti\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y: ch\u1ed7 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0103n v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, th\u00e2n c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ecdn oai nghi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, d\u1ecdn t\u00e2m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ed7 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, r\u1ed9ng tho\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0y bi\u1ec7n r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u00ec c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea1p ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n qu\u00e1 no, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00f3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ec5 d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khinh an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean giao du v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn, c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ecdn oai nghi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1n oai nghi: \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi oai nghi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00fac \u0111i kinh h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1eb1m, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n hay \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i, ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft d\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n d\u00e0, l\u01b0ng th\u1eb3ng, m\u1eaft nh\u1eafm nh\u1eb9, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i. Ch\u1ecdn oai nghi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i tu t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ecdn t\u00e2m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u00fa ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecdn t\u00e2m th\u1eadt y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng lo \u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng m\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 \u00e1i, hay n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 s\u00e2n v.v…) r\u1ed3i ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u01a1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p r\u1ed3i n\u00ean h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y hay thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u01a1 t\u00e1nh t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n cho thi\u1ec1n sinh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c chung chung th\u00f4i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 10 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m (anussati), l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p, ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng, ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed, ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi, ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean, ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf, ni\u1ec7m t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt (buddh\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u01afng c\u00fang (Araha\u1e43), Ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri (Samm\u0101-sambuddho), Minh h\u1ea1nh t\u00fac (Vijj\u0101caranasampanno), Thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec7 (Sugato), Th\u1ebf gian gi\u1ea3i (Lokavid\u016b), V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u0129 (Anuttaro), \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu (Purisa-dammas\u0101rath\u012b), Thi\u00ean nh\u01a1n s\u01b0 (Satth\u0101 devamanus-s\u0101na\u1e43), Gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (Buddho), Tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 (Bhagav\u0101). Xem “Kho T\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p H\u1ecdc”, \u0111o\u1ea1n 441.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt:<\/strong> h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i thanh v\u1eafng ng\u1ed3i tham thi\u1ec1n, suy t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ni\u1ec7m (ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Iti pi so bhagav\u0101 araha\u1e43 samm\u0101sambuddho vijj\u0101caranasampanno sugato lokavid\u016b anuttaro purisadammas\u0101rath\u012b satth\u0101devamanuss\u0101na\u1e43 buddho bhagav\u0101”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u01afng c\u00fang, Ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri, Minh h\u1ea1nh t\u00fac, Thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec7, Th\u1ebf gian gi\u1ea3i, V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u0129, \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu, Thi\u00ean nh\u01a1n s\u01b0, Gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m qua m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 hoan h\u1ef7 v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; xong ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, r\u1ed3i hoan h\u1ef7; c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ni\u1ec7m … cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0o trong m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi. Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Itipi so bhagav\u0101 araha\u1e43 … araha\u1e43 … araha\u1e43 … araha\u1e43 …”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u1eb7c “Itipi so bhagav\u0101 samm\u0101sambuddho … samm\u0101sambuddho … samm\u0101sambuddho” v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m hay b\u1ecb h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1ed3i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng “chi t\u1ea7m” (vitakka: t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ea3nh) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt trong hai th\u1eddi: s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i, l\u00fac c\u1ea3nh y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 cao si\u00eau th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i vui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p (dhamm\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p. S\u00e1u \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0: ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft (sv\u0101kkh\u0101to), thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (sandi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko), v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian (ak\u0101liko), \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y (ehipassiko), kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (opanayiko), v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u (paccatta\u1e43 veditabbo vi\u00f1\u00f1\u016bhi). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p, v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c s\u00e1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd. Xem “Kho T\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p H\u1ecdc”, \u0111o\u1ea1n 354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i thanh v\u1eafng, ng\u1ed3i tham thi\u1ec1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i linh d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc (tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n), ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh), ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh (l\u00e0 ch\u00edn si\u00eau th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p). H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Sv\u0101kkh\u0101to bhagavat\u0101 dhammo sandi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko ak\u0101liko ehipassiko opanayiko paccatta\u1e43 veditabbo vi\u00f1\u00f1\u016bhi”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m qua m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00e1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 “gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady”, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 t\u1ef7. Xong, v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u00e1u \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p … c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Sv\u0101kkh\u0101to bhagavat\u0101 dhammo” … “Sv\u0101kkh\u0101to bhagavat\u0101 dhammo” … “Sv\u0101kkh\u0101to bhagavat\u0101 dhammo” …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hay “Sandi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko dhammo” … “Sandi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko dhammo” … “Sandi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko dhammo” …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong hai th\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y l\u00fac y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u00ean m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u00e2n hoan, s\u1ebd nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e0m qu\u00fd m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec cao si\u00eau h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i an l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng (Sa\u1e45gh\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh cao qu\u00ed, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00edn \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c t\u0103ng. