{"id":14271,"date":"2021-09-24T14:41:02","date_gmt":"2021-09-24T07:41:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=14271"},"modified":"2021-09-24T14:41:07","modified_gmt":"2021-09-24T07:41:07","slug":"nghiep-trong-phat-giao-nguyen-thuy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/09\/24\/nghiep-trong-phat-giao-nguyen-thuy\/","title":{"rendered":"NGHI\u1ec6P TRONG PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

NGHI\u1ec6P TRONG PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y<\/strong>
Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u1eaaN LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N<\/strong>ghi\u1ec7p (Karma) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. N\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u sinh ra v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u sau cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p s\u1ed1, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed7i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u1ea5y, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p n\u00e0o h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00fang, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mang l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1i \u1ea5y n\u00fap d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hay danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta b\u1eadn t\u00e2m suy ngh\u0129[47].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e2y ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, mang n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea5y, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u00edch, nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng phi l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Vua A D\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng, qua ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00ea t\u00edn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 100 n\u0103m, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ed5i thay, khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u1ea4n, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m (kuru) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00eda Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 trong r\u1eebng n\u00fai, n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n, v\u1edbi 3 y \u0111\u1ec3 che th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, trong n\u00fai r\u1eebng. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Vua A D\u1ee5c, sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng sinh s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng n\u00fai, m\u00e0 sinh s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Do v\u00ec hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt[48] trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 Trung A H\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7m m\u1eb7c, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh[49], nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m th\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch[50] . Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, khi c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n canh t\u00e2n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7; \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i canh t\u00e2n, mu\u1ed1n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb hai ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh 18 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n hai ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh 20 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 (Sarvastivadin) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 18 ph\u00e1i, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng trong Trung Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd, Duy Th\u1ee9c, Nh\u01b0 Lai T\u1ea1ng, M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o… \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn theo m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb…C\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, t\u1eeb B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do v\u1eady, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 \u201cNghi\u1ec7p\u201d (S.Karma, P: Kamma) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1 cao tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, n\u00eau cao tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh an, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i: \u201cQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1onguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\u201d<\/em>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i hay Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, ch\u1ec9 y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o Kinh A H\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c Nik\u00e0ya \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Kinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t[51]<\/strong> ,<\/em> (theo ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a P\u00e0li), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi KinhOanh V\u0169[52]<\/strong><\/em> (theo ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng) v\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t[53]<\/strong><\/em> (P\u00e0li), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7pPh\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t[54]<\/strong> <\/em>trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y qua nh\u1eefng kinh v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cphi ng\u00e3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, trong hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb n\u00e0o mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong l\u00fac ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c0tman. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Kinh A H\u00e0m (\u00c0gama) thu\u1ed9c H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nik\u00e0ya thu\u1ed9c Nam truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. TINH TH\u1ea6N V\u00c0 M\u1ee4C \u0110\u00cdCH GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Ng\u00e0i sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eadt r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ca T\u1ef3 La V\u1ec7 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng B\u1ea1t K\u1ef3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00f4n t\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu l\u00e2n c\u1eadn[55].V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng bi \u0111\u00e1t h\u01a1n, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb[56]. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p[57], v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1ea1m ng\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3[58]<\/strong><\/em> c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c ph\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a 6 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y trong Kinh A H\u00e0m[59] . S\u00e1u ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m: 1- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 P\u00f9rana Kassapa; 2- Ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Makkhali Gos\u00e0la; 3- Ph\u00e1i \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Ajita Kesakambala; 4- Ph\u00e1i C\u1ef1c vi, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Pakudha Kacc\u00e0yana; 5- Ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Nigantha N\u00e0taputta; 6- Ph\u00e1i Ho\u00e0i nghi, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Sanjaya Belatthiputta (sat s\u00e0star\u00e0). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u00e1i phi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a 6 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd, K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong Kinh t\u1ea1ng A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 Nik\u00e0ya. Theo L\u1eef Tr\u01b0ng cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cNghi\u1ec7p\u201dbao g\u1ed3m: th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t xem tr\u1ecdng \u201cth\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e9p x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gai, \u0103n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t m\u00e8…(s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 sau khi Nh\u01b0 Lai nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t c\u00f2n hay m\u1ea5t? Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay hai? L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cDuy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201ch\u1eefu ng\u00e3\u201d (\u00e0tman) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft \u201cnghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1 sanh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng k\u00edch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cng\u00e3\u201d (\u00e0tman) th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, th\u00ec ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n), ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 im l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi[60] , trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 A H\u00e0m, v\u1edbi l\u00fd do l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 im l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed9c t\u1eed b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cC\u00f3 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p<\/em>\u201d; H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u201cc\u00f3 ng\u00e3\u201d th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u201cc\u00f3 ph\u00e1p\u201d; S\u01a1 k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cNh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p giai kh\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn Long Th\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cDuy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u201d. Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o chung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ch\u1eefu ng\u00e3\u201d hay \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t hay hai, l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f9 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o mang t\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, m\u1eb7t d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00e0tman<\/em> c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5c, phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t… th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo! X\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay, ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5…\u201d[61]<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

