{"id":14409,"date":"2021-10-03T15:22:07","date_gmt":"2021-10-03T08:22:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=14409"},"modified":"2021-10-05T22:43:50","modified_gmt":"2021-10-05T15:43:50","slug":"vi-dieu-phap-nhat-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/10\/03\/vi-dieu-phap-nhat-dung\/","title":{"rendered":"Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt D\u1ee5ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

N\u1ed9i dung s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb https:\/\/www.budsas.org\/<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2018Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammasambuddhassa\u2019\u2019<\/em>\u2018\u2018Ch\u00ed t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, B\u1eadc \u1ee8ng C\u00fang, \u0110\u1ea5ng V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/strong>
V\u00e0i l\u1eddi xin th\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: V\u1ec1 Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/a><\/strong>
001 – B\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf.
002 – T\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
T\u00e2m (Citta)
<\/strong><\/em>003 – \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.
004 – B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m, hay T\u00e2m th\u1ec3.
005 – T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o xa.
006 – T\u00e2m \u0111i lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh.
007 – T\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.
008 – Tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u1edf trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng.
009 – B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn nhau?
010 – T\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.
011 – T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
012 – T\u1ea1i sao T\u00e2m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.
013 – Vua Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?
014 – Vua Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?
015 – M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: T\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/a><\/strong>
T\u00e2m s\u1edf.
<\/em><\/strong>016 – C\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.
017 – M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.
1.- V\u00f4 minh (Moha)
<\/strong><\/em>018 – Hai lo\u1ea1i V\u00f4 minh
019 – Lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t: C\u0103n b\u1ea3n V\u00f4 minh.
020 – Lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh th\u1ee9 hai: Chi m\u1ea1t V\u00f4 minh.
021 – M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb V\u00f4 minh \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o.
022 – \u2018\u2018Ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft\u2019\u2019 \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 V\u00f4 minh.
023 – V\u00f4 minh th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf.
2.- V\u00f4 t\u00e0m (Ahirika)
<\/strong><\/em>024 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 t\u00e0m?
025 – Ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n s\u0129 Haritaca.
3.- V\u00f4 qu\u00ed (Anottappa).
<\/strong><\/em>026 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 qu\u00ed?
027 – L\u1ea1i ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea9n s\u0129 Haritaca.
4.- T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n (Uddhacca).
<\/strong><\/em>028 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n?
029 – Khi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Nan \u0111\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
030 – N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n.
5.- Tham (Lobha)
<\/strong><\/em>031 – Tham lam kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ham mu\u1ed1n.
032 – C\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham lam.
033 – S\u1ef1 tham lam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m.
034 – U\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n.
035 – Tham d\u1eabn ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?
036 – Tham ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.
037 – \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n suy g\u1eabm
038 – Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n.
039 – Nakulapita v\u00e0 Nakulamata.
040 – Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Nakulapita v\u00e0 v\u1ee3.
041 – S\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng (Maya<\/em>).
042 – S\u1ef1 che d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.
043 – M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111i\u00eau ngoa.
044 – S\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u1ea9n tu.
045 – C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1.
046 – S\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (Satheyya<\/em>).
047 – S\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i tu s\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n.
048 – S\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n.
049 – C\u00e1c tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i.
6.- T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (Ditthi).
<\/strong><\/em>050 – T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
7.- Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n (Mana)
<\/strong><\/em>051 – Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
052 – C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf.
053 – Hai c\u00e1ch tu h\u1ecdc.
054 – Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p.
8.- S\u00e2n h\u1eadn (Dosa)
<\/strong><\/em>055 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn?
056 – C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef.
057 – S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n (Makkha<\/em>)
058 – Chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1eb9.
059 – \u00c1c \u00fd (Palasa<\/em>)
060 – S\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u (Soka<\/em>)
061 – \u01afu s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec ch\u0103ng?
062 – S\u1ef1 than kh\u00f3c (Parideva<\/em>)
063 – Kh\u00f3c than c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec ch\u0103ng?
064 – S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.
065 – B\u00e0 Mallika, phu nh\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh Bandhula.
066 – \u0110au kh\u1ed5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (Dukkha<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n (Domanassa<\/em>)
067 – L\u1ee3i (Labha<\/em>) v\u00e0 Suy (Alabha<\/em>)
068 – C\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c (Yasa<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c (Ayasa<\/em>).
069 – T\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng (Ninda<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch (Pasamsa<\/em>)
070 – S\u1ef1 u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn (Upayasa<\/em>)
9.- S\u1ef1 Ganh t\u1ecb (Issa)<\/strong><\/em>
071 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb?
072 – B\u1ea7y heo r\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch.
073 – \u0110\u1ec1 cao (Attukkamsana<\/em>) v\u00e0 vu b\u00e1ng (Paravambhana<\/em>).
074 – Ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c.
075 – Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi.
076 – Ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch.
10.- S\u1ef1 T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 (Macchariya).<\/strong><\/em>
077 – C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1.
078 – C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1.
11.- H\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc (Kukkucca)<\/strong><\/em>
079 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 H\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc?
080 – S\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.
081 – \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 sau.
082 – H\u00e3y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd.
083 – C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 th\u1ee7.
12 v\u00e0 13.- Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i (Thina) v\u00e0 H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m (Middha).<\/strong><\/em>
084 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m?
14.- Nghi ng\u1edd (Vicikiccha)
<\/strong><\/em>085 – Nghi ng\u1edd, ch\u1eb3ng tin v\u00e0o Tam B\u1ea3o.
086 – C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf nghi ng\u1edd.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n.<\/a><\/strong>
087 – C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n (Kusala Cetasikas<\/em>).
1.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf T\u00edn (Saddha)
<\/strong><\/em>088 – T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00edn, hay t\u00edn t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.
089 – C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m
090 – C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng.
091 – C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ebft: l\u00f2ng tin kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.
2.- S\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (Sati)<\/strong><\/em>
092 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c?
093 – \u2018\u2018Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i\u2019\u2019, \u2018\u2018ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn\u2019\u2019 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.
3.- T\u00e0m (Hiri) v\u00e0 4.- Qu\u00ed (Ottappa)
<\/strong><\/em>094 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00ed.
095 – T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00ed gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u.
096 – B\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.
097 – Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf gi\u1eefa.
5.- S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tham (Alobha)
<\/strong><\/em>098 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 tham?
099 – V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo tham lam.
100 – M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tham lam.
101 – V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00f4 tham.
102 – M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 tham.
6.- V\u00f4 s\u00e2n (Adosa)
<\/strong><\/em>103 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u00e2n?
104 – T\u00e2m v\u00f4 tham v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.
105 – Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh.
106 – Nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3
7.- V\u00f4 si (Amoha) v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (Panna)
<\/strong><\/em>107 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 si v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7.
108 – Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 hay B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 (Panna<\/em>)
109 – S\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u.
110 – C\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 H\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed.
111 – L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed?
112 – S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin (Saddha<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (Panna<\/em>).
113 – L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi.
8.- T\u00e2m t\u1eeb (Metta)<\/strong><\/em>
114 – T\u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.
115 – T\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.
116 – T\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u1eefa b\u00f2 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u00f2 con.
117 – T\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Samavati.
118 – B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n.
9.- T\u00e2m bi (Karuna)
<\/strong><\/em>119 – S\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi.
120 – T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.
10.- T\u00e2m h\u1ec9 (Mudita)<\/strong><\/em>
121 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e2m h\u1ec9 (Mudita<\/em>)
122 – Hoan h\u1ec9 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.
11.- T\u00e2m x\u1ea3 (Upekkha)
<\/strong><\/em>123 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e2m x\u1ea3?
124 – B\u1ed1n T\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Brahmaviharas<\/em>).
125 – Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 trao chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e2m t\u1eeb.
126 – L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o trao chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e2m bi?
127 – L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o trao chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e2m h\u1ec9?
128 – L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o trao chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e2m x\u1ea3?
129 – Ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n.
12., 13., 14.- Ba T\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (Virati cetasika): Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef (Sammamavaca); Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p (Sammakammanta); Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng (Samma avija)
<\/strong><\/em>130 – M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i.
131 – C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (Viratis)
132 – C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf.
133 – Ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4: V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/a><\/strong>
134 – C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.
1.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf X\u00fac (Phassa)<\/strong><\/em>
135 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf X\u00fac?
2.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf Th\u1ecd (Vedana)<\/strong><\/em>
136 – T\u00e2m s\u1edf Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan.
137 – N\u0103m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd.
3.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf Tri gi\u00e1c (Sanna)
<\/strong><\/em>138 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf Tri gi\u00e1c?
139 – T\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf Tri gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng.
140 – \u0110\u1eebng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u00e2m s\u1edf Tri gi\u00e1c (Sanna<\/em>) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 T\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (Sati<\/em>).
4.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00dd h\u00e0nh (Cetana)<\/strong><\/em>
141 – Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00dd h\u00e0nh.
142 – T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00dd h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma<\/em>)
5.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0110\u1ecbnh (Ekaggata)
<\/strong><\/em>143 – T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ec1 (Samadhi<\/em>)
6.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n (Jivitindriya)<\/strong><\/em>
144 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n?
7.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m (Manasikara)
<\/strong><\/em>145 – S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd.
146 – B\u1ea3y t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.
8.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf T\u00e1c \u00fd (Vitaka).<\/strong><\/em>
147 – C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf T\u00e1c \u00fd.
9.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf Nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd (Vicara).<\/strong><\/em>
148 – Nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
10.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf Quy\u1ebft \u00fd (Adhimokkha)
<\/strong><\/em>149 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf Quy\u1ebft \u00fd?
11.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (Viriya)
<\/strong><\/em>150 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c?
151 – C\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i do s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c mang \u0111\u1ebfn.
152 – Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.
12.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf To\u1ea1i \u00fd (Piti).
<\/strong><\/em>153 – To\u1ea1i \u00fd nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 sao?
13.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00dd ch\u00ed (Chanda).<\/strong><\/em>
154 – T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n (asa<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd ch\u00ed (chanda<\/em>).
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5: T\u1eadp kh\u00ed (Carita).<\/a><\/strong>
155 – T\u1eadp kh\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
156 – S\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp kh\u00ed.
157 – Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
158 – Tham <\/em>t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (raga carita<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00edn <\/em>t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (saddha carita<\/em>).
159 – S\u00e2n <\/em>t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (dosa carita<\/em>) v\u00e0 minh <\/em>t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (buddhi carita<\/em>).
160 – Si <\/em>t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (moha carita<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/em> t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (vitakka carita<\/em>).
161 – Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp kh\u00ed.
162 – Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng (Vasana<\/em>) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c
.Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6: M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (Punnakiriya vatthu).<\/a><\/strong>
163 – M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
1.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana).<\/strong><\/em>
164 – Hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana<\/em>).
165 – L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt cung hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u00dd h\u00e0nh (Cetana<\/em>) th\u00eam b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y.
166 – S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.
167 – B\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng m\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m.
168 – B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gieo h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng.
169 – Th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
170 – B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sanghikadana<\/em>).
171 – L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?
172 – Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n trong khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.
173 – B\u1eefa c\u01a1m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Sanghika dana.
174 – Thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3.
175 – Ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
176 – C\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.
177 – Khi \u1edf xa, l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt?
178 – Ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00dd h\u00e0nh trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
179 – Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh.
180 – Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u00e0nh
181 – H\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh.
182 – M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169.
183 – S\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.
184 – C\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n
<\/em>185 – C\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n.
<\/em>186 – Thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p.
187 – C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng B\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
<\/em>188 – Ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
<\/em>189 – B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>c\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng trong Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng?
190 – Hai lo\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.
191 – B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
192 – C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>n\u1eefa.
193 – Ni\u1ec1m vui khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
<\/em>194 – K\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.
195 – K\u00e8 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, c\u01a1n m\u01b0a, c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n tr\u00e1i.
196 – B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
2.- Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh (Sila).<\/strong><\/em>
197 – Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>v\u00e0 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
<\/em>198 – C\u00f4ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
<\/em>199 – Gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sanh <\/em>l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i.
200 – So s\u00e1nh.
201 – Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp.
<\/em>202 – Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh.
<\/em>203 – Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i.
<\/em>204 – Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say.
<\/em>205 – B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi.
3.- Qu\u00e1n tu\u1edfng (Bhavana)<\/strong><\/em>
206 – Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
207 – Ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.
208 – T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.
209 – T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.
210 – T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh.
4.- K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 (Apacayana).<\/strong><\/em>
211 – K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai?
212 – V\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy g\u1eabm.
5.- Nhi\u00eau \u00edch (Veyyavacca).<\/strong><\/em>
213 – Nhi\u00eau \u00edch<\/em> nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
6.- H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng (Pattidana)<\/strong><\/em>
214 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c?
215 – M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd.
216 – H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed3i l\u1eeda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n.
7.- Tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (Pattanumodana)<\/strong><\/em>
217 – Tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
218 – L\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c.
219 – Nghi th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ec1 t\u00f9y h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c.
220 – Ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng?
8.- Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p (Dhammassavana).
<\/strong><\/em>221 – N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p.
222 – C\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ea7m trong khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.
223 – C\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh s\u00e1ch.
9.- Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p (Dhammadesana).
<\/strong><\/em>224 – Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p th\u00ed.
<\/em>225 – \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0.
226 – C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.
227 – C\u00e1c l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb.
10.- Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn (Ditthijukamma)
<\/strong><\/em>228 – Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn?<\/em>
229 – Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed.
230 – L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1n Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn?
231 – B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7: Nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma).<\/a><\/strong>
232 – Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>l\u00e0 g\u00ec?
233 – Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o?
234 – \u00dd h\u00e0nh <\/em>ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m; \u00fd h\u00e0nh<\/em> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p.
<\/em>235 – C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn.
236 – \u00dd l\u1ef1c <\/em>b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh.
<\/em>237 – \u00dd l\u1ef1c <\/em>thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh.<\/em>
238 – \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
239 – Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00e3i n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m.
240 – T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.
241 – C\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c chung c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p.
242 – C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c trong \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p
243 – H\u01b0\u1edfng chung c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p.
244 – \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p.
245 – \u00c1c b\u00e1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.
246 – C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed7 ra kh\u00e1c nhau.
247 – C\u01a1 duy\u00ean khi\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o: t\u00fac duy\u00ean(sampatti<\/em>) v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean(vipatti<\/em>)
248 – T\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Gati sampatti<\/em>)
249 – T\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Gati vipatti<\/em>).
250 – Th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Upadhi sampatti<\/em>)
251 – Th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Upadhi vipatti<\/em>)
252 – Th\u1eddi c\u01a1 t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Kala sampatti<\/em>)
253 – Th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Kala vipatti<\/em>)
254 – Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Payoga sampatti<\/em>)
255 – Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p.
256 – Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n
257 – Y t\u1ebf qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean.
258 – Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Payoga vipatti<\/em>)
259 – Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng?
260 – Ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c.
261 – Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.
262 – Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1 th\u00ed.
<\/em>263 – C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u00fa \u00f4ng.
264 – L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Dipeyin.
265 – Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi.
<\/em>266 – Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/em>
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8: C\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft.<\/a><\/strong>
267 – S\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00fat s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft.
268 – B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft.
269 – Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.
270 – Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.
271 – Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t
272 – Ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed.
273 – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ec s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft u\u1ed5ng m\u1ea1ng.
274 – T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edb ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t trong \u0111\u1eddi.
275 – C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u sanh th\u00fa.
276 – C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
277 – C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed tri\u1ec7u (kamma nimitta<\/em>) hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
278 – C\u00e1c sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u (gati nimitta<\/em>) hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
279 – S\u1eafc di\u1ec7n l\u00fac g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft.
280 – S\u1ef1 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eddi \u1ea5p \u00fang.
281 – V\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u (gati nimitta<\/em>)
282 – Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean.
283 – \u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i sanh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
284 – Hai t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn: th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn.
285 – Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ebft.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9: B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 cu\u1ea3 T\u00e1i sanh (Patisandhi).<\/a><\/strong>
286 – B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh.
287 – Ho\u00e1 sanh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ngay l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh.
288 – Th\u1ea5p sanh, sanh ra t\u1eeb n\u01a1i \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt.
289 – No\u00e3n sanh, sanh ra t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng.
290 – Thai sanh, sanh t\u1eeb trong t\u1eed cung m\u1eb9.
291 – Ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh.
292 – V\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng.
293 – Ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ee7y Kalala
<\/em>294 – S\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u.
295 – B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e0m phu (Puggala<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e1m b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n (Ariya<\/em>).
296 – Ph\u00e0m phu v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u1edf c\u00f5i d\u1eef (Dugati Ahetu Puggala<\/em>)
297 – Ph\u00e0m phu v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u1edf c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh (Sugati Ahetu Puggala<\/em>)
298 – H\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n (Dvihetuka Puggala<\/em>)
299 – H\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n (Tihetuka Puggala<\/em>).
300 – T\u00e1m b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh.
301 – Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 sanh ra ch\u00fang ta.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10: S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (Rupa).<\/a><\/strong>
302 – Rupa, <\/em>s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p hay l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.
303 – C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p.
304 – Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i (pathavi dhatu<\/em>).
305 – Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1i (apo dhatu<\/em>).
305 – Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i (tejo dhatu<\/em>).
306 – Ch\u1eed nhi\u1ec7t (Pacaka tejo dhatu<\/em>) l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n ti\u00eau ho\u00e1.
307 – Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i (Vayo dhatu<\/em>)
308 – S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu.
309 – N\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan.
310 – Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n (Cakkhu pasada<\/em>).
311 – Nh\u0129 c\u0103n (Sato pasada<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 tai.
312 – T\u1ecb c\u0103n (Ghana pasada<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 m\u0169i.
313 – Thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n (Jvha pasada<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i.
314 – Th\u00e2n c\u0103n (Kaya pasada<\/em>) v\u00e0 da tr\u00ean th\u00e2n.
315 – N\u0103m tr\u1ea7n (Arammana<\/em>), h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.
316 – Kamaguna, <\/em>s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00ec t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n.
317 – Bhavarupas, <\/em>hai ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef.
318 – T\u00e2m c\u0103n (Hadayavatthu<\/em>).
319 – M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n (Jivita rupa<\/em>).
320 – D\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t (Oja rupa<\/em>)
321 – Ci\u00e1n gian (Akasa dhatu<\/em>).
322 – C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Kalapas<\/em> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
323 – S\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1m m\u00f3n.
324 – Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Kalapa.
<\/em>325 – T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.
326 – Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
327 – T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
328 – \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (Utu<\/em>).
329 – \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11: C\u00e1c C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/a><\/strong>
330 – C\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (Bhumi<\/em>).
331 – C\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Niraya<\/em>).
332 – Vua D\u1ea1 ma, ch\u00faa c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.
333 – C\u00e1c q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 \u1edf c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.
334 – M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a vua D\u1ea1 ma.
335 – \u0110\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Sanjiva<\/em>).
336 – H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Kalasutta<\/em>).
337 – Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Sanghata<\/em>).
338 – H\u00e0o khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Roruva<\/em>).
339 – \u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Maharoruva<\/em>)
340 – Vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Tapana<\/em>).
341 – \u0110\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Mahatapana<\/em>).
342 – V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c hay A t\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ea1 g\u1ee5c (Avici<\/em>).
343 – C\u1ea3nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng n\u01a1i c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.
344 – M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169.
345 – T\u1eadn th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
346 – T\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong bao l\u00e2u?
347 – Ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean.
348 – Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
349 – C\u01b0 trung \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Lokantarika<\/em>)
350 – N\u00fai Tu di (Meru<\/em>)
351 – B\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u.
352 – C\u00f5i ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Deva<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>).
353 – Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi sanh ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
354 – \u0102n l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1.
355 – M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
356 – Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y lu\u00e1 g\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u00e9 n\u00e0o?
357 – Nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef.
358 – S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.
359 – C\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi.
360 – Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi.
361 – Thi\u00ean nam (Deva<\/em>) v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean n\u1eef (Devi<\/em>).
362 – Vua \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch Sakka \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?
363 – C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 suy g\u1eabm.
364 – C\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahmas<\/em>).
365 – V\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Asannasatta Brahnmas<\/em>)
366 – V\u00f4 s\u1eafc Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Arupa Brahmas<\/em>).
367 – T\u1eeb c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean l\u1ecdt xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng s\u00fac sanh.
368 – Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).
T\u1ed5ng K\u1ebft<\/strong>
369 – B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.
370 – Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.
371 – Chuy\u1ec7n con c\u1ecdp x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t.
372 – L\u1eddi B\u1ea1t (Epilogue).<\/strong><\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i l\u1eddi xin th\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K\u00ednh th\u01b0a qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh khi nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eefu Di\u1ec7u Nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng d\u1ecbch quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Abhidhamma In Daily Life<\/em><\/strong> do ng\u00e0i Ashin Janakabhivamsa s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i U Ko Lay d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh. T\u00f4i c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec5 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ngay. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng khi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c, v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n Anh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh v\u0103n trang tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a U Ko Lay. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ninh cu\u1ed1n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali-English c\u1ee7a Rhys Davids s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u00f4i tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nam t\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e3 l\u1eafm phen t\u00f4i v\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ee9c t\u00f3c m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a l\u1eafm \u0111o\u1ea1n trong quy\u1ec3n Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t cao si\u00eau huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5n b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00eam th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n hai tr\u0103m trang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecfm b\u1ecfm trong r\u1eebng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd do ng\u00e0i Ashin Janakabhivamsa truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i xin th\u00fa t\u1ed9i th\u00eam, trong khi vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng, v\u00ec l\u1ebd khi d\u1ecbch, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc danh t\u1eeb m\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 theo s\u00e1t v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef t\u00f4i th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf \u1edf trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ed9i th\u00eam. Trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef Anh, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi l\u00e0 Maxim<\/em>, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 l\u1ec5 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ghi nh\u1edb<\/em>, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef C\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/em>, v\u00ec theo ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eef C\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n <\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Maxims<\/em> trong quy\u1ec3n Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 th\u00eam v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n tra c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng v\u00ec g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m sao m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch! C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e2m s\u00e2u kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa m\u00e0 s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i, nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tha th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh tha thi\u1ebft, mong ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tha cho l\u1eddi l\u1ebd qu\u00ea m\u00f9a c\u1ee5c m\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng cho ta h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng mong tr\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c cao minh th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y th\u00eam v\u00e0 xung quanh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o vui l\u00f2ng m\u00e1ch cho ch\u1ed7 v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1, thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng!Thi\u1ec7n Nh\u1ef1t,
Montr\u00e9al, Canada
5 th\u00e1ng 4, 2000<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[01]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 V\u1ec1 Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

001.- B\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ng\u1eef Pali Paramattha, <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u0129nh t\u1eeb cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng,<\/em> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u1ed7 cao, cao qu\u00ed hay t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed5i thay, do n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Parama + attha = <\/em>cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng + b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: T\u00e2m hay T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (citta<\/em>), T\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas<\/em>), S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (r\u00f9pa<\/em>) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>), s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i duy nh\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

002.- T\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham lam (lobha<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (dosa<\/em>). S\u1ef1 tham lam ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, cho d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh hay n\u01a1i k\u1ebb hung \u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i con ch\u00f3. S\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed5i thay b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u0103m h\u1eddn hay \u00e1c \u00fd khi n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, b\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf <\/em>c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn hay c\u00f3 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb; v\u00e0 ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi theo b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed5i thay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf (Paramattha<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf: T\u00e2m, T\u00e2m s\u1edf, S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.T\u00e2m (Citta)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

003.- \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eef T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan<\/strong><\/em><\/td>S\u00e1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/em><\/td><\/tr>
1. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/td>ruparammana<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
2. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u00e2m thanh<\/td>saddarammana<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
3. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/td>gandharammara<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
4. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/td>rasarammana<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
5. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m<\/td>photthabharammana<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
6. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/td>dhammarammana<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Khi nghe ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u1ec1 \u00e2m thanh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Khi ng\u1eedi m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i, t\u1ecb th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Khi n\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Khi s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Khi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m <\/em>hay t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

004.- B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m, hay T\u00e2m th\u1ec3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

“T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o xa, n\u00f3 \u0111i lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng.”, <\/em>theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa (Dhammapada<\/em>). Sau \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

005.- T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o xa.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01a1n \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf Mandalay v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u1edf Yangon, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Yangon, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1edf Yangon, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u1edf t\u1ea1i Mandalay. Vi t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf xa, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi n\u00f3i: “T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o xa” .<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

006.- T\u00e2m \u0111i lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u01a1n c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u (hay m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n t\u1ef7) \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t ngay trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3y ng\u00f3n tay. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, khi\u1ebfn cho hai hay ba \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn hai hay ba s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 hai hay ba \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc xong,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf n\u1ec7m t\u1ea9m n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ca s\u0129, v\u0169 n\u1eef tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb <\/em>v\u00e0 x\u00fac <\/em>T\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e2u. Ch\u1ec9 sau khi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch nh\u1ee9t, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u1ea5y, hai hay ba \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi n\u00f3i: “T\u00e2m \u0111i lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ch\u1eef “\u0111i lang thang”, <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch xa \u0111\u00e2y. Khi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ee9t ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1ea5y. C\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, c\u00e1i sau ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t ngay trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3y ng\u00f3n tay, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng khi ch\u00fang ta tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1eadt, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m thanh khi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, hay b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i khi ng\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

007.- T\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng hay m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. Cho n\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y tr\u1eafng hay \u0111en; t\u00e2m kia d\u1ea7y hay m\u1ecfng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh, c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

008.- Tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u1edf trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/em> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf m\u1eaft; nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c<\/em> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf tai; t\u1ecb th\u1ee9c<\/em> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf m\u0169i; thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c<\/em> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf l\u01b0\u1ee1i; th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c<\/em> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n trong th\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n n\u01a1i m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, v.v., \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong bu\u1ed3ng tim. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00f3ng b\u1ea3y, “tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u1edf trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng”.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, xin ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng; t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan; b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 li\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa. Hai hay ba \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean sau khi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn \u0111i, c\u00e1i n\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1i kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb: <\/strong>T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan. T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1o \u0111i xa, lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m trong bu\u1ed3ng tim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

009.- B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn nhau?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, hay l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, d\u1ec5 pha tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn nhau ngay trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ch\u1eebng n\u0103m ba ph\u00fat. Th\u1ee9c d\u1eady s\u1edbm bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n trong s\u1ea1ch. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y, nghe ai g\u1ecdi \u0111i ch\u1ee3 mua \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 tham mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 ai t\u1edbi n\u00f3i l\u1eddi khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn ngay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n \u0111ang tham mu\u1ed1n khi mua b\u00e1n v\u1eadt g\u00ec, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 saddha <\/em>(l\u00f2ng tin n\u01a1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed). Khi b\u1ea1n n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng th\u00e2n m\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2, v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh \u0111ang nhen nh\u00fam, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn nhau v\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed3i khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi xin l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0n ho\u00e0, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd d\u1ecbu tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh m\u1edbi b\u1eebng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, ta n\u00ean th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t, t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o qu\u1ea5y, m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

010.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, c\u1ee5c mich, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh nhanh nh\u1eb9n, \u0111\u1ea7y sinh l\u1ef1c; m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i, ngu ng\u01a1 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng; v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. C\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 (petas<\/em>). N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ee9t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u0169ng chia ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p: \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n, h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n, hung \u00e1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi tr\u00ean cao c\u00f3 c\u00e1c hoa kh\u00f4i kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i; c\u00f2n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng x\u1ea5u x\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u00e1c qu\u1ec9; c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p, b\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1eeb h\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, v\u00e0 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb h\u1ea1ng kh\u00f9 kh\u1edd, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o \u00e1c, hung t\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1edfm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

011.- T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 k\u1ebb sanh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea l\u1ea1i ham thi\u00edch cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111ua chen v\u00e0 theo th\u1eddi trang n\u01a1i th\u1ecb t\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u00e0nh theo l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh, trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, d\u00e1ng v\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c phong c\u1ee7a anh ta, c\u00e1i rupa <\/em>(s\u1eafc th\u00e2n, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a anh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ngac nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u0169 khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i anh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tuy thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eadm nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, sao l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00f3? V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 tu s\u1eeda h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu ai bi\u1ebft canh ch\u1eebng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1i t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u1ef7 lu\u00e2t, kh\u00f3 tr\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, th\u00ec c\u0169ng trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ednh n\u1ec5 t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m.012.- T\u1ea1i sao T\u00e2m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e1c t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o n\u1ebbo th\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. V\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u1ea7y, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebb hung \u00e1c s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Anh ch\u1ecb em, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd, v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau nh\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1ec5 v\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u1eefa. E r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh xem khinh m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1edbm c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh khi\u1ebft, th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u1eb3ng ai ch\u1ecbu tin m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb hung \u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khi k\u1ebb n\u1ea7y \u0111ang b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>), gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi (sila<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n (bhavana<\/em>). B\u1edfi do s\u1ef1 hung \u00e1c m\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh. Cho n\u00ean, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1edbm c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh khi\u1ebft, th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, k\u1ebb hung \u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 hung \u00e1c ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y; b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u1eefa. V\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong s\u1ef1 hung \u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00edch t\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, v\u00ec ng\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n trong c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt (Paramis, <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n), h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ngay t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c hung \u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.013.- Vua Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi th\u1ec9nh v\u1ea5n T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Na-ti\u00ean (Nagasena<\/em>) m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c, Vua Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0 (Milinda<\/em>) \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi th\u00eam v\u00e0i c\u00e2u th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Sasana, <\/em>gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt). Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1eb3ng m\u1edf l\u1eddi ngay m\u00e0 ch\u1edd trong b\u1ea3y h\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh n\u00ean noi theo.014.- Vua Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0i th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c s\u1edbm, \u0111i t\u1eafm, kho\u00e1c \u00e1o nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc kh\u0103n che t\u00f3c l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1o tr\u1ecdc.N\u00f3\u00ec c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u Ng\u00e0i ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t gia \u0111i tu. Trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y qua, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi v\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft th\u00fac li\u1ec5m th\u00e2n t\u00e2m t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tham luy\u1ebfn (raga<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft th\u00fac li\u1ec5m th\u00e2n t\u00e2m t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn (dosa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft th\u00fac li\u1ec5m th\u00e2n t\u00e2m t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea (moha<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft t\u1ecf ra nh\u0169n nh\u1eb7n v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u1edbi quan, d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 khoe khoang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft th\u00fac li\u1ec5m c\u00e1c c\u0103n (nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai), \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed7i khi th\u1ea5y, nghe hay c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.- T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, d\u1eady th\u1eadt s\u1edbm, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1i vui, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Na-ti\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.015.- M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a vua Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1edd\u00ec l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac li\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t hai ng\u00e0y, hay ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Nh\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u00fac li\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean cao qu\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. \u00c1c \u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nay s\u1ebd v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng \u0111i trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.
T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.
Ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c theo \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb: <\/strong>C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee5p cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0ng cung c\u1ee7a Thanh b\u00ecnh, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[02]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 V\u1ec1 T\u00e2m s\u1edf (Cetasikas) v\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (Akusala Cetasikas)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf (Cetasikas), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

016.- C\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00e1c t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qua. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh hay x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 theo, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf, Cetasikas,<\/em> cho n\u00ean t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, tu\u1ef3 theo s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p. Ch\u1eef T\u00e2m s\u1edf,<\/em> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, khi\u1ebfn cho T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/em> Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0ng, xanh hay \u0111en, tu\u1ef3 theo ta l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t pha v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0ng, xanh hay \u0111en. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady theo c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y., b\u1ea1n n\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/em> <\/strong>T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt; t\u1ef1 n\u00f3, n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh do n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

017.- M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(Akusala Cetasikas<\/strong>; Akusala<\/em> = a + kusala = <\/em>b\u1ea5t + thi\u1ec7n = b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Moha = <\/em>V\u00f4 minh
2.- Ahirika = <\/em>V\u00f4 t\u00e0m
3.- Anottappa = <\/em>V\u00f4 qu\u00ed
4.- Uddhacca =<\/em> T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n
5.- Lobha = <\/em>Tham
6.- Ditthi = <\/em>T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn
7.- Mana = <\/em>Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n
8.- Dosa = <\/em>S\u00e2n h\u1eadn
9.- Issa = <\/em>Ganh t\u1ecb
10.- Macchariya = <\/em>T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1
11.- Kukkucca = <\/em>H\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc
12.- Thina = <\/em>Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i
13.- Middha = <\/em>H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m
14.- Vicikiccha =<\/em> Nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

(1) V\u00f4 minh (Moha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

018.- Hai lo\u1ea1i V\u00f4 minh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Moha, V\u00f4 minh. <\/em>C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– anusaya moha<\/em> = c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh
<\/em>– pariyutthana moha<\/em> =<\/em> chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb ng\u1eef anusaya<\/em> nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, hay \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c s\u1eb5n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb ng\u1eef pariyutthana <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 anusaya moha, <\/em>(th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh<\/strong>, <\/em>v\u00f4 minh \u1edf g\u1ed1c); \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh \u1edf trong th\u1ebf ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh tu\u1ef3 d\u1ecbp kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pariyutthana moha <\/em>(th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh<\/strong>, <\/em>v\u00f4 minh \u1edf ng\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh); \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh \u1edf trong th\u1ebf kh\u1edfi sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

019.- Lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t: Anusaya Moha (C\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e2y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e2y sanh ra tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c, n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, dhatu, <\/em>\u0111ang che d\u1ea5u Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) m\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 anusaya moha, <\/em>s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh trong th\u1ebf ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a anusaya moha, <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u00e0m phu (puthujjanas<\/em>) ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn nghi\u00e3 l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0: v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng <\/em>(anicca<\/em>), kh\u1ed5 <\/em>(dukkha<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 <\/em>(anatta<\/em>), c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u (T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf), v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u01a1n duy\u00ean (Paticcasamuppada<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e0m phu, v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u1eafm ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (Anicca<\/em>), kh\u1ed5 (Dukkha<\/em>), v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (Anatta<\/em>), v.v., nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, ch\u01b0a r\u1eddi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Ngay c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn (Sotapanna<\/em>), T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m (Sakadagami<\/em>), A na h\u00e0m (Anagami<\/em>), c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng th\u00f4i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>), th\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 trong khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hay h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh A-la-h\u00e1n, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u01a1i t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111ang n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m, l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

020.- Lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh th\u1ee9 hai: Pariyutthana Moha (Chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c x\u1ea5u, ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, \u0111ang sanh kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t che \u0111\u1eady c\u1ee7a chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh n\u1ea7y, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o tai h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu sau n\u1ea7y, c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u. V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00ec v\u1eady cho n\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi b\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 si\u00eang n\u0103ng tu t\u1eadp c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh n\u1ea7y khi n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00f4 minh chi\u1ebfm h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. \u1ede th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh; v\u00f4 minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

021.- M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb V\u00f4 minh \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, t\u00ean Haritaca, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean t\u00e1m tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n c\u01b0, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng. R\u1ed3i v\u00ec m\u01b0a d\u1ea7m tr\u00ean n\u00fai Hi m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y quay v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Ba la n\u1ea1i (Baranasi<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00fa trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vua. Vua x\u1ee9 Ba la n\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt (Paramis) <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ananda. Khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129, vua r\u1ea5t k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn, m\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u1edf trong v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng; m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n d\u00e2ng c\u01a1m l\u00ean trong cung.- \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m c\u00f3 phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, Vua ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i, vua \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129. Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e2ng l\u00e0m theo l\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm, b\u00e0 t\u1eafm v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa xong, m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ee5a m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t thi tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, bay tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ho\u00e0ng cung. Nghe ti\u1ebfng \u00e1o ph\u1ea5t qua c\u1ee7a tu s\u0129, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ng\u1ed3i d\u1eady v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i thay, y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu b\u1ecb tho\u00e1t y, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh (anusaya moha<\/em>) ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, li\u1ec1n ch\u1ed5i d\u1eady, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh (pariyutthana moha<\/em>) nhu\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ea7y duc t\u00ecnh, khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ecb \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n n\u1eafm tay ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i d\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em> <\/strong>Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch ngu xu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t sanh xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh. N\u1ebfu v\u00f4 minh ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i d\u00e2m, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a vua. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat \u1ea5y, v\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u00e0n \u0111en d\u1ea7y d\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp theo trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (jhanas<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (abhinnas<\/em>) m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tan m\u00e0n v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u00f3; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt (Paramis<\/em>), n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc chua cay \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 xin s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t vua. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng: “T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00ec s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang”, r\u1ed3i quay lui v\u1ec1 Hi m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

022.- “Ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft” ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 V\u00f4 minh (Moha).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng V\u00f4 minh <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/em>, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m, h\u1ec5 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ec5 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ec5 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quen l\u1eafm, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng<\/em> bi\u1ebft<\/em> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft su\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh;<\/em> do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n; \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tri gi\u00e1c, sanna, <\/em>m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn. C\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft <\/em>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec sau \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. Ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef3-kheo n\u1ea7y v\u00e0o l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh hay kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y ph\u00e9p asubha kammatthana, <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb3ng v\u1eeba \u00fd m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng kinh t\u1edfm, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft; ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat x\u00edu nimitta <\/em>n\u00e0o, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. [asubha = <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch th\u00fa; kammatthana =<\/strong><\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0o\u1ecfng]; [nimitta = <\/strong><\/em>\u0111i\u1ec1m;d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cd\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 hoa sen v\u1eeda m\u1edbi n\u1edf trao cho, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hoan h\u1ec9. R\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ecdng hoa sen \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e9o t\u00e0n. T\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00ea t\u1eed li\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t linh c\u1ea3m<\/em> (sanvega<\/em>), <\/em>v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng cho nghe m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng <\/em>(anicca<\/em>), kh\u1ed5 <\/em>(dukkha<\/em>) v\u1edbi v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 <\/em>(anatta<\/em>), v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn hai \u0111i\u1ec3m: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t<\/em> l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; th\u1ee9 hai<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ta c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn,ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch m\u00e0n v\u00f4 minh.<\/em> Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft <\/em>c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. <\/em>\u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u1edf xa. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n n\u00e0o ng\u0103n che v\u1eadt \u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn m\u1eaft ch\u1eb3ng nom ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u00e3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a y c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