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: Thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh (supa\u1e6dipanno), tr\u1ef1c h\u1ea1nh (ujupatipanno), ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh (\u00f1\u0101yapa\u1e6dipanno), nghi\u00eam h\u1ea1nh (s\u0101m\u012bcipa\u1e6dipanno), \u0111\u00e1ng cung ph\u1ee5ng (\u0101huneyyo), \u0111\u00e1ng ngh\u00eanh ti\u1ebfp (p\u0101huneyyo), \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng (dakkhi\u1e47eyyo), \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i (a\u00f1jalikaraneyyo), ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi (anuttara\u1e43 pu\u00f1\u00f1akkhetta\u1e43 lokassa). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m t\u0103ng, v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Xem “Kho T\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p H\u1ecdc”, \u0111o\u1ea1n 442.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng:<\/strong> H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 thanh v\u1eafng, ng\u1ed3i tham thi\u1ec1n; tru\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 u\u1ebf nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t gia, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khi suy x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh t\u0103ng. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Supa\u1e6dipanno bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho ujupa\u1e6di-panno bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho \u00f1\u0101yapa\u1e6dipanno bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho s\u0101m\u012bcipa\u1e6dipanno bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho yadida\u1e43 catt\u0101ri purisayug\u0101ni a\u1e6d\u1e6dha purisapuggal\u0101 esa bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho \u0101huneyyo p\u0101huneyyo dakkhi\u1e47eyyo a\u00f1jalikaraneyyo anuttara\u1e43 pu\u00f1\u00f1akkhetta\u1e43 lokassa”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh, T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tr\u1ef1c h\u1ea1nh, T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh, T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc nghi\u00eam h\u1ea1nh, T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i t\u00e1m v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e1ng cung ph\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00e1ng ngh\u00eanh ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m qua m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129: “an t\u1ecbnh thay l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt, an t\u1ecbnh thay l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt” h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 hoan h\u1ef7 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang thanh t\u1ecbnh. R\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh T\u0103ng ch\u00fang … c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ni\u1ec7m theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian bu\u1ed5i thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m t\u1eebng m\u1ed7i \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c t\u0103ng, t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o trong ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Supa\u1e6dipanno bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho … Supa\u1e47ipanno … Supa\u1e6dipanno …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u1eb7c a\u00f1jalikaraneyyo bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho … a\u00f1jalikaraneyyo … a\u00f1jalikaraneyyo … a\u00f1jalikaraneyyo …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y hai bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00fac n\u00e0o y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh T\u0103ng ch\u00fang n\u00ean v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e0m qu\u00fd m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 cao si\u00eau th\u00ec \u00edt n\u1eefa c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi (S\u012bl\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi. Ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd tr\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u00ec ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi c\u01b0 s\u0129. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng hoan h\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ee7ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed1m, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u00e1n th\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch, l\u1ee7ng, v\u00e1, \u1ed1, l\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed1m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i do d\u1ee5c h\u1ec7, do s\u00e2n h\u1eadn hay do c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho d\u1ee5c \u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi tham d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u00e1n th\u00e1n, l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khen ng\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi: <\/strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ecd tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi cho thanh t\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i gi\u1edbi cho t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t l\u1ed3 v.v… r\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 y\u00ean t\u1ec9nh, ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ee7ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lem \u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed1m, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u00e1n th\u00e1n”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi suy ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf an \u1ed5n b\u1edfi nh\u1edd gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c suy ni\u1ec7m …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1eadc tr\u00ed khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u00ean m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 t\u00edn … v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c. V\u00e0 d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed (C\u0101g\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 tham v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 t\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u00edch x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf, th\u00edch san s\u1ebb, th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham, kh\u00f4ng keo b\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, th\u01b0\u1eddng cho v\u00e0 san s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m cho g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p. N\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “T\u1eeb nay tr\u1edf \u0111i, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn, ta s\u1ebd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay h\u00f4m \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f9y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m vui th\u00edch san s\u1ebb, vui th\u00edch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho ta! Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ta! v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng xan tham b\u1ecfn s\u1ebbn th\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi xan tham. Ta b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, th\u00edch th\u00fa trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c san s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 mong c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho ta!, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lui t\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed y\u00eau m\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ta!, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00ec xan tham, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m vui th\u00edch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 san s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ngay khi \u1ea5y t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham s\u00e2n si \u00e1m \u1ea3nh nh\u1edd an tr\u00fa thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng t\u00e2m v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00f4 tham, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng \u01b0a th\u00edch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb cao, th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean (Dev\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean l\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean m\u00e0 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u th\u00e2n ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng tin, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 do kh\u00e9o an tr\u00fa. R\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u01a1i thanh v\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean T\u1ee9 thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean D\u1ea1 ma, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e2u su\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean H\u00f3a l\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean Tha ho\u00e1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m ch\u00fang thi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady khi ch\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i kia, \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ta”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady khi ch\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i kia, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady khi ch\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i kia, h\u1ea1nh th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ta”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady khi ch\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i kia, h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ta”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady khi ch\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i kia, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ta”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u00edn, gi\u1edbi, v\u0103n, th\u00ed, tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00edn, gi\u1edbi, v\u0103n, th\u00ed, tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham s\u00e2n, si \u00e1m \u1ea3nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin an tr\u00fa m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec cao c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft (Maran\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ebft (mara\u1e47a) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy ni\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u00fd tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec s\u1ea7u \u01b0u s\u1ebd sanh kh\u1edfi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh gh\u00e9t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m hoan h\u1ef7. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u uy quy\u1ec1n … t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tu t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp: <\/strong>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kinh h\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Mara\u1e47anta\u1e43 j\u012bvita\u1e43, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft … Maranananta\u1e43 j\u012bvita\u1e43, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft …”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111e d\u1ecda, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n \u0111ang c\u1ea7m kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u00ecnh. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng manh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1eddi d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c, b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec sao ta tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1eadn th\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed9ng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i lo\u1ea1i k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng; th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 sanh ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00e2n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i san s\u1ebb cho ch\u00fang, khi ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u00ec th\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch x\u00e9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfng manh. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u01a1i th\u1edf, khi c\u00f2n h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra th\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u00ec m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n; n\u1ebfu h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u00f3 ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ra th\u00ec ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng bao l\u00e2u s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00ec, s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u … s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m th\u00f4i, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y tr\u00f4i qua l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy x\u00e9t theo th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi t\u00e1m c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o th\u00ec suy x\u00e9t theo \u0111\u00f3 sau m\u1ed7i l\u00fac ni\u1ec7m “Ch\u1ebft”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m, r\u1ed3i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: “Mara\u1e47anta\u1e43 j\u012bvita\u1e43 … mara\u1e47anta\u1e43 j\u012bvita\u1e43 , m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft … m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft …”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 \u00fay, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng tham b\u1ed1n v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng; v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 theo sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, n\u1ebfu ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb v\u00f4 sanh, \u00edt ra c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n (K\u0101yagat\u0101sati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh (k\u0101yagata)? Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn 32 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y. Ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 32 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n nh\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c ni\u1ec7m (ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf) v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da, th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, th\u1eadn, tim, gan, m\u00e0ng ru\u1ed9t, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, ph\u1ed5i, ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0, ru\u1ed9t non, v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea9n, \u00f3c, m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0m, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, d\u1ea7u da, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edbt, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0u t\u00ean th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng t\u00ean th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m 5 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u00f4i nh\u00f3m m\u1ed9t “T\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da”. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c “Da, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, l\u00f4ng, t\u00f3c” v.v… \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecdc ra ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabm trong t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ra ti\u1ebfng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc ra ti\u1ebfng nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n m\u1edbi gi\u00fap cho thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00ean, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edbi nh\u1eabm thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. C\u0169ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch xu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: T\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da – da, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, l\u00f4ng, t\u00f3c … s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1c hay hoe, l\u00f4ng m\u00e0u \u0111en, m\u00f3ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ee5c hay m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng h\u1ed3ng …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ra sao. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1ee3i d\u00e0i …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y \u1edf v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean hay h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. Trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y t\u1eeb r\u1ed1n tr\u1edf l\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb r\u1ed1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong th\u00e2n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u00f3c m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean da \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdc t\u1edbi tr\u00e1n, ph\u00eda sau m\u1ecdc t\u1edbi \u00f3t, hai b\u00ean m\u1ecdc t\u1edbi v\u00e0nh tai …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c m\u1ecdc c\u1eafm v\u00e0o da, ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c ghim d\u01b0\u1edbi da, ng\u1ecdn t\u00f3c ch\u1ec9a v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng … ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng t\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00f4ng, l\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f3c …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 y ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1u gh\u00e9t, gi\u01b0\u1eddng gh\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecdc 6 nh\u00f3m th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u00f4i r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“T\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da \/ da, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, l\u00f4ng, t\u00f3c”. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c P\u0101li c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, th\u1eadn \/ th\u1eadn, t\u1ee7y, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u00e2n, th\u1ecbt”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Tim, gan, m\u00e0ng ru\u1ed9t, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, ph\u1ed5i \/ ph\u1ed5i, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, m\u00e0ng ru\u1ed9t, gan, tim”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0, ru\u1ed9t non, v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea9n, \u00f3c \/ \u00f3c, ph\u1ea9n, v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, ru\u1ed9t non, ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“M\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0m, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1 \/ m\u1ee1, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u00e1u, m\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e0m, m\u1eadt”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, d\u1ea7u da, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edbt, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u \/ n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edbt, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, d\u1ea7u da, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong 6 nh\u00f3m th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m ghi nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 “T\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da \/ da, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, l\u00f4ng, t\u00f3c”. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd khi ghi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u01b0\u1edbt qua nhanh hay qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eafc thi\u1ec1n, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 danh t\u1eeb. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u1ec7m th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 “T\u00f3c … l\u00f4ng … m\u00f3ng … r\u0103ng … da …”, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m danh t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “B\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh” \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u00e3nh l\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 tham d\u1ee5c …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh th\u00ec trong l\u00fac “\u0111\u1ecdc” t\u00ean th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m v\u00e0 an tr\u1ee5 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 “\u0111\u1ecdc” qua nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 \u00fd th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c qua nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn “T\u00f3c”, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn: “T\u00f3c m\u00e0u \u0111en” “H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9”, m\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n”, “V\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ecdc n\u01a1i da \u0111\u1ea7u” “Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c c\u1eafm v\u00e0o da \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u1ecdn t\u00f3c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u0103m kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u1edf v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c tham kh\u1ea3o kinh s\u00e1ch (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII, \u0111o\u1ea1n 42 – 144).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb chuy\u00ean tu t\u1eadp th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea3m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kham nh\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi tu t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho v\u1ecb \u1ea5y khi t\u00e1i sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf (\u0100n\u0101p\u0101nassati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i h\u01a1i th\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp quan tr\u1ecdng; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh (carita) h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u01a1i th\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean an t\u1ecbnh (S.v, 231), k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea7m t\u01b0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m (A.IV,353). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn minh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n minh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (M.III, 82). M\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (M.I, 425-426); m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafc A la h\u00e1n nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c th\u00ec v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n bao l\u00e2u; nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 do tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Vism.243).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp<\/strong>: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, h\u00e3y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n h\u00e3y ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n gi\u00e0, gi\u1eef l\u01b0ng ngay th\u1eb3ng, th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ba ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch “\u0111\u1ebfm”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfm h\u01a1i th\u1edf (s\u1ed1 t\u1ee9c) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd khi h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfm 1, r\u1ed3i 2, r\u1ed3i 3 … \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c h\u01a1i th\u1edf nhanh hay ch\u1eadm t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u01a1i th\u1edf theo s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfm, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb m\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u1ebfm, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 hay \u0111i qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1 10 hay l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p. N\u1ebfu \u0111i qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1 10 th\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1edb con s\u1ed1 c\u1eb7p. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd hoang mang v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfm hoi th\u1edf \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; r\u1ed3i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; r\u1ed3i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; r\u1ed3i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; r\u1ed3i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; r\u1ed3i 1, 2 … 9, 10. R\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u … c\u1ee9 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7c v\u00e0o h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra – h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm m\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m v\u1eabn an tr\u00fa. \u0110\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fa ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00fd h\u01a1i th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch “theo d\u00f5i” kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1i th\u1edf l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u00f3t m\u0169i; h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “gi\u00f3 m\u00e1t”, h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “gi\u00f3 \u1ea5m”. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1i th\u1edf theo c\u00e1ch t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf (h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o, ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u0169i, ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 r\u1ed1n; h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra, ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 r\u1ed1n, ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u0169i). N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra – h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o m\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa, ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n l\u1eabn t\u00e2m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t an (Ps.I,165).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m d\u00e1n ch\u1eb7c \u1edf “c\u1eeda” m\u0169i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4<\/em>” “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra”; <\/em>do c\u1ea3m x\u00fac “gi\u00f3 m\u00e1t” \u1edf c\u1eeda m\u0169i l\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c mau m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4 d\u00e0i<\/em>” hay “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4 ng\u1eafn”; <\/em>do c\u1ea3m x\u00fac “gi\u00f3” \u1ea5m \u1edf c\u1eeda m\u0169i l\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c mau m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra d\u00e0i<\/em>” hay “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra ng\u1eafn<\/em>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 do ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00e2u th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 rung chuy\u1ec3n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u00e3 t\u1edbi, ng\u00e3 lui, nghi\u00eang qua, nghi\u00eang l\u1ea1i … h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho an t\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y. Ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd: “an t\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh th\u1edf v\u00f4, an t\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh th\u1edf ra” … v\u00e0 khi th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e3 t\u1edbi ng\u00e3 lui n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u00fd: “t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh th\u1edf v\u00f4, t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh th\u1edf ra” …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd “h\u01a1i ra”, “h\u01a1i v\u00e0o, “h\u01a1i d\u00e0i”, “h\u01a1i ng\u1eafn”, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea7m” c\u00e2u n\u00f3i “ta th\u1edf v\u00f4, ta th\u1edf ra” …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tinh t\u1ea5n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c; nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebft s\u1eed (s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c), \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ti\u1ec1m mi\u00ean (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u0169 ng\u1ea7m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh (upasam\u0101nussati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh hay t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng (upasama), \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 N\u00edp b\u00e0n, v\u00ec N\u00edp b\u00e0n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec7m t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh N\u00edp b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, ly tham, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i N\u00edp b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf; tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft tha v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nghe n\u00f3i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 N\u00edp b\u00e0n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a N\u00edp b\u00e0n m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1t sanh h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c t\u00edn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00ec an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ni\u1ec7m N\u00edp b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tu ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0, ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i kinh h\u00e0nh. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1eed sanh … R\u1ed3i v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1edb t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a N\u00edp b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y – \u0101layasamuggh\u0101to”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i – va\u1e6d\u1e6dt\u016bpacchedo”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn tham \u00e1i – ta\u1e47hak-khayo”.
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m – vir\u0101go”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t – nirodho”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t \u00e1i – nibb\u0101na”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 an \u1ed5n c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch – yogakkhema\u1e43”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed – amata\u1e43”
“N\u00edp b\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1c – santi” …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ngay l\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham chi ph\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u00e2n chi ph\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb si chi ph\u1ed1i, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u00fa trong ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c hoan h\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tu t\u1eadp chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a N\u00edp b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee7 trong an l\u1ea1c, th\u1ee9c d\u1eady trong an l\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c c\u0103n t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng t\u00e2m t\u01b0 b\u00ecnh an, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tha thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh; v\u00e0 d\u00f9 ngay ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb g\u00ec cao si\u00eau, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TU TI\u1ebeN V\u1edaI \u0110\u1ec0 T\u00c0I B\u1ed0N PH\u1ea0M TR\u00da (Brahmavih\u0101ra)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa l\u00e0 an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m bi, an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m h\u1ef7, v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m x\u1ea3. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa v\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p an tr\u00fa cao c\u1ea3, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m; l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 an tr\u00fa v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean c\u0169ng tr\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p (Vism.IX, 106)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb (Mett\u0101)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m t\u1eeb l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n, hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a m\u00e1t m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh. T\u00e2m t\u1eeb ph\u00e1 tan s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edch k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Sau khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 y\u00ean t\u0129nh tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u00e3y suy x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngay l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111ang b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i trong t\u00e2m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00f4 s\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa tu t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean th\u0103m d\u00f2 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m: “gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e2m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u00e2n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n? ta \u0111ang tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i hay b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n? “. N\u1ebfu d\u00f2 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh \u0111ang tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m “t\u00e2m t\u1eeb”; b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u00e2n gi\u1eadn \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n th\u00ec h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u00e2n: “th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf khi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u00e2n! th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu khi b\u1ecb s\u00e2n t\u00e2m chi ph\u1ed1i! th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi s\u00e2n!” r\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y n\u00ean \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 s\u00e2n t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m y\u00ean b\u00ecnh tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m “t\u00e2m t\u1eeb”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tr\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 sau: “mong r\u1eb1ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eadn th\u00f9, kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5, \u00e2u lo”. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi tr\u00fa ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m t\u1eeb. \u0110\u1ebfn khi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Mong cho ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eadn th\u00f9, kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 \u00e2u lo”. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn bao qu\u00e1t ch\u00fang sanh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1; nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1, r\u1ed3i sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1c x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb m\u00ecnh th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u00e2m t\u1eeb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ai l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9. S\u1edf d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u00e2m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00fa trong ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch: ng\u1ee7 an vui, th\u1ee9c an vui, kh\u00f4ng chi\u00eam bao \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi nh\u00e2n y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eeda hay kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh, n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t khinh an, khi ch\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh s\u1ebd sanh v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ai tu t\u1eadp an tr\u00fa li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi (Karu\u1e47\u0101)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m bi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang sanh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi; nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m bi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ee5y phi\u1ec1n v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu t\u1eadp, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o d\u1ec5 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i; n\u1ebfu kh\u1edfi l\u00ean h\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy s\u1ebd l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00fa b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa tu ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd d\u00f2 x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m “gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e2m ta c\u00f2n o\u00e1n h\u1eadn n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i ch\u0103ng?” N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u00f2n u \u1ea9n ni\u1ec1m h\u1eadn th\u00f9, h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i, m\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, do \u00f4m \u1ea5p h\u1eadn th\u00f9; ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ee9c do s\u1ed1ng trong h\u1eadn th\u00f9; ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn do l\u00f2ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9 g\u00e2y n\u00ean … ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi h\u1eadn th\u00f9, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m bi t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m si l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, r\u1ed3i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Kh\u1ed5 thay cho ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y, mong sao ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au!”. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec c\u0169ng h\u00e3y kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u00e1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111ang vui v\u1ebb; b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111ang vui v\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng!”. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1eed t\u00f9 \u0111ang \u0103n b\u1eefa \u0103n ngon \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “V\u00ec ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 do s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u1ee9c nh\u00f3i khi th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n khi th\u1ea5y k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y …”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 tu t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 (Mudit\u0101)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m h\u1ef7 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i vui th\u00edch, h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ganh t\u1ef5, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 l\u00e0 xua tan s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ganh gh\u00e9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ef7; nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 xa hoa tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ef7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m h\u1ef7, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi khi t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh hay ganh t\u1ef5 th\u00ec h\u00e3y suy x\u00e9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 sau: “ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m \u00edch k\u1ef7 nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdn m\u1edbi ganh t\u1ef5 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c”, hay “ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ganh t\u1ef5 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o sanh ra \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua s\u00fat th\u1ebf c\u00f4” (M.III, kinh Ti\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng, h\u00e3y suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c an vui c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 sau: “ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ganh t\u1ef5 s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i” hay “s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ganh t\u1ef5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao” v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u00e2n hoan tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 chi ph\u1ed1i ni\u1ec1m vui \u00edch k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Khi th\u1ea5y hay nghe m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 sau: “th\u1eadt l\u00e0 vui cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y! ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, mong r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng (kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu khi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb th\u00f9 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m h\u1eadn kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m t\u1eeb (mett\u0101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean ph\u00e1 r\u00e0o ng\u0103n t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o cho t\u00e2m tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn tam thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 “ng\u1ee7 an vui, th\u1ee9c an vui” v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 (Upekkh\u0101)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m x\u1ea3 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ecd x\u1ea3 phi kh\u1ed5 phi l\u1ea1c; x\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u01b0a v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb, bi v\u00e0 h\u1ef7, v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c vi t\u1ebf trong x\u1ea3 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp x\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang, ch\u00fang sanh th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 vui c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p”. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111ang h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9, th\u00ec t\u00e2m nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1eadn t\u00e2m d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang vui hay kh\u1ed5. Nay tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng n\u00ean kh\u01a1i d\u1eady t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 \u1ea5y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 … nh\u00ecn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng, v\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u1edf m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m x\u1ea3?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9a con, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a c\u00f2n b\u00e9, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a \u0111ang th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a \u0111\u00e3 n\u00ean danh ph\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd t\u01b0ng tiu l\u00e0m vui \u0111\u1ee9a con b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, s\u1ebd ch\u0103m nom an \u1ee7i \u0111\u1ee9a con b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, s\u1ebd vui m\u1eebng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111ang th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m g\u00ec n\u1eefa v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u00e3 n\u00ean danh ph\u1eadn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 an tr\u00fa t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u00fa bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n (n\u00f3i b\u1ed1n b\u1eadc) hay ng\u0169 thi\u1ec1n (n\u00f3i n\u0103m b\u1eadc), m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n x\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m thanh t\u1ecbnh. Cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa th\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u00fa x\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 “ng\u1ee7 an vui, th\u1ee9c an vui” v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TU TI\u1ebeN V\u1edaI \u0110\u1ec0 T\u00c0I QU\u00c1N T\u01af\u1edeNG<\/strong> (Paccavekkhana)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia hay xu\u1ea5t gia. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u0103m? “Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0” “Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh”. Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft”. “\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta, ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca b\u1ecf, ph\u1ea3i ly bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u00e1i”; Ta c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a; nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c n\u00e0o ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e3nh ch\u1ecbu nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y” (A.III,71).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t gia hay t\u1ea1i gia, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00ec th\u00ec \u00edt ra trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sanh th\u00e2n \u00e1c, kh\u1ea9u \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u00fd \u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi do ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u00e1c, kh\u1ea9u n\u00f3i \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng “Ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb hay gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi do ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u00e1c, kh\u1ea9u n\u00f3i \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng “Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb hay gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi do ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u00e1c, kh\u1ea9u n\u00f3i \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng “Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb hay gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi do tham mu\u1ed1n quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u00e1c, kh\u1ea9u n\u00f3i \u00e1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng “\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta, ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca b\u1ecf, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7t ly t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u00e1i” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb hay gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u00f2ng tham luy\u1ebfn v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi ch\u00fang sanh d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m th\u00e2n \u00e1c, n\u00f3i kh\u1ea9u \u00e1c, suy ngh\u0129 \u00fd \u00e1c, do v\u1eady ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafng cay, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng “Ta c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a, nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c n\u00e0o ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e3nh ch\u1ecbu nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y;” qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb hay gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec do duy\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u0103m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 oai nghi n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy n\u00ean khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i sanh kh\u1edfi th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau, suy t\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ta b\u1ecb gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111i, c\u00f3 sanh, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ta b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111i, c\u00f3 sanh, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca b\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7t ly t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ta ch\u1ecbu ly bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111i, c\u00f3 sanh, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ly bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u00e1i”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ta c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ean h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, n\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n ra, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho sung m\u00e3n n\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn, c\u00e1c t\u00f9y mi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ee8T CH\u01af\u01a0NG III<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CH\u01af\u01a0NG III :PH\u00c1P M\u00d4N TU T\u1eacP C\u1ee6A C\u01af S\u0128 III.1. QUI Y TAM B\u1ea2O (Tisara\u1e47agamana)\u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 qui y Qui y (sara\u1e47agamana) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i t\u00ecm\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13785,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60,1],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-13798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-buoc-dau-tu-phat","category-khong-phan-loai"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13798","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13798"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13798\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13800,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13798\/revisions\/13800"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13798"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13798"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=13798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}