hay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTh\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng vui, kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ngh\u0129 nh\u1edb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft… Th\u1ebf gian n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian, th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p, gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi…\u201d[62]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, sinh gi\u00e0 b\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Gi\u00e0 b\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy tho\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ai \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y[63] , \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n, \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ngon, ng\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean gi\u1ea5c…\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 khi tu\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0. B\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng suy tho\u00e1i, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi… l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai \u01b0a th\u00edch s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai trong ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi 4 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 tri. V\u00f4 tri v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u00e3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cng\u00e3 s\u1edf\u201d. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3<\/em> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3<\/em>, cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: s\u1eafc (r\u00f9pa), th\u1ecd (vedana), t\u01b0\u1edfng (samjna), h\u00e0nh (samskara) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (vijnana) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Trong \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng. Th\u1ee9c (vijnana) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; s\u1eafc (r\u00f9pa), th\u1ecd (vedana), t\u01b0\u1edfng (samjna), h\u00e0nh (samskara) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3<\/em>, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh (prat\u00ectya-samutp\u00e0da), c\u00e1i g\u00ec do duy\u00ean sinh th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3<\/em> (\u00e0tman). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3, t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3, r\u1ed3i vin v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1eadt c\u00f3 ng\u00e3<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u00f4 tri v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3; \u201cNg\u00e3 s\u1edf\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt chung quanh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau t\u00f4i, nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i, xe t\u00f4i, v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.v.v…, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f3, n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo lu\u1eadt duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. V\u00ed nh\u01b0, anh A \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c anh ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau m\u00e3i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng anh \u1ea5y n\u1eefa, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi anh ta, v\u00ec anh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ed1 n\u00edu k\u00e9o mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng, cho n\u00ean \u0111au kh\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, c\u1ea5t n\u00f3 trong t\u1ee7 s\u1eaft, ho\u1eb7c g\u1edfi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hay cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c vay ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi… trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh, k\u00e9t ti\u1ec1n b\u1ecb k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m \u0103n c\u1eafp, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, ti\u1ec1n cho vay b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ef1t. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1ea5y? V\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 m\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 hai n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111au kh\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong Kinh A H\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt tu\u1ec7 tri<\/em>\u201d hay \u201cKh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd\u201d[64]<\/strong><\/em>, trong Kinh Kim Cang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, m\u1eb7c ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i sao? Th\u00e2n b\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa… sao? Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m sao? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft xin tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4<\/em> ng\u00e3 s\u1edf<\/em>\u201d nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt chung quanh m\u00ecnh, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf<\/em>\u201d v\u00ec th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sinh ra m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf<\/em>\u201d c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/em> (nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt tu\u1ec7 tri), hay c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd\u201d[65] kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang<\/em> nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/em>? L\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng sai kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u1eeda l\u00e0 n\u00f3ng, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecdc tay v\u00e0o l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ecfng tay. \u00dd th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft l\u1eeda l\u00e0 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u1eeda c\u0169ng n\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. C\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng? L\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y, l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn, khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn, th\u00ec t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i sinh kh\u1edfi. Tr\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eadt ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u01a1m \u0103n, \u00e1o m\u1eb7c… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, do v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m g\u00ec, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n c\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 duy tr\u00ec, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo qui lu\u1eadt sanh tr\u1ee5 d\u1ecb di\u1ec7t, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo qui lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u00fd th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7c k\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, c\u0169ng v\u1eady tinh th\u1ea7n g\u00ecn gi\u1eef c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh. C\u00e1i g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 cao, n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c; c\u00e1i g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, c\u00e1i \u1ea5y mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u1ecf. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf<\/em>\u201d, v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00e1nh xa kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u: \u201cX\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay, ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5…\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thanh \u0111ao b\u00e9n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O G\u1eccI L\u00c0 NGHI\u1ec6P?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A H\u00e0m (\u00e0gama) l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ea1ng B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, bao g\u1ed3m: 1- \u201cKinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m\u201d, 2- \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d, 3- \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, 4- \u201cKinh T\u0103ng nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u201cT\u1ea1p t\u1ea1ng\u201d, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Nam truy\u1ec1n P\u00e0li t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: 1- \u201cKinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9\u201d, 2- \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d, 3- \u201cKinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9\u201d, 4- \u201cKinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9\u201d, 5- \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1ed9 kinh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Di\u1ec7p b\u1ed9 (T\u00e0mra-s\u00e0t\u00ecya). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng, kinh t\u1ea1ng A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 Nik\u00e0ya l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh v\u0103n t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i vua A D\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh v\u0103n t\u1ef1 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 hai kinh, Kinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7<\/em>t (Cula kamma vibhanga suttam) s\u1ed1 135 v\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/em> (Maha kamma vibhanga suttam) s\u1ed1 136 trong \u201ckinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>(Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya). Hai kinh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 Kinh Oanh V\u0169<\/em> s\u1ed1 170 v\u00e0 Kinh<\/em> Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> s\u1ed1 171 trong \u201cKinh<\/em>Trung A H\u00e0m<\/em>\u201d<\/strong>. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201ckinh Trung<\/em>B\u1ed9<\/em>\u201d<\/strong> (P\u00e0li t\u1ea1ng) l\u00e0 kinh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Di\u1ec7p (T\u00e0mra-s\u00e0t\u00ecya); \u201c<\/em><\/strong>Kinh Trung A H\u00e0m<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>(H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng) l\u00e0 kinh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu (Sarvastivada). Tuy ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a kinh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hai ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u201ckinh Oanh V\u0169\u201d <\/em>so v\u1edbi kinh \u201cKinh<\/em> Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat. \u201cKinh Oanh V\u0169<\/em>\u201dc\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n th\u00eam c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n con ch\u00f3 tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Oanh v\u0169 Ma n\u1ea1p \u0110\u1ec1 t\u1eed, c\u00f2n \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n<\/em> Bi\u1ec7t <\/em>c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n P\u00e0li th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kinh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u0103ng l\u00f2ng tin cho h\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua hai kinh \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0 \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a hai ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, hai kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (vibhanga) l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn (abhidharma), n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh (sutra). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, khi Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi kinh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong n\u00f3i hai b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> hay \u201cKinh Oanh V\u0169\u201d<\/em> l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia; c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> l\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A nan (\u00c0nanda) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a kinh, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong A H\u00e0m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng cho gi\u1edbi c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 n\u0103m gi\u1edbi, B\u1ed1 th\u00ed, B\u1ed1n ni\u1ec1m tin b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng[66]… nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ef3 kheo ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tri th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 N\u0103m u\u1ea9n, 12 x\u1ee9, 18 gi\u1edbi, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129 trong th\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u201cNghi\u1ec7p\u201d nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai kinh, n\u00f3i cho hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d <\/em>hay \u201cKinh Oanh V\u0169\u201d <\/em>l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129, do v\u1eady, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. Nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi uy\u00ean th\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 hay nghi\u1ec7p thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn – tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. L\u00fd do m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng, ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u hay ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb… m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hay tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eed h\u1ecfi, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng? c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00f4ng to ch\u1ee9c b\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac? Th\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc… c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac sao? C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Do v\u1eady, trong kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa hai kinh. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fd do \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em> l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta h\u1ecfi Ph\u1eadt: \u201cDo nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean g\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u; ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o; ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, k\u1ebb ngu mu\u1ed9i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cC\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p; nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng. Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a. Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u01b0u<\/em>\u201d [67].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p. Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e2n chia s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/em>? Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 karma, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0nh vi, hay s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0 trong \u201cKinh T\u01b0<\/em>\u201d[68] \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu k\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u1ea1o Nghi\u1ec7p, ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecd ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi sau. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o Nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd, ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i dung \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u1eeba d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng phi nghi\u1ec7p. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p; h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p hay kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, tu t\u1eadp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eeda sai \u00fd th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a, Nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c. Nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tham kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng si; Nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham c\u00f3 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 si. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, th\u00e2u th\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ng\u00e0nh y khoa, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi tr\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh b\u00e1c s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh[69], ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 non k\u00e9m, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1edbi tr\u00ed \u00f3c non k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch, cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an vui, l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d[70]<\/strong><\/em> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 s\u00e1t sanh, t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, tay l\u1ea5m m\u00e1u, t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sanh. Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u00e1c…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ea1ng…\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u1eeba d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, l\u00fd do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt: V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi, t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh… \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh, ho\u1eb7c sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa hay \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt:<\/strong> V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sinh, kh\u00f4ng sanh t\u00e2m s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u00edt b\u1ec7nh. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng chung, sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong kinh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh, tr\u00e1nh xa s\u00e1t sanh, b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecf ki\u1ebfm, bi\u1ebft t\u00e0m qu\u00ed, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb, s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd…\u201d[71]<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng trong b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u00e1nh hay ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1eadt \u00fd… Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u00e1c…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhan s\u1eafc x\u1ea5u xa…\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u00e1nh hay ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1eadt \u00fd… Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhan s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd\u201d[72]<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n… \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng xinh \u0111\u1eb9p, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng trong kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u00e1nh hay t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c… Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u00e1c…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf…\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c… Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf…\u201d[73]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1, t\u1ecb hi\u1ec1m, nghi k\u1ef5 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng khoan dung, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, do v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n… Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u00e1c…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf…\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Thanh ni\u00ean! C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n… Do nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y,… sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh…, n\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi… ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn…\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, l\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m keo ki\u1ec7t, b\u1ecfn s\u1ebbn, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, sung t\u00fac v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Kinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/em>\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i kinh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta, hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang, s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui s\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng qua m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc (logic) kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ti\u00ean c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, vui s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ecda,l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t, trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111ang c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, qu\u00ean \u0111i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, thu\u1ea7n phong m\u1ef9 t\u1ee5c, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129, c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c…C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p… nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u01b0u<\/em>\u201d[74].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em> Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hay Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng g\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y mai c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u \u201cNghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u01b0u\u201d<\/em>. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i v\u00f4 tri gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u1eady v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n thanh ni\u00ean Subha todeyyaputta v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1ea4n h\u00e3y d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00f9ng d\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ly h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng phi nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, sau khi ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1ea4n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, giai c\u1ea5p S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ee3i tuy l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1eadt l\u00e0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, n\u1ebfu m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy t\u01b0 t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh, tr\u00e1nh xa \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, do v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i l\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kinh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/em>\u201d (Maha kamma vibhanga sutta)[75] \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ckinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