023.- V\u00f4 minh th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, hay thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u, hay \u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh th\u00f4. <\/em>C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 <\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, <\/em>v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u, v\u1ec1 L\u00fd M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Nh\u01a1n Duy\u00ean, s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh t\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f2n b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh <\/em>che \u0111\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m “u t\u1ed1i, ngu xu\u1ea9n”, c\u00f2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb v\u00f4 m\u00ecnh <\/em>tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y \u0111ang ch\u00ecm trong m\u00e0n \u0111en d\u1ea7y d\u1eb7c. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i con chim tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1edbi, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00edt \u1ecfi.” (Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u 174) [Dhammapada, v,174].<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) V\u00f4 t\u00e0m (Ahirika)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

024.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 t\u00e0m (Ahirika)?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 t\u00e0m <\/em>(Ahirika<\/em>). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9n (= ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ra c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau ho\u00e1). V\u00f4 t\u00e0m, Ahirika, <\/em>c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 con heo trong l\u00e0ng. Ph\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u01a1, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm; b\u1ecb d\u00ednh ph\u1ea9n th\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi con heo, ph\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc, \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i khi b\u1ecb d\u00ednh ph\u1ea9n; cho n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 heo th\u00edch l\u0103n m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n \u0103n trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p, duccaritas, <\/em>h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t sanh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng khinh ch\u00ea. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u, v\u00ec s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u1ee1 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khinh gh\u00e9t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u00e0m v\u1edbi nhau, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n xem c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi v\u00f4 minh <\/em>(moha<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m;<\/em> cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, khi b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh che l\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi sai l\u1ea7m c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng sanh l\u00f2ng h\u1ed7 th\u1eb9n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c khen ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

025.- Ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n s\u0129 Haritaca.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n s\u0129 Haritaca (xem l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c v\u1eeba qua v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 minh, Moha<\/em>), s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n s\u0129 r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. \u1ea8n s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (abhinnas<\/em>), c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao th\u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u1ea9n s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh, x\u00e3y ra ngay trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng. H\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n, m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 u m\u00ea c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p, <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00f4 danh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ec9 nh\u1ed5, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 khi c\u0103m gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0 n\u1eb7ng l\u1eddi v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t c\u00e1u, n\u1ed5i xung, qu\u00e1t th\u00e1o, v\u0103ng t\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00eau k\u1ef3, h\u1ee3m h\u0129nh, khinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ecf xi\u00ean b\u00e2ng qu\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 l\u1ef5 v\u00ec b\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1 hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c ganh t\u1ecb <\/em>(issa<\/em>), v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb trong l\u00f2ng, m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n c\u1ea3. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 t\u00e0m”, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “k\u1ebb v\u00f4 t\u00e0m hay k\u1ebb v\u00f4 s\u1ec9”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) V\u00f4 qu\u00ed (Anottappa).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

026.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 qu\u00ed (Anottappa)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Danh t\u1eeb V\u00f4 qu\u00ed, Anottappa, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft lo s\u1ee3 trong l\u00f2ng khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5y. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111ang b\u1eebng ch\u00e1y. V\u00f4 qu\u00ed, Anottappa, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con thi\u00eau th\u00e2n. L\u1eeda b\u00f9ng l\u00ean d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i thi\u00eau th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i hay bay l\u0103n x\u1ea3 v\u00e0o, t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au; v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo s\u1ee3 ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 minh <\/em>(moha<\/em>) \u0111ang che l\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1c h\u1ea1i \u0111i, khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 qu\u00ed <\/em>(anottappa<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng e s\u1ee3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy c\u00f2n ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd s\u1eb5n, khi s\u1eafp thi h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Attanuvada bhaya:<\/em> m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh<\/em>, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u00ednh n\u1ec5, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng trong t\u00e2m: “M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, l\u00e9n l\u00fat l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(atta = <\/em>t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh + anuvada = <\/em>tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c, bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i)
(bhaya =<\/em> s\u1ee3 nguy hi\u1ec3m)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- Paranuvada bhaya:<\/em> m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch<\/em> hay bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Anh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(para = <\/em>do k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c; anuvada = <\/em>tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c, bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.- Danda bhaya:<\/em> m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t<\/em>; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c gi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 s\u00e1t; b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt; b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft hay b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 gian d\u00e2m; b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(danda = <\/em>h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.- Duggati bhaya:<\/em> m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy ph\u1ea3i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, khi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1c<\/em> trong \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Duggati = <\/em>c\u00f5i \u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9, s\u00fac sanh)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u01b0u m\u00f4, x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t, gian tr\u00e1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy k\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, ch\u1eb3ng ai l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i sa v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi sau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea s\u01a1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 qu\u00ed <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o, th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay e ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i sa v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

027.- L\u1ea1i ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea9n s\u0129 Haritaca.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

X\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n s\u0129 Haritaca, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ba m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy trong s\u1ed1 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, n\u01a1i ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 026, <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra cho \u00f4ng. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111ang kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00ec t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 attanuvada bhaya<\/em>. Khi tin x\u1ea5u lan truy\u1ec1n ra ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh “V\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu”, \u00f4ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a th\u1eadm t\u1ec7: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 paranuvada bhaya. <\/em>\u0110\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0ng cung, n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec theo c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt (Paramis)<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ananda,th\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 coi m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u0129 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i h\u01a1n g\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. \u1ea8n s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danda bhaya.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 qu\u00ed <\/em>(anottappa)<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o, khi\u1ebfn cho tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3 gan h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n, li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00f4 qu\u00ed (anottappa citta).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con heo trong l\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm ph\u1ea9n d\u01a1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ec9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con thi\u00eau th\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft e ng\u1ea1i ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1eebng ch\u00e1y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 qu\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i. <\/em>(Tr\u00edch trong Vibhavini Tika)<\/em>.(4) T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n (Uddhacca).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

028.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n (Uddhacca)?<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n (Uddhacca) <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 xao l\u00e3ng, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng an. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee5i tro b\u1ed1c l\u00ean, bay lung tung, khi ta qu\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng tro, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u00e2u trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 bay nh\u1ea3y t\u1eeb v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y sang v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n <\/em>(Uddhacca<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n, <\/em>t\u00e2m xao l\u00e3ng. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb xao l\u00e3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb bu\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i, lang thang, nh\u1edfn nh\u01a1, v\u00f4 t\u00edch s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

029.- Khi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Nan \u0111\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i Nan \u0111\u00e0 (Nanda<\/em>) s\u1eafp s\u1eeda k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Janapada Kalyani, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1eabn v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) cho. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed c\u00f2n v\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 an \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u01b0\u1eddng bay lang thang tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u00ean c\u00f4ng chu\u00e1 Janapada. Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed Nan \u0111\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

030.- N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 T\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n <\/em>(Uddhacca<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m \u00fd qui t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. V\u00ec b\u1ecb xao l\u00e3ng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c tr\u00f4i lang thang t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, akusala, <\/em>c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m sanh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f4 ta t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c (c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9, …) nh\u01b0 tham, s\u00e2n, s\u00ec <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.(5) Tham (Lobha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

031.- Tham lam kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ham mu\u1ed1n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tham lam <\/em>(Lobha<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, ao \u01b0\u1edbc, mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ham nu\u1ed1n <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>), ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ef1c h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc, ham mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>). C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chanda, s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n, <\/em>m\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

032.- C\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Tham lam.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham lam.<\/em> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: pema, tanha, raga, samudaya.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pema <\/em>l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n <\/em>trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, anh ch\u1ecb em th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, ch\u1ed3ng v\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. D\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eef pema <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt. T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt n\u1ea7y, pema, <\/em>c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samyojana, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u00e2n \u00e1i, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn ch\u1eb3ng cho l\u00eda xa nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, \u00e2m thanh, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m (kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n<\/em>: s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb x\u00fac<\/em><\/strong>). Khi n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 tham luy\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kamaguma, d\u00e2y luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i; <\/em>(kama = <\/em>d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch + guna = <\/em>s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t, c\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh ham mu\u1ed1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan, khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, tanha, <\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m thu\u1ed3ng cao \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb say m\u00ea \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb d\u00e1n cho nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u “si t\u00ecnh”, “\u0111\u1eafm m\u00ea v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh” hay “\u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng v\u00ec d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh”. Trong n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, r\u1edd r\u1eabm, giao h\u1ee3p, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, ao \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ee9t; tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m, \u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Raga, <\/em>(\u00e1i <\/strong>= <\/em>th\u01b0\u01a1ng, y\u00eau, th\u00edch; nhi\u1ec5m <\/strong><\/em>= d\u00ednh th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o; tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/strong><\/em>= tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c); Raga <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00edu m\u1ebfn, \u0111eo d\u00ednh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u nhu\u1ed9m th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o v\u1ea3i, s\u1ef1 \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m, raga, <\/em>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham lam, lobha, <\/em>\u0111eo d\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(C\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo nghi\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong kinh T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf, B\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u, lobha, s\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf, Samudaya, <\/em>nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n g\u00e2y ra m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u00fang sanh v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tham lam,s\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), <\/em>n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4i l\u0103n m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed, t\u1eed sanh, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 hay nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u00e1i d\u1ee5c (tanha<\/em>),tham lam (lobha<\/em>) hay, t\u1eeb t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf (samudaya<\/em>), c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Do \u0111\u00f3, tham lam c\u00e0ng l\u1eafm th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u; h\u1ec5 bi\u1ebft b\u1edbt tham lam, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111au kh\u1ed5; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t s\u1ea1ch b\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1 tham lam, t\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham lam, <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi tham t\u00e2m, <\/em>t\u00e2m \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m, t\u00e2m b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham lam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi si \u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

033.- S\u1ef1 tham lam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 tham lam, d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c ham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf theo Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u1ea3. C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i s\u1eebng c\u1ee7a con b\u00f2 non ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00fa d\u00e0i th\u00eam ra, theo n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, l\u00f2ng tham lam \u0111\u00e3 chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf l\u00f2ng tham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: “Gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 ham!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

034.- U\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb t\u1ea5m b\u00e9, tr\u1ebb con \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau cha m\u1eb9, anh em, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng. L\u1edbn l\u00ean, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng \u01b0a th\u00edch b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. \u0110\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00fac d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean khao kh\u00e1t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nam n\u1eef, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, c\u00e0ng u\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1t th\u00eam. V\u00ec khao kh\u00e1t d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang chi\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt; \u0111\u00e2u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111ang n\u1eb1m ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang h\u00e2n hoan quay cu\u1ed3ng trong bi\u1ec3n \u00e1i ngu\u1ed3n \u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u00c1i t\u00ecnh! T\u00ecnh \u00e1i! C\u00e0ng y\u00eau, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng khao kh\u00e1t; c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 \u0111ang u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n. \u00c1i t\u00ecnh, t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i, s\u1ef1 \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m; ch\u1edd mong n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh \u00e1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e1i t\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh \u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh \u00e1i.” <\/em>(M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

035.- Tham \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eadt nh\u1ecf ch\u00ecm t\u1eeb t\u1eeb x\u01b0\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tham lam nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu ta ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh do c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 vun b\u1ed3i. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i <\/em>(peta<\/em>), nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3n ma \u0111au kh\u1ed5, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00edu m\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u1ee3, v\u00e0o ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0o con c\u00e1i, v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p, khi \u0111ang h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m con r\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o c\u00e0 sa m\u1edbi. Trong kinh c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfp con r\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 sau b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

036.- Tham ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ecnh th\u00e2n (pema<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c (tanha<\/em>), cho d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ta v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edch t\u1eadp c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3. M\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ecm, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua kh\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Trong Kinh Jataka l\u00e0 Kinh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, <\/em>c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1i d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

037.- \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n suy g\u1eabm.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ed1ng chung nhau r\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi nhau ra, \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfp; h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>, s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n), v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c Sumitta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n l\u1eddi mong \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Thi\u1ec7n Hu\u1ec7 (Sumedha<\/em>). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u00f2ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i uy\u00ean \u01b0\u01a1ng Mahakassapa v\u00e0 Bhadda. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp. S\u1ef1 ao \u01b0\u1edbc chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 chanda, s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n, <\/em>ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tanha pema, s\u1ef1 a\u00edi d\u1ee5c, t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i <\/em>ch\u0103ng? Ta c\u1ea7n suy g\u1eabm v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

038.- Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt n\u00eau trong ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 037, <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1ef1ng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 ao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng chung b\u00ean nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n <\/em>c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p,kusala chanda, <\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fat x\u1ea5u \u00e1c n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c tu tr\u00ec c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi: “L\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc mong c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n (chanda<\/em>), m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.” Do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n <\/em>(pema<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n <\/em>(chanda<\/em>)m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ijjhati bhikkhave silavato cetopanidhi, visuddhatta.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3n nguy\u00ean v\u00ec t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch thanh t\u1ecbnh.” (T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh [Anguttara Nikaya<\/em>])<\/p>\n\n\n\n

039.- Nakulapita v\u00e0 Nakulamata.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u sang t\u00ean Nakulapita v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Nakulamata. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean nhau tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn (Sotapanna<\/em>), k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00e0 con, ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa, thi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, khi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t m\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xem nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u1ebb; c\u01b0 x\u1eed r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecfi han nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i: “Th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbi Nakulamata l\u00e0m v\u1ee3, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y t\u00f4i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. T\u1eeb b\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, n\u00f3i chi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean Nakulamata trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>) n\u1eefa.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi nghe ch\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 Nakulamata li\u1ec1n th\u1eadt t\u00ecnh th\u01b0a r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi ch\u00e0ng trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i t\u00f4i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. T\u1eeb d\u1ea1o \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ai kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u00e0ng trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o: “N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng chung nhau ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u00e3i b\u00ean nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin (saddha<\/em>), chung m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c (sila<\/em>), chung m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb b\u00e1c \u00e1i (caga<\/em>) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngang nhau v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (panna<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “H\u1ec5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin thanh t\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. H\u1ec5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia c\u0169ng vui l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00eam. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ngang nhau.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong Pancavudha Pyo, <\/em>b\u00e0i c\u1ed5 thi Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n, di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i \u00fd tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0 sau: “Trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng chung ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nhau v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3i m\u00e3i b\u00ean nhau, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin, chung m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, chung m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 chung m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o nhau, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i b\u00ean nhau trong ki\u1ebfp Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c chi v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean huy ho\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1 trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp t\u00e1i sanh.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

040.- Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Nakulapita v\u00e0 v\u1ee3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tru\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh th\u1ea5m thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn (Sotapanna<\/em>) l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp theo Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nhau, h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, th\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft c\u00f9ng nhau. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd th\u1eadt thanh t\u1ecbnh, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t qu\u00ed m\u1ebfn nhau n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi nhau. H\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng chung b\u00ean nhau \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfp trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>). M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chung s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mong mu\u1ed1n, chanda, <\/em>m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>), t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n <\/em>(pema<\/em>) v\u00e0 tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd an vui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

041.- S\u1ef1 Ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng, che d\u1ea5u, (Maya).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha lobha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Maya, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng, <\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 che d\u1ea5u, S\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt tr\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1eed to\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0ng. Ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng<\/em> che d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, \u00e1c t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; k\u1ebb b\u1ecb t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng<\/em> \u00e1m \u1ea3nh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i, m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, trong khi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

042.- S\u1ef1 che d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kia, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. V\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u1ee5 l\u00e0m qu\u1ea5y, m\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra chi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ebft m\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00f4m m\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i coi ch\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3, th\u1eafc m\u1eafc m\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5. V\u1ecb n\u1ea7y li\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u0111i\u00eau ngoa c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 y cho y nghe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n che d\u1ea5u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, m\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m ra d\u00e1ng th\u00e2n y\u00eau n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t, gian tr\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>Trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, che \u0111\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tankhanuppatti mana, <\/em>s\u1ef1 lanh tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, (tankhana = <\/em>v\u00e0o ngay l\u00fac \u1ea5y; uppatti mana = <\/em>s\u1ef1 lanh tr\u00ed.). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 tr\u00e1, s\u1ef1 l\u00e9m l\u1ec9nh, th\u00f3i l\u00e1u c\u00e1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

043.- M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111i\u00eau ngoa.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 kia th\u01b0\u1eddng hay th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb trai. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 \u0111ang h\u00f4n h\u00edt \u0111\u1ee9a \u1edf. Bi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 b\u1ec9 \u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u00e0 ta li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, th\u1ecf th\u1ebb: \u2018N\u1ea7y anh y\u00eau d\u1ea5u, th\u1eb1ng nh\u1ecf n\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e9n \u0103n m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1nh ng\u1ecdt em d\u00e0nh cho anh. Em tra h\u1ecfi n\u00f3, n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1i b\u00e2y b\u1ea9y, em m\u1edbi ng\u1eedi v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng n\u00f3, m\u00f9i b\u00e1nh c\u00f2n r\u00e0ng r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3. M\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ed5i n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4n h\u00edt t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng gian ngoa \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 che \u0111\u1eady vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1eady b\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1edbi che \u0111\u1eady, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, khi l\u1eadp m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ec9nh ph\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

044.- S\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u1ea9n tu.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng n\u1ecd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 trong x\u00f3m. \u00d4ng n\u1ea7y v\u00ec s\u1ee3 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp n\u00ean \u0111em m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng ch\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n c\u00e1i am c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n s\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “Th\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i, xin Ng\u00e0i h\u00e3y tr\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng gi\u00f9m t\u00f4i” V\u1ecb \u1ea9n tu li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p: “N\u1ea7y t\u00edn ch\u1ee7! \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111en t\u1ed1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m k\u1ebb \u1ea9n tu: “M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7 cho ta s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n nghi.” Li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111em d\u1ea5u \u0111i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, \u0103n l\u00f3t l\u00f2ng xong, \u1ea9n s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3i: \u2018N\u1ea7y th\u00ed ch\u1ee7, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u, sanh l\u00f2ng qu\u00e1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn th\u00ed ch\u1ee7, n\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 n\u0103n n\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n xin \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eebng \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i ti\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u1ed5ng l\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ecb \u1ea9n tu li\u1ec1n quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i:”N\u1ea7y th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ecdng r\u01a1m c\u00f2n d\u00ednh tr\u00ean t\u00f3c t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i xin g\u1edfi tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh \u1ea9n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2u n\u00ean c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y.” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n s\u0129, n\u00ean c\u00e0ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh h\u01a1n l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u0103m, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi: “B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1edd v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129 \u1ea5y gi\u1eef ch\u1eebng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, n\u00ean xem l\u1ea1i ngay.” Khi so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n v\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i r\u01b0\u1ee3t theo v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 tang t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/em> Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea9n tu tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ecdng r\u01a1m, \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady t\u1ed9i tr\u1ed9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u0111i\u1ec1u gian tr\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng. <\/em>Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o gian x\u1ea3o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea9n tu thi h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb sa m\u00f4n <\/em>(samanas<\/em>, tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eefa; c\u00f2n trong h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eadp theo \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y nhan nh\u1ea3n. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1ea9n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y; n\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh th\u00ec trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, ta m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, ngay th\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

045.- C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 che d\u1ea5u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba qua, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o gian x\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u00ecnh th\u1ecbch gi\u1eadm ch\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c, \u1ea5m \u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh trong tr\u1eafng, v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i; ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda cay \u0111\u1eafng hay gi\u1ecdng t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c tr\u00fa s\u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u00f3ng u\u1ebf ban \u0111\u00eam t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 khu\u1ea5t, s\u00e1ng ra l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00e0 y l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu l\u1ee1 x\u00ec h\u01a1i th\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb l\u1ea1i ch\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t ph\u00e1t ra l\u1ea5n \u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng ch\u1eb3ng th\u01a1m tho g\u00ec c\u1ee7a y. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

046.- S\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (Satheyya).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(maya<\/em>), s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ef1 khoe khoang r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh n\u1ec5 m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 tham lam<\/em> (lobha<\/em>) \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(satheyya<\/em>). Trong khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>che d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(satheyya<\/em>) l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 g\u00e1n cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u1ea3 hai, ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u01b0u m\u00f4 x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t g\u1ea1t g\u1eabm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

047.- S\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i tu s\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh; ch\u01b0a th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c; ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb; c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i khoe khoang \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(satheyya<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u0129nh t\u1eeb t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n. <\/em>(T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n = t\u0103ng <\/strong><\/em>(h\u01a1n l\u00ean) + th\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/strong><\/em>(cao) + m\u1ea1n <\/strong><\/em>(ki\u00eau k\u1ef3)).Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra, tu s\u0129 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n <\/em>v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u1ecf qua: “\u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, cho d\u1ea7u v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t hay kh\u00f4ng!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

048.- S\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u0103n l\u1ed9n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(Satheyya<\/em>) kho\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n<\/em>: ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1n thi\u1ec7n; ch\u1eb3ng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh; c\u00f2n d\u1edf dang trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i khoe ch\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng C\u1eed nh\u01a1n, Cao h\u1ecdc; ch\u1eb3ng m\u00f4t \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00ednh t\u00fai m\u00e0 ch\u01b0ng di\u1ec7n theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi trang, v.v. \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

049.- C\u00e1c tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(Maya<\/em>) v\u00e0 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(Satheyya<\/em>) t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tham lam <\/em>(Lobha<\/em>) n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn b\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>). C\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee1 quy y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu h\u1ecdc; c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u v\u1ec1 cho th\u00ed ch\u1ee7. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1eafm k\u1ebb gi\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1 ph\u1ea3i u s\u1ea7u nu\u1ed1t h\u1eadn v\u00ec h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong v\u00f9ng ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ebft tha chi \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o”, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 huy m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnhc\u00f3 t\u00e0i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 phung ph\u00ed t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 sanh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb nguy vong, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef qu\u00e1 tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng trai l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t trong s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu hai b\u00ean v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(maya<\/em>) m\u00e0 che d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(satheyya<\/em>) m\u00e0 m\u1ea1o x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u ngay sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng chung. L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1t g\u1eabm? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u00ean nhau n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt? Mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 th\u00fa vui x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f4n nh\u01a1n gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p, c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a l\u00e0m l\u1ec5, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u do c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu h\u00f4n nh\u01a1n b\u1ecb hoen \u1ed1 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m b\u00ean trong, l\u00e0m sao mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c ch\u1eb3ng ri\u00eang trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 sau trong v\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng trong h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u00f4n nh\u01a1n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>v\u00e0 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, <\/em>m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> hayl\u1eeba g\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01a1n c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111ang th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n), t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f5i l\u00f2ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1, n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u1eadp sao cho c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thanh khi\u1ebft, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t, ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (Ditthi).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

050.- T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (Ditthi) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(Ditthi<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y hay s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang theo Ch\u01a1n l\u00fd. T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m n\u1eefa. T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>l\u1ea7m th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ra n\u01a1i c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3; l\u1ea7m xem ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0nh l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 qu\u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n; l\u1ea7m c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea1c l\u00e0m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, g\u00ec\u1eef ch\u1eb7t quan ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0m quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 to\u00e0n n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sanh v\u1eadt, trong khi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5ng n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf; tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (atta<\/em>)\u1edf trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sanh v\u1eadt, trong khi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m, c\u00e1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(ditthi<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y n\u01a1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi d\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t, d\u1ea7u x\u1ea5u, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 sau, trong khi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra; tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) trong khi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh hay g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu ho\u1ea1 \u00e1c v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c; tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00f5i an vui c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n; tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u00ec n\u1eefa c\u1ea3, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed, t\u1eed sanh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ng\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. <\/em>C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1eb1ng b\u1eady l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u1ebft sanh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u01a1c b\u00e1o;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1eafm r\u1eeda khi tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt l\u1ea1nh; ng\u1ed3i nung ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a th\u1eadt n\u00f3ng; gi\u1eef t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con b\u00f2, con ch\u00f3; g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 thanh l\u1ecdc th\u00e2n t\u00e2m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u0169 s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n cho tr\u00f4i theo n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eeda h\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(silas<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> (bhava<\/em>)ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ai b\u1ecb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 t\u00e2m <\/em>(ditthicitta<\/em>) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o <\/em>(micchaditthi<\/em>).(7) Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n (Mana)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

051.- Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n (Mana) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u00eau k\u1ef3, ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n <\/em>(Mana<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khoe khoang, v\u00e1c h\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Khi h\u1ecd h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ea1 vi, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, v.v., h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cao nh\u1ee9t v\u00e0 khinh kh\u1ec9nh nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Khi h\u1ecd ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v.v., th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “M\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ta, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3,” r\u1ed3i \u01b0\u1ee1n ng\u1ef1c l\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Khi \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, v.v. c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Ta \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb cao sang, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ta ch\u1ec9 \u0103n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111ang c\u00f3; nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7, sao l\u1ea1i \u0111i qu\u1ef3 l\u1ee5y k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m g\u00ec?”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

052.- C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf ch\u00fang.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

– \u1ef6 sang <\/strong><\/em>(Jati mana<\/em>): qu\u00e1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i hay giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ef7 sang tr\u1ecdng. <\/em>Ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i cao sang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sanh trong d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i cao sang ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, h\u1ee3m h\u0129nh xem k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng khinh, th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m hay thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh trong h\u00e0ng qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c hay c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u ho\u00e0ng gia, l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1ebfn y\u00eau th\u00eam. C\u00f3 k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: “S\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt su\u1ed3ng s\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 khinh l\u1eddn”; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f4 l\u1ed7, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ed7 m\u00e3ng, c\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i, giai c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u1ef6 gi\u00e0u <\/strong><\/em>(Dhana mana<\/em>):ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoe khoang v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ef7 gi\u00e0u <\/em>(Dhana mana<\/em>). Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0 ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o; h\u1ecd c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0u n\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e1ch; bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: “Ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giang h\u00e0, c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1ch con l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng c\u00e1i”<\/em>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh th\u00eam sao? R\u1ed3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap cho trong c\u01a1n nguy hi\u1ec3m? M\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang trong c\u01a1n c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e0 do ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ta ch\u1edb \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sanh v\u00e0o n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 r\u00e1n s\u1ee9c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e0u sang trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111ang ch\u1edd s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ea5y. Ngay khi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111i n\u1eefa, ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u1eafm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa, ng\u1ef1 trong cung v\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ecdc, tr\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft huy ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cung phi ch\u1ea7u ch\u1ef1c bao quanh, n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c chi m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t, tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.” (Anantasuriya).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u1ef6 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi <\/strong><\/em>(Panna mana<\/em>): s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ef7 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi. <\/em>Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edch s\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao t\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ef7 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1eb9n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o g\u00ec; b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb minh s\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t, th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1edb n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00ean nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn th\u00eam cho h\u1ecd. Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf,ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111em s\u1edf h\u1ecdc ra gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.053.- Hai c\u00e1ch tu h\u1ecdc.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xin kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0u sanh trog cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) \u0111ang tu h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p trong Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali, c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp: con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao qu\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m: <\/strong><\/em>H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng: “Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i danh, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ngon, y trang \u0111\u1eb9p, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa; t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c; t\u00f4i c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v. v…” Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tu h\u1ecdc xong, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc, thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng, khoe khoang s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tu h\u1ecdc Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i danh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; \u0111\u1ea5y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u1eady. Trong Kinh c\u00f3 c\u00e2u:”Ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0 g\u00e1t ch\u00e2n n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 ng\u00e1y kh\u00f2, c\u00f2n h\u01a1n tu h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m x\u1ea5u \u00e1c”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao qu\u00ed:<\/strong><\/em> M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m hi v\u1ecdng: “N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u00ec\u1ec3n Pali, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 sau n\u1ea7y truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c; t\u00f4i s\u1ebd noi theo t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00eau trong v\u0103n kinh \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c, tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.” V\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb3ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i danh, ch\u1eb3ng v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00ed ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1ch tu h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng; nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n. C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac m\u1edbi t\u1edbi n\u1eeda lu th\u00ec c\u00f2n s\u00f3ng s\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng khi l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0nh lu th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p r\u1ed3i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao qu\u00ed. C\u1ea7u mong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i s\u1edbm ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh v\u1eeba th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u1eeba cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

054.- Ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh dong m\u1ef9 mi\u1ec1u, c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ef7 \u0111\u1eb9p. <\/em>Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng hoa c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e9t ch\u00f9a hay d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c n\u01a1i tu vi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00fang hoa, v.v. m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb9p trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, th\u00ec ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh th\u00eam l\u00ean .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>) r\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c, vua ch\u00faa. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, <\/em>B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Mahosadha n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7; b\u00ean n\u1eef ph\u00e1i, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c trang tuy\u1ec7t s\u1eafc di\u1ec5m ki\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 Uppalavanna, Khema, Yasodhara, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i \u0111\u00e3 cao sang, v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o m\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng si\u00eau qu\u1ea7n; nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i b\u1ecdn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat \u00edt \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat \u00edt t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat \u00edt s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: “\u1ede trong bu\u1ed9i lau r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p, c\u00e2y th\u1ea7u d\u1ea7u m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00faa lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c!”, \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n thay!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebb ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, k\u1ebb khoe khoang, k\u1ebb cao ng\u1ea1o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00ea gh\u00e9t; v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng khinh m\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u1ebbo \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta n\u00ean b\u1ee9ng nh\u1ed5 h\u1ebft g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u00e1nh nh\u0169n nh\u1eb7n, khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng, “gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con r\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 m\u1ea5t r\u0103ng n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 con tr\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y \u0111\u00f4i s\u1eebng nh\u1ecdn, y nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u00e0n ch\u01a1n d\u00ednh b\u00f9n ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean,” m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8) S\u00e2n h\u1eadn (Dosa).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

055.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 S\u00e2n h\u1eadn (Dosa)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 c\u0103m gi\u1eadn hay s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>). S\u00e2n h\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec5m. S\u00e2n h\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u1ed7 m\u00e3ng, cu\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea1t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 ti, s\u1ed1ng trong lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, s\u1ef1 than v\u00e3n, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9, s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi th\u00f4 l\u1ed7, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh hay v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u1eeba l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang hung gi\u1eadn l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb kinh kh\u1ee7ng. N\u00ean c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. (S\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u0111ang b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y l\u00ean, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u0111ang ch\u00ecm l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

056.- C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n xa x\u01b0a n\u1ea7y, x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00ec s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/em> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o c\u00e1c b\u1eadc l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c con c\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u01a1n thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u1eefa n\u00e0ng d\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng r\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef tr\u1ebb trung trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 quen bi\u1ebft nhau. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u1eb9 hai b\u00ean s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gi\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f4 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, chu t\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ng\u1ee3i khen v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ecf ch\u00fat t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt n\u00e0o v\u1edbi v\u1ee3. N\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec ch\u00e0ng \u0111o\u00e1i ho\u00e0i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u00e2u y\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. L\u00f2ng n\u00e0ng phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 l\u1eafm khi r\u1ea5t ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng y\u00eau n\u00e0ng, th\u1ea5y v\u1ebb n\u00e0ng \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00eam gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean hung b\u1ea1o h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, n\u00e0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00f2ng n\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01a1 tr\u01a1, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u00ean sinh. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 cam ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u00e3, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo s\u1ee3, n\u00e0ng v\u1eabn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi sanh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai \u0111\u1ee9a con. R\u1ed3i sau c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n kham nh\u1eabn n\u1ed5i g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e8 tr\u0129u trong l\u00f2ng, n\u00e0ng m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01a1 g\u1edfi cho ch\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n \u1edf xa. L\u1eddi th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“H\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu! M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n l\u1ecbnh m\u1eb9 cha m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 ch\u00e0ng, em c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Em lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t v\u00e0 che d\u1ea5u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n em \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u00ean sinh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec hai \u0111\u1ee9a con, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec. Sau khi vi\u1ebft xong th\u01a1 n\u1ea7y, em s\u1ebd b\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ba m\u1eb9 con em.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecdc qua b\u1ee9c th\u01a1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng, v\u1ed9i quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ba thi th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Qu\u00e1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, ch\u00e0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n h\u1eddn nhau r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng c\u1edfi m\u1edf, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u1eadt t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

057.- S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n (Makkha).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>), c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf nh\u01b0: s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n <\/em>(makkha<\/em>), s\u1ef1 \u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(palasa<\/em>), s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u <\/em>(sorrow<\/em>), s\u1ef1 than v\u00e3n <\/em>(parideva<\/em>), s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au <\/em>(dukkha<\/em>), s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n <\/em>(domanassa<\/em>), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u0103m gan <\/em>(upayasa<\/em>). V\u00ec ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, cho n\u00ean ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00eau tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n <\/em>(makkha<\/em>) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn, hay ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u00f2i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thi \u01a1n cho ta ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n t\u1ea5m b\u00e9, n\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cha, nghi\u00e3 m\u1eb9, \u01a1n th\u1ea7y, t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n; th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m th\u1ed1t l\u00ean l\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 b\u1ea1c: “N\u00e0o c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2u; t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u01a1n!” Nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u01a1n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 thi \u01a1n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u01a1n nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa; ta g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i vong \u01a1n <\/em>(mittadubbhi<\/em>), nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1ea5y \u01a1n l\u00e0m o\u00e1n. Nh\u1eadn \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ai, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e3i, xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3, c\u00f2n ho\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a tr\u1ea3 xong. \u0110\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng thi h\u00e0nh ngay v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p: <\/strong>\u2018N\u1ebfu ng\u1ed3i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y, xin \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ebb g\u00e3y c\u00e0nh to hay nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o b\u1ee9t nh\u00e1nh, b\u1ebb c\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb v\u00f4 \u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

058.- Chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1eb9.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb x\u00e3 kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean ngh\u00e8o si\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 go\u00e1 b\u1ee5a. M\u1eb9 ch\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 tr\u1eafc n\u1ebft, dan d\u00edu th\u1ea7m l\u00e9n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh nh\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ch\u00e0ng trai hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5y t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p cho ch\u00e0ng, n\u00ean m\u1edbi m\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c gian d\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean n\u00f3i: “H\u00e3y c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb9 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui th\u00fa; d\u1ea7u b\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, ta c\u0169ng v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0.” (Con trai, con g\u00e1i m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 cha nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 huynh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y, s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang b\u00e0. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 nghi\u00e3 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con. Khi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 go\u00e1, con c\u00e1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111ang lo l\u1eafng cho em ch\u00e1u v\u1eady; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u01a1n to t\u00e1t m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, thi\u1ec7n nam, t\u00edn n\u1eef n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>), ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lo b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 s\u00e2u d\u1ea7y sanh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, <\/em>khi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt xa x\u01b0a, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch b\u00e1o \u01a1n cho voi m\u1eb9. S\u1ed1 l\u00e0 voi m\u1eb9 b\u1ecb m\u00f9, voi con lo ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1eb9, l\u1ea1i r\u1ee7i b\u1ecb vua b\u1eaft. Ch\u00fa voi tr\u1eafng nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu \u0103n u\u1ed1ng g\u00ec, sau c\u00f9ng vua ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3 ra, cho v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi voi m\u1eb9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

059.- \u00c1c \u00fd (Palasa).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Palasa <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch ra l\u00e0 \u00e1c \u00fd<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi k\u1ebb tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ai gi\u1ecfi, ai hay, ai cao h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0u sang, v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ganh \u0111ua v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “N\u00e0o c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e2u?”, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u anh ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi. Nh\u01b0ng y s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00e1c \u00fd<\/em> ganh gh\u00e9t, <\/em>n\u1ebfu b\u1ee5ng y th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh m\u00e0 y \u0111ang tranh h\u01a1n thua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

060.- S\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u (Soka).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u <\/em>(soka<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au bu\u1ed3n khi g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf. Khi s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i k\u00e8m theo. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u01b0u s\u1ea7u <\/em>c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1eddn gh\u00e9t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u s\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c khi m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, hay khi b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u01b0u s\u1ea7u<\/em> \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf lo \u00e2u, <\/em>v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n (domanassa<\/em>). Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng lo \u00e2u v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n; lo \u00e2u khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n sao \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0, lo \u00e2u v\u1ec1 con c\u00e1i, v.v. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u <\/em>(soka<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. S\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u n\u1eb1m trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng: “R\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ra sao, c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec hay kh\u00f4ng”; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u01b0u s\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t an, lo l\u1eafng trong t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

061.- \u01afu s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec cho ta ch\u0103ng?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u01b0u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u00e2u lo v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, th\u1eadt ra, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t an, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nung n\u1ea5u, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u, m\u1ed1i \u01b0u s\u1ea7u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (sati<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, b\u1eadc l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9 lo \u00e2u cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i, th\u00ec n\u00ean ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111i xa, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c di chuy\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec n\u00ean g\u1ecdi ngay b\u00e1c s\u0129, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea7n ch\u1edd lo \u00e2u v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i xa \u0111\u1ea7y nguy hi\u1ec3m, th\u00ec cha m\u1eb9 n\u00ean ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ch\u1eb3ng cho con c\u00e1i \u0111i. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 r\u1ee7i tai n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra, b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c \u0111i n\u1eefa, do ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e3i l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n d\u00f2, cha m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean t\u1ecf ra qu\u00e1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u hay h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn. Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng hay cang c\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00edt nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o, khuy\u00ean nh\u0169, r\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e2m nguy, b\u1eadc l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 n\u00ean v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u, lo l\u1eafng ch\u0103ng? C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ea7n n\u00ean suy g\u1eabm v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

062.- S\u1ef1 than kh\u00f3c (Parideva).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi than v\u00e3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, ta g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf than kh\u00f3c (parideva).<\/em> S\u00e2u t\u1eadn n\u01a1i g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c than kh\u00f3c, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n <\/em>(domanassa<\/em>). \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u01b0u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 than th\u1edf khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, danh ti\u1ebfng, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecd m\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, r\u1ed3i kh\u00f3c than, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u01b0u s\u1ea7u, <\/em>m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n <\/em>(domanassa<\/em>). Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u, th\u00ec b\u1eadt l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u1eddi than th\u1edf; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “ng\u1ecdn l\u01b0\u1ea3 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u” <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y t\u00e2m can, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1eb7t m\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t, l\u1ec7 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y mi, gi\u1ecdng th\u1edf than th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

063.- Kh\u00f3c than c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec ch\u0103ng?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf lo \u00e2u, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3c than ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch. Ngay c\u1ea3 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A nan (Ananda<\/em>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3c s\u01b0\u1edbt m\u01b0\u1edbt khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb c\u1ea5t to ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh. Ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 ray r\u1ee9t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m n\u00e3o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe; v\u00ec v\u1eady, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Kh\u00f3c ng\u1ea5t l\u1ecbm \u0111i, th\u1eadt ra, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft k\u1ec1m l\u00f2ng. H\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1eb9t nhanh gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. H\u00e3y noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t to l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

064.- S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisatta<\/em>), \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hai k\u1ebb \u1ea9n tu s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trang tuy\u1ec7t s\u1eafc, hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c, ai tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong r\u1eebng, b\u00e0 l\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh n\u1eb7ng, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng hoa qu\u1ea3 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f3n s\u01a1n h\u00e0o h\u1ea3i v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 quen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung ph\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e0 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebft l\u1ef5 v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t d\u00ecu v\u1ee3 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m b\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, trong khi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ea7m b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c. B\u00e0 tr\u00fat h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t quay l\u1ea1i. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong th\u00e0nh tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y thi th\u1ec3, ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i kh\u00f3c than th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 an t\u00e1ng cho b\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y, v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c xong v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 to t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 v\u1ebb \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c to, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean thi th\u1ec3 v\u1ee3, l\u1ea5y c\u01a1m ra \u0103n s\u00e1ng. Ng\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean ng\u1ed3i \u0103n trong khi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh kh\u00f3c than r\u1ec1n r\u0129. Sau khi \u0103n xong, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t li\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe c\u00e1ch d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 u s\u1ea7u kh\u00f3c than <\/em>(parideva<\/em>) \u0111ang nung ch\u00e1y c\u00f5i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

065.- B\u00e0 Mallika, phu nh\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh Bandhula.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00fd th\u00fa kh\u00e1c, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 Mallika, phu nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Bandhula. T\u01b0\u1edbng Bandhula ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua x\u1ee9 C\u00e2u t\u00e1t la (Kosala<\/em>); hai \u00f4ng b\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u \u0111\u00f4i con trai song sanh (ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con). C\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng t\u1eed n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00f4i t\u1edb, \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng cung \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn vua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng con h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh n\u1ea7y, v\u00e0i quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng ghen t\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ecba chuy\u1ec7n ra s\u00e0m t\u1ea5u v\u1edbi vua. H\u1ecd t\u00e2u gian r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edbng Bandhula c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c con \u0111ang b\u1ea7y m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecbch. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac b\u1ea5t minh, thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, vua tin l\u1eddi t\u00e2u gian v\u00e0 ra l\u1ecbnh bao v\u00e2y nh\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh Bandhula, b\u1eaft h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 cha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111em thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 dinh th\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, khi b\u00e0 Mallika s\u1eafp d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt l\u00ean T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>), b\u00e0 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e0 Mallika v\u1eabn gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 v\u1ebb \u0111au bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t th\u1eadt l\u00e0 to t\u00e1t, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat kh\u00f3c than, b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/em> Trong hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u1ea9n tu, ta ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean chi cho l\u1eafm, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n) qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3i. T\u00e2m t\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0 d\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec7t k\u1ef9, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e0 Mallika, ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 noi theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1i y\u1ebfu, d\u1ec5 x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, d\u1ea7u cho s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ed5i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, ni\u1ec1m \u01b0u s\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3c than k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3. Trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat \u0111au bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5, ta n\u00ean qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh<\/em> Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>) c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?”. M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

066.- \u0110au kh\u1ed5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (Dukkha) v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n(Domanassa).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(Dukkha<\/em>);<\/em> kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n <\/em>(Domanassa<\/em>). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed5i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u sanh. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc khe g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. Tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe than th\u1edf: “Kh\u1ed5 a! Kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 \u0111i th\u00f4i!” khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, khi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisatta<\/em>), tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft bao phen h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c; Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0m Mahosadha v\u00e0 Vessantara. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>). V\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i bi v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u, s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung d\u01b0\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n <\/em>(domanassa<\/em>). \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n g\u00e2y ra cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Th\u00f4i \u0111i! \u0110\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 k\u1ebb \u1ea5y n\u1eefa; ch\u1ec9 nghe nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i kh\u1ed5 l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y!” Th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y th\u00eam \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, c\u00f3 khi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb gi\u00e0u sang t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00ec\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho Ch\u01a1n l\u00fd Kh\u1ed5 (Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i trong Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n (Dhammacakka Sutta<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Yam piccham na labhati, tampi dukkham.”
“\u0110au kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kham ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nhung l\u1ee5a, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb h\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kham ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng ta mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau trong m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u tranh. \u00d4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng kham nh\u1eabn n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m khi ph\u1ea3i xa r\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eadt ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u, n\u1ed7i ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00f2ng lo \u00e2u hay th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eef b\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng an l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. R\u1ed3i khi b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i chua cay hay th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, ta c\u0169ng ch\u1edb n\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>). (H\u00e3y ki\u00ean tr\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00e3i l\u00ean, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 Ho\u00e0n To\u00e0n.) V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c vinh nh\u1ee5c th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng ph\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian <\/em>(Lokadhammas<\/em>), chia ra t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Labha = <\/em>th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nhu y\u1ebfu, v.v.,
2.- Alabha = <\/em>t\u00e1n th\u1ea5t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p,
3.- Yasa = <\/em>c\u00f3 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c\u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o,
4.- Ayasa = <\/em>c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c,
5.- Ninda = <\/em>b\u1ecb qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch,
6.- Pasamsa = <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i,
7.- Sukha = <\/em>h\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc,
8.- Dukkha = <\/em>kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Trong Kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng, g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e1t phong xuy \u0111\u1ed9ng, <\/strong><\/em>t\u00e1m ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 l\u00e0m lay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi: l\u1ee3i, suy, hu\u1ef7, d\u1ef1, c\u01a1, x\u01b0ng, kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c<\/strong><\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, b\u1ea1n ch\u1edb n\u00ean qu\u00e1 h\u00e2n hoan v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Khi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ch\u1edb n\u00ean qu\u00e1 nao n\u00fang v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 bi l\u1ee5y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 h\u00e2n hoan hay qu\u00e1 bi lu\u1ef5, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lay \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang trong c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1eb3ng \u1ed5n c\u1ed1, ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e2n hoan, l\u00e1t sau l\u1ea1i nao n\u00fang, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n (domanassa<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng an t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c th\u1eadt an nhi\u00ean v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

067.- L\u1ee3i (Labha) v\u00e0 Suy (Alabha).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt th\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0103n ngay th\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u sanh v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111em m\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 cho m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 sanh k\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1edb v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra qu\u00e1 h\u00e2n hoan v\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu may m\u1eafn trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n, l\u1ed7 l\u00e3, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, ta ch\u1edb n\u00ean qu\u00e1 lo bu\u1ed3n, than th\u00e2n tr\u00e1ch ph\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean. B\u1ef1c vua ch\u00faa cao sang, quy\u1ec1n qu\u00ed kia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u1edfi v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n,r\u1eddi ngai v\u00e0ng, u\u1ed1n g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c sa v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. Th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ai ai c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00ean gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m l\u00ean voi xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

068.- C\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c (Yasa) v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c (Ayasa).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc v\u0129 nh\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh vi\u00ean, c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 theo h\u1ea7u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7y bao quanh che ch\u1edf cho ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c n\u1ea7y lo ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecd. L\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ed1 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9. C\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd lo th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1. Ngay c\u1ea3 h\u1ea1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec3 sai v\u1eb7t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c hay nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu; nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm hoi, c\u0169ng ch\u1edb n\u00ean l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u lo \u00e2u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o quy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ed9c theo h\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra khoe khoang v\u00e0 cao ng\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danh th\u01a1m ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cao qu\u00ed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c danh ti\u1ebfng vang l\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u1ea7y m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: “Gunavante passanti jana”, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eadc v\u0129 nh\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh v\u1ecdng cao; danh v\u1ecdng c\u00e0ng cao c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean khi\u00eam nh\u00fan; c\u00f2n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng g\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1edb n\u00ean v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 sanh l\u00f2ng bu\u1ed3n n\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

069.- T\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng (Ninda) v\u00e0 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch (Pasamsa).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ganh hi\u1ec1m gh\u00e9t ng\u1ecf, v\u1ea1ch l\u00e1 t\u00ecm s\u00e2u, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nhan nh\u1ea3n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 cho ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 cho ta b\u1ecb ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch. D\u1ea7u sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng ch\u01a1n thi\u1ec7n, trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch bao gi\u1edd. Ngay c\u1ea3 con b\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Sakka kia c\u0169ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ch\u00ea l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nh\u00e3o! L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “Hi\u1ec1m gh\u00e9t ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch; \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng; ri\u00eang s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m m\u1ebfn m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c.” N\u01a1i th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y, \u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean \u0111i v\u1ea1ch l\u1ed7i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ebfm hoi g\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: “M\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng? M\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?” Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb: B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisatta<\/em>) Mahosadha, \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Vessantara, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ca di\u1ebfp (Kassapa<\/em>), X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>), A nan (Ananda<\/em>). V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, qu\u00ed b\u00e0 Amara, Kinnari, Maddi v\u00e0 Sambula l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng kia, c\u00f3 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00e0 l\u0103m l\u1ea1i ch\u00ea th\u1eb1ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u1eafp, m\u00e1ch v\u1edbi cha nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Ba \u00e0! C\u00e1i th\u1eb1ng.. th\u1eb1ng.. \u0111o.. \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3.. \u01a1…\u01a1.. n\u00f3i c\u00e0.. c\u00e0.. l\u0103m.”C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadt v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a v\u1ea1ch l\u1ed7i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng hay che d\u1ea5u t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 nh\u01a1n gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00e3, l\u00e9n tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2 nh\u01b0 trong tr\u1eafng l\u1eafm, n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c chi con m\u00e8o x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec ganh t\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u00ea d\u00e8 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadt t\u00ecnh ra, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111ang tranh \u0111ua theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. M\u1ea5y n\u00e0ng l\u1ebdm m\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i, th\u1eadt ra trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean \u1ea5y gh\u00e9 m\u1eaft v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gian th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi t\u00e1m ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m vinh nh\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n b\u1ecb n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. Chuy\u1ec7n b\u00e9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9 ra to, th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ta n\u00ean t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>(hiri, <\/em>bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n khi c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf qu\u00ed <\/em>(ottappa<\/em>, bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i) m\u00e0 l\u00e0m kim ch\u1ec9 nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ea5y k\u1ebb s\u1ee3 ma \u00edt d\u00e1m v\u00e0o trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i; khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00eam, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y trong bu\u1ed9i r\u1eadm l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 qu\u1ec9 s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 la ho\u1ea3ng l\u00ean: “C\u00f3 ma! C\u00f3 ma!”. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ma d\u1ea1i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, cho n\u00ean tr\u00ed h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb ma r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd. Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh (Samyutta Nkaya<\/em>), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y: “K\u1ebb qu\u00e1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 con nai t\u01a1 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi nghe ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y; h\u1eafn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ee5t r\u00e8, nh\u00e1t gan v\u00e0 do d\u1ef1” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i g\u00ec, c\u00f2n l\u00e0m m\u1ed3i ngon cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb hay v\u1ea1ch l\u1ed7i tha h\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m, hay bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn; c\u00f3 ai l\u1ea1i \u0111i soi m\u00f3i t\u1edbi k\u1ebb v\u00f4 danh ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t bao gi\u1edd. C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y th\u1eadt cao \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00e1m ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng (Lokadhammas, <\/em>c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf gian) th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m vinh nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf s\u1ef1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb trong l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khen ch\u00ea, t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh: \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?” V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ch\u01a1n nghe l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u1edb c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tinh t\u1ea5n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng ai ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng, x\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ea1n ch\u1edb n\u00ean qu\u00e1 hoan h\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee3i khen n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh, qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u00ean ki\u00ean tr\u00ec nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi <\/em>(metta,<\/em> l\u00f2ng ban vui v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5), c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb, h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Nguy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i!Nguy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong t\u00e1m c\u1ea3nh hu\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb v\u00f4 thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp, cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba l\u00e3nh c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, khi l\u00ean cao c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fac tu\u1ed9t xu\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y. C\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n hay ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi. Th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m vinh nh\u1ee5c, b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh l\u00e8o l\u00e1i con thuy\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) qua c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, s\u00f3ng v\u1eadp gi\u00f3 v\u00f9i, ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1edd an l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>), n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1eb3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n y\u00ean s\u00f3ng l\u1eb7ng su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00f3ng to c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm con t\u00e0u. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec3m nguy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f9ng t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, l\u00e1i con t\u00e0u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng neo n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng an to\u00e0n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katatta nanakammanam, itthanitthepi agate,
Yoniso tittham sandhaya, tareyya naviko yatha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i hay t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i. D\u1ea7u g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e1i chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn, nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed3ng phong v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng [= s\u00f3ng to], l\u01b0\u1edbt qua c\u00e1c nguy kh\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lay \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1m c\u1ea3nh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, bu\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfc neo c\u1ee7a con thuy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i b\u1edd H\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb: <\/strong>T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00e1m c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kham nh\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

070.- S\u1ef1 u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn (Upayasa).<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, hay ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e2m s\u1edf u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn <\/em>(upayasa<\/em>) li\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn <\/em>mang \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eeba lo \u00e2u v\u1eeba h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn nung m\u00e1u tim n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u th\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn c\u01a1n u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o l\u00ean, c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0m ng\u1ea5t l\u1ecbm ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00e2n y\u00eau, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3c r\u1ed1ng l\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 than kh\u00f3c <\/em>(parideva<\/em>). Khi s\u1ef1 than kh\u00f3c gia t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n r\u1ec1n r\u0129 n\u1ed5i n\u1eefa, m\u1edbi ng\u1ea5t l\u1ecbm v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh nh\u01a1n s\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nung n\u1ea5u b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn <\/em>l\u1ea1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 than kh\u00f3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. S\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u, \u01b0u s\u1ea7u (soka<\/em>) c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u trong ch\u1ea3o n\u00f3ng; s\u1ef1 than kh\u00f3c (parideva<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111un s\u00f4i; c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn (upayasa<\/em>) l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 d\u1ea7u c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdng trong ch\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn l\u00e0m kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ph\u00e1i y\u1ebfu d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. T\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, do khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng hay ch\u1ecbu t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 lo bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3c than khi\u1ebfn cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i s\u1edbm r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i ng\u1ea5t l\u1ecbm \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111i n\u1eefa, khi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kham ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c can \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn. Ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u01b0u s\u1ea7u, than kh\u00f3c, c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, m\u1edbi ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn l\u00e0m nung n\u1ea5u t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. (C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb \u01b0u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 than kh\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9) S\u1ef1 Ganh t\u1ecb (Issa).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

071.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb (Issa)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi th\u1ea5y k\u1ebb n\u00e0o h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n hay \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra ganh gh\u00e9t ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch \u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ganh t\u1ecb <\/em>(issa<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng cho l\u1eafm khi th\u1ea5y k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u hay. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o: “Chim n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 chim c\u00fa c\u1ea3\u2018\u2019, “M\u1ea5y con th\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3, bu\u1ed9i c\u00e2y r\u1eadm n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3.” M\u1ea5y l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 do t\u1ef1 n\u01a1i l\u00f2ng ganh t\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “Ganh t\u1ecb kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebb gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh. C\u00f9ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i chung m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1ea1i hay sanh ra k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch l\u1eabn nhau.”S\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p.Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n c\u00e1 \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n ganh t\u1ecb chi v\u1edbi k\u1ebb b\u00e1n n\u1eef trang. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng c\u00e1 v\u1edbi nhau, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u kim ho\u00e0n v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tranh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>). Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0, c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng nhau v\u00ec ganh t\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. K\u1ebb ganh t\u1ecb r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o n\u1ebbo \u00e1c, trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara), c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ganh gh\u00e9t ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ea5n chi c\u1ea3. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, cho n\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n kinh t\u1edfm n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

072.- B\u1ea7y heo r\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed to l\u1edbn chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch, trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai Hi m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hang \u1ed5. S\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7y heo r\u1eebng; ch\u00fang s\u1ee3 oai s\u01b0 t\u1eed hung d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m ra gh\u00e9t lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ea7y chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng long lanh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang li\u1ec1n l\u0103n m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng b\u00f9n d\u01a1 trong h\u1ed3, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ecd m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e2y tr\u00e9t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng cho lem lu\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ecdc bich l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n l\u00ean. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ai ganh t\u1ecb, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng, \u0111i\u1ebfm nh\u1ee5c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: k\u1ebb h\u1eddn ghen g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ganh t\u1ecb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

073.- S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao (Attukkamsana) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vu b\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Paravambhana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Pali Attukkamsana <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao m\u00ecnh l\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao.<\/em>(Atta = <\/em>t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh + ukkamsana = <\/em>khen ng\u1ee3i). Paravambhana<\/em> c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vu b\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/em>(Para = <\/em>k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c + vambhana = <\/em>h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng, vu kh\u1ed1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m s\u1edf ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n <\/em>(mana<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>) mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i, ham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vu b\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, <\/em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf ganh t\u1ecb <\/em>(issa<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) ph\u00e1t sanh trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

074.- Ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00eau c\u0103ng. H\u1ecd khoe h\u1ecd l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1ef1c gi\u00e0u sang, th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean khoa cao c\u1ea5p, h\u1ecd gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v.v. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o, tuy nay h\u1ecd gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia h\u1ecd t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong h\u00e0ng t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00fa gia, \u0111\u00e3 thi \u0111\u1eadu nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 thi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd hay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1 ho\u00e1 v\u00e0ng, v.v. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadt t\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i; k\u1ebb ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 m\u1edbi v\u1ed9i tin theo l\u1eddi h\u1ecd, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 khi n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady cho n\u00ean, khi n\u00f3i l\u00ean hay vi\u1ebft ra, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sati<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi sa v\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao <\/em>(Atthukkamsana<\/em>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

075.- Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi gi\u1eef tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy t\u00edn trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3, trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd coi r\u1ebb m\u00ecnh v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n <\/em>(mana<\/em>) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

076.- Ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eafm k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf hay tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1c \u00fd v\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea1ch m\u1eb7t k\u1ebb l\u01b0u manh, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch, l\u00ean \u00e1n, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. T\u00ean l\u01b0u manh \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb minh ch\u1ee9ng th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb x\u01b0a nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u01b0a kia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n nam c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n l\u00ean gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n nam b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u0111ang chi\u00ean h\u1ed9t g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n s\u00e1ng. Anh ta li\u1ec1n m\u00e1ch v\u1edbi v\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu tin. B\u00e0 ta ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, n\u00ean k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi b\u00e0 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. Ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng. \u0110\u1ebfn khi s\u1eafp \u0111i ng\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu tin. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i xin l\u1ed7i r\u00fat l\u1eddi l\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee3 anh ta s\u1ebd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t cu\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e1o m\u1ed9t tin t\u1ee9c x\u00e1c th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn h\u1ea9ng h\u1edd, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, m\u1edbi tung ra l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tin hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111i n\u1eefa, khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u0169 ph\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ecdn l\u01b0u manh, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10) S\u1ef1 T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 (Macchariya).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

077.- C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5 n\u00ean sanh ra t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 <\/em>(macchariya<\/em>). Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/em> (dana<\/em>). S\u1ef1 keo ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1. <\/em>Th\u1eadt ra, t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 s\u00e2u l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 <\/em>kh\u1edfi sanh n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ganh gh\u00e9t k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u sang. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 keo ki\u1ec7t, b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n, qu\u00e1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 <\/em>nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft ghen t\u1ecb, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ed1n xang ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhan s\u1eafc, v.v. Trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng (Pitaka<\/em>) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1:<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa s\u1edf (Avasa macchariya):<\/strong><\/em> T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, tr\u00fa s\u1edf, tu vi\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m, v.v. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c tu s\u0129, v\u00e0i v\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng hoan nghinh \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c v\u1ecb du t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa trong tu vi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u00e1c t\u0103ng ch\u1eb3ng cho v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1; v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 k\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa s\u1edf<\/em> (avasa macchariya<\/em>) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 <\/em>(peta<\/em>) hay v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(niraya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c (Kula macchariya):<\/strong><\/em> T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tu s\u0129 ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho ai kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh ra. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u00e1c t\u0103ng giao du v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c <\/em>(kula macchariya<\/em>), b\u1edfi trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho t\u00edn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1ec1 \u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1nh. T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng nung n\u1ea5u c\u00e1c t\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee7 b\u00ean trong, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb th\u00e1o d\u1ea1, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t huy\u1ebft n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ebfn khi li\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (Labha macchariya):<\/strong><\/em> T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1c \u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tr\u1eeb m\u00ecnh ra. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c \u00e1c t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn tay c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ch\u01a1n tu, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. <\/em>Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c \u00f4 u\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p (Vanna macchariya):<\/strong><\/em> T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 danh v\u1ecdng. K\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p <\/em>(Vanna macchariya<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n ai c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh th\u01a1m ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00ecnh dong x\u1ea5u x\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma macchariya):<\/strong><\/em> T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay c\u00f4ng phu tu t\u1eadp. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu chia x\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n ai b\u1eb1ng hay h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebb \u1ea5y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nham hi\u1ec3m, c\u00f3 \u00e1c t\u00e2m, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00ec h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 ng\u1ed1c ngh\u1ebfch; \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sa v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c tro n\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

078.- C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean x\u00e9t qua nh\u1eefng ai th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u1eef tu s\u0129, v\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 sanh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, n\u00ean d\u1ec5 sa v\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i gia, t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u, trong khi ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc d\u1eb9p, gi\u00e0u sang, \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb t\u00f4n qu\u00ed, quy\u1ec1n cao t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, v.v. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y g\u00e2y ra, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ganh t\u1ecb th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 chi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec k\u1ebb t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 (peta<\/em>), (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i), m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta ai ai c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi sa v\u00e0o n\u1ebbo \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11) H\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc (Kukkucca)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

079.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 H\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc (Kukkucca)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc <\/em>(kukkucca<\/em>) ti\u1ebfp theo. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfc r\u1ebb v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c v\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

080.- S\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfng: “Du Sa Na No” th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u1ecd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u c\u1ea3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, t\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. H\u1ecd coi lu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng ra g\u00ec c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00e1c t\u00e1ng d\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ebfn khi t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i sa v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng <\/em>(Lohakumbi niraya, <\/em>\u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3o n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00f4i) trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. L\u00e2u l\u00e2u, trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat ng\u1eafn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1t ra, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng: “Du”, “Sa”, “Na”, “So”, r\u1ed3i ch\u00ecm l\u0129m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y ch\u1ea3o v\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u00fat mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba qua, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u00ea tha d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c n\u1eefa.” Anh ta t\u1ecf ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u0103n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng “Du”, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y ch\u1ea3o n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang s\u00f4i. Anh n\u1ea7y h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: “H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng gian.” Nh\u01b0ng anh ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1t ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng “Na” th\u00f4i. Anh n\u1ea7y \u0103n n\u0103n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac sa \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ed1n ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3. Ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, v\u1edbi k\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb g\u1eadm nh\u1ea5m b\u1edfi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb nung n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i ra \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

081.- \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 sau.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfc r\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i lo \u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0102n n\u0103n, h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng gi\u00fap ta tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf, tai h\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 \u0103n n\u0103n ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc <\/em>m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(akusala<\/em>). N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u ch\u1eb3ng qu\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong Kinh Mahavagga Samyutta <\/em>(trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

082.- H\u00e3y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh, tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, anh ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p. C\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: “Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eadp s\u1eaft khi c\u00f2n n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf” C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng phu th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o nhau: “Gieo m\u1ea1 khi tr\u1eddi c\u00f2n m\u01b0a.” N\u1ebfu m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 qua m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7y c\u1ea5y, l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng lu\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a g\u1eb7t, th\u00e2u hu\u00ea l\u1ee3i v\u00e0o cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n s\u1ef1c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadm r\u1ed3i, m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ch\u1edb n\u00ean than v\u00e3n. Ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3; th\u00e0 ch\u1eadm c\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua lu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

083.- C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 th\u1ee7.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 n\u1eefa n\u00ean m\u1edbi xin v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>) c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0o l\u00fac h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111em Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) ra gi\u1ea3ng cho \u00f4ng nghe b\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u00fa t\u00e2m nghe n\u1ed5i, v\u00ec b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd trong t\u00e2m \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n khi ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eed t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng trong Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf, bi\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 l\u00fac \u1ea5y, n\u00ean m\u1edbi h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 r\u1eb1ng: “C\u1ee5 ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eed t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 theo \u00fd ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 hay l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo l\u1ecbnh Vua?” C\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p: “T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n l\u1ecbnh Vua m\u00e0 ch\u00e9m; ch\u1edb t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ecd theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 li\u1ec1n n\u00f3i: “N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, th\u00ec ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c?”, r\u1ed3i T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp. C\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n. Trong khi l\u1eafng nghe Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p (Culasotapanna, <\/em>qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p) r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi (Deva Loka<\/em>), sau khi m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Chi\u1ebfu theo kinh s\u00e1ch trong Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 l\u1eabn nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t sanh, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 thi h\u00e0nh theo m\u1ea1ng linh c\u1ee7a vua. Nh\u01b0ng T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e9o, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0m cho c\u1ee5 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>C\u1ee5 \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 th\u1ee7 gi\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o gi\u00fap c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc <\/em>(kukkucca<\/em>) n\u01a1i c\u1ee5. Khi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. R\u00fat l\u1ea5y b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ti\u1ebfc r\u1ebb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh; nh\u01b0ng ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m sao cho \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (kamma<\/em>) m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; r\u1ed3i tinh t\u1ea5n thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(12) Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i (Thina) v\u00e0 (13) H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m (Middha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

084.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i (thina) v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m (middha)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i <\/em>(Thina<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/em> (Middha<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i, l\u1eeb \u0111\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n l\u1eabn t\u00e2m. C\u1ea3 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t, s\u1ef1 lanh l\u1eb9n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u00e1c nh\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i k\u1ebb bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang thiu th\u1ec9u, m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng trong khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ec5 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m. \u0110\u00f4i khi v\u00ec th\u00e2n x\u00e1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc, v\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c, ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn rau ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y \u0111ang u\u00e1 d\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i, tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c(citta<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas<\/em>) trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m.<\/em> Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ea5y k\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chi l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111ang trong c\u01a1n h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(14) Nghi ng\u1edd (Vicikiccha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

085.- Nghi ng\u1edd (Vicikiccha), ch\u1eb3ng tin v\u00e0o Tam B\u1ea3o.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef nghi ng\u1edd, <\/em>d\u1ecbch g\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eef Vicikiccha, <\/em>c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo nghi\u00e3 h\u1eb9p; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi nan, thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Ba Ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o: Ph\u1eadt (Buddha<\/em>), Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 T\u0103ng (Sangha<\/em>). S\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai s\u1ef1: tin v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng tin. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi ng\u1edd:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- C\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri (= bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp) ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- N\u1ebfu noi theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.- V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c thanh t\u1ecbnh ch\u0103ng? (M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111ang th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.- Khi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.- C\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng? Hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 ban cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.- C\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau kh\u00f4ng? Hay ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.- H\u00e0nh v\u1ecb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 sau ch\u0103ng? (Nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>[kamma<\/em>])<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.- C\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n ch\u0103ng? (Nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.- C\u00f3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>(avijja<\/em>) m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n <\/em>(sankharas<\/em>) sanh kh\u1edfi ch\u0103ng? (Nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 L\u00fd M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Nh\u01a1n Duy\u00ean [Paticcasamuppada<\/em>]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u00ec\u1ec3m ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c n\u00eau tr\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng, m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thu\u00f4c t\u00e2m s\u1edf nghi ng\u1edd <\/em>(vicikiccha<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

086.- C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf nghi ng\u1edd.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v.v. \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do t\u00e2m s\u1edf nghi ng\u1edd <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u1ec1 nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt (Vinaya<\/em>), ch\u1eb3ng r\u00f5 ch\u1eafc m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf nghi ng\u1edd <\/em>(vicikiccha<\/em>), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0\u1edfng (vitakka<\/em>). T\u00e2m s\u1edf nghi ng\u1edd <\/em>ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ba ng\u00f4i Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 Ba ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o, ta ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t m\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eb9n ni\u1ec1m t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2<\/strong><\/em> v\u1eeba qua x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(akusala cetasikas<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe hay th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tham, s\u00e2n, ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, <\/em>v,v, To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quay cu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o \u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 minh gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ee9c t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ngay trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c hay ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, t\u00f4i hi v\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb x\u1ea5u ra t\u1ed1t<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ebd t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1edbm ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[03]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c T\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n


(Kusala Cetasikas)087.- C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n (Kusala cetasikas).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean an l\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Saddha = T\u00edn, <\/em>s\u1ef1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.
2.- Sati = T\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, <\/em>s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa.
3.- Hiri = T\u00e0m, <\/em>s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n khi c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m.
4.- Ottappa = Qu\u00ed, <\/em>s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m.
5.- Alobha = V\u00f4 tham, <\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng tham lam, l\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.
6.- Adosa = V\u00f4 s\u00e2n, <\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn, l\u00f2ng khoan dung, thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed
7.- Amoha = V\u00f4 si, <\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng si m\u00ea, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7.
8.- Metta = T\u1eeb, <\/em>h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n \u00e1i, s\u1ef1 ban vui
9.- Karuna = Bi, <\/em>s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, l\u00f2ng \u01b0u \u00e1i, tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5.
10.- Mudita = H\u1ec9, <\/em>s\u1ef1 chung vui, l\u00f2ng hoan h\u1ec9
11.- Upekkha = X\u1ea3, <\/em>s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3.
12.- Sammavaca = Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, <\/em>s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i n\u0103ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.
13. Sammakammanta = Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, <\/em>s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.
14.- Samma ajiva = Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, <\/em>s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u sanh ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 an l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) T\u00e2m s\u1edf T\u00edn (Saddha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

088.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00edn hay t\u00edn t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>(Saddha<\/em>). T\u00edn t\u00e2m c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh: s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 v\u1eefng tin .- <\/strong><\/em>C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o; s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai; s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>(= ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri = <\/strong><\/em>tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, v\u1eadt v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>); v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>). C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n <\/em>(vicikiccha<\/em>); trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m s\u1edf sau, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 v\u1eefng tin, <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. T\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c <\/em>(Saddhadhimokkha<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.- <\/strong><\/em>\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Trong khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, hay gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u00e1ng. C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 vi\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a vua Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00f9n c\u1eb7n c\u00e1u, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c c\u1eb7n b\u00e3, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 u\u1ebf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u1eafng ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong veo, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, t\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) s\u1ebd v\u1eb9t s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd, m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c (= c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh), v\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c cho tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh trong s\u00e1ng <\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00edn t\u00e2m.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb con v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0ng nu\u00f4i, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a t\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>(\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng tin<\/strong><\/em>), ch\u00fang v\u1eabn b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc hay ganh \u0111ua v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o (Ti ratana<\/em>), d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng hay gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Trong khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang th\u00edch th\u00fa th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a t\u00edn t\u00e2m, <\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u00e1ng <\/em>h\u01a1n. M\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01a1i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u00ec l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n \u00e1i, h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f4 nhi vi\u1ec7n, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o vi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng <\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Xin \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh, H\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m <\/em>(Carita<\/em>), s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t th\u00eam c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00edn t\u00e2m, <\/em>nh\u01b0 t\u00edn h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(saddha carita<\/em>) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

089.- C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1t \u1edf s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o ch\u01a1n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i k\u1ebb gian ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt n\u1ea7y hay ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u1ecd chi\u1ebfu h\u00e0o quang l\u00ean, c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam nh\u00ec\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u00edch gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn t\u00f4n th\u1edd c\u00e1c t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng ch\u01a1n t\u00edn. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1, ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, qu\u00e1 b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 minh <\/em>(moha<\/em>) v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala cetasika<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o thanh t\u00fa, kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, gi\u1ecdng trong tr\u1ebbo, h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho thu\u1ed1c, tr\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh v.v. c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i m\u00ea t\u00edn <\/em>(muddhappassana<\/em>), <\/em>v\u00ec si m\u00ea m\u00e0 tin theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

090.- C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdn l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u1ed1i l\u00e1o. Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb lan tr\u00e0n; ngay trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1o x\u01b0ng danh nghi\u00e3 ngu\u1ef5 t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft, l\u1eafm c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, bi\u1ebft bao l\u1ed1i ch\u1eefa b\u1ecbnh th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1, ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 h\u00f9a theo, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. K\u1ebb tin theo h\u1ecd, khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho m\u1ea5y tay d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u \u0111\u00e2u v\u00ec l\u1ebd h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, n\u00ean m\u1ea5y k\u1ebb d\u1ed1i th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m l\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1edd\u00ec bu\u1ed5i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u0103ng say trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u00edt ch\u1ecbu x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, khi\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby \u0111i\u00eau ngoa. C\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 ra s\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 qu\u00ed v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, thu th\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

091.- C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: l\u00f2ng tin kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t n\u1ec5 tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao s\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u1ecdc qu\u00ed m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u00ednh n\u1ec5 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ph\u00e1p cho m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c <\/em>(saddha<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u01b0\u00e3 l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Vakkali, X\u00e0 n\u1eb7c (Channa<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ni\u1ec1m t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c v\u1eabn c\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u00e1i luy\u1ebfn <\/em>(samyojana<\/em>), <\/em>s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c; t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1i luy\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec \u00e1i m\u1ed9 b\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tin theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft do th\u1ea7y h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 \u00e1i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean th\u00eam s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u00e1i m\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam, th\u00ec c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ta. Trong Quy\u1ec3n Patthana, <\/em>(= Quy\u1ec3n Lu\u1eadn Kh\u1ea3o th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, quy\u1ec3n ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma<\/strong><\/em> [Abhidhamma<\/strong><\/em>]), c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: “Akusalo dhammo kusalassa dhammassa upanissayapaccayena paccayo.”, <\/em>xin t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch g\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0: “C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n, theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u1ed7 thu\u1ed9c”. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) S\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (Sati).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

092.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (Sati)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, l\u01b0u t\u00e2m, ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>m\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong ti\u1ebfng Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sati. <\/em>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, khi ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; khi ta ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>); khi trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, ta t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 xao l\u00e3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y mai. Ta c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>(sila<\/em>), sao cho kh\u1ecfi vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn. Ta t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, khi m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, si m\u00ea <\/em>hay ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Ta nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean l\u01a1n r\u0103n d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>). S\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb Pali l\u00e0 appamada, <\/em>s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 canh ch\u1eebng c\u1ea9n m\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 l\u01a1 l\u00e0 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) khi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>(sila<\/em>) cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tinh c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: “Appamadena sampadetha”, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “H\u00e3y thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh chuy\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i!” \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: \u2018Satin ca khvaham bhikkhave sabbatthikam vadami.”, “H\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/strong>r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c.” <\/em>M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c bao gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca s\u1eafp nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Parinibbana<\/em>), l\u1eddi tr\u1ed1i sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0: “Appamadena sampadetha.”, <\/em>c\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

093.- “Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i”, “ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn” ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb kh\u00e1t khao tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau, khi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1eb9n, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat ng\u1ea5t ng\u00e2y qu\u00ed b\u00e1u, v.v., t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i <\/em>(tanha<\/em>), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00f9 v\u00ec m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng; khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e3i trong t\u00e2m c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1o \u00e1c; khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra cho m\u00ecnh d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1edb, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n b\u00ean trong, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e8m theo, s\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i hay s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>), s\u1ef1c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, hay v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 <\/em>(vitakka<\/em>), c\u1ed1 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec; ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>). B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf: sanna <\/em>(nh\u1edb) v\u00e0 vitakka <\/em>(t\u01b0\u1edfng), s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t trong c\u00e1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) T\u00e0m (Hiri) v\u00e0 (4) Qu\u00ed (Ottappa)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

094.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e0m (Hiri) v\u00e0 Qu\u00ed (Ottappa)?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>(hiri<\/em>). Bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf qu\u00ed <\/em>(ottappa<\/em>). T\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft qu\u00ed tr\u1ecdng danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u01a1n c\u00e1ch. T\u00e2m s\u1edf qu\u00ed <\/em>ph\u00e1t sanh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng cha m\u1eb9, th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng. T\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean sa ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean l\u1ea5y ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi, ngh\u1ec1 s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0m k\u1ebf m\u01b0u sanh.” Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, anh ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u01b0u sanh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh d\u1ef1 cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: “Ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eebng s\u00e1t sanh, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, v.v.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “Ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed9ng tu\u1ed5i, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. N\u1ebfu ta l\u00e0m \u00e1c, ta s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ba th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>(hiri<\/em>) n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft qu\u00ed tr\u1ecdng danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u01a1n c\u00e1ch. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay t\u1ecf ra \u00e2n c\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: “N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u00e1c, cha m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i, anh em, b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00e1ch l\u00e2y v\u00ec t\u00f4i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh.” \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf qu\u00ed <\/em>(ottappa<\/em>). Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u00ed, <\/em>b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m, bi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu ta ch\u1eb3ng \u0111o\u00e1i ngh\u0129 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn danh d\u1ef1, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc, v.v. ta s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 t\u00e0m qu\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e0m <\/em>(hiri<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u00ed <\/em>(ottappa<\/em>)b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n, k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf con trai c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9, anh em trai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i. Do l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m, qu\u00ed <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 hai v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 canh gi\u1eef an l\u00e0nh cho Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Lokapala dhamma<\/em>; loka = <\/strong><\/em>th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00fangsanh; pala = <\/strong><\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef; dhamma =<\/strong><\/em> ph\u00e1p), khi\u1ebfn ta xa l\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n. V\u1edbi t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh s\u00e1ch Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sukka Dhamma, t\u1ecbnh khi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, <\/em>v\u1eeba thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u1eeba ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m, qu\u00ed, <\/em>con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh trong k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng s\u00fac sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ebfu hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m, qu\u00ed, <\/em>nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng b\u00f9n nh\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c chi th\u00fa v\u1eadt. Th\u1eddi nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n, ch\u1eb3ng s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec3 chi \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u01b0 x\u1eed th\u1eadt s\u1ed7 s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ec9. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lan tr\u00e0n m\u00e3i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd s\u1edbm s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong hoang t\u00e0n, v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i th\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