a. Ph\u1ea7n Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/em>\u201d (Maha kamma vibhanga sutta) l\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ananda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 du s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Potaliputta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samiddhi h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cH\u01b0 v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng (samapatti), do th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00ec?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samaddhi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCh\u1edb c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1eady. N\u00e0y hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 Potaliputta, ch\u1edb c\u00f3 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba Potaliputta h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKhi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd l\u00e0m th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00ec?\u201d[76]<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samaddhi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u00e0y hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 Potaliputta, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd l\u00e0m th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean b\u1edfi du s\u0129 Potaliputta, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samaddhi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1eafn t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa du s\u0129 Potaliputta v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samaddhi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samaddhi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong kinh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd; Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi: 1- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u, 2- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh, 3- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh, 4- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u; Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 v\u00f4 tr\u00ed c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sai l\u1ec7ch, r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/em> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0u sang, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.v.v… x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n truy t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i? Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e2u: \u201cNh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd\u201d trong Kinh T\u1ea5t C\u1ea3 L\u1eadu Ho\u1eb7c\u201d[77].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 C\u1ea3m Th\u1ecd<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean v\u1eeba n\u00eau, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Samaddhi v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a du s\u0129 Potaliputta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec sao? V\u00ec khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd l\u00e0m th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0 trong kinh, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u00e0y hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 Potaliputta, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ai c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd l\u00e0m th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd;… c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd;… c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/em>.\u201d[78]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n v\u1eeba d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba nghi\u1ec7p: th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. Trong ba nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o. H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi t\u00e2m x\u1ea5u xa, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd\u201d; H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi t\u00e2m t\u1ed1t t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea1c th\u1ecd\u201d; H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 k\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, t\u1ee9c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng vui, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an vui v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi tu t\u1eadp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111em \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eeda th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. B\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u; Th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh; Th\u1ee9 ba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh; Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u. Trong b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang theo lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y? Do v\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o… \u0110\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u00fd n\u00e0y, trong \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d[79], \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1t sanh, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, tham d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1t sanh, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, tham d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 \u00e1c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ba l\u00e0 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, l\u00e0m \u00e1c ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o x\u1ea5u, l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 , n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, th\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa, th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 qui lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n sanh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc mang ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 duy\u00ean hay \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n khi th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong kinh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

e. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Sa m\u00f4n, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang hay sai, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y hay th\u1ebf kia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 quan, khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mang l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t sanh h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, s\u1ed1ng t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3i l\u00e1o… Sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u00e1c th\u00fa. Do th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cCh\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng ai s\u00e1t sanh, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho… c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng, sai l\u1ea7m\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* L\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn 2 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t sanh h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, s\u1ed1ng t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3i l\u00e1o… Sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh, thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Do th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cCh\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng ai s\u00e1t sanh, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho… c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng, sai l\u1ea7m\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* L\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 ba:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Sa-m\u00f4n B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt… Sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh, thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Do th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cNh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh… n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec1u sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng, sai l\u1ea7m\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* L\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/em> thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hai \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Sa-m\u00f4n B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u1edd thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt… Sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef \u00e1c th\u00fa \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9. Do th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cNh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh… n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec1u sanh v\u00e0o \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng, sai l\u1ea7m\u201d .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* L\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111o\u1ea1 x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh… c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb sanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn 4 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n hay S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ee3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn sung s\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng, c\u00f2n giai c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e0 la ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u00f4i t\u1edb b\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho hai giai c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, khinh mi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eadt ra, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a m\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c… v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 \u0111oan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sinh ra m\u1ecdi h\u1eadn th\u00f9, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o, bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ed nh\u01b0, h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c h\u1ea1t s\u1ea1n trong c\u01a1m l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai \u01b0a th\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec gh\u00e9t h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c h\u1ea1t s\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0103n c\u01a1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed khi th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c h\u1ea1t s\u1ea1n trong c\u01a1m, l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang qu\u0103ng \u0111i r\u1ed3i \u0103n c\u01a1m, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb ngu v\u00ec gh\u00e9t s\u1ea1n th\u00f3c l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0103n c\u01a1m. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, hay sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, l\u00e0m \u00e1c hay l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng trong kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng hai \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

g. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

– L\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t sanh… n\u00f3i l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef,\u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: v\u00ec trong l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung <\/em>(l\u00e0 gi\u1edd ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) v\u1eabn gi\u1eef t\u00e2m t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/em>, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef<\/em>, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– L\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Trong l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng, tuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng trong khi m\u1ea1ng chung<\/em>, h\u1ecd sinh t\u00e2m h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn,<\/em> tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– L\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Do v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Trong l\u00fac m\u1ea1ng chung,<\/em> t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn.<\/em> Do v\u1eady, sau khi m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– L\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Trong khi s\u1ed1ng, tuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5yl\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn,<\/em> nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung<\/em>, v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/em> Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef<\/em>, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t nhau v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p. Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u01b0u. Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, Kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n; Kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng; \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Th\u1eadt ra, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o, Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1edf t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p. Do v\u1eady, trong ba nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean trong \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu k\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecd ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi sau. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd, ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/em>\u201d[80].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sai bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u201cch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn\u201d hay \u201ct\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn\u201d. N\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec cho d\u00f9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u1eefa, th\u00ec v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u00e1c th\u00fa. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u00fd do l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh, n\u00f3i l\u00e1o… theo s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh hay th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea3 chu\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat l\u00e2m chung c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng? \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3: Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vui hay bu\u1ed3n. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed nh\u01b0, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eaft d\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c phi ph\u00e1p, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00f2ng tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tham s\u00e2n si n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn), v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00f2ng tham s\u00e2n si chi ph\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng trong h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Do v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eeba n\u00eau, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh sinh tr\u1ee5 d\u1ecb di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qui lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. K\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd ngang qua th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (s\u1eafc) v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh l\u00e3o b\u1ecbnh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 hay kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu. Do v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt quan ni\u1ec7m, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian hay th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u sang hay ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i… kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac… S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u1ed5 \u0111au t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 hay v\u00f4 minh. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u: \u201cT\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ecbnh\u201d <\/em>trong ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e1i xe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1ed7i khi l\u00e1i xe x\u1ea3y ra tai n\u1ea1n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng h\u00f4m nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00e1i xe, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed h\u1ecfi, t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft l\u00e1i xe c\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u00e1i xe t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho d\u00f9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c sai l\u1ea7m n\u1eefa, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c ngay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong Kinh A Di \u0110\u00e0<\/em> m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5ng. \u201cV\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che khu\u1ea5t; \u201cV\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd\u201d l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, v\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au n\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1i kh\u1edd g\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cv\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0i nghi. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen, ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa b\u00ean trong, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u01b0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho ta th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1, hay con c\u00e1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp…v.v… C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi r\u1ea5t th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch, nh\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c[81]. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong \u0111\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 t\u01b0, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u00e2u xa trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00ec gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. S\u1ef0 D\u1eca BI\u1ec6T GI\u1eeeA QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M NGHI\u1ec6P C\u1ee6A K\u1ef2 NA GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p,<\/em> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau. K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (L\u1ee5c s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o), trong kinh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed (Nigantha-nata-putta), v\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fd do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ee3i, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, em h\u1ecd l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng phi, do v\u1eady h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb[82]. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m mang t\u00ednh xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1eabn nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/em> (Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya), Ti\u1ec3u kinh Kh\u1ed5 U\u1ea9n<\/em> (Cula dukkha kkhandha suttam)[83] ph\u00e1i Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu x\u01b0a kia ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m cho nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y ti\u00eau m\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t n\u00e0y… Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai…\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cH\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 Gotama, n\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eddi Vua Magadha Seniya Bimbisara (T\u1ea7n B\u00e0 Ta La) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 Vua Magadha Seniya Bimbisara s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Gotama\u201d[84]<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua hai \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, l\u00fd do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau m\u00f2n nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn: H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd \u0111au kh\u1ed5. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eddi Vua Magadha Seniya Bimbisara (T\u1ea7n B\u00e0 Ta La) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1edd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5c \u1edf th\u1ebf gian. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1edbi, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng tham mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian; Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng lung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng lung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o; Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u1edd vai tr\u00f2 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1edd v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch g\u00ec cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.