095.- T\u00e0m v\u00e0 qu\u00ed gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u00ed <\/em>l\u00e0 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n (kusala cetasikas<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u00ed. <\/em>S\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (duccarita<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u00ed. <\/em>Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n hay s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt trong l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t <\/em>(Uposatha<\/em>) (l\u1ec5 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng); khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec1n, ch\u00f9a; khi ph\u1ea3i nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>); khi ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang; khi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ch\u01a1n tay c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u01a1 d\u00e1y; ho\u1eb7c khi c\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa trai, g\u00e1i, v.v. c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u00ed, <\/em>m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 r\u1edfm. Theo Lu\u1eadn A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma (Abhidhamma, <\/em>Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng), c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb tanha <\/em>l\u00e0s\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

096.- B\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n d\u1eb9p s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u00eau l\u00ean b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n: (1) trong vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i; (2) trong khi theo h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t minh s\u01b0; (3) khi l\u00e3nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 (4) trong khi “l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh” B\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n, khi bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi ra ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng \u0111i ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n l\u00fac ng\u1ed3i xe \u0111i xa, nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3 ch\u00f3, s\u1ee3 ma, s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i xa l\u1ea1, s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, s\u1ee3 h\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m <\/em>hay qu\u00ed <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, m\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 r\u1ee5t r\u00e8, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 t\u00edn, n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n domanassa<\/em> (s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf t\u00e2m linh<\/em>) t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

097.- Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf gi\u1eefa.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00eau trong ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n cho m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u t\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u00ed.<\/em> Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i hay h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n khi ta bi\u1ebft ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ta l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh, qu\u00e1 b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. S\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 u\u00fd (v\u00f4= <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eb3ng; \u00fay = <\/strong><\/em>s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i; v\u00f4 u\u00fd = <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eb3ng lo l\u1eafng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i) \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee3i khen, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u00f4 \u00edch, s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1edfm c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea3o c\u1ea3; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n, cang tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n hay s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ed1t. Th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf gi\u1eefa m\u00e0 theo, ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Abhayitabbe bhayanti, bhayitabbe na bhayare.”, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tham (Alobha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

098.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 V\u00f4 tham (Alobha)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng tham lam, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>). V\u00f4 tham l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham lam. Tham v\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tham lam th\u00ec ham mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u00f2n v\u00f4 tham th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng mong c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, ta d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham lam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

099.- V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo tham lam.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo tham lam th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng hay khi \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p cho th\u1eadt hay, c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng h\u1eadu h\u1ec9.Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn, bo bo gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111em chia x\u1ebb v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u1ecf ra t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 th\u00e2u ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng \u0111ang t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh khi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 t\u1ecf ra v\u1ebb qu\u00e1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp m\u1edf l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m ra d\u01b0ng c\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

100.- M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tham lam.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1nh tham lam c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c chi m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo tham lam. Anh ta c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n, v\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u01b0 anh b\u1ecb l\u00f2ng tham tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp. V\u00ec tham, anh \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft theo vi\u1ec7c thu l\u1ee3i l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n th\u00eam. Anh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o: “C\u00e1i n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, m\u00f3n kia c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i; v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” Khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i, anh s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i q\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3i (peta<\/em>). T\u00e2m tham lam s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y anh l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(apayas<\/em>) c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

101.- V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00f4 tham.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00f4 tham ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ecf ra h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 do thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u00f2i th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 hay c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ngay c\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n, n\u1ebfu t\u1ecf ra tham \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0o l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh bao gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i tham lam, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb, qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00f4 tham ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 xem tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 sung m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

102.- M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 tham.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 tham, khi tu t\u1eadp theo B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng,<\/em> d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sanh k\u1ebf. Anh ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c. Anh c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng hay trai t\u0103ng, anh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i l\u00fac tham gia. Thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, trong kinh s\u00e1ch Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 muttacagi, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 ngai v\u00e0ng, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu s\u0129 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u tranh gi\u1eefa r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ng\u1ea3 ngh\u1ecbch chi\u1ec1u, hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam v\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisatta<\/em>) th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>), t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi c\u00e2u t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n: “T\u00f4i c\u00f3 tham lam ch\u0103ng, hay \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra v\u00f4 tham?” N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh l\u00f2ng tham v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5y, th\u00ec n\u00ean mau c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 tham, th\u00ec n\u00ean tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0m th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 vun b\u1ed3i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>) n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 tham v\u00e0 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) V\u00f4 s\u00e2n (Adosa).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

103.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n (Adosa)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f4 s\u00e2n (Adosa) <\/em>l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn, ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ea1o \u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e3 man. Con r\u1eafn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi con c\u1eafc k\u00e8 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>d\u1eef d\u1eb1n, hung t\u1ee3n b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>gi\u1eef t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh l\u1eafng y\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat xao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>\u0111ang b\u1eebng b\u1eebng n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, v\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>r\u1ea5t an ho\u00e0, \u00eam \u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd ho\u00e0 nh\u00e3 m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c chi v\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng ng\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng long lanh so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t sau \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111ang b\u1ecb s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/em> (dosa<\/em>) nung n\u1ea5u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi\u1ebfn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3m ai nghe \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.Do \u0111\u1ea5y, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>\u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfng v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>)\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u00e3 v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) . (T\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t ti\u1ebfp sau).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

104.- T\u00e2m v\u00f4 tham v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, <\/em>khi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0m th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u1ee7a vua Brahmadatta \u1edf th\u00e0nh Ba la n\u1ea1i c\u0169 (Baranasi<\/em>). Khi Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu th\u0103ng h\u00e0, vua Brahmadatta phong cho m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng phi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00ean l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Mahapaduma (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00e1nh, khi vua ph\u1ea3i \u0111i d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n. Khi vua cha s\u1eafp h\u1ed3i loan, th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft=ki\u1ebfn v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o tin. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, b\u00e0 ta \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong cung, v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ba l\u1ea7n quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed . Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc khi\u1ebfn b\u00e0 th\u1eb9n th\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u0103m gi\u1eadn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00e1o th\u00f9, b\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u00e1o gian v\u1edbi vua r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebft h\u1ea1nh. Nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ea1i tin l\u1eddi vu c\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng m\u01b0u gian (pariyaya, <\/em>x\u1ea3o ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 maya, <\/em>che \u0111\u1eady, ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1i t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec b\u1ea5t minh, vua li\u1ec1n ra l\u1ecbnh x\u1eed t\u1eed . Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c, cho n\u00ean vua ng\u1ea1i h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00e1i t\u1eed, m\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1ecdn v\u00f5 s\u0129 h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, d\u1eabn th\u00e1i t\u1eed l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao v\u00e0 x\u00f4 xu\u1ed1ng. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb (metta<\/em>) n\u01a1i th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1n th\u1ea7n(=th\u1ea7n n\u00fai) v\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

105.- Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Quy\u1ec3n Kinh Jataka, L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca. <\/em>(Jataka <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 10 thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh,Khuddhaka Nikaya, <\/strong><\/em>trong Tam T\u1ea1ng, Tipitaka). <\/strong>Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, khi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu g\u1eb7p th\u00e1i t\u1eed, b\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00f2ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i th\u00e1i t\u1eed, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c tham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng x\u1ea3y ra. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 che d\u1ea5u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1o gian. S\u1ef1 vu c\u00e1o n\u1ea7y do t\u00e2m s\u1edf maya, ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>v\u00e0 musavada, x\u1ea3o ng\u00f4n <\/em>(= l\u1eddi n\u00f3i gian x\u1ea3o) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhau m\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. V\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 nh\u00e0 vua, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>nung n\u1ea5u t\u1eeb l\u00fac nghe l\u1eddi \u0111i\u00eau ngoa gian c\u00e1o cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi x\u00f4 con m\u00ecnh r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. T\u00e2m t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>), v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m <\/em>(metta<\/em>), khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 d\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn v\u00ec b\u1ecb x\u1eed oan, l\u1ea1i nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh, khoan dung ch\u1eb3ng tr\u00e1ch cha v\u00e0 d\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n, th\u00e1i t\u1eed l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m Cincamanavika, nh\u00e0 vua ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a (Devdatta<\/em>) trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

106.- Nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi th\u00e1i t\u1eed b\u1ecb x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng n\u00fai, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb X\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng (= vua r\u1eafn) \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ngl\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1i t\u1eed tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u1ea9n tu. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi t\u00e2u l\u00ean vua. Vua cha m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi th\u00e1i t\u1eed tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh \u1ea9n d\u1eadt. Ngay khi v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, nh\u00e0 vua li\u1ec1n ra l\u1ecbnh qu\u1eb3ng b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu gian \u00e1c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean n\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) V\u00f4 si (Amoha) v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (Panna).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

107.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 si (amoha) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (panna)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f4 si <\/em>(Amoha<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t nghi\u00e3 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>). T\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 si <\/em>gi\u00fap t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta v\u1eb9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0n u t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m \u0111ang che d\u1eady ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5p m\u1ea5t ch\u01a1n l\u00fd. T\u00e2m s\u1edf si m\u00ea <\/em>(moha<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>) tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

108.- Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 hay B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 (Panna).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 <\/em>(Panna<\/em>), thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(vipaka<\/em>) ti\u1ebfp theo. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t kinh lu\u1eadn trong Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c minh s\u00e1t <\/em>(Vipassana nana<\/em>), s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(magga nana<\/em>), qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(phala nana<\/em>), c\u00f9ng Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Danh t\u1eeb Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 <\/strong><\/em>v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng<\/strong> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o ch\u1eef Panna <\/strong><\/em>trong ti\u1ebfng Ba-li; s\u1edf d\u0129 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n Prajna = Panna <\/em>[<\/strong>phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/strong><\/em>] <\/strong>v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

109.- S\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi khen l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n lanh, b\u1eb7t thi\u1ec7p, kh\u00e9o n\u00f3i …, r\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o trong vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 hay m\u00e0 d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t c\u0169ng gi\u1ecfi, l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 nh\u01a1n gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00e3 c\u0169ng t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u, vancana panna, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n gi\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t g\u1ea1t g\u1eabm ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 tranh chi\u1ebfn, th\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f5 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a vitakka, <\/em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ea7m, <\/em>x\u00e9t cho k\u1ef9 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed n\u0103ng.(Xin \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea7m t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ea7m <\/strong><\/em>v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0m<\/strong>; t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ea7m <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ri\u00eang v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111ang qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu ng\u01a1, ng\u1ed1c ng\u00e1c, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ea5p (h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh<\/strong> <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 IQ, intelligence quotient<\/em><\/strong>). Tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c cao. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u1ed7 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed, tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t n\u1ea7y n\u1edf, chi\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p(Pakatupanissaya Paccaya<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong Quy\u1ec3n Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Patthana, <\/em>l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma (Abhidhamma<\/em>). V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa s\u1eb5n tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, n\u1ebfu theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n (kusala<\/em>) th\u00ec t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd theo t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng \u00edt v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

110.- C\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra hai th\u1ee9: (1) c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed, Jati panna <\/em>v\u00e0 (2) h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed, Pavatti panna. <\/em>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi sanh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 tham (alobha), v\u00f4 s\u00e2n (adosa) <\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si (amoha) <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tihetuka puggulas, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n. (Tihetuka <\/strong><\/em>= ba c\u0103n l\u00e0nh [c\u0103n =<\/strong><\/em> g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5]; puggala <\/strong><\/em>= ch\u00fang sanh, sanh linh). Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi sanh, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t mau ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u xa, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed <\/em>(jati panna<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed <\/em>(pavatti panna<\/em>) l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi, tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed (kati panna<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed (Pavatti panna<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa s\u1eb5n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed, n\u1ebfu t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed, v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

111.- L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa t\u1eeb l\u00fac s\u01a1 sanh ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng sau n\u1ea7y \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c trong \u0111\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>). Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(magga nana<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(phala nana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. <\/em>V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed th\u00ec v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3, ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. V\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch qu\u00ed, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c. H\u00e3y t\u00ecm l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd khai m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ed n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t, gieo m\u1ea7m tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>). Tuy nhi\u00ean, ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean bao gi\u1edd t\u1ecf ra t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u00e2u th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00e3i th\u00eam l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, ta ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 trang nghi\u00eam, gi\u1eef t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng. M\u1ed7i khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>) hay l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m trong l\u00f2ng: “Nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y gi\u00fap t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng th\u00eam tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7!” Khi ta c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, trai t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo, ta n\u00ean r\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed ra nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0o quang tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 soi s\u00e1ng!” N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, ta n\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c t\u0103ng ni c\u00f3 n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00edn ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb minh s\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n vui l\u00f2ng \u0111em chia x\u1ebb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft trong khi c\u00f2n tr\u00f4i l\u0103n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 mong, khi t\u00e1i sanh l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa s\u1eb5n cho tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (Jati panna<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

112.- S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin (saddha) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (panna).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ni\u1ec1m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt khi l\u00e0m h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n cho qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin, <\/em>hay qua c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, <\/em>ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00e3n quan \u0111\u00f3. <\/em>Th\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t trong hai nh\u00e3n quan, ni\u1ec1m tin hay tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, m\u00e0 \u0111i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n. C\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: “Ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>); tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(maya<\/em>, che d\u1ea5u d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7; c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

113.- L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n! D\u1ea7u cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt hay gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 tim l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sanh v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi sau. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>), gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt (sila<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt kh\u00e1c (Paramis, <\/em>c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n). Ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1eabn c\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mong mu\u1ed1n. Trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn c\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb k\u00e9m th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ea1 vi cao t\u1ed9t, d\u1ea7u cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. K\u1ebb l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u thu nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Trong b\u1ea3n kinh Catu dhamma Jataka, <\/em>m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ngay tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 giang s\u01a1n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i s\u1ea5u, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, <\/em>nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00e3 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n kinh Jakata <\/em>l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y ta r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh kh\u00e1c, kinh Mahosadha Jataka, <\/em>x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Mahosadha b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh do ch\u00ednh vua Culani v\u00e0 t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Kevatta ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n qua x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. Nh\u1edd tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i thao l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Ng\u00e0i Mahosadha (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y trong t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, qu\u1ed1c gia Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n (Myanmar<\/em>) c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay b\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m. N\u01b0\u1edbc Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u00f3n m\u1ed3i ngon cho ngo\u1ea1i bang, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u01b0u th\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u01a1n, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, do s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1eabn c\u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thu ho\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n “\u0111ang thiu thiu ng\u00e1y ng\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa l\u1ec5 sanh (= ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 t\u1ebf d\u00f9ng gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang t\u1ebf) n\u1eb1m d\u1ef1a g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y da, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh gi\u1ecf l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n! M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n k\u00e9m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tu\u1ed9t xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111i \u0111\u00fang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.C\u00e1c ph\u00fa gia hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi mong “h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i”(b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi) trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (Jati panna)<\/em> v\u00e0trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8) T\u00e2m t\u1eeb (Metta)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

114.- T\u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa cetasika<\/em>), khi n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m \u00fd nghi\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc mong cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c, thanh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, ta ph\u1ea3i ghi ch\u00fa r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 an vui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

115.- T\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) ph\u00e1t sanh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau nhau, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nh\u01a1n, gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3. T\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 ra s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111ang “y\u00eau” nhau. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb metta <\/em>(t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ta n\u00ean d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh <\/em>(gehasita pema<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta) th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt. (V\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nhau trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t qua d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c “Tham” <\/em>(Lobha<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo <\/em>(bhikkhu<\/em>) b\u1ed5n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a y, n\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa trong t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta bhavana<\/em>). V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00f3i: “H\u00e3y r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u1ebfn nh\u1ee9t.” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, cho n\u00ean ngay \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3, t\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00f2ng \u00f4ng ta tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3, n\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng “ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau”. Trong c\u01a1n h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p, v\u00ec ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb kho\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1eeda v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c u tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh <\/em>(gehasita pema<\/em>) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

116.- T\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u1eefa b\u00f2 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u00f2 con.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n <\/em>(pema<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt; ngay c\u1ea3 trong h\u00e0ng th\u00fa v\u1eadt, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00f2 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00f2 con c\u0169ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n (kusala citta<\/em>) \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi x\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 m\u1eb9 \u0111ang cho con b\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb <\/em>ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt (metta<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh ngay l\u00fac \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0o b\u00f2 m\u1eb9. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>bao la c\u1ee7a b\u00f2 m\u1eb9 \u0111ang r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn cho con th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u1ebfu \u1edbt nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng chi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00f2 m\u1eb9 c\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, <\/em>gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9, con c\u00e1i, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, anh em, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

117.- T\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Samavati.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

X\u01b0a kia \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, n\u01a1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c C\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0m-di (Kosambi<\/em>), Vua Utena c\u00f3 ba v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0: Samavati, Magandi v\u00e0 Vasuladattadevi. Trong khi b\u00e0 Samavati r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng Ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o (Ti ratana, <\/em>ba ng\u00f4i tr\u00e2n b\u1ea3o: Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng), b\u00e0 Magandi, t\u1eeb thu\u1edf c\u00f2n l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. B\u00e0 Magandi th\u01b0\u1eddng soi m\u00f3i t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Samavati, trong khi b\u00e0 n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp an tr\u00fa trong t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta bhavana<\/em>). Vua Utena lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t cung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng phi. Nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1eddn th\u1ee5 c\u1ea7m r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00ean b\u00e0 Samavati \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u00e0 Magandi \u0111em m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa b\u00e0, b\u1ecf v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i ng\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddn th\u1ee5 c\u1ea7m, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e0ng hoa nh\u00e9t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eadn r\u1eafn b\u00f2 ra ngo\u00e0i. R\u1ed3i b\u00e0 ta li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2u v\u1edbi vua, ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Samavati h\u00f4m \u1ea5y v\u00ec \u0111\u00eam v\u1eeba qua b\u00e0 Samavati \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Thu\u1edf \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m x\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng vua ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng b\u00e0 Samavati. B\u00e0 Magandi theo sau, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng cho s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi nh\u00e0 vua bu\u00f4ng m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean gh\u00e9 d\u1ef1a, sau b\u1eefa c\u01a1m chi\u1ec1u, b\u00e0 Magandi l\u00e9n r\u00fat c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh hoa \u0111\u1ec3 cho con r\u1eafn b\u00f2 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i ng\u0103n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc th\u1ee5 c\u1ea7m. Con v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t l\u00e2u tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eadt hung d\u1eef, r\u00edt l\u00ean lanh l\u00e3nh v\u00e0 b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n b\u00ean vua. B\u00e0 Magandi gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3m kinh s\u1ee3, qu\u00e1t m\u1eafng b\u00e0 Samavati v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn th\u1ec3 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch vua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng nghe l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua Utena ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft m\u01b0u gian hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Magandi, li\u1ec1n n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9, r\u00fat t\u00ean, gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cung ra b\u1eafn b\u00e0 Samavati v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn th\u1ec3 n\u1eef. V\u00e0o ngay l\u00fac nguy kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 Samavati b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 n\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean o\u00e1n h\u1eadn nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Magandi, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>ra. B\u00e0 th\u00fac d\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng qu\u00ed, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Magandi v\u00e0 x\u00f3a h\u1ebft cho s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129 th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n, o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn, b\u00e1o c\u1eebu trong t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 n\u1eef, nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Samavati, n\u00ean \u0111ang nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh gieo r\u1eafc t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn vua v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Magandi. Nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn, bu\u00f4ng t\u00ean v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 b\u00e0 Samavati. Do s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, <\/em>m\u0169i t\u00ean l\u1ea1i quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 vua. Vua li\u1ec1n t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9, q\u00f9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t b\u00e0 Samavati v\u00e0 xin b\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u00e0 vua m\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m khinh su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

118.- B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0 Magandi \u0111\u00e3 ganh gh\u00e9t b\u00e0 Samavati v\u00ec b\u00e0 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nhan s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn. B\u00e0 Magandi b\u1ecb hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf: ganh t\u1ecb <\/em>(issa<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) c\u1ea5u x\u00e9. Do \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gian k\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(maya<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. Vua Utena khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y con r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o. Khi m\u0169i t\u00ean quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua c\u01a1n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ea3 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh <\/em>(domanassa<\/em>) (*). C\u00f2n ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Samavati v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 n\u1eef, t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f9 ch\u1ef1c gi\u1ebft h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[(*). Thi\u1ec7n Nh\u1ef1t <\/em>thi\u1ec3n ngh\u0129, l\u00fac m\u0169i t\u00ean quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc (kukkucca cetasika) <\/strong><\/em>m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i,h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (dosa)<\/strong><\/em>.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao, t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean thi \u0111ua v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Samavati. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ecb, \u00e1c t\u00e2m, ta n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh ho\u00e1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ngay \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1o th\u00f9. Khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ta n\u00ean thi h\u00e0nh ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9 m\u00ecnh. H\u00e3y kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00f5 kh\u00ed v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb. T\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>l\u00e0 l\u1eeda; c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e2n <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) \u0111ang ng\u00f9n ng\u1ee5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9) T\u00e2m bi (Karuna).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

119.- S\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m bi <\/em>(Karuna<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap h\u1ecd khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang trong c\u01a1n kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, l\u00f2ng ta kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. N\u1ebfu ta ch\u1eb3ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ea5y x\u1ed1n xang v\u00e0 ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi <\/em>\u0111\u00fang nghi\u00e3. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t an, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung d\u01b0\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh <\/em>(domanassa<\/em>), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ec7n (akusala cetasika<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o l\u1edbn. Tr\u00ean th\u1eadt t\u1ebf, t\u1ecf ra th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, x\u00f3t xa cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au x\u00f3t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n hay b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111ang g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap. T\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y, th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n <\/em>(soka<\/em>), ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi<\/em>. T\u00e2m bi, <\/em>\u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3,l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap; trong khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n <\/em>(soka<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

120.- T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e2m bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, ngay khi v\u1eeba tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong nh\u00e0 hay h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111ang tu t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, <\/em>nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisattas<\/em>), th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, lo ng\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c (apaya<\/em>) do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 \u0111ang lo l\u1eafng cho \u0111\u00e0n con kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9a ng\u1ed7 ngh\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb <\/em>(Metta<\/em>) v\u00e0 Bi <\/em>(Karuna<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 th\u1eadt v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt. <\/em>V\u00e0 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 T\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y, th\u00ec s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ngay trong \u0111\u00eam s\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c. V\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng g\u00ec lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho Ng\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>ra ban r\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng, tha th\u1ee9 cho \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a (Devadatta<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ba l\u1ea7n m\u01b0u s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 cao qu\u00ed, c\u1ea7n noi theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y: “T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t. T\u00f4i l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.”Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u k\u1ebb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi anh ta. Ai ai, d\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t, d\u1ea7u x\u1ea5u, bao gi\u1edd t\u00f4i c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.” V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb trong l\u00f2ng, \u0111em t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>v\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi <\/em>ra ban r\u1ea3i cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10) T\u00e2m h\u1ec9 (Mudita)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

121.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e2m h\u1ec9 (Mudita)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed1i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>), m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf hoan h\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng. \u1ede \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ea1i l\u1eafm k\u1ebb t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ea1 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c hay c\u00f3 b\u1ee5ng ganh t\u1ecb, t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1, tham lam, v.v. m\u1ed7i khi th\u1ea5y ai, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3n l\u1ee3i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao sang, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1edbn. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed7i khi nghe, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt hoan h\u1ec9 chung vui v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn. C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u1ea5y l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “\u2014! H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng c\u0103n l\u00e0nh (kusala kamma<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.” \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tam h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>) ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

122.- Hoan h\u1ec9 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ecf ra qu\u00e1 vui m\u1eebng, qu\u00e1 s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 vui th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, tuy gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ec9. <\/em>C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 piti somanassa, <\/em>s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t th\u1ec7n: \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) v\u00e0 tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>) \u0111i k\u00e8m theo. Nh\u01b0ng ta ch\u1edb n\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 th\u00edch \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u1ec9, <\/em>v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (Piti = Somanassa = <\/em>s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11) T\u00e2m x\u1ea3 (Upekkha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

123.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e2m x\u1ea3 (Upekkha)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Danh t\u1eeb Pali Upekkha <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, hay s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb lay \u0111\u1ed9ng) tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma (Abhidhamma<\/em>), Upekkha <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb Tatramajjhattata cetasika.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Tatra = <\/em>\u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 + majjhattata = <\/em>s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c + cetasika = <\/em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Ch\u1eef t\u00e2m x\u00e3 <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1ee3n trong kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef Upekkha.<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upekkha, t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb,<\/em> v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u1ec9, <\/em>v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, <\/em>v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 gian hi\u1ec3m d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upekkha <\/em>c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0: nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) tu\u1ef3 theo nh\u01a1n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a upekkha <\/em>l\u00e0 kammassaka, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u1ee7a ai, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef upekkha <\/em>c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c con c\u00e1i ng\u1ed7 ngh\u1ecbch hay h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi. \u0110\u00ec\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 huynh hay gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9c l\u01a1 l\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn con em, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng m\u1eb7c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a upekkha, <\/em>nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eb3ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, tr\u00e1nh xa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t. T\u00e2m s\u1edf Upekkha <\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi jahna upekkha <\/em>(jhana = <\/em>thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh), ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0: t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>) v\u00e0 h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

124.- B\u1ed1n T\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Brahmaviharas).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb <\/em>(Metta<\/em>), Bi <\/em>(Karuna<\/em>), H\u1ec9 <\/em>(Mudita<\/em>) v\u00e0 X\u1ea3 <\/em>(Upekkha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u00e2m, <\/em>b\u1ed1n Brahmaviharas, <\/em>b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. [Brahma = <\/em>th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n + vihara =<\/em> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng]. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, “th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. <\/em>S\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u00ec s\u1ee9c nung n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, ganh t\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m th\u1eafm v\u00e0 t\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1edbi trong s\u1ef1 thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng (= m\u00e1t m\u1ebb) c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Brahmaviharas, <\/em>c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u00e2m.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Myanmar (= Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n), c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Brahmaso <\/em>(th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, danh t\u1eeb Brahmaso <\/em>b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Pali l\u00e0 Brahmacariya <\/em>(Brahma = <\/strong><\/em>th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n + cariya <\/strong><\/em>= th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Trong kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng, danh t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m, <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eef V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, bao la, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ban r\u1ea3i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3 <\/strong><\/em>t\u1edbi mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00fa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1 hay quen, th\u00e2n hay th\u00f9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

125.- Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb (Metta).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eef sao cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n trong t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng bao la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A) Ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.- <\/strong><\/em>Khi b\u1ea1n ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n: \u2018C\u1ea7u mong cho anh \u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecb \u1ea5y, v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t lu\u00f4n”, t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean kia. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia. Th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, khi b\u1ea1n ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “b\u1ea1n \u0111ang trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/em> cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.- <\/strong><\/em>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Sabbe satta avera hontu,
Abyapajja hontu,
Anigha hontu,
Sukhi attanam pariharantu.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3m nguy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m linh (domanassa<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.- Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.- Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C) C\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.- <\/strong><\/em>Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o th\u1eadt ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n cho ng\u01b0\u00f2i n\u00e0o hay ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc an l\u1ea1c, ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quen mi\u1ec7ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng“avera hontu” <\/em>v.v. v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat ch\u00fa \u00fd, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng trao chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>nh\u01b0 \u00fd b\u1ea1n mong mu\u1ed1n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh sanh s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali, \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng ta th\u1ed1t ra. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean n\u00eau \u0111\u00edch danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 <\/em>nh\u01b0: “Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u cho m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c; nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m, \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha hay th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, b\u1ea1n thay th\u1ebf hai ch\u1eef “m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i” b\u1eb1ng ba ch\u1eef “m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ee5ng r\u1eb1ng: \u2018Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3m nguy v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh y\u00ean.”, “Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u cha t\u00f4i,… th\u1ea7y t\u00f4i,…”. \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh mong m\u1ecfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

126.- L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m bi (Karuna).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m bi <\/em>(Karuna cetasika<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n nay. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, khi ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m bi, <\/em>ta \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfng Pali Dukkha muccantu, k\u1ec7 Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111ang \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng.”L\u00f2ng bi t\u00e2m <\/em>ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong s\u00e2u xa mu\u1ed1n cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u mong “Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u cho c\u1ee5 \u1ea5y s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edf h\u01a1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng!”, \u0111\u1ec3 mau ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee5 \u0111ang b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, d\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi <\/em>ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t byapada duccarita <\/em>(th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh do \u00e1c t\u00e2m) (xin t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef byapada duccarita <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh<\/strong><\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m bi <\/em>ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m v\u01a1i b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 cho k\u1ebb \u1ea5y. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 Dukkha muccantu, Tho\u00e1t Kh\u1ed5, <\/em>ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m bi <\/em>ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

127.- L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 (Mudita).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch v\u1ecb tha, khi th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh \u01b0\u1edbc ao k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e3i s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng, v.v. \u0110\u1ec3 trao chuy\u1ec3n, ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m h\u1ec9, <\/em>ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfng Pali:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Yathaladdhasampattito ma vigacchantu”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i hay hanh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ban r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ecdc c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng, tr\u00ean ch\u00f3t l\u01b0\u1ee1i, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

128.- L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 (Upekkha)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Upekkha, <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, nh\u00ecn mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb.(Upekkha <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u00e2m x\u1ea3<\/strong>, <\/em>c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1eafm). <\/strong>Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y, ta suy ngh\u0129: “<\/strong>M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1eady; \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh hay \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u d\u1eef x\u00e3y ra cho h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng: “M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i trao chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn, mong cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng anh ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng khi n\u00e0o anh ta c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. <\/em>M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ta, nh\u01b0ng anh ta ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf n\u1ebfu anh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em> M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i hoan h\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u00f3c c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a anh v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n anh ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 d\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng anh ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu anh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. <\/em>B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 anh, anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang anh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a anh r\u1ed3i.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

129.- Ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n Brahmaviharas <\/em>hay t\u1ee9 v\u00f4 lu\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m <\/em>l\u00e0b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>ch\u00ed\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. T\u00e2m bi <\/em>chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5. T\u00e2m h\u1ec9 <\/em>l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m h\u00e2n hoan v\u1ecb tha. T\u00e2m x\u1ea3 <\/em>nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh \u0111ang mang l\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Brahmaviharas) <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh hay \u0111\u1ebfn cho ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea7n n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0, khi ta mu\u1ed1n ban r\u1ea3i c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfng Pali “Avera hontu… pariharantu…” <\/em>hay b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m bi, t\u00e2m h\u1ec9, t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, <\/em>c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ecdc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

t\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng su\u00f4ng c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 Pali m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u nghi\u00e3, hay v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3ng, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9n, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o. Th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 l\u1ec7, th\u1ea3o th\u1ea3o cho xong, r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n n\u00ean n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1eadu t\u1ea5n noi theo.(12), (13), (14).- Ba T\u00e2m s\u1edf Ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (Virati cetasika): Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef (Sammamavaca); Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p (Sammakammanta); Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng (Samma ajiva).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf Virati cetasikas,<\/em> (virati<\/strong> = <\/em>s\u1ef1 ki\u00eang c\u1eed, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, ng\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m + cetasika <\/strong>= <\/em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf), xint\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>(ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf = <\/strong><\/em>gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9, ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m), th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/strong><\/em>(duccaritas)<\/em> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c trong h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m. Nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 hai, duccaritas <\/em>\u0111\u00f3.130.- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/em>li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/em>li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u sanh;
– nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a, \u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1edbn gi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 s\u0103n b\u1eafn, ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/em>c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u sanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sanh s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, o\u00e1n th\u00f9 m\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sanh k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc To\u00e0, h\u00f4 h\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean, ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, ma q\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, v.v…. \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i <\/em>c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u sanh. C\u00f2n n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, n\u00f3i th\u00f4 c\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u vu kh\u1ed1ng, v.v. m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i vaci duccarita <\/em>(vaci = <\/em>l\u1eddi n\u00f3i), t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/em>, ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sanh k\u1ebf.131.- C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (Viratis).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf th\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, kaya duccaritas <\/em>(kaya<\/strong> = <\/em>th\u00e2n; duccarita = <\/strong><\/em>\u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i), v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf mi\u1ec7ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i,vaci duccaritas <\/em>(vaci =<\/strong><\/em> l\u1eddi n\u00f3i), l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>(viratis<\/em>). N\u1ebfu ta ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecdng ng\u1eef, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ta c\u00f3 th\u1eeba c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, t\u00f9y theo c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sanh k\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sammavaca virati;<\/em> b\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samma ajiva virati, <\/em>(ajiva<\/strong> <\/em>= m\u01b0u sanh, sanh k\u1ebf, l\u1ed1i sanh s\u1ed1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sanh k\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sammakammanta virati <\/em>(samma kammanta<\/strong> = ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>). C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sanh k\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samma ajiva virati <\/em>(samma ajiva = <\/strong>ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng<\/em>).132.- C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m Ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (Virati)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>k\u1ec3 trong ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c v\u1eeba qua l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(kusala<\/em>) (Ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p <\/strong><\/em>trong ch\u1eef thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1, v\u1eadt<\/em>, h\u00e0nh vi, <\/em>ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tu<\/strong><\/em>). C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, virati cetasikas. <\/em>Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sammama vaca, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef;<\/em> nh\u01b0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng trai t\u0103ng, k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 T\u00e2m B\u1ea3o, nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, v.v., \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sammakammanta, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p;<\/em> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samma ajiva, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng.<\/em> Trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf<\/em> (virati cetasika<\/em>), <\/em>m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(kusala cetanas; kusala <\/strong><\/em>thi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0nh; cetana = <\/strong><\/em>\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

133.- Ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (virati).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, (1) samadana virati, <\/em>(2) sampatta virati, <\/em>(3) samuccheda virati.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t: samadana virati. <\/strong><\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, do v\u00ec bi\u1ebft tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef theo gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/em> (sila<\/em>). N\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ebft v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef theo gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m s\u00e1t sanh; nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nhu th\u1ebf, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 samadana virati.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng phu, th\u1ecd gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m anh ki\u1ebfm con b\u00f2 \u0111i l\u1ea1c, ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, b\u1ed7ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn l\u1edbn qu\u1ea5n ch\u01a1n. Anh r\u00fat dao, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e9m con r\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1c nh\u1edb l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean s\u00e1t sanh, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ebft con r\u1eafn. Nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, con r\u1eafn li\u1ec1n b\u00f2 \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn anh n\u00f4ng phu. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng s\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng phu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 samadana virati <\/em>[samadana = <\/em>tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt; virati = <\/em>s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai: sampatta virati. <\/strong><\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>kh\u1edfi sanh l\u00ean do m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. X\u01b0a kia, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00edch-lan (ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sri Lamka), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Cakana s\u0103n s\u00f3c m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm th\u1ecbt s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t con th\u1ecf m\u1edbi tr\u1ecb l\u00e0nh. Anh li\u1ec1n \u0111i t\u00ecm, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con th\u1ecf nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y con th\u00fa hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, anh c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i, n\u00ean th\u1ea3 n\u00f3 ra. V\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, anh k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n cho m\u1eb9 nghe v\u00e0 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: “K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y con bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, con ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea5y sanh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sanh v\u1eadt, v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i.” Nh\u1edd \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb9 anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecbnh. Trong m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y con th\u00fa hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn anh ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i,; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do anh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sampatta virati . <\/em>[Sampatta =<\/em> dong\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m \u00e1c; virati = <\/em>s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 ba: samuccheda virati . <\/strong><\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf <\/em>c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o t\u00e2m <\/em>(Magga citta<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c trong t\u00e2m (l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c = <\/strong><\/em>c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u g\u00e2y n\u00ean phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o; ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c = <\/strong><\/em>n\u1eb1m im ch\u1edd s\u1eb5n \u0111\u00f3). Khi b\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o t\u00e2m <\/em>(Magga citta<\/em>), s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n d\u00e2y d\u01b0a trong t\u00e2m. [Samuccheda = <\/em>do s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m; virati = <\/em>s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(kusala cetasikas<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(akusala cetasikas<\/em>) l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm xem c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>n\u00e0o, t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch, ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sanh, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00edn t\u00e2m <\/em>gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n <\/em>gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, v.v. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, <\/em>ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean song song nhau, ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t l\u00ean nhau, ho\u1eb7c tuy ri\u00eang r\u1ebb kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng hay x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n l\u00e0m cho ta tr\u00f4i l\u0103n m\u00e3i trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa s\u1eb5n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng minh, t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>), cho d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 si\u00eang n\u0103ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y \u0111i n\u1eefa. T\u00f4i th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m khuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea5n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tu s\u0129 n\u00ean v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c trr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m k\u1ebb ng\u1ee5y thi\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3 nh\u01a1n gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i \u01b0\u1eddc mong sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thanh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3o ng\u00f4n <\/em>(pariyaya<\/em>),s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(maya<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>(satheyya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn m\u00e3i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c ch\u01a1n hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[04]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

134.- C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Phassa = X\u00fac, <\/em>s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c;
2.- Vedana = Th\u1ecd, <\/em>c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi;
3.- Sanna = Tri gi\u00e1c, <\/em>c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c;
4.- Cetana = \u00dd h\u00e0nh, <\/em>\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng;
5.- Ekaggata = \u0110\u1ecbnh, <\/em>t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ee9t
6.- Jivitindriya = M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, <\/em>s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng;
7.- Manasikara = Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, <\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn;
8.- Vitakka = T\u00e1c \u00fd, <\/em>s\u1ef1 m\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi \u00fd;
9.- Vicara = Nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd, <\/em>s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 \u00fd, b\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd;
10.- Adhimokkha = Quy\u1ebft \u00fd, <\/em>s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m hay ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m;
11.- Viriya = N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, <\/em>s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng;
12.- Piti = To\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 \u00fd vui m\u1eebng;
13.- Chanda = \u00dd ch\u00ed, <\/em>s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m, quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) T\u00e2m s\u1edf X\u00fac (Phassa)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

135.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf X\u00fac (Phassa)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>(Phassa cetasika<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp giao gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eef X\u00fac <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 khi tay r\u1edd, th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee5ng, ho\u1eb7c khi hai v\u1eadt va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau; m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u00ean trong h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 “s\u1edd m\u00f3”, \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn, khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau. Trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i nh\u00f4 l\u00ean, d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y, d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y n\u00f3i r\u00f5 th\u00eam. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecbnh, th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 trai \u0111ang \u0103n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 chanh (*), mi\u1ec7ng \u00f4ng ta li\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1t gan, khi th\u1ea5y hai k\u1ebb d\u1eef d\u1eb1n \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, li\u1ec1n run s\u1ee3 l\u00ean. Khi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec nghe \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y t\u00ec\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1eadu trai c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f4 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng trong tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng trai. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ea7y, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 “x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m” \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i chanh, v.v. khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i, s\u1ef1 run s\u01a1, v.v.\u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>(phassa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[(*) Thi\u1ec7n Nh\u1ef1t <\/strong><\/em>ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i me<\/strong><\/em>, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i chanh.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac<\/em> (phassa<\/em>) giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n; do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chung cho c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon, hay trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n d\u1edf. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas<\/em>) kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd <\/em>(vedana<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n (s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00e2y), c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chung cho c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[T\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>(phassa cetasika<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/em> \u0111ang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>(Kiriya cittas<\/em>)(Functional Types of Consciousness), v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111ang b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>(Vipaka cittas<\/em>)(Resultant Types of Consciousness), c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) T\u00e2m s\u1edf Th\u1ecd (Vedana)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

136.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf Th\u1ecd (Vedana) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd, <\/em>hay c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd <\/em>(vedana cetasika<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan (hay cho c\u00e1c c\u0103n<\/em>). S\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t qua n\u01a1i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(Citta<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi d\u01b0\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n, <\/em>(s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0: s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/em>). M\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 trong s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan (hay c\u00e1c c\u0103n<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00eam ra th\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– <\/strong>ittharammana, <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt) \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– anittharammana, <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– itthamajjhattaramma, <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u1eeba v\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan \u01b0a th\u00edch, m\u1ebfn chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hay t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ittharammana, <\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i <\/em>[itta = <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ebfn chu\u1ed9ng + arammana = <\/em>s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.] Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i <\/em>(ittharammana<\/em>) nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, thanh \u00e2m d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t, m\u00f9i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt tr\u01a1n l\u00e1ng, danh th\u01a1m ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda sang tr\u1ecdng, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai \u01b0a th\u00edch, m\u1ebfn chu\u1ed9ng hay t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i anittharammana <\/em>[anittha = <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch + arammana = <\/em>s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.} Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 anittharammana, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, <\/em>nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, \u00e2m thanh ch\u00e1t ch\u00faa, m\u00f9i h\u01a1i n\u1ed3ng n\u1eb7c, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u1ea1t l\u1ebdo, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt x\u00f9 x\u00ec, \u00f4 danh x\u00fa ti\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u,v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i <\/em>hay v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ebfn th\u00edch c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ea gh\u00e9t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 itthamajjhattarammana; <\/em>th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nhan s\u1eafc xo\u00e0ng xo\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

137.- N\u0103m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd <\/em>(vedana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra l\u00e0m n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1).- sukha, s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch <\/em>v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t;
(2).- dukkha, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn <\/em>v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c;
(3).- somanassa, l\u1ea1c th\u00fa <\/em>v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n;
(4).- domanassa, th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 <\/em>v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n;
(5).- upekkha, x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd, <\/em>c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trung ho\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd. <\/em>M\u1ed9t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sukha vedana <\/em>[sukha = <\/em>d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, v\u1eeba \u00fd + vedana = <\/em>c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd.] Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd g\u00e2y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui m\u1eebng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 somanassa vedana <\/em>[somanassa = <\/em>s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng + vedana = <\/em>c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd.] C\u1ea3m th\u1ecd somanassa vedana <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(ruparammana<\/em>), thanh tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(saddarammana<\/em>), v.v.C\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd somanassa vedana <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, hay m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n Kinh Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu ch\u1eb3ng \u01b0a th\u00edch, t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd. <\/em>M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dukkha vedana <\/em>[dukkha = <\/em>\u0111au kh\u1ed5.] Khi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m linh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 domanassa vedana <\/em>[domanassa = <\/em>th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n]. C\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd dukkha vedana <\/em>v\u00e0 domanassa vedana <\/em>th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa cetasika<\/em>) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u01b0u s\u1ea7u <\/em>(sorrow<\/em>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf than kh\u00f3c <\/em>(parideva<\/em>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn <\/em>(upayasa<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fau x\u00e9t n\u01a1i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u1eeba qua. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 khi g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dukkha, <\/em>kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd; khi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m \u1ea5y g\u00e2y ra s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sukha, <\/em>l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd. Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i hay \u00fd c\u0103n, th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00edch th\u00fa th\u00ec g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 somanassa, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kho\u00e1i <\/em>(v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh<\/em>) v\u00e0 khi g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, b\u1ea5t an th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 domanassa, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 <\/em>(v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch th\u00edch v\u1eeba v\u1eeba, Itthamajjhattarammana, <\/em>c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra tr\u00ean t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd, upekkha vedana, <\/em>nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd trung ho\u00e0, v\u00f4 k\u00fd. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y, hay thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn, cho n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1eb3n hoi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd. <\/em>\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0111i, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng, khi ng\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd, upekkha vedana, <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, hay \u0111ang th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, <\/em>n\u00f3i chung, th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c v\u1eeba t\u1ed1t, ho\u1eb7c v\u1eeba x\u1ea5u, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c” hay “T\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p”, ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd <\/em>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, chung chung v\u1eady th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) T\u00e2m s\u1edf Tri gi\u00e1c (Sanna)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

138.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf Tri gi\u00e1c (Sanna)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u hay ghi nh\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f2n \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Khi tr\u1ebb con nghe d\u1ea1y: “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a con; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a con.”, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb “Ba”, \u2018M\u00e1”; khi ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1, t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay, v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay n\u1ea7y, v\u1edbi th\u00e2n m\u00e1y bay n\u1ea7y, v.v. Khi ch\u00fang vi\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 xa l\u1ea1, ch\u00fang ghi ch\u00fa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>c\u00f3 hai l\u1ee3i \u00edch: khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 cha n\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 sau, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 cha n\u00f3 n\u1eefa . Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c<\/em> (sanna<\/em>)kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/em>) . S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh; <\/em>trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 sai. V\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>sai l\u1ea7m cho n\u00ean v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y l\u00e0m con qu\u1ef7.Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(ditthi cetasika<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) nghi\u00eang qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c sai l\u1ea7m, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

139.- T\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tri gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>), nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(ditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>), m\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ed7 s\u00e1i qu\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4i l\u0103n m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec bi\u1ebft g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc ph\u1ea9n (c\u1ee9t); nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i d\u00f2i b\u1ecd l\u1ea1i xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ngon c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, lo\u00e0i k\u00ean k\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tranh nhau c\u1eafn x\u00e9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u00e1c thi th\u1ec3 s\u00ecnh r\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1edfm. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn ph\u00e0m phu m\u1edbi lo \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ee5c t\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafm say; c\u00f2n b\u1ef1c cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 quan t\u00e2m, gh\u00e9 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfc thay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft nghe theo l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. H\u1ecd \u0111ang r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft \u0111ua \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ea1y theo m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfp, trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

140.- \u0110\u1eebng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c (sanna) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (Sati).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(Sati<\/em>) m\u00e0 c\u0169ng do c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>)ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0o n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra trong \u0111i\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(kusala<\/em>). Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/em> gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u n\u1eefa. H\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u, sau bao n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (akusala<\/em>), ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>) ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Xin h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c,<\/em> trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng3 v\u1eeba qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh (Cetana)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

141.- Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh (Cetana cetasika).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(Cetana<\/em>) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) kh\u00e1c khi ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p (= ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, khi ta ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi b\u00ean trong, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ecdng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>(phassa<\/em>) giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng;
– t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd <\/em>(vedana<\/em>) th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c do t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y ra;
– t\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna<\/em>) \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 giao c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(ekaggata<\/em>),
– t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(jivitindriya<\/em>) v\u00e0
– t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u00fa t\u00e2m <\/em>(manasikara<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sau) c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– t\u00e2m s\u1edf ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) v\u00e0
– t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

hay c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>),
– t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c\u00f9ng xen v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nhau b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi khi\u00e1 c\u1ea1nh. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p, c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) (= \u00fd<\/strong> <\/em>t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh<\/strong> <\/em>\u0111\u1ed9ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n so s\u00e1nh: Khi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i l\u1ea1i sau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i <\/em>\u1edf ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi. Trong hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u1ea7y, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/em> (citta<\/em>) gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch; t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) l\u00e3nh vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ed5ng th\u01a1 k\u00fd. Trong m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u01a1 k\u00fd r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2u t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean, sao cho sinh ho\u1ea1t chung c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0. T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u01a1 k\u00fd trong hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, <\/em>hay h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>)ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, s\u1ee9c th\u00fac d\u1ee5c b\u00ean trong ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c <\/em>c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m theo. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c th\u00fac d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean. V\u00e0 khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, th\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhanh nh\u1eb9n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t. Do v\u1eady, t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>l\u00e3nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

142.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Nghi\u1ec7p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2n “h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3” t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. Trong c\u1ea3nh hung \u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp h\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2n kh\u00e1c, \u0111em c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn cho n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n. V\u1eady ch\u00ednh anh n\u1ea7y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m ch\u00e1nh trong v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) h\u1ee3p nhau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), nh\u01b0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>), ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t sanh <\/em>(panatipata<\/em>), th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ee9t, c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft nh\u1ee9t trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n. Ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh<\/em> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c s\u1eb5n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, th\u00ec ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm ngay v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>m\u00e0 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qui tr\u00e1ch cho t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh, <\/em>khi Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Cetanaham bhikkhave kammam vadami.”
<\/em>“N\u1ea7y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>)”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u00ean ghi r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ec3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u0169ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0110\u1ecbnh (Ekaggata)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

143.- T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0110\u1ecbnh (Ekaggata) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ec1 (Samadhi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh <\/em>(Ekaggata<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng xao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ec1 <\/em>(Samadhi<\/em>), c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ee9t. Khi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd v\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i hay d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(ekaggata<\/em>) \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y n\u1ebfn \u0111ang ch\u00e1y trong ch\u1ed7 im gi\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an tr\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i: “\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ec1” <\/em>(Samadhi<\/em>), hay l\u00e0: “Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ec1 <\/em>\u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.” Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u1ea5p Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ec1 <\/em>(Samadhi, \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea5n m\u00e3i, hay b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) T\u00e2m s\u1edf M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n (Jivitindriya).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

144.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n (Jivitindriya)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(cittas<\/em>) v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>) (trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng s\u1eafc <\/em><\/strong>[rupa<\/em>] v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb danh s\u1eafc <\/em><\/strong>[nama rupa<\/em>]\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, v\u1eadt v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.). Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd sinh l\u1ef1c hay s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a danh <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 jivitindriya, <\/em>hay l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 b\u00ean trong, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(cittas<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas<\/em>) s\u1edf d\u0129 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n. <\/em>N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(jivitindriya<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1ct\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t l\u00ean, t\u00f9y theo Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (Kamma<\/em>) d\u1eabn d\u1eaft. N\u01a1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 rupa jivitindriya, s\u1eafc m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n. <\/em>Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m linh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(rupa jivitindriya<\/em>) v\u00e0 danh m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(nama jivitindriya<\/em>). C\u1ea3 hai m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>n\u1ea7y ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ra s\u1ef1 “s\u1ed1ng” <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh.<\/em> Ngo\u00e0i hai m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>n\u1ea7y ra, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec hay m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t” hay “t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3” n\u00e0o h\u1ebft c\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3” <\/em>(atta<\/em>) n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) T\u00e2m s\u1edf Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m (Manasikara).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

145.- S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u00fa t\u00e2m <\/em>(manasikara<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, mang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m th\u00fac. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o t\u1eadn b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m. V\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i b\u00f3ng b\u1ea3y, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u00fa t\u00e2m <\/em>(mansikara<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 mang h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

146.- B\u1ea3y t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3y t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t qua, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>(phassa<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u00fa t\u00e2m <\/em>(mansikara<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha<\/em>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>), v.v., nh\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd <\/em>(vedana cetasika<\/em>) chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00e2m s\u1edf tri gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sanna cetasika<\/em>) chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi ta \u0111ang ghi nh\u1eadn hay nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec. Khi ta l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana cetasika<\/em>) chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. Khi ta t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c g\u00ec, th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(ekaggata, samadhi<\/em>) chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. Ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac <\/em>(phassa<\/em>), m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(jivitindriya<\/em>), ch\u00fa t\u00e2m <\/em>(manasikara<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ea3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8) T\u00e2m s\u1edf T\u00e1c \u00fd (Vitakka).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

147.- C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd (Vitakka).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Vitakka<\/em>) l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 hay ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd: <\/em>(1)D\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Kama vitakka<\/em>), ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c; (2)Hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Byapada vitakka<\/em>), ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, hi\u1ec1m gh\u00e9t; (3) \u00c1c h\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Vihimsa vitakka<\/em>) ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd:<\/em> (1) X\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Nekkhamma vitakka<\/em>, ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb, s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh; (2) T\u1eeb m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Abyapada vitakka<\/em>), ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c; (3)Bi m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Avihimsa vitakka<\/em>), ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap k\u1ebb ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 X\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Kama vitakka & Nekkhamma vitakka)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 nhan s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, \u00e2m thanh g\u1ee3i t\u00ecnh, v.v., hay khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(kama vitakka<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>) \u0111i k\u00e8m theo sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo hay m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129, khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t (Uposatha<\/em>), khi tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v,.v., th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Nekkhamma vitakka<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nanh vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham lam.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 T\u1eeb m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd (Byapada vitakka & Abyapada vitakka)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Byapada <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u00e1c t\u00e2m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c n\u00e0o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 do t\u00e2m s\u1edf hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/em> (Byapada vitakka<\/em>)kh\u1edfi sanh l\u00ean. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00e1c t\u00e2m hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn (dosa<\/em>) l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng ban r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n hay th\u00f9. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eeb m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Abyapada vitakka<\/em>) kh\u1edfi sanh l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1c h\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd (Vihimsa vitakka & Avihimsa vitakka).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Vihimsa <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u00e1c t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 hay g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c Khi \u00e1c t\u00e2m do l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (dosa<\/em>) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn hay tr\u00f9 ho\u1ea1ch vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i hay gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 do t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1c h\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(vihimsa vitakka<\/em>) kh\u1edfi sanh l\u00ean. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eef Avihimsa <\/em>\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u00e3 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, tr\u00e1i h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (dosa<\/em>). Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng do t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(Avihimsa vitakka<\/em>) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1c h\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala<\/em>), c\u00f2n t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n (kusala<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 g\u1eafng c\u00f4ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9) T\u00e2m s\u1edf Nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd (Vicara).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

148.- Nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd (Vicara) l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd <\/em>(Vicara<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(vitakka<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng d\u1eebng l\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m s\u1edf nhi\u1ebfp \u00fd <\/em>(vicara<\/em>) m\u1edb\u00ec n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng do t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng bu\u00f4ng ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 \u0111ang “c\u1ecd x\u00e1t, thoa b\u00f3p” v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10) T\u00e2m s\u1edf Quy\u1ebft \u00fd (Adhimokkha).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

149.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf quy\u1ebft \u00fd (Adhimokkha)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf quy\u1ebft \u00fd <\/em>(Adhimokkha<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m hay ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh hay l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf quy\u1ebft \u00fd. <\/em>Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>) (gi\u1eef g\u00ecn Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi <\/em>ho\u1eb7c tu\u00e2n theo B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, <\/em>v.v.,) m\u00e0 c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft d\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i \u00e1c nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. Tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3o tr\u00e1, g\u1ea1t g\u1eabm c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha cetasika<\/em>) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf quy\u1ebft \u00fd <\/em>(adhimokkha<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11) T\u00e2m s\u1edf N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (Viriya).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

150.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (Viriya)?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Viriya<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng, g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00ec b\u1ec1n t\u00e2m g\u1eafng ch\u00ed ra s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi th\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t; b\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9a s\u1eb5n c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u00ecm nh\u1eb9, tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb n\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u1edbm qu\u00e1, n\u00e0o tr\u1ec3 l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i, n\u00e0o l\u1ea1nh l\u1eafm \u0111i th\u00f4i, n\u00e0o n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3i l\u1ea3, n\u00e0o \u0111ang no t\u1ee9c b\u1ee5ng, v.v., \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i <\/em>(thina<\/em>) v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m <\/em>(middha<\/em>). Hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i <\/em>v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, <\/em>b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala<\/em>) n\u1ea7y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, gian hi\u1ec3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i khi ph\u1ea3i hy sanh t\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. (Trong L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/strong><\/em>) Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Janaka, khi chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm, \u0111\u00e3 can \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u00ean <\/em>(devi, <\/em>tr\u1eddi) c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea5n nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u00e1 m\u1eadp nu\u1ed1t ch\u1ebft h\u1ebft. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Janaka \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, v\u1eeba tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t (Uposatha<\/em>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/em> (viriya<\/em>)r\u1ea5t d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

151.- C\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i do s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c mang \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf.- <\/strong><\/em>C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya)<\/em> \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. N\u0103ng \u0111i b\u1ed9, ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, gi\u1eef v\u1ec7 sanh c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c men \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/em> (viriya<\/em>) t\u1ed1t trong \u0111i\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec1n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 sanh k\u1ebf.- <\/strong><\/em>V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u01b0u sanh, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bi\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c. K\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Myanmar (Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n), h\u1ecd th\u1ee9c th\u1eadt s\u1edbm, qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, \u0103n m\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1m t\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f2n \u0111ang say gi\u1ea5c, g\u1eadt g\u1edd ch\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u1edbi g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u00f2n bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, tr\u00e1ch n\u00e0o h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n. L\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n. <\/strong><\/em>N\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ee9t trong vi\u1ec7c doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0; h\u1ecd gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nu\u1ed1i n\u1ea5ng tr\u1ebb con v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c … \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o! Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/em> (viriya)<\/em> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. N\u1ebfu b\u00ean nam nhi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi b\u00ean n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong \u0111i\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. <\/strong><\/em>Bu\u1ed3n thay, trong \u0111i\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y si\u00eang n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c kinh doanh. Trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3ng h\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 b\u00ean h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m trong gi\u1edbi nam thanh ni\u00ean. Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3 trong ng\u00e0nh khoa b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nam sinh vi\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn theo l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u01a1n \u0111\u00f3. Thi\u1ebfu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u00fat k\u00e9m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4i m\u01b0\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u1ebb vang r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia, ta c\u00f2n nh\u1edb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Vua Tabin-shwe-thi, Bayin-naung v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Min-ye-kyaw-swa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh vinh quang, ngay l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00f4n th\u1edd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y trong tim h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m noi theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>), tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1ea3 quan g\u00ec h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00ec\u1ec1u v\u1ecb ch\u01a1n s\u01b0 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhus<\/em>) l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e3nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i v\u1ecb gi\u1eef c\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho ho\u00e0ng gia. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang khi x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0o trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh; ngay c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng thu h\u00fat th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u0103ng sinh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (Sasana<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb suy \u0111\u1ed3i h\u1ebft n\u0103m n\u1ea7y sang n\u0103m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 s\u00fat k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7n nay m\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n thi\u1ebfu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>(Sabbannuta nana<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ee9t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m. Ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt <\/em>ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi theo sau; v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>). Ng\u00e0i b\u1ea3o: “Vayametheva puriso. Na nibbindeyya pandita.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn. B\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

152.- Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n (Myanmar) t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecf qua l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, \u0111ang th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t cao. Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>). H\u1ecd s\u1edf d\u0129 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta, nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 qua m\u00e0 qu\u00ean t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/em> \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngay th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Viriyavato kim nama kammam na sijjhati.” <\/em>“V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 \u00fd nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>), t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, <\/em>ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 “c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh<\/em>“, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c “c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cao ng\u1ea1o, r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(12) T\u00e2m s\u1edf To\u1ea1i \u00fd (Piti).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

153.- To\u1ea1i \u00fd (Piti) nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 sao?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Piti, <\/em>s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m s\u01b0\u1edbng kho\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u00e3n \u00fd. S\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t th\u00fa vui; s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hay nghe n\u00f3i c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u00ednh khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>). C\u00f2n khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m s\u1edf sukha vedana, <\/em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m th\u00e2n t\u00e2m rung \u0111\u1ed9ng khi g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 hay t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau, khi nghe nh\u1ea1c hay khi theo d\u00f5i bu\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>). Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 mang b\u1ee5ng ch\u1eefa, ph\u1ea3i \u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, trong khi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u1edf ch\u00f9a. B\u00e0 ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f4n nao mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i. B\u00e0 li\u1ebfn ch\u1eafp hai tay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m b\u00e0, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 b\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 bay l\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3i nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng n\u00f3c ch\u00f9a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>) c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi khi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u1eaft l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti) th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c vui h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh \u0111ang d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho. Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>) ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi r\u1ea5t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ed1ng kho\u00e1i <\/em>(somanassa<\/em>) c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) \u0111i k\u00e8m theo. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1edbn h\u1edf h\u1eb3n l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhanh nh\u1eb9n v\u00e0 lanh l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ecd hu\u1edfng ph\u00fac l\u1ea1c tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt To\u00e0n Tr\u00ed khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/em> (kilesas<\/em>): ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean b\u1ed3 \u0111o\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, Ng\u00e0i ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong t\u00e2m s\u1edf to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>), l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft chi\u1ebfc th\u1ea3m c\u1ecf t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n t\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 <\/em>(Satipattthana<\/em>) c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>(piti<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m to\u1ea1i \u00fd <\/em>cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1eb5n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(13) T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00dd ch\u00ed (Chanda).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

154.- T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n (asa) \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd ch\u00ed (chanda).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>). N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), v\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00f2i cho ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ch\u00ed <\/em>(Chanda<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec hay th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n b\u00ean m\u1eb9, n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a th\u1eb3ng hai tay ra. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n \u0111i du l\u1ecbch, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y, nghe, \u0103n, s\u1edd, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v,.v. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>) c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>), tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>), m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129, m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c thi\u00ean <\/em>(deva<\/em>), m\u1ed9t Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean <\/em>(Brahma<\/em>), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, v.v. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>). D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>). V\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1tth\u1eadt m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n), n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0-lai (Tathagata<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb cao th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c. Mu\u1ed1n th\u00fac kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u00ean trong, ta m\u1edbi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00eam l\u00ean. V\u1eady b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>), ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n <\/em>(asa.<\/em>) Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n su\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ao \u01b0\u1edbc hay nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ta m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111i du l\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Mandalay \u0111\u1ebfn Yangon. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n su\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. V\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n. L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (viriya<\/em>). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em> (Nibbana<\/em>), hay ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n <\/em>(Arahant<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 ng\u00f4i \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh cho vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>) v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ch\u00ed d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i gia hay xu\u1ea5t gia, \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 “v\u00f4 t\u00edch s\u1ef1”\u2019 th\u00ec n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c chi lo\u00e0i c\u1ea7m th\u00fa. \u00dd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>) d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebbo cho ta tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>). V\u00ec v\u1eady, ta c\u1ea7n b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ea3 \u00fd mong mu\u1ed1n <\/em>(asa<\/em>) l\u1eabn \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanda<\/em>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Chandavato kim nama kammam na sijjhati”
<\/em>“V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Asa phalavati sukha”<\/em>“\u00dd mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfp theo sau, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u01b0\u1eddi ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t mu\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n l\u1ea1t l\u1ebdo: c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n (kusala cittas<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala cittas<\/em>) n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/em> (viriya<\/em>), \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(chanhda<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ee9t tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(kusala<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (kusala<\/em>) v\u1edbi ch\u01a1n \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(samma chanda<\/em>) v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>) trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd <\/em>(cetana<\/em>), ch\u01a1n \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(samma chanda<\/em>) v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>) thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, t\u00f9y theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. T\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. <\/em>Th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>). Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(kusala cetasika<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00fd ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(kusala chanda<\/em>) trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[05]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 T\u1eadp kh\u00ed
<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

(Carita)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

155.- T\u1eadp kh\u00ed (carita) v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u1ed1n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba qua, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 do ngay trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00e1nh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a mang c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eadt ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi xa v\u1eafng th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tu\u1ef3 th\u00edch, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 theo ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o t\u1eadt n\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1eb5n t\u1ef1 bao \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh khi r\u1eddi xa c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t kim kh\u00ed n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed9i th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 th\u1eed \u0111em m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 tra v\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i con ch\u00f3, r\u1ed3i thoa d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 l\u00ean, lu\u00f4n trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y khi r\u00fat \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ra kh\u1ecfi, \u0111u\u00f4i ch\u00f3 v\u1eabn cong l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a, th\u1eadt ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng u\u1ed1n th\u1eb3ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eadp kh\u00ed (hay n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen <\/strong><\/em>ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n<\/strong><\/em>) \u0111\u00e3, c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, un \u0111\u00fac n\u00ean t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n v\u1eeba m\u1edbi cho con ch\u00f3 \u0103n no n\u00ea, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc gi\u00e0y c\u0169, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1edbi g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m, hay \u00edt ra c\u0169ng ch\u00fai m\u00f5m v\u00e0o ng\u1eedi ng\u1eedi. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u1eabn gi\u1eef th\u00f3i th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hay c\u1eed ch\u1ec9. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap cho v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(carita, vasana<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh cho c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eadp kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp kh\u00ed n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

156.- S\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(caritas<\/em>).<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(carita<\/em>) chi\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp kh\u00ed: (1) tham t\u1eadp khi <\/em>(raga carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb tham lam; (2) s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(dosa carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb hay gi\u1eadn d\u1eef; (3) si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(moha carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb si m\u00ea; (4) t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(saddha carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin; (5) minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(buddhi carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 (6) t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(vitakka carita<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp kh\u00ed x\u1ea5u, c\u00f2n ba t\u1eadp kh\u00ed sau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp kh\u00ed, hay hai, ho\u1eb7c ba t\u1eadp kh\u00ed ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

157.- Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(carita) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sanh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(raga carita<\/em>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(saddha carita<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(dosa carita<\/em>) v\u00e0 minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(buddhi carita<\/em>). C\u00f2n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(moha carita<\/em>), t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(vitakka carita<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

158.- Hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(raga carita<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(saddha carita<\/em>).<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u0103n n\u1eafp, s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb th\u01a1m tho v\u00e0 m\u1ec1m d\u1ecbu. Tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(raga carita<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra qu\u00e1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c; h\u1eafn tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n, d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tham lam. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(saddha<\/em> carita<\/em>) t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ch\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t, ngay th\u1eb3ng, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/strong><\/em> C\u1ea3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <\/em>tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (raga carita)<\/strong>v\u00e0 <\/em>t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (saddha carita) <\/strong>\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9, phong nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <\/em>tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/strong> l\u1ea1i tham lam, hay ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3<\/em> t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/strong> t\u1ecf ra r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

159.- Hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (dosa carita) v\u00e0 minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (buddhi carita).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0 minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4 c\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch m\u00f3n \u0103n chua, m\u1eb7n, m\u00f9i v\u1ecb cay n\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, ng\u0103n n\u1eafp. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu l\u1eafm, khi ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00f4 x\u1ea5u, hay ph\u1ea3i nghe nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1eb7ng l\u1eddi, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, o\u00e1n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0 minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(dosa carita<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn, mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1o th\u00f9, ganh t\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng, cao ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee9ng c\u1ed5. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(buddhi carita<\/em>) \u00edt h\u1eddn ghen, o\u00e1n h\u1eadn hay t\u1ecb hi\u1ec1m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 nghe theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean nh\u0169 t\u1ed1t. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u lu\u1eadt nh\u01a1n qu\u1ea3, bi\u1ebft lo ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, n\u00ean th\u00edch l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/strong> K\u1ebb c\u00f3 <\/em>s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (dosa carita) <\/strong>hay th\u00f4 c\u1ed9c trong d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7u, c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c, \u00edt tu\u00e2n k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, th\u00edch m\u00f3n \u0103n cay n\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 x\u1ea5u hay c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh ch\u1eb3ng \u00eam d\u1ecbu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <\/em>minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (buddhi carita)<\/strong> tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp kh\u00ed s\u00e2n, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00edch l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

160.- Hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (moha carita) v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (vitakka carita).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u00f3 si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(moha carita<\/em>) thu\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, m\u00ea l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 hay l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1eafm khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u00f9 m\u1edd. Anh ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi l\u1ebd qu\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u. Anh ta l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft h\u00f9a theo k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 khen hay ch\u00ea ai. V\u00ec khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>), anh ta c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd tr\u00f4i qua trong s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c, l\u1edd \u0111\u1edd v\u00e0 nghi k\u1ef5. Anh l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb c\u00f3 si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(moha carita<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(vitakka carita<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd. Anh ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eabn th\u1edd v\u00e0 \u00edt khi \u0111\u1ee7 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m xong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n. Anh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadp b\u1ecdn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh gi\u1ed1ng anh. C\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u1ea5p \u00fang c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2, anh l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gi\u1edd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00edch c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/em> <\/strong>K\u1ebb c\u00f3 <\/em>si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (moha carita) <\/strong>th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c, hay b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m. Anh ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c. Anh thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sati) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 (panna).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <\/em>t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (vitakka carita), <\/strong>anh c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec qu\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c. Anh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd qu\u00ed b\u00e1u tr\u00f4i qua m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u1ea3 quan c\u1ea3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

161.- Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp kh\u00ed (carita).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Do t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(carita<\/em>) m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf h\u00ecnh dong, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 qua, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham lam, th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o <\/em>(vipaka<\/em>) s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho anh ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(raga carita<\/em>). N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a anh trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a anh trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(dosa carita<\/em>). N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea <\/em>bao tr\u00f9m nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>c\u1ee7a anh trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y anh v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(moha carita<\/em>). N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, anh s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 minh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(buddhi carita<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi do ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd <\/em>(vitakka<\/em>) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(sadha carita<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(vitakka carita<\/em>). Do \u0111\u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(carita<\/em>) ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n do ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>) h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ec3 mong c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(caritas<\/em>) t\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

162.- Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng (Vasana) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>(vasana<\/em>) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u00eac x\u1ea5u \u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c <\/em>(kilesas<\/em>) (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c) (l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c = l\u1eadu=<\/strong><\/em> r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y + ho\u1eb7c= <\/strong><\/em>m\u00ea l\u1ea7m; l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 tham, s\u00e2n, si,m\u1ea1n, nghi,…<\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0m \u00f4 u\u1ebf tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samma chanda, thi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(\u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n). Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>(vasana<\/em>) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea9m sinh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) (h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p = <\/strong><\/em>h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/em>) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi qua, n\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u00e3 vun b\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 tham lam, <\/em>th\u00ec khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tham lam <\/em>n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu ta ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/em> (raga carita<\/em>) s\u1ebd \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>), s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea <\/em>(moha<\/em>) l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng dai d\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa b\u1ea9m v\u1edbi panna carita, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed, <\/em>trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng vun b\u1ed3i th\u00eam s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, th\u00ec t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>\u1ea5y s\u1ebd theo v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n m\u00e3i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh sau n\u1ea7y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u00ean t\u01b0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n tu ch\u1ee9ng Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u0169ng nh\u1edd n\u01a1i tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>) l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng; c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng (etadagga<\/em>) trong h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>), v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 b\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ee9t tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, <\/em>c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1ef1c nh\u1ee9t cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed x\u1ea5u, c\u00e1c t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, <\/em>(duccarita<\/em>) v\u00e0 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>cao qu\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang c\u00f3 tham t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(raga carita<\/em>) mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tham, <\/em>c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (=d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc. R\u1ed3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tham lam m\u1edbi nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i. V\u1edbi k\u1ebb c\u00f3 s\u00e2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(dosa carita<\/em>), th\u00ec n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1n <\/em>(metta bhavana<\/em>) lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n; t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. <\/em>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a mang si t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(moha carita<\/em>) c\u1ea7n th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi, h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea <\/em>(moha<\/em>). V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1i th\u1edf (Anapana<\/em>) (h\u00edt v\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra). N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc th\u00eam, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng si m\u00ea <\/em>s\u1ebd b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m tin <\/em>(saddha<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna<\/em>), c\u0169ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng trong s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea7n tham lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 T\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>. Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(caritas<\/em>) t\u1ed1t, xuy\u00ean qua ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 vun b\u1ed3i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed t\u1ed1t, ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna carita<\/em>) s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m t\u00f4i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, v\u00e0 t\u00edn t\u00e2m t\u1eadp kh\u00ed <\/em>(saddha carita<\/em>) gi\u00fap t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[06]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

(Punnakiriya vatthu)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 (1) m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1c ph\u00e1p <\/em>hay l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(duccarita<\/em>), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(akusala kammapatha<\/em>), (2) m\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(sucarita<\/em>), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(kusala kammapatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 (3) m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n (punnakiriya vatthu<\/em>). Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p <\/em>v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i, ngay c\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n Ratana Gonyi <\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i n\u1eefa. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 M\u01b0\u1eddi C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

163.- M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (punnakiriya vatthu) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Punna <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u1ea1ch; th\u1eadt ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, <\/em>nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh. Kiriya <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Vatthu <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 mangala, <\/em>ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh), n\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 “C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0nh, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c”<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, Punnakiriya vatthu, <\/em>g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Dana = B\u1ed1 th\u00ed;
<\/em>2.- Sila = Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi;
<\/em>3.- Bhavana = Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng;
<\/em>4.- Apacayana = K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 <\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi;
5.- Veyyavacca = Nhi\u00eau \u00edch, <\/em>gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c;6.- Pattidana = H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng, <\/em>chia x\u1ebbc\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c;
7.- Pattanumodana = T\u00f9y h\u1ec9;
<\/em>8.- Dhammassavana = Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p;
<\/em>9.- Dhammadesana = Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p;
<\/em>10.- Ditthijukamma = Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

(1) B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

164.- Hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(Dana<\/em>) l\u00e0 \u0111em cho, hay d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed:<\/em> (1) \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(cetana dana<\/em>) v\u00e0 (2) hi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(vatthu dana<\/em>). C\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111em hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, y ph\u1ee5c, tu vi\u1ec7n, v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(vatthu dana<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em cung hi\u1ebfn; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(cetana dana<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed,<\/em> th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1eddi sau. L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00e0ng qu\u00ed tr\u1ecdng bao nhi\u00eau, th\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(cetana dana<\/em>) c\u00e0ng cao qu\u00ed b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y \u0111i s\u00e2u th\u00eam v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft: n\u1ebfu trong khi d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>) m\u1ed9t th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 <\/em>(= ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/strong><\/em>) c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng c\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(cetana dana<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi thi gi\u1ea3. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nhau ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t, khi\u1ebfn cho d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u1eddi h\u1eb3n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u00e1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh do c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetanas<\/em>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec1n n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7, trong th\u1ebf ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t l\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c sau n\u1ea7y. (N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t r\u00f5 trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) sau \u0111\u00e2y.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ta l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetanas<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u1ea9y ng\u00f3n tay, th\u00ec ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i t\u1ea7m s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(cetana dana<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 trong khi l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f4i ba ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

165.- L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt cung hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u00dd h\u00e0nh (Cetana) th\u00eam b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 <\/em>(= ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7 v\u1eadt) ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111i theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 <\/em>(=ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt) trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn, c\u0169ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1eafc b\u00e9n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khi n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0i m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u0103ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebb.L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt cao qu\u00ed l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khi ban t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01a1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng gi\u00fap cho \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y, s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o h\u01a1n l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

166.- S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt s\u1ebd tu\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/em> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd hay y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>)m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00f2n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. Trong khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadt l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf <\/em>(pubba cetana<\/em>) (= \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang) s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh hai \u00fd h\u00e0nh, <\/em>m\u1ed9t trong khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u01a1 qua v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 it v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 cao tr\u1ed9i h\u1eb3n h\u01a1n \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, v\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Trong khi \u0111ang b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(munca cetana<\/em>) (= \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c trong khi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang, hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng), s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt th\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh. Sau khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed xong, c\u00e1i h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>) (= \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c sau khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed xong) s\u1ebd gi\u1eef y nguy\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, trong nh\u1eefng khi ta nh\u1edb ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

167.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana) h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng m\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh (cetana) l\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, y ph\u1ee5c hay ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(cetana dana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau; h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n vui l\u1edbn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u01a1 l\u00e0. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00ed gi\u1ea3. Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Vua Dutthagamani Abhaya s\u1eafp b\u0103ng h\u00e0, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m vui khi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang \u0110\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n Mahaceti, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i nh\u1edb r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng c\u01a1m cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n c\u01b0 trong r\u1eebng. Do \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>cao qu\u00ed n\u1ea7y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u su\u1ea5t (Tusita devas<\/em>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb trong l\u00f2ng, ch\u00ednh \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ta, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5ng hi\u1ebfn. \u00dd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(Cetana<\/em>) quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ta d\u00e2ng c\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

168.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gieo h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc;
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb n\u00f4ng phu.
B\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u01b0 gieo h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng,
Tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Kinh Peta Vatthu <\/em>(Peta = <\/strong><\/em>ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i, q\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3i), ti\u1ebfng Pali, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng; k\u1ebb th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng phu; c\u00f2n v\u1eadt \u0111em hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo tr\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hoa qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y.” Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi kinh n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00f9y lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 ta g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng tr\u00fang hay th\u1ea5t. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh thanh li\u00eam ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng, s\u1ef1 thanh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u00e3 do v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sanh k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.- C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng phu g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a hay kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 theo s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o tu\u1ef3 theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng minh, ni\u1ec1m vui khi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.- N\u00f4ng phu ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0y, b\u1eeba, d\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gieo tr\u1ed3ng, m\u1edbi mong c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(pubba c\u00e9tana<\/em>) (= c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed tr\u01b0\u00f3c khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed), m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o s\u1ebd tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf <\/em>n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.- N\u00f4ng phu c\u00f3 si\u00eang l\u00e0m c\u1ecf, t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi s\u1edfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea9y l\u1ed9c. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n, khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, to\u1ea1i \u00fd v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>) (= \u00fd h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi sau khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed xong). C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u00fd h\u00e0nh h\u1eadu t\u1ebf <\/em>n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.- N\u1ebfu v\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f4ng phu l\u1ea1i hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea7m non c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 gieo, anh ta s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng lao kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 t\u1ecf ra h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m vui trong ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(apara <\/em>cetana) c\u1ee7a anh ta qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.- M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c gieo tr\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u00fd mong mu\u1ed1n. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt \u0111ang c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc qu\u00ed b\u00e1u r\u00fat t\u1ec9a trong b\u1ea3n kinh Peta Vatthu <\/em>theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9n vui. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean v\u00ec danh, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00ec, trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed b\u1ecb t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam l\u00e0m v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c. \u00dd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/em> (cetana dana<\/em>) c\u00e0ng thanh t\u1ecbnh ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00e0ng qu\u00ed ch\u1eebng n\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