[85] \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd do n\u00e0o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u201cKinh \u01afu B\u00e0 Ly<\/em>\u201d[86] t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n h\u1ecfi: Theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t (nghi\u1ec7p) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed \u0111\u00e1p: Th\u01b0a C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m, theo T\u00f4n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 ba s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp: C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa th\u00e2n ph\u1ea1t, kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u00fd ph\u1ea1t?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed \u0111\u00e1p: Th\u01b0a C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m, theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ba ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp: Trong ba ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed \u0111\u00e1p: Th\u01b0a C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m, theo T\u00f4n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e2n ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, \u00fd ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xong v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1i Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Sa-m\u00f4n C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– N\u00e0y Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed, ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u1ea1t\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p. Ta ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u201cNghi\u1ec7p\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed h\u1ecfi: Theo Sa-m\u00f4n C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau Nghi\u1ec7p?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p: Ta ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ba Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, Kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed h\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa ba nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p: Ba nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed h\u1ecfi: Theo Sa-m\u00f4n C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m, trong ba nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p: Trong ba nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1eeba d\u1eabn tr\u00ean gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1i Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em> \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, ph\u00e1i Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh, ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cNghi\u1ec7p<\/em>\u201d m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ctr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/em>\u201d, v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u00fd, l\u00fd do d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ctr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/em>\u201d m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb\u201cnghi\u1ec7p<\/em>\u201d. Th\u1eadt ra, hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, tuy kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: Ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng, trong ba nghi\u1ec7p, Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng, trong ba nghi\u1ec7p, \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng. K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng, cho n\u00ean ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau m\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ba nghi\u1ec7p, \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng, \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi sai l\u1ea7m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u do \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, do v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n s\u1eeda sai nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. S\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 v\u00f4 \u00edch, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 V\u00d4 NG\u00c3<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cNghi\u1ec7p<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d \u1edf trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. L\u00fd do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, v\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c \u1eaft h\u1eb3n th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o l\u00e0nh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em> mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i x\u00edch c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3<\/em> (\u00e0tman). N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, ai l\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111i th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do v\u1eady, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn : H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec l\u1ebd\u00f5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y sao? Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eadu th\u1ebf m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: 1. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, 2.T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb \u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n l\u00e0 nir-\u00e0tman, P\u00e0li v\u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 anattan.<\/strong> Nir<\/em> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 hay phi, di\u1ec7t; t\u1eeb \u00e0tman<\/em> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, linh h\u1ed3n, sinh m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n Veda v\u00e0 trong \u201c\u00c1o ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u201d kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb jiva<\/strong> trong K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o[87], purusa<\/strong> trong ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn, pudgala <\/strong>trong \u0110\u1ed9c t\u1eed b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 18 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nir<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u00e0tman<\/strong> gh\u00e9p hai t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nir-\u00e0tman<\/strong> hay anattan, <\/strong>mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, hay t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c<\/strong>V\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d hay \u201cPhing\u00e3\u201d. Theo \u201cH\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb nir-\u00e0tman<\/strong> l\u00e0 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3, Phi ng\u00e3, V\u00f4 h\u1eefu ng\u00e3. T\u1eeb m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cv\u00f4\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cphi\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cv\u00f4\u201d l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 mu r\u00f9a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng, th\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eebng; T\u1eeb \u201cphi\u201d mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u201c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u201d di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ai? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft \u1ea5y, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2y vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d. \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u201d, c\u00f3 c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, hay t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eeb \u201cphi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo ch\u1eef T\u00e0u ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1eeb nir-\u00e0tman? Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (prat\u00ectya-samutp\u00e0da) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0o trong hai t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n (panca-skandha), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n (r\u00f9pa-skandha), th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n (vedana-skandha), t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n (samjna-skandha), h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n (samsk\u00e0ra-skandha) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n (vijn\u00e0na-skandha). \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u201cTi\u1ec3u kinh Saccaka<\/em>\u201d[88] trong Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Niganthaputta Saccaka \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo kinh n\u00e0y ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, Nigantha putta Saccaka l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh n\u1ec3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d, v\u00ec \u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed: \u201c S\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Saccaka nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niganthaputta Saccaka \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1eadt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00d4ng h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1eafc th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c (ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n) m\u00e0 sinh, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Gotama cho r\u1eb1ng, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec sinh ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Saccaka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ng\u00e0i h\u1ecfi: Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u00fd \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cS\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta\u201d kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saccaka tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u1ecb Vua Pasenadi n\u01b0\u1edbc Kosala c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111ang cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saccaka tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a vua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u201c S\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta\u201d th\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saccaka im l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Saccaka! S\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1i \u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 hay l\u1ea1c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ch\u0103ng khi xem c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Kh\u00f4ng, th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Gotama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Niganthaputta Saccaka. Qua n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u00e3\u201d r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/em> (Upanisad) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u00e3\u201d (\u00e0tman) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c. Trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefa th\u00e2n ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u201cphi ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa d\u00f9ng. T\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, t\u1eeb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u201cphi ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00c1o ngh\u0129a th\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cNghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, ch\u1eb3ng qua b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y, theo \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i n\u00ean d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cPhi ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Do v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c ngu d\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u, h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1eafp, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c. \u00dd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u1ea5u (b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd) th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t (h\u1ee3p l\u00fd) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi\u201d(ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi\u201d(\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c); \u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh; ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thinh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c duy\u00ean, v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean, do v\u1eady m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1eadt tu\u1ec7 tri\u201d. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cPhi ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d. Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u00e0 Phi ng\u00e3<\/em> l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Ai l\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n? Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0: \u201c… C\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. \u1ea4m n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c…\u201d[89]<\/strong><\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 Nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/em> v\u00e0 Phi ng\u00e3<\/em> trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VI. NGHI\u1ec6P L\u00c0 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gian, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao rong \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPh\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p do ta t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng<\/em> ph\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi hay Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1ebf gian v\u1eabn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y…<\/em>\u201d[90].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u00f3i hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00ec quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 qui lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf[91], n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng qua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt tuy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hay Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c trong kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u1ec1u do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a[92], kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thay m\u00ecnh, Ng\u00e0i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0[93] hay l\u00e0 v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng y[94] m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt hay nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft su\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. Do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed l\u1ea5y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hai g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ai c\u0169ng tham s\u1ed1ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111ang l\u00e0m hay s\u1ebd l\u00e0m hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong s\u1ef1 c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8 hay trong nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui kh\u00e1c.v.v… v\u00ec trong c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8… c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, cho n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, hay trong h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, l\u01b0a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1i sai, hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. H\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. V\u00ed nh\u01b0, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, th\u00e2u th\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m. V\u1edbi tay ngh\u1ec1 tinh x\u1ea3o, v\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, th\u00e2u th\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1edd b\u1ea1c r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u ni\u1ec1m vui trong l\u00fac c\u1edd b\u1ea1c hay r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thua l\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra sau khi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 cho m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o.<\/em> Ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a c\u1edd b\u1ea1c r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat th\u1eadt ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, n\u1ebfu ta \u0111em hai ni\u1ec1m vui n\u00e0y so s\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn ni\u1ec1m vui ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ni\u1ec1m vui l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, lao \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed1n n\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. H\u00e0nh vi c\u1edd b\u1ea1c r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 cho m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ai th\u00edch nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Do v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ngay trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e2u: \u201cTu th\u00e2n, t\u1ec1 gia, tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, b\u00ecnh thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\u201d[95] c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nho \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 theo ki\u1ec3u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t, bi\u1ebft thi h\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ecdi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p x\u1ea3y ra? Theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1m ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi ph\u00e1p khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00e0nh vi ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tay sai c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1i ng\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u1ea5y? T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, v\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u01b0 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y hay th\u1ebf kia, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? C\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai sinh ra cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 chung l\u00e0, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sau c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ri\u00eang, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vui s\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang. Nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c. D\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung l\u00e0 c\u00f5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt hay h\u01b0, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n hay gi\u1ea3, ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f3 tin hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00f9 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n sanh v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3, sau ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u00f5i C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ai mu\u1ed1n sanh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1edb b\u1ea3n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0, r\u0103n d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hay C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c l\u00fd tr\u00ed. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn, ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u1ea5u t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng m\u00ea t\u00edn, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai l\u1ec7ch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 nghi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, trong Kinh A h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u00f2ng tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mg\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3i bi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung hay gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u00fap cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Do v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u1eafc b\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1n t\u1ec7 \u0111oan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VII. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00ec ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u00ean ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5; ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00fang hoa h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho Ph\u1eadt cho n\u00ean ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh x\u1ea5u x\u00ed. T\u1ea1i sao? kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p hay thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u00f3i qui lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n minh. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng si m\u00ea cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m si \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e2n, l\u00e0 si, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. S\u00e2n v\u00e0 si l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n k\u00e9m, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n . \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00f3i l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ed5. Theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ba nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 th\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u00fd, K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0: K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, xem Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, cho n\u00ean ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong ba nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p, cho r\u1eb1ng \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m. Do v\u1eady, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c hay s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m t\u01b0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng A t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n, \u00f4ng B l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 th\u00ec ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 anatmam ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 phi ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cPhi ng\u00e3\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u201ckh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m anatmam nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 sai v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1eafc th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu? kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ecbnh \u0111au gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m anatmam n\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cPhi ng\u00e3\u201d th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m phi ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh (Ngu\u1ed3n: Tu\u1ec7 Ch\u1ee7ng)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[47] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, \u201cKinh T\u1ea5t C\u1ea3 L\u1eadu Ho\u1eb7c\u201d, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48] Tr\u1eeb \u201cMa Ha T\u0103ng K\u1ef3 lu\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 phi ph\u00e1p\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]Vi\u1ec7n C\u0110H\u0110NT d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eadp 4, \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec5n D\u1ee5\u201d, trang 737-747, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50] Vi\u1ec7n C\u0110PH H\u0110NT d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eadp 2, \u201cKinh Th\u1ebf K\u00fd\u201d, trang 263-518, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51] HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 3, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52] Vi\u1ec7n C\u0110PHH\u0110NT d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eadp 3, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54] Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch 54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55] L\u1eef Tr\u01b0ng, \u201c\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn\u201d trang 11, \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, NXB Thi\u00ean Hoa, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56] Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch 57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57] \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d kinh s\u1ed1 548; 592; 1146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58] F. Max Mulier d\u1ecbch \u201cThe Upanisads\u201d (The Sacred Books of The East. Vol.15) trang 85, Delhi 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59] Tham kh\u1ea3o:\u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d kinh s\u1ed1:154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 559; \u201cKinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m\u201d g\u1ed3m 2 kinh: \u201cKinh Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKinh Sa-m\u00f4n Qu\u1ea3\u201d, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li l\u00e0 \u201cKinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKinh Sa-m\u00f4n Qu\u1ea3\u201d trong \u201cKinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60] VC\u0110PHH\u0110NT d\u1ecbch,\u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eadp 4, \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec5n D\u1ee5\u201d, trang 737-747, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61] HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh V\u00ed D\u1ee5 Con R\u1eafn\u201d trong \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d, (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng CCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh,1986)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62] \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d kinh s\u1ed1 760, (\u0110CT2, t\u1edd 199b-200a.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cT\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng I\u201d. \u201cPh\u1ea9m Qu\u1ea7n Ti\u00ean\u201d trang 64-68 v\u00e0 245. Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh. Kinh n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng m\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e2m, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111au nh\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, trang 20. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo! Do kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd, c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh kh\u1edfi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, trang 20. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo! Do nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd, c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a sanh kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u1edfi, c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66] B\u1ed1n ni\u1ec1m tin b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m: Tin Ph\u1eadt, tin Ph\u00e1p, tin T\u0103ng v\u00e0 tin Gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp III, \u201cKinh Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t\u201d, trang 474, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68] Vi\u1ec7n C\u0110PHH\u0110NT d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eadp 4, trang 137, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69] \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eadp 4, \u201cKinh \u0110\u1ed9\u201d, trang 117, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, trang 475.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, trang 475-476.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72] Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 747.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73] Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 477-478.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, trang 474.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, trang 483-498.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76] Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 484.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77] HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d I, trang 20, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, trang 487.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79] \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, trang 488.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80] HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch,\u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d \u201cKinh T\u01b0\u201d, trang 137, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d III, \u201cKinh \u0110a Gi\u1edbi\u201d, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cPh\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i g\u00ec sanh kh\u1edfi, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 sanh kh\u1edfi \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed (pandita). Ph\u00e0m nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng g\u00ec sanh kh\u1edfi, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 sanh kh\u1edfi \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed. Ph\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n g\u00ec sanh kh\u1edfi, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 sanh kh\u1edfi \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed \u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82] L\u1eef Tr\u01b0ng, \u201c\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn\u201d (\u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, NXB Thi\u00ean Hoa, 1993, trang.13)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch\u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9, \u201cTi\u1ec3u kinh Kh\u1ed5 U\u1ea9n\u201d (TCCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh,1986, trang.156.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84] Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ( P.157).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85] Xin tham kh\u1ea3o, \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A h\u00e0m\u201d kinh s\u1ed1 912,262 hay \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d s\u1ed1 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86] \u201cKinh Trung A H\u00e0m\u201d \u201cKinh \u01afu Ba Ly\u201d s\u1ed1 133. (\u0110CT 1, p.828a-b.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87] Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ea5n Oai ,\u201cV\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i\u201d, NXB Vi\u00ean Quang, 1997, trang 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch \u201cTrung B\u1ed9 kinh\u201d, \u201cTi\u1ec3u kinh Saccaka\u201d, (TCCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1986, trang352-365)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89] \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, kinh s\u1ed1 335, \u0110T 2, trang.92c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90] \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, kinh s\u1ed1 299, (\u0110T 2, p.85b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91] HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch \u201cKinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng\u201d t\u1eadp I, \u201cPh\u1ea9m V\u01b0\u1eddn Hoan H\u1ef7\u201d trang 27, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh. Trong kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u00e1p n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian chi ph\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec3u.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92] Xem \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, (kinh s\u1ed1 36,638,639). Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u00e0y Anada! H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. L\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1eebng n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\u201d .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93] Xem \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, kinh s\u1ed1 271.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94] Xem \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d, kinh s\u1ed1 552,389. [95] Ph\u00f9ng H\u1eefu Lan, \u201c Trung Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3n s\u1eed\u201d NXB L\u00e3m \u0110\u0103ng, 1993<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NGHI\u1ec6P TRONG PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6YTh\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh I. D\u1eaaN LU\u1eacN Nghi\u1ec7p (Karma) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. N\u00f3\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14077,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-14271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nhan-qua-nghiep-bao-luan-hoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14271"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14271\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14272,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14271\/revisions\/14272"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14077"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14271"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=14271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}