169.- Th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u1ea3n kinh Peta Vatthu, <\/em>c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f3 ba h\u1ea1ng: \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, \u0111\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m ba c\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0 th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea1ch c\u1ecf th\u00ec m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi cao; n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn v\u00ec c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tham, s\u00e2n, si, th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tr\u00fang m\u00f9a, ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd gia b\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

170.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sanghikadana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Danh t\u1eeb Pali Sanghika dana <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng <\/em>l\u00ean cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0. (T\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn: (1) th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, (2) y ph\u1ee5c, (3) thu\u1ed1c men, (4) ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c) Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean, gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e0 sa, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>), th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tu s\u0129 trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong ch\u1ed7 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t nh\u01a1n vi\u00ean n\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Sanghika dana <\/em>c\u1ea3; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ph\u1ea7n ra h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

171.- L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sanghika dana<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong khi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea5n v\u00e1i: \u2018Sanghassa demi”, <\/em>“T\u00f4i d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0”, n\u1ebfu trong l\u00f2ng b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i ri\u00eang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Sanghika dana, <\/em>c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u00e2ng c\u00fang th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o trong bu\u1ed5i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, hay cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>) khi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

172.- Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n trong khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thanh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>), th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e2ng c\u00fang th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n cho c\u00e1c tu s\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng khi v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb xong, s\u1eafp d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, nh\u01b0 “M\u00f3n n\u1ea7y d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ea7y t\u00f4i”, “M\u00f3n kia \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo t\u00f4i k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn nh\u1ee9t”, v.v. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea5n v\u00e1i:“Sanghika demi, Sanghika demi” <\/em>(“T\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0”) Khi s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sanghika dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

173.- B\u1eefa c\u01a1m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Sanghika dana.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u1ebfn cung th\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi v\u1ecb Tri s\u1ef1, <\/em>c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ch\u00f9a, nh\u01b0 sau: “B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, con mu\u1ed1n c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 con v\u00e0o 6 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y mai. K\u00ednh xin \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c vui l\u00f2ng d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (hay hai ho\u1eb7c ba, t\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn.” (Ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u00eam: “k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eefa”, hay “Xin k\u00ednh th\u1ec9nh lu\u00f4n v\u1ecb tri s\u1ef1”, trong khi ph\u00e1t ra l\u1eddi m\u1eddi.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 trong khi n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ng\u00e0y mai, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong tu vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc th\u1ea7m lu\u00f4n “Sanghika demi” <\/em>trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean t\u1ecf v\u1ebb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng khi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 c\u1ea5p c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p trong ch\u00f9a hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sa-di (= ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0o t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 tu, ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf trong l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng, bu\u1ed5i c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i cho ri\u00eang v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh t\u00edn ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 v\u1ebb h\u00e2n hoan qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u0169 trong l\u00f2ng, bu\u1ed5i c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u01a1n vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, th\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng c\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn tay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Sanghika dana, <\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

174.- Thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

X\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh g\u00ec, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn b\u1eeda c\u01a1m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ch\u1ee7. V\u1eeba tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean cho v\u1ecb t\u0103ng. L\u1ea1i xem nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eady, r\u1eeda ch\u01a1n cho v\u1ecb t\u0103ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, m\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i l\u00ean tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf cao c\u00f3 l\u1ecdng che. V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fac \u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Sanghika dana <\/em>cao qu\u00ed, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y k\u1ec3 n\u1ed1t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i v\u1eeba n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba cung k\u00ednh, v\u1ecb t\u0103ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u00ecnh g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ebfn chu\u1ed9ng m\u00ecnh l\u1eafm. Chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m \u1ea5y, v\u1ecb t\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 h\u1ecfi m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e2y cu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i trong ch\u00f9a. Chuy\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, l\u1ea5y ch\u01a1n h\u1ea5t c\u00e2y cu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i x\u1eb5ng gi\u1ecdng: “\u0110\u00f3! L\u1ea5y \u0111i!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e1ng di\u1ec1ng m\u1edbi h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, ban s\u1edbm s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a anh l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, ch\u1edb n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 cho ri\u00eang v\u1ecb t\u0103ng kia; c\u00f2n chi\u1ec1u nay, v\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n ri\u00eang r\u1ebb, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a y, c\u1ea7n g\u00ec m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0, trong khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n \u00fd n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem vi\u1ec7c ta b\u1ed1 th\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (Sanghika dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

175.- Ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo, hai hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t puggalika dana, <\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n. <\/em>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n d\u00e2ng c\u00fang cho c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhus<\/em>) \u0111i n\u1eefa, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n <\/em>(puggalika dana<\/em>) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Buddha<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt (Paccekabuddhas<\/em>) ra, s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 <\/em>(Sanghika dana<\/em>) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00f9 th\u1eafng nh\u1ee9t (th\u00f9 th\u1eafng = <\/strong><\/em>hay nh\u1ee9t, h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3) trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. Khi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sanghika dana<\/em>), c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahants<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 chung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n <\/em>(Puggalika dana<\/em>), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 m\u1edbi d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ee9t; c\u00f2n trong s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 <\/em>(Sanghika dana<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00f9 th\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n <\/em>(Puggalika dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

176.- C\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5m ph\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean b\u1ed5n th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i noi theo kinh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 b\u00e0y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt l\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed3i ta li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) ch\u00ed t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd trong ch\u00f9a, hay cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 trong ch\u00f9a, gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang theo ph\u00e9p B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Uposatha sila<\/em>) (gi\u1eef t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m, B\u00e1t gi\u1edbi) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 khi s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ng\u1ecd (= m\u01b0\u1eddi hai gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c trai \u0111\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng y, <\/em>th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ch\u00f9a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 y d\u00e2ng c\u00fang \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u0103ng, hoa, qu\u1ea3, d\u00e2ng c\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho v\u00e9n kh\u00e9o, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eeba b\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i cho th\u1eadt tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 trang nh\u00e3. Ch\u1ec9 khi theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, ta m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, ta m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 trang nh\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

177.- Khi \u1edf xa, l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt l\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt th\u1edd trong nh\u00e0, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n hay tu vi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>), thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(kusala cetana<\/em>), nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m l\u1ebb t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp (kappa = <\/em>\u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 ba tr\u0103m b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m), c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Atthadassi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ng\u00f4i \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed thi tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, bay tr\u00ean h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb xa \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o, r\u1ed3i tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Thera<\/em>) Desapujaka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

178.- Ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00fd h\u00e0nh (cetana) trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau, nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(puba cetana<\/em>): thi\u1ec7n \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng;
2) hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(munca cetana<\/em>): thi\u1ec7n \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed trong khi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng;
3) h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>): thi\u1ec7n \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed sau khi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

179.- Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh (Pubba cetana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, khi \u0111ang mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(pubba cetana<\/em>). \u00dd h\u00e0nh <\/em>n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda cho s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n hay \u00edch k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0: “T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u1ea7y; t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y; t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y,” v.v. Trong khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u00fd nhau hay c\u00e3i v\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau. B\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i. Khi t\u00e2m t\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m vui r\u1ed9n r\u00e3 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n n\u00ean tin ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

180.- Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u00e0nh (Munca cetana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(D\u1ecbch g\u01b0\u1ee3ng danh t\u1eeb Munca cetana <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u00e0nh<\/strong> <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nghi\u00e3, v\u00ec) Ch\u1eef Pali Munca <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n. Munca cetana <\/em>l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac ta \u0111ang t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ra hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng. T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 trao ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i xin hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng”. V\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00e2m s\u1edf munca cetana <\/em>(hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u00e0nh<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, \u00edch k\u1ef7 ch\u1eb3ng cho ch\u00fang xen v\u00e0o, (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i qua \u1edf ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3, \u00fd ngh\u0129 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i sau n\u1ea7y, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111ang kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 thanh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

181.- H\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh (Apara cetana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>th\u1ee9 ba n\u1ea7y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, sau khi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh xong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111ang th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng ngu\u1ed3n vui ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o do vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui th\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, th\u01b0\u1eddng hay nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 mong m\u1ecfi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00eam nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(apara cetana dana<\/em>) \u0111ang \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea9y l\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau, t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c, khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ti\u00eang ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em cho m\u1ea5t, hay khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb s\u01b0 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n d\u00e2ng c\u00fang ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a. C\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129: “C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf”. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u00e0nh h\u1eadu t\u1ebf<\/em> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i \u00fd n\u1eefa (\u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (akusalas<\/em>), nh\u01b0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

182.- M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tu vi\u1ec7n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, v.v., l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3i c\u01a1m, cho qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, hay t\u1eb7ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, v.v., \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu. Trong khi d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c l\u1edbn, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i b\u00ean trong b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 q\u1ee7i qu\u00e1i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong khi tr\u00f9 ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c l\u1edbn, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean t\u00ecm h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nghe th\u00eam l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c. Ch\u1ec9 sau khi c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 khi cho c\u1ea7m th\u00fa \u0103n c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. N\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 <\/em>(Sanghika dana<\/em>) m\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ecf ra quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n \u0111em ra hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng. H\u00e3y th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ri\u00eang qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111em cho \u0111i. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 muttacagi <\/em>(mutta <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb b\u1eadn bi\u1ee5 v\u00ec r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c; c\u00f2n cagi <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh hay hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng; t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch muttacagi = <\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfu th\u00ed <\/em>hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea3o th\u00ed.<\/em>) V\u1eady, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n n\u00ean nh\u1edb m\u00e3i trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ecf ra quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3; \u0111\u1eebng luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng; \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd nguy\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau xa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 h\u00e3y ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>). \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

183.- S\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (Kusala).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n, <\/em>ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>), v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>), v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>). C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean <\/em>(hetus<\/em>) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y \u0103n s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u0103n nguy\u00ean <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi sanh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (cittas<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean <\/em>(g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5) \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(kusala cittas<\/em>) ra th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(dvihetuka kusala cittas<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n s\u1eb5n ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hai(=nh\u1ecb) c\u0103n nguy\u00ean: v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>);<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n <\/em>(tihetuka kusala cittas<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ba (=tam) c\u0103n nguy\u00ean: v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

184.- C\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n (Dvihetuka kusala cittas).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>), t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(dvihetuka citta<\/em>). Trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, <\/em>th\u00ec Ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(Sammaditti<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eadn tr\u00ed <\/em>(Kammassakata nana<\/em>). (Kamma = <\/strong><\/em>nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c; sakata= <\/strong><\/em>chi\u1ebfc xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i; nana= <\/strong><\/em>tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u chi v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, khi h\u1ecd hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec, l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eadn tr\u00ed <\/em>(Kammassakata nana<\/em>) c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m <\/em>(kusala citta<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>). Trong thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai c\u0103n nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m <\/em>thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(dvihetuka kusala citta<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, trai t\u0103ng, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u1eefng h\u1edd, ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. <\/em>T\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(dvihetuka kusala citta<\/em>). Khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7, thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>n\u1ea7y. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(dvihetuka kusala<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

185.- C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m tam c\u0103n (Tihetuka kusala citta).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>), v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m tam c\u0103n <\/em>(tihetuka kusala citta<\/em>). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (= h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eadn tr\u00ed <\/em>(kammassakata nana<\/em>) (v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng nh\u1edb ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb9 cha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tam c\u0103n <\/em>(tihetuka kusala<\/em>). N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u00ed Minh s\u00e1t <\/em>(Vipassana<\/em>) r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc lo\u1ea1i<\/em> (rupa kalapas<\/em>)[rupa= <\/strong><\/em>v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc; kalapa = <\/strong><\/em>nh\u00f3m, lo\u1ea1i]. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng <\/em>(anicca<\/em>), kh\u1ed5 <\/em>(dukkha<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 <\/em>(anatta<\/em>) c\u1ea3,” th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i chi nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m tam c\u0103n <\/em>\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u1eadt cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cha anh n\u00ean g\u1eafng d\u1ea1y cho con em hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

186.- Thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (kusala) cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Pali Ukkattha <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 cao, tr\u00ean, <\/em>c\u00f2n ch\u1eef Omaka <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p, d\u01b0\u1edbi. <\/em>V\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(dvihetuka kusala citta)<\/em> v\u00e0 tam c\u0103n <\/em>(tihetuka kusala citta<\/em>), n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao tr\u00f9m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o l\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf <\/em>(pubba cetana<\/em>) v\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ebf <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>), th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cao <\/em>(ukkattha kusala<\/em>) (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 cao). C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>v\u00e0 tam c\u0103n <\/em>l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb bao tr\u00f9m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5p <\/em>(omaka kusala<\/em>) (v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o: “bao tr\u00f9m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n”, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p chi v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 “bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(kusala<\/em>) hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>(akusala<\/em>)” n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Xin h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho r\u00f5 nghi\u00e3. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1eafp l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u1ee3, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u01b0a k\u1ebb \u1ea5y ra To\u00e0. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 chi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m vui trong l\u00f2ng do \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>). B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/em> s\u00e2n <\/em>(dosa akusala<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana kusala<\/em>) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i: Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m tam c\u0103n cao <\/em>(Tihetuka ukkattha<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf <\/em>(pubba cetana<\/em>) v\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ebf <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>). N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n th\u1ea5p <\/em>(tihetuka omaka kusala<\/em>). N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. <\/em>C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m nh\u1ecb c\u0103n cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p <\/em>(dvihetuka ukkattha, omaka<\/em>) c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai c\u1ea5p cao <\/em>(ukkattha<\/em>)v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p <\/em>(omaka<\/em>) n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ebf. <\/em>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(sila<\/em>), c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai c\u1ea5p cao, th\u1ea5p <\/em>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- M\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec3 <\/em>nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tam c\u0103n (tihetuka kusala).<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.- N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 <\/em>nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o <\/strong>th\u00ec thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecb c\u0103n (dvihetuka kusala).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.- M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 hay sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cao (ukkattha kusala).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.- N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 hay sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5p (omaka kusala).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

187.- C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana).<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n sau \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana):<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ba h\u1ea1ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ea5p <\/em>(Hina dana<\/em>), n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt m\u00e0 anh ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed trung b\u00ecnh <\/em>(Majjhima dana<\/em>) n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed cao <\/em>(Panita dana<\/em>) n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba h\u1ea1ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n mang t\u00ean kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ea5p <\/em>l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 <\/em>(Dasa dana, <\/em>ch\u1eef Dasa <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n l\u1eafm.) Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed trung b\u00ecnh <\/em>c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu <\/em>(Sahaya dana, <\/em>ch\u1eef Sahaya <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00e2n h\u1eefu). V\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cao <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c vua ch\u00faa <\/em>(Sami dana, <\/em>ch\u1eef Sami <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 vua ch\u00faa.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u1ecfng manh, y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, s\u1ef1 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m k\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ea5p (Hina dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i khi s\u1eafp b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed trung b\u00ecnh <\/em>(Majjhima dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00dd ch\u00ed m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cao <\/em>(Panita dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc ng\u1ee3i khen, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 “\u00d4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u1ea7y hay tu vi\u1ec7n kia”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p <\/em>(Hina dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng mong c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ea1ng trung b\u00ecnh <\/em>(Majjhima dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ea1ng cao <\/em>(Panita dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 mong c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u00f2n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng mong c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 sau. S\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u1ecb tha, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac, gi\u00e0u sang \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, tho\u00e1t n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p <\/em>(Hina dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ea1ng trung b\u00ecnh <\/em>(Majjhima dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1ed1 th\u00ed theo h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Dana Parami<\/em>) v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed h\u1ea1ng cao<\/em> (Panita dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1<\/em> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, <\/em>t\u00f9y theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(sila<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

188.- Ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o do s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>) mang \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n th\u00eam chi cho d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i \u0103n cho m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c trong c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi sau: (1) s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, (2) nhan s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, (3) s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng (4) s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, (5) tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. K\u1ebb th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 khi t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, do nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ebd s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ca di\u1ebfp (Kassapa Buddha<\/em>), c\u00f3 hai v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau l\u1eafm M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>(sila<\/em>) r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam c\u1ea9n, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca \u0111\u1ea3n sanh. Trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m l\u00e0m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a vua n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e2u t\u00e1t la (Kosala<\/em>). V\u1ecb b\u1ed1 th\u00ed r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1c sanh l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, c\u00f2n v\u1ecb kia l\u00e0m con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n. Trong khi c\u1eadu ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean trong chi\u1ebfc n\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ecdng che b\u00ean tr\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u1eadu c\u00f4ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m trong chi\u1ebfc n\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>) c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t xa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

189.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng trong Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/em> (Samsara<\/em>), sanh \u0111i sanh l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong v\u00f2ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u01a1i ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ch\u0103m l\u00e0m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n kia. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd khi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>). Th\u1eadt ra, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t thanh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n t\u00e1i sanh. S\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd c\u00e1c xa hoa c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean do b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) mang \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00e0i l\u00e2u trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 ch\u0103m l\u00e0m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) trong m\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Dana Parami<\/em>) m\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn m\u00e3i tr\u00f4i l\u0103n trong d\u00f2ng sanh sanh, t\u1eed t\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 d\u00e1m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i ch\u0103ng? B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Vessantara \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ee9t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 trong hai \u0111\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00ec \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) m\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>(Sabbannuta nana)<\/em> (tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1eafp ch\u1ed1n trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>). C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea7n t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n so s\u00e1nh cho \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ta n\u00ean xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i xo\u00e0i xanh, ch\u1ec9 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

190.- Hai lo\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (Kusalas).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui xa hoa trong c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vattanissita kusala, thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft. <\/em>(Vattana = <\/strong><\/em>v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n; sita= <\/strong><\/em>k\u1ebft bu\u1ed9c; kusala = <\/strong><\/em>thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p). C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vivattanissita kusala, thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft. <\/em>(Vivattanissita = <\/strong><\/em>[vi = <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3, b\u1ea5t + vattanissita = <\/strong><\/em>v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n k\u1ebft bu\u1ed9c.]). Trong hai lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft <\/em>(vattanissita kusala<\/em>), d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) hay tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c sanh t\u1eed trong v\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft <\/em>(vivattanissita kusala<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ta ra kh\u1ecfi Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ta trong quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

191.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana) \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt (Paramis) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp sau, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u sang (nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft <\/em>[vivattanissita kusala<\/em>] trongc\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 qua), m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>(sila<\/em>), v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00fang vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec B\u00e1t quan trai <\/em>(Uposatha sila<\/em>). C\u00f2n c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u sang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1eebng n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, tr\u1ebb con nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. V\u1eady th\u00ec, v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00fac tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/em> khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb h\u1ed7n l\u00e1o, v\u00f4 l\u1ec5, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00edn n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 danh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e2u th\u00e8m quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang m\u1ed7i khi b\u1ecb l\u0103ng m\u1ea1, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 ti m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ta ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 b\u1ecb khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00ean m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u00f4i du\u1ee1ng l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn hay s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau r\u1ee1m. Do \u0111\u1ea5y, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis)<\/em> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c <\/em>(khanti<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi <\/em>(metta & karuna<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp cho ta th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) gi\u00fap ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay th\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>). V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, v\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) l\u00e0m b\u01b0\u1edbc tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u B\u1ed1 th\u00ed Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>kh\u00e1c. Trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp, khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u1ea9n s\u0129 Sumedha, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt. <\/em>Trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m vua Vessantara, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Dana Parami<\/em>) nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

192.- C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi h\u00e0nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed n\u1eefa.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 thi n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn th\u1eddi gi\u1edd trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(Samatha, Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n<\/em>) v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t <\/em>(Vipassana<\/em>). N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lo thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00ed m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y n\u1eefa, v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ea1t cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mi\u00ean m\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) \u1edf Mandalay, th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ch\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, \u0111\u1ebfn tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Maha Gandhayon Sayadaw l\u00e0 v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, khi th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111ang k\u1ebft hoa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00e3o ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00eau l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “Trong khi \u0111ang c\u00f4ng phu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, con n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hoa c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sau c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i Maha Gandhayon Sayadaw c\u0169ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam, v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho m\u00ecnh ngay trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i th\u1eadt c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Tuy Ng\u00e0i Maha Gandhayon Sayadaw d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gi\u1edd cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>). M\u1ed7i khi r\u1eddi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ra chia x\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed n\u1eefa, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gi\u1edd v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ngay trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a theo h\u1eb3n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y, th\u00ec c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean ch\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

193.- Ni\u1ec1m vui khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed mang ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea3 th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00fang b\u1ea5n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111ang kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i vun b\u1ed3i th\u00eam l\u00f2ng tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>), s\u1ef1 chung vui \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Cho n\u00ean, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng r\u1eb1m; d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7u khoan thai b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u mong cho k\u1ebb h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u00e0ng h\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>) n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/em>(Brahmaviharas)<\/em>: t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>), h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>), x\u1ea3 <\/em>(upekkha<\/em>) v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(bhavana<\/em>) n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

194.- K\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 sanh k\u1ebf th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang, b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ch\u00fat \u00edt v\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 qua. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, c\u00f3 n\u00ean t\u1ecf \u00fd m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n v\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u sang trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y ch\u0103ng? Ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng! B\u1edfi v\u1ecb s\u1ef1 sang gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo v\u1edbi h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 chi n\u1eefa khi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft li\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00ean chia t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, ch\u1ed7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0111em ra b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang b\u1ea5n. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>). V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n v\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdc: “Th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1eddi qua l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y; th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi; c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1edb n\u00ean xem c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p “c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o ta bi\u1ebft \u0111em d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, th\u00ec s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”. V\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1edb n\u00ean ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i chi khi \u0111em s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh ra gi\u00fap d\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

195.- K\u1ebb gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, c\u01a1n m\u01b0a, hay c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n tr\u00e1i…<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh gi\u00e0u sang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a, hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n tr\u00e1i. D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng s\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng u\u1ed1ng l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u00e0o; s\u00f4ng \u0111em n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng hay t\u1eafm, gi\u1eb7t. C\u01a1n m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u1ed3, v\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1edbi nhu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 sa m\u1ea1c hoang vu. Ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y kia, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u01a1m b\u00f4ng tr\u1ed7 tr\u00e1i, c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn hoa qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chim ch\u00f3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh gi\u00e0u sang c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111em gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cho c\u1ea3nh an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. Khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng “gi\u00e0u c\u00f3” nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0103m \u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang b\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng hoang v\u1eafng kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t qua, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m: t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3 <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>khi\u1ebfn cho h\u00ecnh dong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, h\u1edbn h\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u sang trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sau. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c do s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f5i Ni\u00eat b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, vui s\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ebft bao khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tu\u00e2n theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, hay m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi, hay theo \u0111\u00fang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng <\/em>(Ajivatthamaka<\/em>), khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>), h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>), khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eafm r\u1eeda v\u00e0 trang ph\u1ee5c s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>) ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Addha imaya patipattiya jaramaranamha parimuccissami”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed,<\/em> t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft” v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m vui r\u1ed9n r\u00e3 trong l\u00f2ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>th\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec3 chi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0nh hay k\u1ebb \u00e1c c\u1ea3!!! L\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>\u0111\u00fang y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u00e3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4i l\u0103n tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>)? Sao l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

196.- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Xin b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eebng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba n\u00f3i qua l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c do b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) mang \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch d\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai v\u00ec ng\u00e3 theo m\u1ed9t t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft q\u1ee7i qu\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>th\u00ec c\u00e1c giao t\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i (<\/em>(metta<\/em>) s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap chi k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng n\u00f3i: \u2018C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u1ebft \u0111i! Ai l\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec?” Nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, <\/em>th\u1eadt ra, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n minh. V\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 phong nh\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o \u00e1c man r\u1ee3 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u00fa qu\u00ed, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f9ng danh v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ngai v\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ef1c Nh\u01b0-lai (Tathagata<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u00e2ng c\u00fang th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00ean cho Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd <\/em>(Sasana<\/em>), c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng C\u1ea5p c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c (Anathapindika<\/em>), b\u00e0 T\u1ef3 x\u00e1 kh\u01b0 (Visakha<\/em>), vua T\u1ea7n b\u00e0 sa la (Bimbisara<\/em>), v.v. N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f2n n\u00f3i chi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>(Omniscience), n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e1t l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt tha thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t: “Nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m \u0111i b\u00e0i b\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u00fac l\u1ea1c do s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>mang \u0111\u1ebfn, hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec m\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ra \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 ta h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>). Xin b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e3i trong l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tinh hoa c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean cung Tr\u1eddi tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u00f3c; c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 g\u00e2y n\u00ean. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft tha mong mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>), h\u00e3y n\u00ean tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(Dana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh (Sila)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

197.- Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi (Sila) v\u00e0 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe n\u00f3i: “Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n B\u1ed1 th\u00ed.” <\/em>C\u00f3 ngu\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u nghi\u00e3 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy lu\u1eadn cho k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, che ch\u1edf v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi cao qu\u00ed. L\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi cao qu\u00ed kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) gi\u00fap k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(Sila<\/em>) che ch\u1edf k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Tri gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Sila<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi <\/em>(= n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m) v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Gi\u1edbi <\/em>(=t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Ajivatthamaka sila <\/em>= c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt (Sila<\/em>) trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng,<\/em>v\u1ec1 sanh k\u1ebf ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh,l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m). V\u1ec1 B\u00e1t Gi\u1edbi <\/em>v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi <\/em>(= m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m), ta s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t sau.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

198.- C\u00f4ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a anh ta. Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho anh ta kh\u00e1 l\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>). C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo <\/em>(bhikkhus<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, theo \u0111\u00fang nghi\u00e3 th\u1eadt t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng (= b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u1ef3-kheo: (1) th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, (2)y ph\u1ee5c, (3) thu\u1ed1c men, (4) ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sanh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea3i xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t sung t\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cung hi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt cho h\u1ecd; th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111em chia l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111ang c\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111em t\u1eb7ng d\u1eef cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/em> trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00ed tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng ai th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/em> mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3, t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

199.- Gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sanh (Panatipata virati) l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(Sila<\/em>) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1n Trong Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi, <\/em>gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn sanh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t. H\u00e3y x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u00fa v\u1eadt b\u1ecb hy sanh, n\u00e0o lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, n\u00e0o gia s\u00fac, n\u00e0o gia c\u1ea7m, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m s\u00e1t sanh. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u tr\u00e0n lan kh\u1eafp ch\u1ed1n. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o Gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m s\u00e1t sanh gieo r\u1eafc tai ho\u1ea1, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t ai m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i sanh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd tu\u00e2n theo gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t, hai, ba hay v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang sanh. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>(Sila<\/em>) b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n cho ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/em>nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>), h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi sanh v\u1eadt. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa an l\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh s\u1ed1ng trong ni\u1ec1m hoan l\u1ea1c m\u00e3i m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

200.- So s\u00e1nh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(sila<\/em>) n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t, ch\u1eafc b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u00e0: tr\u00ec g\u00ec\u1edbi <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. <\/em>H\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh n\u1ed7i vui m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m sung s\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u00e2n hoan c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng d\u1eef. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0103n u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m sao so s\u00e1nh n\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m hoan l\u1ea1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1 kh\u1ecfi \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>th\u00f9 th\u1eafng h\u01a1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

201.- Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp (Adinnadana virati).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ai c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ed1n xang, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, khi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u1eafp hay b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1ef1t. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 bi\u1ebft bao, khi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp, g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng tu\u00e2n theo gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00ec m\u1ea5t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/em> (Adinnadana virati<\/em>) ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eb7c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00ed tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y ra phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

202.- Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh (Kamesu micchacara virati).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e0m phu (puthujjana<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ea5t \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui v\u1ec1 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt (kamaguna<\/em>), nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Ch\u1eb3ng ai l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u0111em ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ea1c th\u00fa nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh ra chia x\u1ebb v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng v\u00f5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ee3. Anh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kham nh\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 dung tha b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o, d\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf m\u1ea5y \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebft h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 anh. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e1nh xa m\u1ecdi t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 g\u00ec\u1edbi c\u1ea5m v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

203.- Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i (Musavadavirati)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecb x\u1ea3o tr\u00e1, b\u1ecb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o hay b\u1ecb n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u1ebb t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tay n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng cao th\u1ee7 trong ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eddi nay, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u ch\u01a1n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ecb ph\u1ec9nh g\u1ea1t v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n. Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec b\u1ecb l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Ngay c\u1ea3 trong h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tay th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n phao truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc tin theo v\u00e0 qu\u00ed tr\u1ecdng h\u1ecd l\u1eafm, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n thay! \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta suy g\u1eabm k\u1ef9.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

204.- Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say (Surapana virati).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebb n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t say, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh u\u1ed1ng ch\u00fat \u00edt r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m tha th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadu r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u1ea1i u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn say s\u01b0a, t\u00fay l\u00fd, c\u00f2n ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i chi m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd g\u00e2y g\u1ed5, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi l\u1ea1i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u01a1n say. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tay \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng anh l\u1ea1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e0n em g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed9i \u00e1c; r\u01b0\u1ee3u, hay c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, th\u00fac d\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng. H\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebft h\u1ea1nh hay tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, v.v. Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c ru\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, g\u00e2y kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 lan r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft l\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y c\u00e1c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t r\u00f5 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi <\/em>(= n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ed\u1edbi c\u1ea5m), ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00eam, c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng <\/em>(samma ajiva<\/em>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sanh k\u1ebf ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi <\/em>tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang taho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(sila<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>). Trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta, ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec n\u0103m gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ghi trong Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi. <\/em>Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ecd tr\u00ec Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi <\/em>v\u00e0 gieo r\u1eafc r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

205.- B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi (Uposatha sila).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(Trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t <\/strong><\/em>[Uposatha<\/strong><\/em>] t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m), Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u (g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u, <\/strong><\/em>n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, <\/strong><\/em>hay n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ecd B\u00e1t<\/strong><\/em>), trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n theo Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(Brahmacariya, <\/em>s\u1ef1 ki\u00eang c\u1eed h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c), vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb3ng \u0103n sau gi\u1edd ng\u1ecd <\/em>(= m\u01b0\u1eddi hai gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a), v.v. l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(sila<\/em>) kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi <\/em>v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t qua. Trong Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi t\u1eed (=ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/em>) ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n theo n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1eb3ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c; c\u00f2n trong B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi <\/em>nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1eef v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t, <\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi t\u1eed gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 khen ng\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e1ng di\u1ec1ng. Vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m trong khi c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd tr\u00ec Th\u00e1nh B\u00e1t gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Ariya Uposatha<\/em>), c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n (Ariya = <\/strong><\/em>b\u1ef1c Th\u00e1nh<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi <\/em>v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t <\/em>(Uposatha<\/em>) c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n tr\u00ec \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong quy\u1ec3n Ratana Gon yi <\/em>(c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3), \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ecd tr\u00ec Th\u00e1nh B\u00e1t gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Ariya Uposatha<\/em>), sau khi l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi, ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean mi\u00ean m\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o: Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng, v\u00e0 x\u00e9t soi v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(sila<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>). Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1eed m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ngay trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>(dosa<\/em>), si m\u00ea <\/em>(moha<\/em>), ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n <\/em>(mana<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. T\u00e2m t\u01b0 h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi <\/em>(Uposatha sila<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh <\/em>(Sila<\/em>) su\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 “b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh” c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(Bhavana<\/em>); \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn theo n\u0103m gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i sanh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Do \u0111\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fat nghi ng\u1edd, B\u00e1t gi\u1edbi <\/em>t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi <\/em>th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng (Bhavana)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

206.- Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng (Bhavana) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/strong><\/em>(Bhavana<\/strong><\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9c <\/em>(manokamma<\/em>), m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh khi\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ta nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh mong mu\u1ed1n cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ban r\u1ea3i t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1n <\/em>(metta bhavana<\/em>). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta v\u00e0 k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m \u1ea5y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m t\u01b0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp trong t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta, ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u01a1 v\u01a1 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap. Kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi qu\u00e1n <\/em>(karuna bhavana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u00e0n, t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>v\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi <\/em>\u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, th\u00ec l\u00f2ng ta l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>) th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt chung vui v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat h\u1eddn ghen, ganh t\u1ecb. Ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui v\u1ecb tha ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n<\/em> (mudita bhavana<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(bhavana<\/em>):<\/em> t\u1eeb , bi , h\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, ngay trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

207.- Ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Buddhanussati Kammatthana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Danh t\u1eeb Pali: Buddhanussati Kammatthana<\/strong> <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. [N\u00f3i cho g\u1ecdn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/strong><\/em>; Buddhanussati Kammatthana = <\/strong>Buddha <\/em>(Ph\u1eadt<\/em>) + sati <\/em>(ni\u1ec7m) + kamma <\/em>(nghi\u1ec7p) + thana <\/em>(tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i)]. Trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, hay ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, <\/em>t\u00e2m t\u01b0 ta ph\u1ea3i qui h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m: (1) s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n; (2) s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3; (3) c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh; ba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd x\u00e9t qua ba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

208.- T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, <\/em>t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n <\/em>t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1eef nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis, <\/em>s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, <\/em>v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed th\u1eadt m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara<\/em>), ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec b\u1ed5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y th\u1eed nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Vua Vessantara, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110a s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01a1n khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7u danh, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m, m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban \u01a1n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9c cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn. H\u1ecd mong c\u1ea7u r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh sang gi\u00e0u trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vua Vessantara, th\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n; ngay l\u00fac c\u00f2n th\u01a1, c\u1eadu ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u00eca ng\u1eefa b\u00e0n tay ra, b\u1ea3o m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0a cho m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfu t\u1eb7ng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. C\u1eadu ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, \u0111\u00fang theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp (vasana<\/em>). Bao nhi\u00eau y ph\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadu \u0111em ra hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Vua, Ng\u00e0i ra l\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cung \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7c c\u01a1m kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd th\u00ed, chi ph\u00ed l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u00e0i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1edd Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n no, m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u00fd v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng khen hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0u sang, quy\u1ec1n qu\u00ed. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lo gi\u00fap k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o. L\u00f2ng Ng\u00e0i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 k\u1ebb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 con b\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Paccaya <\/em>l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111em ra b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed3n \u00e0o trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng vua Vessantara ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 quan t\u00e2m chi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>(Sabbannuta nana<\/em>). C\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, ch\u1ee9ng tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xa ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. V\u1eady, \u0111\u1eafc Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, gi\u00fap t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang cho ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, <\/em>Vua Vessantara c\u00f2n \u0111em c\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 hai con, trai v\u00e0 g\u00e1i, ra b\u1ed1 th\u00ed n\u1eefa. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y x\u00e9t th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y cho r\u00f5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb9p, con ngoan l\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u01a1i c\u00f5i tr\u1ea7n gian hay \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c cung Tr\u1eddi. S\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng v\u1ee3 con, ngay c\u1ea3 vua Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n th\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vua Vessantara t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho t\u00e0ng tr\u00e2n b\u1ea3o qu\u00ed b\u00e1u nh\u1ee9t n\u01a1i qu\u1ea3 tim Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 con, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em ra hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu v\u1eady. T\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 song \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u danh l\u1ee3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec t\u1ea5c d\u1ea1 kh\u1ea9n th\u00e0nh mong m\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng tri Nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd \u0111o m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ecb tha cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 hy sanh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>) v\u00e1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c <\/em>(khanti<\/em>) Ba-la-m\u1eadt. <\/em>C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt ngay trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

209.- T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cao qu\u00ed v\u00e0 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. Trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 trang nghi\u00eam nh\u1ee9t, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng nh\u1ee9t, th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c minh tri\u1ebft th\u00e2m s\u00e2u nh\u1ee9t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ta ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft, m\u1ed5i khi ta th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt <\/em>(Budhanussati kammatthana<\/em>) (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi ta ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/strong>.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

210.- T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1ee9t thi\u00eat ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed <\/em>(Sabbannuta nana<\/em>). Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111em Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) cao qu\u00ed ra gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi Ng\u00e0i s\u1eafp nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Mahaparinibbana<\/em>), Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Handa dani bhikkhave amantayami vo, vayadhamma sankhara, appamadena sampadetha.”
<\/em>“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo! Ta khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 tan ho\u1ea1i, Ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i cho ch\u00fang sanh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00f2ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara vatta<\/em>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, <\/em>v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m th\u1eadt s\u00e2u xa, v\u1ec1 ba \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>n\u01a1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n <\/em>cao qu\u00ed, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 <\/em>cao qu\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c <\/em>cao qu\u00ed cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m s\u00f9ng t\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed7i khi ta nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Buddho me saranam, annam natthi.”
<\/em>“\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00f4i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ea3”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd n\u1ea9y n\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1m b\u00f4ng tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt <\/em>(Buddhanussati bhavana<\/em>), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1eafn t\u00e1t l\u00e0 Bhavana, Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, <\/em>hay Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt.<\/em> Vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1n <\/em>(metta bhavana<\/em>) hay b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1n <\/em>(Buddhanussati bhavana<\/em>), tu\u1ef3 \u00fd th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Mu\u1ed1n t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 mi\u00ean m\u1eadt, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kinh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n Visuddhimagga.(4) K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 (Apacayana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

211.- K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 (Apacayana) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecf ra k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, li\u00eam ch\u00ednh, v.v. K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 v\u1edbi b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9, ch\u00fa b\u00e1c c\u00f4 d\u00ec, nh\u01b0\u1eddng gh\u1ebf, tr\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00ed tr\u1ecdng, c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e0o, ch\u1eafp tay x\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>), gi\u1edf n\u00f3n hay ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng,v.v. \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh l\u1ec5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00fam n\u00fam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf v\u00ec s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t hay v\u00ec n\u1ecbnh b\u1ee3, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 <\/em>(apacayana<\/em>), v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i; ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa t\u00e0ng <\/em>(maya<\/em>), che \u0111\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

212.- V\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy g\u1eabm.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh, c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u0129 l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p. \u1ede Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111ang mang v\u00e1c v\u00e0 q\u00f9i l\u1ea1y b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111i ngang qua. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi \u0111ang m\u1eb7c, qu\u00ec xu\u1ed1ng ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00ean l\u1ec1 b\u00f9n b\u1ea9n hay t\u1ea1i s\u00e2n ga xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ednh ch\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u01b0 s\u00e3i hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m thi h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u00e0i l\u1eddi khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 <\/em>(apacayana<\/em>). Q\u00f9i l\u1ea1y \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 <\/em>ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng ni, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Nhi\u00eau \u00edch (Veyyavacca).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

213.- Nhi\u00eau \u00edch (Veyyavacca) nghi\u00e0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ai hay l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp gi\u00f9m ai m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u00eau \u00edch <\/em>(veyyavacca<\/em>). Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u1edbt lo l\u1eafng trong vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng n\u00ean gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au y\u1ebfu, k\u1ebb t\u00e0n t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3. G\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc, ta n\u00ean mang ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea5y g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean tay cha m\u1eb9 hay c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00e1c \u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nhi\u00eau \u00edch <\/em>(veyyavacca kusala<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n, th\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch mang l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 n\u1eefa.Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u00ean l\u00e0 Payasi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia tin theo t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, sau tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 C\u01b0u-ma-la Ca-di\u1ebfp (Kumara Kassapa<\/em>). \u00d4ng Payasi r\u1ea5t si\u00eang n\u0103ng trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y hay d\u00e2ng c\u01a1m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 Uttara l\u00e0m h\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u Uttara ch\u1ec9 nh\u01a1n danh \u00f4ng Payasi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean c\u00e1c tu s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e0ng ta l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean qua \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi: v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u00e1i sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Catumaharajila<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi th\u1ea5p nh\u1ee9t, c\u00f2n ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Tam th\u1eadp tam thi\u00ean (Tavatinsa<\/em>) cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng (Pattidana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

214.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng (Pattidana) c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (Pattidana<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n chia x\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi v\u1eeba thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. (Pattidana = <\/strong>patti <\/em>[= nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c] + dana <\/em>[= hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng]). K\u1ebb th\u00ed gi\u1ea3, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (dana<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n chia x\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Sau khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ai nghe \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u00f3i, s\u1ebd chia x\u1ebb c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y! Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i!” Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

215.- M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 khi h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01a1 l\u00e0, chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7: “Xin h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3,” m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat thi\u1ec7n \u00fd n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. C\u00e1ch chia x\u1ebb “b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng”n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c <\/em>(pattidana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecd, \u0111i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebft ti\u1ec7c m\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eebng cho con v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi Sa-di (Sa-di<\/strong> = <\/em>tu s\u0129 t\u1eadp s\u1ef1). Ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 chi ph\u00ed b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 mong \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0. \u0110\u1ebfn khi bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 g\u1ea7n xong, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean nh\u1eafc anh ta n\u00ean h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, trong \u0111\u1ea7u anh c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ti\u1ec1n nong, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3, anh li\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9t mi\u00eang n\u00f3i: \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111ang v\u1ee1 n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea5y g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

216.- H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed3i l\u1eeda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc: h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng: c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt tu\u1ef3 theo \u00fd h\u00e0nh<\/em> (cetana<\/em>) khi \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. Khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m xong v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n r\u1ed3i. V\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u1eefa do t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n chia x\u1ebb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ta m\u1ed3i ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1edf ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111ang ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00e1c. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1edf c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y l\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n sau, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2u v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdn c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n l\u00ean g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chia x\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o nh\u01a1n khi tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila kusala<\/em>), qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(bhavana kusala<\/em>) c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c <\/em>(pattidana<\/em>) do n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) Tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (Pattanumodana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

217.- Tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (Pattanumodana) nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y sung s\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c <\/em>(Pattanumodana)<\/em>. Khi nghe ai \u0111ang h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, ta t\u1ecf v\u1ebb vui m\u1eebng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 n\u00f3i ba l\u1ea7n: “Sadhu” <\/em>(= Kh\u00e9o l\u00e0m thay!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui m\u1eebng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n do k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng khen ng\u1ee3i. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng vui th\u00edch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ecb tha, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m n\u1ed7i m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c <\/em>(pattanumodana<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 ta t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f4i ch\u00f3t l\u01b0\u1ee1i: “Kh\u00e9o l\u00e0m thay!” m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u00e2n hoan, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i su\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y vui l\u00f2ng cho l\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m trong b\u1ee5ng h\u1eddn ghen, \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m s\u1edf ganh t\u1ecb <\/em>(issa<\/em>) n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, \u0111em b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

218.- L\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (pattanumodana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ecfi \u00e1c m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n trong ki\u1ebfp t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u00f3. Theo Kinh s\u00e1ch, n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c theo sau s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t ngay sau khi c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i: “Sadhu” <\/em>(= Kh\u00e9o l\u00e0m thay!<\/em>); n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 y ph\u1ee5c, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t l\u1ed9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang ph\u1ee5c t\u1eed t\u1ebf, ngay sau l\u1eddi n\u00f3i “Kh\u00e9o l\u00e0m thay!”. \u0110i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt. X\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo thi\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c (dussila bhikkhu<\/em>) v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt cho y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t r\u00f5 l\u00ean ba l\u1ea7n l\u1eddi n\u00f3i Sadhu, <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 sa v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 <\/em>(peta, <\/em>qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i), ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi q\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3i \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n qu\u00e1t to l\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n: “T\u00ean \u00e1c t\u0103ng n\u1ea7y \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1edbp h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh cho ta!” Th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ty kheo c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong ki\u1ebfp qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t. (Xin xem th\u00eam Ph\u1ea7n B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n Kinh Dakkhina vibangha Sutta, Uparipannasa.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho ta m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc. Khi ch\u00fang ta d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ta ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m s\u1ea7u bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edb. Ch\u1ec9 khi trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 thanh t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ta s\u1ebd d\u00e2ng c\u00fang th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, d\u00f9 l\u1ecdng, gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p, hay tu vi\u1ec7n. (C\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb sa v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9.) Khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng, ta n\u00ean th\u1ec9nh v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c (sila<\/em>), hay t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u00ean cho to\u00e0n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (l\u1ec5 Sanghika dana, <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i qua trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc.) Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00e2ng c\u00fang, ta n\u00ean tri\u1ec7u th\u1ec9nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o chia x\u1ebb. (H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn.) R\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ean h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

219.- Nghi th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ec1 tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, sau tang l\u1ec5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft d\u1eb9p qua n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edb. L\u1eafm khi l\u1ea1i c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t, ngay t\u1ea1i nghi\u00e3 trang, xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3n ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u1eeba qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng, m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia h\u01b0\u1edfng.T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fat s\u1ea7u bi nh\u01b0 l\u00fac c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i nghi\u00e3 trang. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nghi\u00e3 trang m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng tang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. (M\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi trong quy\u1ec3n “The Future of the Sasana”<\/em> [T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/em>]\u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

220.- Ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 n\u1ebfu sa v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 <\/em>(peta<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c chia x\u1ebb cho, khi c\u00f2n quanh qu\u1ea9n trong v\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m th\u00fa, hay l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 n\u01a1i v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 xa x\u00f4i n\u00e0o, th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u1ebbo \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua c\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00ean duy tr\u00ec nghi th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8) Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p (Dhammassavana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

221.- N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p (Dhammassavana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Dhammassavana<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 nghe v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p: (1) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi; (2) hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n; (3) gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nghi ng\u1edd; (4) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn v\u00e0 (5) t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1edd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

222.- C\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ea7m trong khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft th\u00e2u th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn trong khi nghe Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean; v\u00e0i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd nghe c\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a hay c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch; l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 k\u1ebb v\u00ec ng\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u00ea l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nghe \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0. C\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c nghe gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch tr\u00fang\u1ed3i xu\u1ed3ng qua s\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i \u0111\u00f2 cho bi\u1ebft chi\u1ebfc xu\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch tr\u00fa t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb trong xu\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea3y ra r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o gi\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t l\u00e1t, anh kh\u00e1ch tr\u00fa th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbt \u1ed1ng qu\u1ea7n, m\u1edbi ho\u1ea3ng l\u00ean: “Xu\u1ed3ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3 khoang \u0111\u00e2y!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o trong. V\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n len l\u1ecfi “ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecdt” v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

223.- C\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh s\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ta th\u00e2u th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. T\u1ea1i Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ecdc c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 \u0111ang nghe gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>). V\u00ec v\u1eady, bi\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i nghe c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1edbn l\u00ean cho nghe. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch Th\u00ednh ph\u00e1p <\/em>v\u1eady. (T\u00f4i xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n: Jinattha pakasani, Buddhavamsa, Five hundred and Fifty Jakatas, Samvegavatthu dipani <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c do c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c danh t\u0103ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9) Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p (Dhammadesana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

224.- Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p (Dhammadesana) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p th\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Dhammadesana<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111em Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p ra tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho th\u1ea5u nghi\u00e3 l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) r\u1ea5t cao c\u1ea3, h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i:“Sabbadanam Dhammadanam jinati”, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “M\u00f3n qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p qu\u00ed h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u00f3n qu\u00e0.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhammadesana kusala<\/em>), v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng, ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, hay danh ti\u1ebfng ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n r\u1ee1m. V\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m n\u1ea7y, s\u1ef1 tham lam <\/em>(lobha<\/em>) v\u00ec l\u1ee3i, v\u00ec danh, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i kia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 chi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n v\u00e0ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh d\u1ea5m chua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi nh\u1edb: <\/strong>C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i kia \u0111em g\u1ed7 chi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh d\u1ea5m chua, v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 ra \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ecfn con.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

225.- \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 x\u1ee9ng danh ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n ng\u00e0n con b\u00f2 c\u00e1i trong trang tr\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t con m\u1edbi sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa b\u00f2 con ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef3 v\u1ebft. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, ng\u00e0n b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ch\u1eb3ng sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

226.- C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 qua. Khi tuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed5i l\u00ean gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i thanh tao c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean v\u00ec c\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o, u\u1ed1n \u00e9o cho du d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb cho \u0111anh th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m thanh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho d\u1ecbu ng\u1ecdt m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 \u0111ang ca h\u00e1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>). C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i trong gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; (2) th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n theo gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean; (3) gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ecb qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111ang ca h\u00e1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng; (4) gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m v\u00ec b\u1eadn g\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i d\u1ecbu ng\u1ecdt; (5) th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u1ef3-kheo t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu \u0111oan trang \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra. Nhi\u1ec1u tu s\u0129 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec5u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh \u00edt khi ch\u1ecbu c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ea5y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ee1m \u0111\u00f3. L\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n nghe Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u01a1\u00ed c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ed7i mang Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 ra l\u00e0m b\u00e0i h\u00e1t du d\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang nghe. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n cho l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

227.- C\u00e1c l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4i ba ng\u01b0\u00f2i c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0m<\/em> (Dhammadesana<\/em>), <\/em>mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1edd mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e0 c\u00e1p. Khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, gi\u00e0 hay tr\u1ebb, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o khoa, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, hay \u0111\u1ecdc to l\u00ean l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Dhammadesana<\/em>) c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p; ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00eam c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang cho d\u1ea1n d\u0129, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft cho l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10) Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn (Ditthijukamma).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

228.- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn (Ditthijukamma)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn <\/em>(Dittijukamma<\/em>). (Dtthi = <\/em>ni\u1ec1m tin + ujikamma = <\/em>ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c). Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 mu\u00f4n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri ki\u1ebfn (tri ki\u1ebfn = <\/strong><\/em>tri [=bi\u1ebft] + ki\u00e9n [= th\u1ea5y]), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(sammaditthi<\/em>). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu tri ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y sai l\u1ea7m, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(micchaditthi<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xin h\u00e3y suy g\u1eabm s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) H\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n;
2) H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3;
3) Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi do c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n g\u00e2y n\u00ean;
4) C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c Thi\u00ean <\/em>(Deva<\/em>) v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean <\/em>(Brahma<\/em>) (= \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi);
5) Nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao qu\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(jhana<\/em>) v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c <\/em>(abhinna<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n <\/em>(Arahant<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu sau khi \u0111\u00e3 suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn, b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(sammaditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn <\/em>(dittijukamma<\/em>). Ni\u1ec1m ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn<\/em> (dittijukamma<\/em>)\u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kammassakata nana, <\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed; <\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed5n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do h\u00e0nh vi, thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, c\u1ee9 \u0111eo b\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u00e3i nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(kammassakata nana = kamma <\/em>+ saka <\/em>+ ta <\/em>+ nana<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(kamma = <\/em>nghi\u1ec7p; saka =<\/em> s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p; b\u1ed5n nghi\u1ec7p; ta <\/em>= ch\u00fang sanh; nana =<\/em> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, xem \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(micchaditthi<\/em>), \u0111ang c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, <\/em>n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng th\u00fa v\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb t\u00e1i sanh, theo nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00fac sanh. Do \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o n\u1eefa sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111i r\u1ed3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh theo nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c, <\/em>n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 To\u00e0n n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. Trong khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o x\u00e1c th\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 To\u00e0n n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

229.- Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn <\/em>(dittijukamma<\/em>) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(sammaditthi<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ec5 ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn, <\/em>th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) v\u00e1 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/em>; nh\u01b0ngh\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qui y Ph\u1eadt, qui y Ph\u00e1p (= l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u00e2t) v\u00e0 qui y T\u0103ng (= gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt) m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Khi qui y ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4i xin v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 T\u0103ng” ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali, hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 qui y Tam B\u1ea3o r\u1ed3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u00fd nghia c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 Qui y Tam B\u1ea3o (Tisaranagamana<\/em>), nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb con, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt, T\u0103ng. (Xin xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft trong Quy\u1ec3n Ratana Gon yi, <\/em>c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

230.- L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn (Ditthijukamma)?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 ba danh t\u1eeb: Sammaditthi, Kammassakata nana, Ditthijukamma <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u00e3 v\u1edbi nhau. (Ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn = B\u1ed5n nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed = Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ta t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, ta \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn <\/em>(Ditthijukamma<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ta ghi nh\u1edb trong l\u00f2ng, l\u00fac s\u1eafp l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), hay gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>), r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ta \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ni\u1ec1m Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn <\/em>(Ditthijukamma<\/em>). Khi ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo ni\u1ec1m ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn <\/em>th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

231.- B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, <\/em>c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u00f3c b\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng khi ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m, khi ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng vui m\u1eebng khi th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m, b\u1ea3o k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m, c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed1n tru\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o cho ta, trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa. M\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t qua, \u0111em nhh\u01a1n l\u00ean cho b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: (1) t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m; (2) khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m; (3) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch; (4) t\u1ecf \u00fd vui m\u1eebng c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u1ecb chi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i punnakiriya vatthu <\/em>trong kinh s\u00e1ch Pali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Punnakiriya vatthu = punna + kiriya + vatthu<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Punna = <\/em>ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o; kiriya = <\/em>h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; vatthu <\/em>= s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ph\u00e1p)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i th\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/em> (citta<\/em>) t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <\/em>\u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o qu\u00ed b\u00e1u \u0111\u00f3 (punna<\/em>), t\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hoan h\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(bhavana<\/em>), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec khi th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p d\u1eabn th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(balas<\/em>) n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c t\u00f4i: t\u00edn <\/em>(saddha<\/em>, ni\u1ec1m tin), tinh t\u1ea5n <\/em>(viriya, <\/em>n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c), thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(samadhi, <\/em>t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m \u00fd), ni\u1ec7m <\/em>(sati, <\/em>t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 <\/em>(panna, <\/em>tr\u00ed B\u00e1t nh\u00e3), tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[07]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 Nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

232.- Nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>), <\/em>hay H\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. (Kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ba h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p: th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p <\/strong><\/em>v\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng tay ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, hay hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thanh \u00e2m, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, b\u1ea1n th\u1ed1t ra. Ho\u1eb7c ra l\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 “Gi\u1ebft con th\u00fa \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i!” ho\u1eb7c “\u0110em c\u01a1m ra c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho tu s\u0129 \u0111i!” C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p,… \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a chuy\u1ec3n ra l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u1edf mi\u1ec7ng hay b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i tay ch\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c nh\u01b0 “\u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u1ea7y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i \u2018\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m \u00fd. S\u1ef1 x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed1i t\u1eeb \u00e1i, n\u1ed7i c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, ni\u1ec1m chung vui, c\u00f4ng phu qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

233.- Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, trong t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m s\u00e1t sanh, <\/em>b\u00e0n tay c\u1ea7m dao; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y khi\u1ebfn cho con dao \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n th\u1ed1t l\u00ean l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ra kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng. Trong khi b\u1ea1n ng\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m \u00fd, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u1edfi l\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 ba h\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

234.- \u00dd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(Cetana) ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m; \u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (Kamma).<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebb ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ai l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana cetasika<\/em>), m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh. \u00dd h\u00e0nh <\/em>n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ee9t, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ee9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>n\u1ea7y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00fd h\u00e0nh<\/em> n\u1ea7y<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p, <\/em>cho n\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) v\u1eady. (T\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c (cetasikas<\/em>) n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c(citta<\/em>) v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft n\u01a1i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

235.- C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd (citt\u0103<\/em>) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas<\/em>) n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0m ta l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0ng ta ch\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5. V\u00e0i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t cho l\u1eafm, khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ng\u1ee7, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong l\u00fac ng\u1ee7, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang th\u1ee9c h\u1eb3n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta l\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3ng nh\u00ecn, nghe, ng\u1eedi hay r\u1edd m\u00f3, th\u00ec nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, v.v. c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho l\u1eafm; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1eafm l\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta b\u1eadn suy ngh\u0129, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y, chuy\u1ec7n kia, th\u00ec m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, \u00e2m thanh, m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 len v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edd m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh, <\/em>ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 hay b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, x\u1ea3y ra; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1eeba c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt \u0111i, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3. C\u00e1i l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1i s\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 javana, \u00fd l\u1ef1c. <\/em>H\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, trong l\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh, <\/em>thi\u1ebfu \u00fd l\u1ef1c <\/em>hay v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng \u00fd l\u1ef1c, <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ta, nh\u01b0ng ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

236.- \u00dd l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u00fd l\u1ef1c s\u00e2n h\u1eadn <\/em>n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(dosa javana cetana<\/em>)r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kinh kh\u1ee7ng. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a anh ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u00f9 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, khi\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n th\u00e2n b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch, rung l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00fac d\u1ee5c r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00fac \u1ea5y, khi c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ed b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd k\u00edch th\u00edch r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eefng xung l\u1ef1c m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(akusala javana cetana<\/em>); ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi l\u00ean r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u01afu th\u1ebf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ra, khi ta \u0111em c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ecb kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y ra so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

237.- \u00dd l\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01a1i ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 236<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u01a1n thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(kusala cetana<\/em>) c\u0169ng n\u0103ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u00fac d\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, m\u1ed7i khi ta b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/em> (sila<\/em>), th\u1ecd B\u00e1t <\/em>(Uposatha sila<\/em>), s\u0103n s\u00f3c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, tham lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00dd l\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(kusala javana cetana<\/em>) n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn cho n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng theo nh\u1ecbp v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u0103ng h\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

238.- \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(kusala javana cetana)<\/em>, c\u00f2n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1c \u00fd l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>(akusala javana cetana<\/em>), c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/strong><\/em>(Kamma<\/em>). C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00f4n ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, l\u01b0u tr\u00ec dai d\u1eb3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay v\u1ec1 sau. N\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i, k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nhau ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9. Trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1edd m\u1edd, y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, ch\u1eb3ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1ea1nh<\/em> c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o, b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ta. C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0, tr\u1ebb con c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9, sau khi h\u1ecd qua \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3i n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

239.- Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u00ec\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00e3i n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, khi quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u mang s\u1eb3n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1m b\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed7 tr\u00e1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1ecdc m\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i, n\u1edf hoa, k\u1ebft n\u1ee5. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u1ea7y (th\u00e2n <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, <\/em>c\u00f2n t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/em> th\u00ecc\u00f3 th\u1ecd , t\u01b0\u1edfng , h\u00e0nh <\/em>v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/em>), c\u00f3 s\u1eafc <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) v\u00e0 danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>), c\u1ea3 hai t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p(=u\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/em>) n\u1ea7y c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft. Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>), s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p, <\/em>lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i, b\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 l\u01a1i l\u1ecfng, theo th\u00e2n t\u00e2m cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y li\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh sau n\u1eefa. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac nh\u1eadp b\u00e0o thai, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i theo th\u00e2n t\u00e2m m\u00e3i trong ki\u1ebfp t\u00e1i sanh. (\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, xin l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c,<\/em> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qua, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

240.- T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft qua, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh sang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau, h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec s\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, do v\u00f4 minh <\/em>(avijja<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Trong \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111eo theo th\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed7 ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ebd theo che ch\u1edf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng theo h\u00ecnh; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111eo theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e1nh xe c\u00e2y l\u0103n sau ch\u00e2n con b\u00f2 k\u00e9o phi\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd \u0111\u00fang c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf cho c\u1ea3. Ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3; c\u00f2n trong \u0111\u1eddi sau, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n \u0111au kh\u1ed5.” M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u minh b\u1ea1ch r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ai kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o tai h\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

241.- C\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c chung c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong Quy\u1ec3n Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt <\/em>(Jataka Pali<\/em>), c\u00f3 hai nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m chung nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau chung h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 nhau trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp sau. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00f9ng nhau tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, c\u00f9ng nhau tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c khi th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh; khi ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m ra ti\u1ec1n, v\u1ee3 \u0111em ra b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng ngu\u1ed3n vui c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m chung. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nhau h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi sanh trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i m\u00e3i b\u00ean nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe m\u00e3i l\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u00e1i t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(samma chanda<\/em>). L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean nhau m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafn kh\u00edt th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft y\u00eau \u0111\u1eafm nhau gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec do l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(tanha chanda<\/em>). C\u1ea3 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh <\/em>v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>\u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m h\u1ecd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau khi l\u00e0m chung m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n. Khi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd mang l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhau trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau chia x\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ed1i \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh <\/em>v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>(samma chanda <\/em>v\u00e0 tanha chanda<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chung c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ra trong quy\u1ec3n Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. <\/em>Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp, khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u00e0 Da du \u0111\u00e0 la (Yasothara<\/em>) th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhau, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhau trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n cao qu\u00ed. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ca di\u1ebfp (Mahakassapa<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Bhadda; vua Mahakappina v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Anoja, v.v., \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhau trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>). C\u0169ng k\u1ec3 th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Saiputta<\/em>), M\u1ee5c ki\u1ec1n li\u00ean (Moggallana<\/em>), A n\u00e2u l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0 (Anurudha<\/em>), La h\u1ea7u la (Rahula<\/em>); v\u1ec1 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3-kheo ni Khema, Ba x\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 (Uppalavanna, <\/em>d\u00ec ru\u1ed9t v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca). V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Vua T\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1n (Suddhodana<\/em>) c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n, \u1edf c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

242.- C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c trong \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (Akusala kamma).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c. H\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n chung l\u00e0m khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u1edbi \u00e1c b\u00e1o. Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t hoang \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u00f3i qu\u00e1, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0103n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau b\u1eaft chim ch\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o ho\u00e0ng cung, ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Bodhi, con vua Utena, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec trong ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau gi\u1ebft chim \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n, ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t sanh, n\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ebfm hoi, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 con n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1ee3 hay ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd gi\u1ebft chim, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb hi\u1ebfm hoi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sanh con \u0111\u1ebb ch\u00e1u; nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i sanh linh n\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng con. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau chia x\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u00e1o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi sau. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 ng\u0103n, hay v\u1ee3 l\u00e0m m\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3n, th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

243.- H\u01b0\u1edfng chung c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chung h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng nhau, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf, hay ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay chung s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Sri Lanka (= t\u00ean c\u0169 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00edch-lan), d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Bhatika, ai \u0103n th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t v\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sai d\u1ecbch qu\u00e9t r\u1eeda trong ho\u00e0ng cung.Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb sai d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef nhan s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Vua chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Samadevi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong cung l\u00e0m th\u1ec3 n\u1eef ri\u00eang cho vua. Th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3i. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o, nh\u1edd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. (V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh <\/em>c\u1ee7a Samadevi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

244.- \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (Akusaka Kamma).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ca di\u1ebfp (Kassapa<\/em>) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) l\u00e0m du t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a do m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh hay ganh t\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang ng\u00f4i tu vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ganh gh\u00e9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed ch\u00fa th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1m bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng. V\u00ec l\u00f2ng ganh t\u1ecb, v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u00ed ch\u1ee7. S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o th\u1ee9c, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay g\u00f5 nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0o chu\u00f4ng ch\u00f9a, c\u1ed1 \u00fd khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u1eb3ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady. V\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ham ng\u1ee7 n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111ang ngon gi\u1ea5c, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. [Xin h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1 <\/em>(macchariya<\/em>) c\u1ea3 trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn ch\u1ee7 tinh \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec, n\u00ean \u0111em m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1edd mang v\u1ec1 cho v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. V\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec v\u00ec ghen t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ecf h\u1ebft \u1edf d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch t\u0103ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t qu\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y n\u01a1i ch\u00f9a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch t\u0103ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ecdc r\u00f5 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (abhinna<\/em>) bay l\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00f9a, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch t\u0103ng, v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec m\u1edbi t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, \u0103n n\u0103n t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. B\u1ecb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn d\u00e0y v\u00f2, v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 sa v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u1edf \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m q\u1ee7i trong n\u0103m tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u0103m tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp, ph\u1ea3i mang th\u00e2n ch\u00f3, v\u00e0 trong ng\u00e0n ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y, ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 no. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, \u00f4ng th\u00e1c sanh v\u00e0o b\u00e0o thai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi. V\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u d\u1ea7y, n\u00ean c\u1ea3 l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2y m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5. L\u00e0ng \u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n l\u1edbn, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb Vua ph\u1ea1t v\u1ea1 c\u0169ng b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n. Sau c\u00f9ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong l\u00e0ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch suy lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, m\u1edbi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0o thai trong b\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kia \u0111\u00e3 gieo tai ho\u1ea1 cho c\u1ea3 l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u00e0 \u1ea5y ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e0ng. B\u00e0 m\u1eb9 sanh con, nu\u00f4i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u00ec b\u1ecf hoang n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00e1t \u0111i \u0103n m\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 l\u00ean b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i, trong khi \u0111i xin \u0103n, n\u00f3 may g\u1eb7p T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m Sa-di (Samanera<\/em>); v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ee7 tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo (Bhikkhu<\/em>) v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p danh l\u00e0 Losaka Tissa. T\u1ef3-kheo Tissa n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (Samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n Minh s\u00e1t (Vipassana<\/em>), n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi (sila<\/em>) trong ki\u1ebfp c\u00f2n l\u00e0m v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfp x\u01b0a qu\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, cho n\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nay \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n, t\u1ef3-kheo Tissa c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5. Khi \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n v\u1eeba no. Th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111i chung v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ef3-kheo Tissa \u0111i theo, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ho\u00e1 duy\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed7i khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng xong, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 n\u00ean g\u1edfi th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn cho t\u1ef3-kheo Tissa. M\u1ea5y t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai mang th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1, d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i \u0103n h\u1ebft. Khi bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi \u0111em hi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t “b\u1ed1n m\u00f3n ngon ng\u1ecdt” (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: t\u00f4 l\u1ea1c, d\u1ea7u, m\u1eadt ong v\u00e0 m\u1eadt mi\u00e1 n\u1ea5u chung l\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a Vua C\u00e2u t\u00e1t la (Kosala<\/em>) c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef3-kheo Tissa d\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 tay Ng\u00e0i X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y b\u00e1t, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi trao cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. T\u1ef3-kheo Tissa d\u00f9ng xong b\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec nh\u1eadp ngay v\u00e0o B\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Parinibbana<\/em>) t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ca di\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi. Ngay c\u1ea3 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f9ng \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo Losaka Tissa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1c b\u00e1o trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 l\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>), ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu r\u1ee7i ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh ra, \u00edt nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1edbi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u00e0n \u0111en t\u1ed1i tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

245.- \u00c1c b\u00e1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 do h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c che ch\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a anh ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c cha m\u1eb9, con c\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed hay th\u00ed ch\u1ee7, ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu thay cho. (Theo quan ni\u1ec7m chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00f2m sao s\u00e1ng n\u00e0o chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o, th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay t\u00f4i t\u1edb.) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1o nhau: “T\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/em> (kamma<\/em>) (C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t nam, c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: “Cha \u0103n m\u1eb7n, con kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc”<\/em>.) Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y ra \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p cho n\u1ea1n nh\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1c b\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ea7u sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thay m\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

246.- C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed7 ra kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1eafm ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1nh. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1nh c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p to l\u1edbn s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb v\u00f4 h\u1ea1nh, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 che ch\u1edf cho, n\u00ean anh ta ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh h\u1ebft h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Con trai m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi\u1ec1n \u00e1 phi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3 hai r\u1ee7 nhau \u0111i \u0103n tr\u1ed9m g\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fa h\u1ed9 tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con g\u00e0 m\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft qu\u1ea3 tang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u1ec3 nang quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cha n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xin l\u1ed7i n\u00f3; r\u1ed3i quay sang k\u1ebft \u00e1n anh ghi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9t mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o gi\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Ayeyarwaddy, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f9i v\u1ecb. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf, trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t kia ch\u1eb3ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebf\u00fa b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf h\u1ed9t mu\u1ed1i \u1ea5y v\u00e0o ch\u00e9n, n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ch\u00e9n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1eb7n ngay. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9cthi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala<\/em>) th\u00ec m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(akusala kamma<\/em>) c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng it \u1ecfi v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 khi\u1ebfn cho thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau tan \u0111i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng qu\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

247.- C\u01a1 duy\u00ean khi\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o: t\u00fac duy\u00ean (sampatti) v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (vipatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 may m\u1eafn s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>li\u1ec1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o <\/em>t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, c\u01a1 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sampatti<\/strong>, <\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u00fac duy\u00ean. <\/em>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u01a1 duy\u00ean b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 xui x\u1ebbo th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>\u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o <\/em>x\u1ea5u \u00e1c; c\u01a1 duy\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vipatti<\/strong>, <\/em>d\u1ecbch g\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean. <\/em>Xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>), m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p [= c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kamma<\/em>)], v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(javana cittas<\/em>) c\u00f2n ch\u1edd d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 sanh ra c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, v\u00ec c\u00f2n ch\u1edd h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 sau. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1t, l\u00e0nh, t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(sampatti<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 duy\u00ean x\u1ea5u, \u00e1c, khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(vipatti<\/em>) c\u00f9ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>tr\u1ed7 sanh ra qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, <\/em>cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. N\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(sampatti<\/em>), c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn; c\u00f2n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft d\u01b0y\u00ean <\/em>(vipatti<\/em>), c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(akusala kamma<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i \u00e1c b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A) B\u1ed1n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Sampatti):<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.Gati sampatti = <\/em>t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch t\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.Upadhi sampatti = <\/em>c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng trang nghi\u00eam, h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.Kala sampatti = <\/em>sanh ra \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 t\u00fac duy\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.Payoga sampatti = <\/em>c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B) B\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Vipatti):<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.Gati vipatti = <\/em>t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o n\u1ebbo \u00e1c = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch t\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.Upadhi vipatti = <\/em>mang l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng (= h\u00ecnh dung) th\u00f4 x\u1ea5u = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.Kala vipatti = <\/em>sanh ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Payoga vipatti = <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c, = t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

248.- T\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Gati sampatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sanh cao v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi (deva<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp v\u00e0o t\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(gati sampatti<\/em>). Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec5 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3. C\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n; n\u01a1i hai c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, cao h\u01a1n c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sung s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u00eam th\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi an nh\u00e0n, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c n\u01a1i c\u0103n th\u00e2n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh n\u01a1i nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i, s\u00fac sanh v\u00e0 q\u1ee7i th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n nghi. N\u01a1i c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 duy\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

249.- T\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (gati vipatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sanh th\u1ea5p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh d\u1eef nh\u01b0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i, c\u00f5i th\u00fa v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u00f5i q\u1ee7i th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp v\u00e0o t\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(gati vipatti<\/em>). N\u01a1i c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 (peta<\/em>), ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p x\u01b0a kia c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp tr\u1ed7 ra c\u00e1c \u00e1c qu\u1ea3. Trong c\u00f5i s\u00fac sanh, tuy kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n hai c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i, nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i th\u00fa v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 t\u00e1p m\u01b0a sa, n\u01a1m n\u1edbp lo s\u1ee3 th\u1ee3 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 m\u00e3nh th\u00fa s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i, gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (dukkha<\/em>) \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 khi c\u01a1 duy\u00ean b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p mang l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. Bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau s\u00e2u b\u1ecd h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabm \u0111\u1ea1p hay b\u1ecb xe c\u1ed9 c\u1eafn ch\u1ebft. D\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh nh\u1ecf nh\u00edt n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p x\u1ea5u n\u1ea7y (gati vipatti<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 duy\u00ean may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang b\u1edbt kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

250.- Th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Upadhi sampatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh do t\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(gati sampatti<\/em>), nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(upadhi sampatti<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng trang nghi\u00eam, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh dong \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean, <\/em>d\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 hay giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y. M\u1ed9t nhan s\u1eafc m\u1eb7n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m to l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f4 Samadevi, trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1eeba qua, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd ch\u00fat nhan s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u1eef trong ho\u00e0ng cung; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 Simpson \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 tim v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Vua Edward \u0110\u1ec7 B\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh v\u00ec t\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(gati vipatti<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng s\u00fac sanh, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng no \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ecu chu\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c chim ch\u00f3c, c\u00e1 v\u00e0ng, c\u00f9ng ch\u00f3 m\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(upadhi sampatti<\/em>) v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh dong m\u1ef9 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

251.- Th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Upadhi vipatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt x\u1ea5u x\u00ed mang th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu v\u1eeba t\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (gati vipatti<\/em>) v\u1eeba th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (upadhi vipatti<\/em>). M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong ki\u1ebfp qua ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean (gati sampatti<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i mang th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5c m\u1ecbch hay t\u00e0n t\u1eadt (v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>[upadhi vipatti<\/em>]) th\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusaka kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u sang, ph\u00fa qu\u00ed, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u00e1i m\u1ed9. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Pabhavati m\u1ef9 l\u1ec7 ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n hay nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Vua Kusa x\u1ea5u x\u00ed. \u0110\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft xanh c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa ki\u1ec1u di\u1ec5m gh\u00e9 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 vua x\u1ea5u trai Kusa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i dang th\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5u b\u1ebfp, l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, l\u00e0m k\u1ebb d\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m, h\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ef9 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p. Trong m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nhan s\u1eafc, th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia xem nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (upadhi vipatti<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

252.- Th\u1eddi c\u01a1 t\u00fac duy\u00ean (kala sampatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb minh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(kala sampatti<\/em>) D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o anh minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u0103m lo cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, th\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n mang \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1i vui, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u lo l\u1eafng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, an h\u01b0\u1edfng thanh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eddi c\u01a1 t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(kal sampatti<\/em>), m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qua ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn ngay cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 hay \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

253.- Th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (kala vipatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(kala vipatti<\/em>). Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean. <\/em>V\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(akusala kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea7m than v\u00ec n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m. Ngay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>), t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ea7y. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang r\u00ean xi\u1ebft h\u1ebft tai ho\u1ea1 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n kia, k\u1ebb b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c men. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(kala vipatti<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

254.- Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(Payoga sampatti<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c <\/em>(sati<\/em>), n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c <\/em>(viriya<\/em>), v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c <\/em>(nana<\/em>). Tri th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i. H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd (vitakka<\/em>), s<\/em>\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 m\u1eabn c\u00e1n, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 minh tri\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 chung qui \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga sampatti<\/em>). N\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi <\/em>(Deva<\/em>), c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean <\/em>(Brahma<\/em>), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00eau tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ebd th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi. Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00f9y theo c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean m\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng hay gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc mang l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0 tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafc, hay \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7 v\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. Trong ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1t, s\u1ed1 ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga sampatti<\/em>) ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

255.- Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (Payoga sampatti) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (Akusala kamma).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Akusala kamma<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m hai c\u1ea5p: (1)\u00c1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn, m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 (2) \u00c1c nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf, y\u1ebfu. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u1ed5i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t; m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1c b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vua A x\u00e0 th\u1ebf (Ajatasattu<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft vua cha \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i; v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng n\u1ea7y, ph\u1ea3i sa v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n <\/em>(Avici, A t\u1ef3<\/em>) (v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n = <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1eebng; t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ch\u1eb3ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o ng\u1eebng trong nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, tuy r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1 v\u00e0o n\u1ebbo \u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n (Ussada Niraya<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(Garu Akusala kamma<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ta ch\u1eb3ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a vua A x\u00e0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e1t sanh ra. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1ee1 h\u1ed7n l\u00e1o v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y, b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 cha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u00e1o kh\u1edfi sanh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i. Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn q\u00f9i l\u1ea1y xin l\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u00e1o s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf, y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ngay \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo, m\u1ed7i khi l\u1ee1 ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i nh\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt li\u1ec1n xin ph\u00e1t l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt qui \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng(Vinaya<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf,y\u1ebfu, c\u0169ng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

256.- Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti) \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o (Ti ratana<\/em>), h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1edd c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 r\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, t\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng khen. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n an l\u1ea1c \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ai l\u1ea1i \u0111i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd mang t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb r\u1ea5t si\u00eang n\u0103ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t. H\u1ecd r\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh k\u1ef9, nh\u00ecn xa, ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ea1 di\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp doanh nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nay g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ecdt l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00fa. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n, bi\u1ebft theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1edf mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e2u th\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga sampatti<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

257.- Y t\u1ebf qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sanh trong c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) mang b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. Tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, v\u1ec7 sanh c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7, thu\u1ed1c men c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y chung qui l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tuc duy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong ki\u1ebfp qua s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga sampatti<\/em>) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0o b\u1ef1c nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 duy\u00ean cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o tr\u1ed7 sanh ra qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec1n, th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb kh\u1ea3 quan trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ta d\u1ec5 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>), h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>). Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean, h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

258.- Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (Payoga vipatti).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, hay qu\u00ean, ganh t\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, d\u1ec5 n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n r\u1ee1m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (payoga vipatti<\/em>). C\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u01a1i c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ea3. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u00edt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i do nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (payoga vipatti<\/em>) mang \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, tr\u1ebb con c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, bi\u1ebft ch\u0103m h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi; c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, v\u00f4 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1ng theo t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng, ch\u1eb3ng tu\u00e2n Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (payoga vipatti<\/em>). C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) ra, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c \u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u cho \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga sampatti<\/em>) hay c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga vipatti<\/em>). V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o m\u1edbi tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh. C\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o m\u1edbi tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5n ch\u1ed7, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 it th\u1ea5y. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecd trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

259.- Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (vipatti = <\/em>c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, x\u1ea5u \u00e1c) c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e3 sanh ra r\u1ed3i, nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0m g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh <\/em>v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh hay n\u1ebbo \u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(gati vipatti<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (vipatti<\/em>) n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu sanh t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea m\u00f9a, ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di c\u01b0 sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00f9 m\u1eadt h\u01a1n (patirupa desa = <\/em>nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i). Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c di c\u01b0 sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng r\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ebfn sanh s\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i mi\u1ec1n nam tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u01a1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, v.v. Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c di c\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00fac duy\u00ean<\/em> (upadhi sampatti<\/em>)v\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(upadhi vipatti<\/em>), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea9m sinh tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 l\u00fac sanh ra th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh dong b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eb9p hay d\u1ec5 coi h\u01a1n nh\u1edd kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 khi quan s\u00e1t l\u1ed1i \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea v\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u1edf ch\u1ee3 b\u00faa. C\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0 v\u00e0i n\u01a1i x\u1ea5u x\u00ed tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t hay tay ch\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng nhau. S\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebfu nhi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1edd kh\u00e9o dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t hay s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u1ed1 t\u1eadt cho con, hay khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u00e8o u\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p li\u1ec1n \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c ngay. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, th\u00f4ng minh, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, n\u1ebfu \u0111em c\u1ea3 ba ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chung l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u1eddi c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(kala vipatti<\/em>), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang r\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i . Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9. Ngay trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong v\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh, th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 th\u1edbi c\u01a1 <\/em>(gati , upadhi , kala vipatti<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n <\/em>(payoga<\/em>) d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ee9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf ngay t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh si\u00eang n\u0103ng, c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn. N\u1ebfu hay qu\u00ean, t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n, l\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3ng, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.K\u1ebb hay n\u00f3ng t\u00e1nh n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 s\u1eeda th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh hay ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n r\u1ee1m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 noi theo, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u s\u1ebd t\u00edch tr\u1eed \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, th\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

260.- Ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (Kamma).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn: \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin kh\u1ecfi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4t s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y t\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pubbekatahetuditthi. <\/em>G\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, t\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng x\u1ea5u, m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9<\/strong><\/em> do n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 qua. ([Pubbekatahetuditthi = Pubbe + kata + hetu + ditthi]<\/em>; pubbe = <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 qua; kata = <\/em>l\u00e0m xong; hetu =<\/em><\/strong>nguy\u00ean do, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n; ditthi = <\/strong><\/em>l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Xin t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch Pubbekatahetuditthi <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u00e0o m\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00f3<\/strong> <\/em>c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qua trong \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(pubbekatahetuditthi<\/em>). Khi ghi nh\u1edb r\u00f5 trong t\u00e2m b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(sampatti<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean <\/em>(vipatti<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra r\u00f5 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n, ch\u1eb3ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 sanh ra \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean (vipatti<\/em>) trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n x\u01b0a kia ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed7 thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00fac duy\u00ean (sampatti<\/em>) trong \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e1t sanh \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y n\u1ebfu ngay \u0111\u00e2y ta n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c vun tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(payoga sampatti<\/em>). V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, ta bi\u1ebft tu t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, <\/em>nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>), v.v., th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00e3i vun b\u1ed3i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>trong m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh t\u00fac duy\u00ean <\/em>(gati sampatti<\/em>). R\u1ed3i th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p x\u01b0a kia c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd, ta c\u00f2n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c . H\u00e3y t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh sanh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00fac duy\u00ean (payoga sampatti<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ee9t, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

261.- Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ai \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t sanh trong \u0111\u1eddi qua, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y sanh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u00ec\u1ec1u c\u01a1n b\u1ecbnh ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o. (Xin xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft trong Quy\u1ec3n Ratana Gon yi, <\/em>c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

262.- Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1 th\u00ed (Dana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, t\u00e2m nh\u01a1n t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) c\u1ea3. Ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed to r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt gi\u00e0u sang, sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u1eeba xong, ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>) t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ta c\u00f2n luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ra hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, hay ti\u1ebfc r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, th\u00ec ta ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sau. R\u1ed3i m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng ta v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang b\u1ea5n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

263.- C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u00fa \u00f4ng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00fa \u00f4ng gi\u00e0u sang; m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m c\u00f3 v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt (Paccekabuddha<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 duy\u00ean \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda. Ph\u00fa \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb \u0111em th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ra d\u00e2ng c\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00fa \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a, sao l\u1ea1i ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m l\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111em cho; v\u00ec c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n \u00fd trong h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(apara cetana<\/em>)nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb ph\u00fa \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt trong ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec h\u1eadu t\u1ebf \u00fd h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, n\u00ean nay \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi d\u01b0 d\u1ea3. Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 th\u00f4, th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1eadt u\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u01a1m h\u1ea9m v\u1edbi d\u1ea5m chua. \u0110\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o kho vua, v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/em> H\u00e3y suy g\u1eabm k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ph\u00fa \u00f4ng v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i n\u1ea7y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1eafm ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00edt r\u00f3ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0u sang. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111em ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p ra b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ec7n t\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o; \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u1ea7y h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 r\u00edt r\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecfn x\u1ebbn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, t\u00e1nh b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd n\u1eefa, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o (vipaka<\/em>). \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi r\u00edt r\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00fa \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

264.- L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Dipeyin.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang theo \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. H\u1ecd n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n nghi, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gia s\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111em m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ra gi\u00fap v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp sau. Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Dipeyin (Dipeyin Sayadaw<\/em>) c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 sau: “Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m qua kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n; ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i sau; ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean tr\u1ed3ng “c\u00e2y \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n” c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) ngay trong khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian: h\u00e3y \u0103n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111em m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ra b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

265.- Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi (Sila).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn mi\u00ean m\u1eadt Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi, hay th\u1ecd tr\u00ec B\u00e1t quan trai (Uposatha sila<\/em>) \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc an l\u1ea1c cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>(Sila<\/em>) c\u00f2n gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh an, kh\u1ecfi lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n. Ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt tuy ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean \u1ed5n. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) \u0111em gi\u00e0u sang cho ki\u1ebfp sau. (“Danato bhogava”<\/em>). Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt <\/em>mang s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh an cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. (\u2018Silato sukhito”.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

266.- Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng (Bhavana).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kammatthana bhavana<\/em>) ([Kammatthana bhavana = kamma + thana + bhavana<\/em>]; kamma = <\/em><\/strong>nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c; thana = <\/strong><\/em>x\u1ee9, \u0111i\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c; bhavana = <\/strong><\/em>qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng; xin t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch Kammatthan bhavana <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c gi\u1edbi qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, <\/strong><\/em>n\u00f3i cho g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/em>), th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i xa v\u1eafng nh\u01b0 trong r\u1eebng s\u00e2u, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0. Khi b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(bhavana<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(jhanas<\/em>), b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c. Khi b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1o <\/em>(Magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Phala<\/em>), b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xa h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, khinh t\u1edfm c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n: s\u1eafc <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>) v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, xuy\u00ean qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n trong v\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi b\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (Jhanas<\/em>), b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>), n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i n\u00e0o. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, trong c\u1ea3nh trang nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 thanh nh\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(magga + phala<\/em>), th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn chi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0i, v.v., c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) l\u1eabn danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>) c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 khinh gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf. Do \u0111\u1ea5y, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1eafc<\/em> (rupa<\/em>) v\u00e0 danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>) c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>), qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> (bhavana<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>), th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb cho th\u1eadt s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/em> (Kamma<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[08]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 C\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

267.- S\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00fat s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba qua, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t qua c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m, l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1c, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang mang \u0111\u1ebfn. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Trong khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang quay cu\u1ed3ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ed7 vai m\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n m\u00e0 ra \u0111i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian khi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111ang k\u1ec1 c\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

268.- B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n: (1) m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3n; (2) s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>); (3) s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a (1) v\u00e0 (2); (4) ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed, hay l\u00e0, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t ngang c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (upacchedaka kamma<\/em>) khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00f3ng b\u1ea3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u \u0111ang s\u1eafp t\u1eaft. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1eaft \u0111i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n sau \u0111\u00e2y: (1) v\u00ec h\u1ebft d\u1ea7u; (2) v\u00ec tim \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft; (3) v\u00ec c\u1ea3 d\u1ea7u l\u1eabn tim \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft; (4) v\u00ec th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh hay c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

269.- (1) Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede m\u1ed7i c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo ki\u1ebfp ba <\/em>(kappa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gia t\u0103ng,(g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u0103ng ki\u1ebfp<\/strong><\/em>), <\/em>th\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 t\u1eadn; n\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfp ba <\/em>\u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy gi\u1ea3m,(g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ki\u1ebf<\/em>p<\/strong>), <\/em>th\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb t\u1eeb r\u00fat ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i. Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kamma<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u qu\u00e1 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c sanh ra v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 tu\u1ed5i b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m. Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u1ea5y trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c“rasayana” <\/em>(= m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c “tr\u01b0\u1eddng sanh” n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, c\u00e1c T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp (Mahakassapa<\/em>), A-nan (Ananda<\/em>), v\u00e0 b\u00e0 T\u1ef3-xa-kh\u01b0 (Visakha, <\/em>v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng tu vi\u1ec7n) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i; T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Bakula Mahathera th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kamma<\/em>) cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kusala kamma<\/em>) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u qu\u00e1 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng”, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 khi d\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n th\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i t\u1eaft v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u tim \u0111\u00e8n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

270.- (2) Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kamma<\/em>) l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi sanh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n trong b\u00e0o thai cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng. V\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i t\u1eaft \u0111i v\u00ec tim \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u00e8n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

271.- (3) Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng d\u1ee9t, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda lu d\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i t\u1eaft \u0111i, khi d\u1ea7u v\u1eeba c\u1ea1n m\u00e0 tim \u0111\u00e8n c\u0169ng v\u1eeba ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o, cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft (1), (2) v\u00e0 (3) v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc<\/em> (kala marana<\/em>).(kala = <\/strong><\/em>th\u1eddi gian; marana = <\/strong><\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

272.- (4) Ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Upacchedaka, <\/strong><\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 <\/em>(= ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 x\u00e3y ra ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed<\/strong><\/em>; t\u1eed = <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1ebft). Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u d\u1ea7y trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111ang ch\u00e1y t\u1ecf, b\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1t qua l\u00e0m t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 d\u1ea7u l\u1eabn tim \u0111\u00e8n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ai c\u1ed1 \u00fd th\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5t. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 (upacchedaka kamma<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ngang v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c ki\u1ec1n li\u00ean (Moggallana<\/em>), trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 gi\u1ebft m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh n\u0103m tr\u0103m t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eb7c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Parinibbana<\/em>). Vua T\u1ea7n-b\u00e0-sa-la (Bimbisara<\/em>), v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 mang gi\u1ea7y b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ch\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, n\u00ean trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng do ch\u00ednh con \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng g\u00f3t gi\u1ea7y d\u1eabm \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean \u00f4ng. B\u00e0 Samavati v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n tu\u1ef3 t\u00f9ng, trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt (Paccekabuddha<\/em>) \u0111ang nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (samapatti<\/em>). \u0110\u1ebfn khi l\u1eeda t\u1eaft, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ec3 che d\u1ea5u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, h\u1ecd li\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t th\u00eam c\u1ee7i v\u00e0o l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u1eeda. H\u1ecd ngh\u0129, “chuy\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y ho\u1ea3 t\u00e1ng lu\u00f4n cho \u00f4ng ta!”, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 chi, v\u00ec \u0111ang \u1edf trong c\u01a1n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e2m s\u00e2u; b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y sau, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb h\u1ec1 h\u1ea5n g\u00ec c\u1ea3. V\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3, cho n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ch\u00e1y trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Ma qu\u00e2n Dusi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ca-di\u1ebfp (Kassapa Buddha<\/em>); q\u1ee7i th\u1ea7n Nanda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi c\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sariputta<\/em>); vua Kalabu ra l\u1ecbnh gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u1ea9n tu Khantivadi; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1c v\u00ec hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ee9t ra, h\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ngay trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi m\u1eb9 cha, h\u1ed7n l\u00e1o v\u1edbi b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u00e1c b\u00e1o v\u00ec tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed (akala marana<\/em>), ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

273.- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ec s\u01a1 xu\u00e1t m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft u\u1ed5ng m\u1ea1ng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e2n t\u00e2m m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 qua. C\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1ea1i kh\u1edd, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 lo cho m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c tra kh\u1ea3o k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i ra c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a anh ta. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecbnh suy\u1ec3n, b\u1ecbnh c\u00f9i hay l\u00fa l\u1eabn v.v., v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf m\u00e3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n sanh s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y thu\u1eddng “m\u1eddi” c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n, nh\u01b0: “Bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an l\u00e0nh.Tai ho\u1ea1 g\u00e2y n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc; t\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m nguy ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0. Li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 \u0111i men v\u00e0o r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ecdp beo d\u1eef \u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f9a gi\u1ee1n v\u1edbi t\u1eed th\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn n\u00e0o gi\u00fap cho tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1eebng nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o l\u1eeda \u0111ang b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh che ch\u1edf cho kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch tr\u1eef s\u1eb5n; n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t, l\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3ng v\u00e0 h\u1eefng h\u1edd trong c\u00e1ch sanh s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd th\u1eeba c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00e1c b\u00e1o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u00ecn xa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp g\u00e2y n\u00ean h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u00f2n \u0111ang r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp s\u1eb5n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y (ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n d\u00e0i \u0111i n\u1eefa).” L\u1eddi s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1ee9t, v\u00ec l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t, t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng. S\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t trong sanh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ef1t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ecdn th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng trau d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

274.- T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edd ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t trong \u0111\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n n\u00e0o v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh (javana cittas) <\/em>[javana = <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y, xung l\u1ef1c; citta = <\/strong><\/em>t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c], \u00edt nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 n\u1eeda gi\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eaft h\u01a1i. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n (kusala<\/em>) ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp l\u00e2m chung l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm (akusala javana cittas<\/em>) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn khi t\u00e1i sanh s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u1ebbo d\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00fat trong tr\u1eadn \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a, ch\u00ednh l\u00fac giao th\u1eddi gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ra \u0111i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh hay d\u1eef \u00e1c, c\u00f2n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00fac s\u1eafp li\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

275.- C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u sanh th\u00fa.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft, m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t trong ba lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 sanh th\u00fa (sanh th\u00fa = sanh <\/strong><\/em>[= t\u00e1i sanh] + th\u00fa<\/strong><\/em> [=con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng]) (nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh hay n\u1ebbo d\u1eef.) nh\u01b0 sau: nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea3nh <\/em>(kamma<\/em>), nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed tri\u1ec7u <\/em>(kamma nimitta<\/em>) v\u00e0 sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u <\/em>(gati nimitta<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Kamma = <\/strong><\/em>nghi\u1ec7p; nimitta =<\/strong><\/em> t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111i\u1ec1m, tri\u1ec7u, b\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc; gati =<\/strong><\/em>t\u00e1i sanh)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, hai ch\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea3nh <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh hay vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Danh t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed tri\u1ec7u <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed c\u1ee5, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh hay d\u1eef. (Ch\u1eef Kh\u00ed <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5;<\/em> ch\u1eef Tri\u1ec7u <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00f2n ba ch\u1eef sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sanh, hay l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

276.- C\u00e1c Nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c do c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n g\u00e2y n\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0i ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, hay v\u00e0i gi\u1edd, v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0i n\u0103m, v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi sau, th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ngay v\u00e0o l\u00fac h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edb r\u00f5 l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 thi, hay tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp n\u00e0o v.v., ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ed1 th\u00ed hay tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi ngay \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111ang th\u1ea5y trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i sanh m\u1ea1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u00f5, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e2m ch\u00e9m v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea3nh <\/em>hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sanh sau n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

277.- C\u00e1c Nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed tri\u1ec7u (Kamma nimitta) hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00f5 kh\u00ed m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t nh\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 dao, g\u01b0\u01a1m, c\u00f4n, t\u00ean, hay l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1eaft, v.v., l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed (=g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ec3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa v\u1eadt l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n nh\u01b0 gian d\u00e2m, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, v.v., s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ec9 \u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, tu vi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i trang nghi\u00eam \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft li\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01a1n khi kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u0103ng hoa qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 y ph\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo, v.v. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, hay tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t, to\u1ea1 c\u1ee5, am c\u1ed1c trong r\u1eebng, v.v. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

278.- C\u00e1c Sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u (Gati nimitta) hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat s\u1eafp l\u00e2m chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef, c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n, v.v. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1i b\u1ecdc t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh th\u00ec th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7y ch\u00f3 m\u1ef1c, l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y b\u1eebng b\u1eebng, hay c\u00e1c tay q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e2u m\u1eb7t ng\u1ef1a. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i (peta<\/em>), h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao ch\u1edbm ch\u1edf, nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 th\u00e2m u, hay m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec3n m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng xa th\u1eb3m, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i tr\u00fa qu\u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

279.- S\u1eafc di\u1ec7n l\u00fac g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eafc di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ec9nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f5i cao qu\u00ed. Nh\u00ecn b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t u s\u1ea7u, h\u1eafc \u00e1m, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ta s\u1ebd ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb n\u1edf n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi say \u0111\u1eafm t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ebb. C\u00e1c n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1t tri\u1ec7u (= \u0111i\u1ec1m l\u00e0nh.)].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

280.- S\u1ef1 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eddi \u1ea5p \u00fang.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i ph\u1ec1u ph\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u1ea5p \u00fang trong c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u00ea s\u1ea3ng. X\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, l\u00fac thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 s\u0103n b\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1ed9ng tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111i tu v\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo. Con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i A-la-h\u00e1n Sona. Khi \u00f4ng s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft, \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed trong t\u00e2m, \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1ea7y ch\u00f3 m\u1ef1c r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi con v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o: “Con \u01a1i, \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1ea7y ch\u00f3 \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0i A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) Sona bi\u1ebft ngay cha m\u00ecnh \u0111ang th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0i li\u1ec1n ch\u1ea1y \u0111i ki\u1ebfm ngay nhi\u1ec1u hoa t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp hi\u00ean ch\u00f9a, r\u1ed3i khi\u00eang gi\u01b0\u1eddng cha \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn ngay s\u00e2n ch\u00f9a. R\u1ed3i Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i to:”N\u1ea7y v\u1ecb l\u00e3o t\u0103ng, con \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01a1n danh cha, d\u00e2ng hoa c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3.” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng hoa l\u00ean c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i m\u00ea s\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e0ng thi\u00ean n\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, li\u1ec1n \u1ea5p \u00fang m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi:”Con \u01a1i! Mau nh\u1eafc gh\u1ebf m\u1eddi c\u00e1c n\u00e0ng ng\u1ed3i. K\u1ebf m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a con s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y!” V\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f2n \u0111ang tr\u1ea7m ng\u00e2m suy ngh\u0129: “\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m cha ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3!” th\u00ec v\u1ecb s\u01b0 gi\u00e0 li\u1ec1n t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 c\u00f5i tr\u1ea7n gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

281.- V\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u (Gati nimitta).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebft, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quang c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i s\u1eafp t\u00e1i sanh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 b\u00e0 Revati, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00fa \u00f4ng Nandiya, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 hay g\u1eaft g\u1ecfng. B\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u00e0o Ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o, l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n l\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo. Ch\u1ed3ng ba, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o; khi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. Khi b\u00e0 Revati s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft, b\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai t\u00ean q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 d\u1eabn b\u00e0 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Tr\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh sung s\u01b0\u1edbng Nandiya \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i l\u00f4i b\u00e0 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 qua c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Dhammika, h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng quy y v\u00e0o ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o. \u00d4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ebfn khi s\u1eafp l\u00e2m chung, \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebft, nghe c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m kinh ch\u00fa v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u00e1u chi\u1ebfc thi\u00ean xa (= xe \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi) \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng l\u00ean Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.(Deva Loka<\/em>). \u00d4ng c\u00f2n nghe th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u0111ang b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00ean xe m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat sau, \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean chi\u1ebfc thi\u00ean xa ch\u1edf th\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u su\u1ea5t (Tusita<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ee9t h\u00fat s\u00e2u x\u01b0\u1ed1ng l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e1c qu\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec l\u1ecdt ngay v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c A t\u1ef3 V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n (Avici<\/em>i). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u <\/em>(gati nimitta<\/em>) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnht th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i nghe ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea1c du d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eedi m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t; ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n b\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c sanh th\u00fa tri\u1ec7u <\/em>(gati nimitta<\/em>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea3nh <\/em>v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed tri\u1ec7u <\/em>(kamma nimitta<\/em>) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed do n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qua, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean, m\u00e0 tr\u1ed7 sanh ra ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(C\u1eadn t\u1eed = c\u1eadn <\/strong><\/em>[= g\u1ea7n] + t\u1eed <\/strong><\/em>[= ch\u1ebft])<\/p>\n\n\n\n

282.- Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au \u1ed1m ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y, n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i. Khi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa, th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n n\u00ean gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 khung c\u1ea3nh xung quanh cho th\u1eadt s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, ng\u0103n n\u1eafp, v\u00e0 n\u00ean trang ho\u00e0ng hoa th\u01a1m t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1ng th\u1eadt t\u1ecf r\u1ea1ng. N\u00ean nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n n\u1ebfn, hoa qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 n\u00ean t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn th\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat m\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean kinh ch\u00fa c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n (Paritta, Sutta<\/em>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean t\u1ecf ra ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n s\u00f3c c\u0169ng ch\u1edb n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 v\u1ebb \u0111au bu\u1ed3n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc kinh ch\u00fa c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m ch\u01a1n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eedi l\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa th\u01a1m ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t c\u00f9ng nghe r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eddi kinh c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 \u00edt nh\u1ee9t trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi gi\u1edd ph\u00fat h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i s\u1eafp g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh \u0111ang nh\u00ecn hoa \u0111\u0103ng s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, ng\u1eedi h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m thoang tho\u1ea3ng, nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u, th\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh. V\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f5i an nh\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh t\u00e1i sanh. Do \u0111\u1ea5y ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb b\u1ed5n s\u01b0, th\u00e2n nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1eadn t\u1eed thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb m\u00ea man v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i. Xin ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i A-la-h\u00e1n Sona \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cha tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1t tri\u1ec7u (= \u0111i\u1ec1m l\u00e0nh) v\u00e0o ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

283.- \u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i sanh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ngay sau khi v\u1eeba \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi li\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u1ea3 hai \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh, ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n theo ngay. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb v\u1eeba r\u1eddi c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu kh\u00e1c ngay, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c hay c\u00f5i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng sung s\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u1eeba ngay sau khi ch\u1ebft, \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

284.- Hai t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn: th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o hai t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh. Hai t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(sassata ditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 (2) \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(uccheda ditthi)<\/em>. S\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n \u1ea5y d\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c khi t\u00e1i sanh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn <\/strong><\/em>(sassata ditthi<\/em>). [Sassata = <\/em>linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n + ditthi <\/em>= t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn]. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) n\u01a1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m (g\u1ed3m lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “linh h\u1ed3n” n\u1eefa), khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn <\/em>v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn <\/strong><\/em>(uccheda ditthi<\/em>.) [uccheda = <\/em>s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a danh <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>sau khi ch\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c + ditthi = <\/em>t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

285.- Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ebft.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng: V\u00f4 minh <\/em>(Avijja<\/em>), \u00c1\u00ed d\u1ee5c<\/em> (Tanha<\/em>) v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>). Khi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00f4 minh <\/em>[v\u00f4 = <\/strong><\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3; minh = <\/strong><\/em>s\u00e1ng; v\u00f4 minh =<\/strong><\/em>s\u1ef1 ngu t\u1ed1i] che \u0111\u1eady t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n [=s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p chung l\u1ea1i] danh <\/em>(nama<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) trong cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u1edbi. \u00c1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>[= s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm, th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t]th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1m x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang sanh c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 [= ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p] c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n danh <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>[t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n t\u00e2m <\/strong><\/em>c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh] \u0111ang b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh <\/em>che l\u1ea5p, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y, do s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, danh <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi l\u00fd do trong khi cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, danh s\u1eafc <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 minh, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 qua, cho n\u00ean t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t <\/em>(uccheda ditthi<\/em>) m\u1edbi sai l\u1ea7m khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: “Ch\u00fang sanh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean (do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u00ean) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u0169”; v\u00e0 t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn <\/em>(sassata ditthi<\/em>) c\u0169ng sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ed1t, khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: “Linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n c\u0169 sang t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n m\u1edbi”. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7m b\u00e0n chi vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng danh <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc di chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1eddi sau, ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 danh <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eafc <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 d\u1eddi \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c; c\u1ea3 hai v\u1eeba kh\u1edfi xong \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t ngay. V\u1eady, c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu” \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cho hai t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y l\u00e0m m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng, trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thai, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc <\/em>v\u00e0 danh, <\/em>ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 minh <\/em>(avijja<\/em>), \u00e1i d\u1ee5c <\/em>(tanha<\/em>) v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn <\/em>\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft. Khi ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4 th\u1eadt to l\u00ean trong v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, ch\u00fang ta li\u1ec1n nghe ti\u1ebfg vang v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfng vang \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng h\u00f4 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p g\u00ec v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng h\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed3i ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y n\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y sang m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y n\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1edf c\u00e2y n\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y n\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eb3ng t\u00f9y n\u01a1i ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, th\u00ec trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u1ea3 hai, h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p; n\u1ebfu nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>\u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u0169ng y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng x\u1ea5u, c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u do n\u01a1i hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i “ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i”, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0, th\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec h\u1ebft n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y; th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ebft \u0111i m\u00e0 ta ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng nh\u1eb9 c\u00e0ng qu\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u0103n s\u00f3c v\u00e0 lo li\u1ec7u cho ta b\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ta, ta chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n du n\u1ea7y, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n bi ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n \u0111ang khang ki\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd su\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[09]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9 B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u00e1i sanh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n


(Patisandhi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra n\u01a1i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 v\u1eeba qua, th\u00ec\u00a0t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c\u00a0<\/em>(citta<\/em>), c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e2m s\u1edf\u00a0<\/em>(cetasikas<\/em>) v\u00e0\u00a0s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u00a0<\/em>(rupas<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea7n\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u1edbi, theo\u00a0\u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi\u00a0nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c\u00a0<\/em>(kamma<\/em>).\u00a0T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c,\u00a0<\/em>c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e2m s\u1edf\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u00a0<\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea7n\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Patisandhi,\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0T\u00e1i sanh. Patisandhi\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u1edfi ti\u1ebfp theo sau s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u0169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

286.- B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i T\u00e1i sanh (Patisandhi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, <\/em>c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n <\/em>(citta, cetasikas, rupa<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh <\/em>(patisandhi<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>), cho n\u00ean t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh. B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– ho\u00e1 sanh <\/em>(Opapatika patisandhi<\/em>);
– th\u1ea5p sanh <\/em>(Sansedaja patisandhi<\/em>);
– no\u00e3n sanh <\/em>(Andaja patisandhi<\/em>);
– thai sanh <\/em>(Jalabuja patisandhi<\/em>).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

(Kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i\u00a0t\u1eafi sanh\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u00f3l\u00e0\u00a0t\u1ee9 sanh<\/strong><\/em>.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

287.- (1) Ho\u00e1 sanh, c\u00f3\u00a0\u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ngay l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh. (Opapatika patisandhi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u00a0Thi\u00ean\u00a0<\/em>(Deva<\/em>),\u00a0<\/em>ch\u01b0\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean\u00a0<\/em>(Brahma<\/em>), t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n n\u01a1i\u00a0\u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c,\u00a0ng\u1ea3 qu\u1ec9\u00a0<\/em>(peta<\/em>) v\u00e0\u00a0phi thi\u00ean\u00a0<\/em>hay\u00a0a tu la\u00a0<\/em>(asurakaya<\/em>), khi t\u00e1i sanh, li\u1ec1n c\u00f3\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n trong b\u00e0o thai v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebfu nhi. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng sanh ra t\u1eeb trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9. Khi\u00a0t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c,\u00a0<\/em>c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e2m s\u1edf\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u00a0<\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, h\u1ecd li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c r\u1eebng gi\u00e0, n\u00fai non, s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00f3c d\u00e1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng sanh ra d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh n\u1ea7y, khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf\u00a0ki\u1ebfp ba\u00a0<\/em>(kappa<\/em>) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. H\u1ecd mang l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9 trong t\u1eed cung.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0ho\u00e1 sanh\u00a0<\/em>(Opapatika patisandhi<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

288.- (2) Th\u1ea5p sanh, sanh ra t\u1eeb n\u01a1i \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt (Sansedaja patisandhi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 thai nhi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e9 t\u00ed ti. D\u00f2i b\u1ecd n\u1edf ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 h\u01b0 th\u1ed1i. Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Padumavati t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u0111o\u00e1 hoa sen. Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Veluvati sanh trong m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1t tre. Cincamanavika, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 vu kh\u1ed1ng\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca, ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y me. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1i sanh theo lo\u1ea1i\u00a0th\u1ea5p sanh\u00a0<\/em>(Sansedaja patisandhi<\/em>) n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb c\u0169ng theo l\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p sanh, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

289.- (3) No\u00e3n sanh, sanh ra t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng (Andaja patisandhi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim ch\u00f3c, sanh ra t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u00e0i\u00a0no\u00e3n sanh\u00a0<\/em>(Andaja patisandhi<\/em>) [no\u00e3n =\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>tr\u1ee9ng]. Trong Quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Jataka,\u00a0<\/em>(Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/em>) [l\u00e0 Quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 10 trong\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh, Khuddhaka Nikaya<\/strong><\/em>], ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lo\u00e0i R\u1ed3ng r\u1eafn (Naga<\/em>)\u00a0\u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

290.- (4) Thai sanh, sanh t\u1eeb trong t\u1eed cung m\u1eb9 (Jalabuja patisandhi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1ng thai sanh <\/em>bao g\u1ed3m lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa, \u0111\u1ec1u sanh ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0o thai trong t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n (bhumma deva<\/em>) [=th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t] v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd th\u1ea7n (rukkha deva<\/em>) [=th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i] c\u0169ng t\u1eeb thai sanh m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai lo\u1ea1i no\u00e3n sanh <\/em>v\u00e0 thai sanh <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb Gabbha seyyaka <\/em>(Gabbha = <\/em>\u1edf trong t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 + seyyaka =<\/em> k\u1ebb n\u1eb1m), t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1 sanh <\/em>[ngo\u1ea1 = <\/strong><\/em>n\u1eb1m].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

291.- Ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh (patisandhi)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p sanh <\/em>(sansedaja patisandhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 sanh <\/em>(opapatika patisandhi<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9; h\u1ecd sanh ra do s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1 sanh <\/em>(gabbhaseyyaka<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 sanh ra t\u1eeb trong t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: \u2018Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd thai \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ba\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd thai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t; (2) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao c\u1ea5u; (3)\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9a con ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi qua r\u1ed3i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecd thai x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00f2ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea3y\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0y sau khi cha m\u1eb9\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 giao c\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

292.- V\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao c\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd thai. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Suvannasama nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 khi cha c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i s\u1edd v\u00e0o r\u00fan c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 Ng\u00e0i, ngay sau khi b\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Vua Candapajjota c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u1ed9t con r\u00edt b\u00f2 ngang qua b\u1ee5ng b\u00e0 khi b\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t xong v\u00e0 sau\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 li\u1ec1n mang thai. Lo\u00e0i c\u00f2, v\u1ea1c n\u01a1i\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y th\u00edch h\u1ee9ng gi\u00f3 n\u1ed3m th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 mang thai. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb\u00a0t\u1ef3-kheo ni\u00a0<\/em>(bhikkhuni<\/em>) mang thai v\u00ec\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i tinh tr\u00f9ng d\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u0169. M\u1ed9t con ho\u1eb5ng c\u00e1i, u\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea9n s\u0129, th\u1ecd thai v\u00e0 sanh ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai t\u00ean l\u00e0 Isisinga.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p mang thai kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

293.- Ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ee7y Kalala.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c thai sanh, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi\u00a0t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e2m s\u1edf\u00a0<\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea7n\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, trong su\u1ed1t, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c,\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0kalala,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0tinh thu\u1ef7.\u00a0<\/em>Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong su\u1ed1t n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf li ti d\u00ednh tr\u00ean m\u00e1i t\u00f3c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc C\u00e2u l\u01b0 ch\u00e2u. Ch\u1ea5t tinh thu\u1ef7\u00a0kalala\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 giai\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a thai nhi, do s\u1ee9c\u00a0nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o ra. Ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u {= tr\u1ee9ng trong t\u1eed cung] c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. C\u1ea3 hai, tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9\u00a0\u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ee7y\u00a0kalala\u00a0<\/em>ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

294.- S\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ecdt tinh th\u1ee7y kalala <\/em>v\u1ed1n do c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 qua trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cha v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd thai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y ra. Gi\u1ecdt tinh th\u1ee7y kalala <\/em>c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng; tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cha v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt; v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>c\u0169 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng phu. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tinh tr\u00f9ng kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd thai. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, thai nhi ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0i nhi c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0, s\u1ed1ng trong hang \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecf, mang th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf; lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng trong hang \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111en, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 xuy\u00ean qua tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho thai nhi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 con c\u00e1i m\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng cha m\u1eb9. Ngay ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ecd sang cho con.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n con c\u00e1i s\u1edf d\u0129 gi\u1ed1ng theo cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thai nhi c\u00f2n trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9.\u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia\u00a0\u0111\u00ecnh,\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sanh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia\u00a0\u0111\u00ecnh\u00a0\u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u ngoan ngo\u00e3n; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con v\u00f4 h\u1ea1nh, b\u1ec9 \u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gia\u00a0\u0111\u00ecnh h\u00e8n m\u1ea1t. C\u1ea3 cha l\u1eabn m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh th\u00ec m\u1edbi sanh\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9a con x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. Gi\u1ecdt tinh th\u1ee7y\u00a0kalala\u00a0<\/em>n\u1ebfu\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo tr\u1ed3ng n\u01a1i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9a con kh\u00e1u kh\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

295*.- B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e0m phu (puggala) v\u00e0 t\u00e1m b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n (ariya).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

[Danh t\u1eeb Pali Hetu <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh ra thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>hay \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p. <\/em>C\u00f3 ba thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/em>: v\u00f4 tham <\/em>(alobha<\/em>), v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>(adosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh khi t\u00e1i sanh. C\u00f3 ba \u00e1c c\u0103n<\/em>: tham <\/em>(lobha<\/em>), s\u00e2n <\/em>(dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 si <\/em>(moha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i d\u1eef khi t\u00e1i sanh. D\u1ef1a theo s\u1ed1 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n hay \u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh, (patisandhi<\/em>) ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e0m phu <\/em>(puggala<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e1m b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n <\/em>(ariya<\/em>) trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ch\u00fang sanh.Ph\u00e0m phu <\/em>c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng,v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u00e1c c\u0103n; c\u00f2n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n th\u00ec chia ra t\u00e1m c\u1ea5p tu\u1ef3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin x\u00e9t qua b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m phu tr\u01b0\u1edbc.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c\u00a0295*\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>n\u1ea7y do\u00a0Thi\u1ec7n Nh\u1ef1t\u00a0<\/strong>m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p vi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n sau, xin qu\u00ed v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u00e0 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

296.- (1) Ph\u00e0m phu v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u1edf c\u00f5i d\u1eef (Duggati Ahetuka Puggala).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m phu\u00a0Duggati Ahetuka Puggala,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng\u00a0v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u1edf c\u00f5i d\u1eef\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1 v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef nh\u01b0 c\u00f5i\u00a0\u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c\u00a0<\/em>(apaya<\/em>), v\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c khi t\u00e1i sanh (patisandhi<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng\u00a0c\u0103n\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0nh nh\u01b0\u00a0v\u00f4 tham\u00a0<\/em>(alobha<\/em>),\u00a0v\u00f4 s\u00e2n\u00a0<\/em>(adosa<\/em>) v\u00e0\u00a0v\u00f4 si\u00a0<\/em>(amoha<\/em>). [Duggati =\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f5i d\u1eef;\u00a0Ahetuka =\u00a0<\/em>ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n;\u00a0Puggala =<\/em>\u00a0c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n, ph\u00e0m phu].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

297.- (2) Ph\u00e0m phu v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u1edf c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh (Sugati Ahetuka Puggala).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n <\/em>(Ahetuka<\/em>) n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh n\u01a1i c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a- N\u01a1i c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt: m\u00f9, c\u00e2m, \u0111i\u1ebfc, ng\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u00e1n nam, b\u00e1n n\u1eef.<\/p>

b- Tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c k\u1ebb v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n <\/em>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ch\u00fang <\/em>(devas<\/em>)ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng g\u00e1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n <\/em>(bhumma deva<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ecd th\u1ea7n <\/em>(rukkha deva<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb qu\u1eb3ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, hay h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m d\u1eef. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean ch\u00fang n\u1ea7y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i T\u1ee9 thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Catummaharajika<\/em>) tr\u00ean Tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5. D\u1ea7u sao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tu luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> (Magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(phala<\/em>) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

298.- (3) H\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n (Dvihetuka Puggala).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/strong> <\/em>(Dana<\/em>) thu\u1ed9c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6<\/strong><\/em>, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c 183 <\/strong><\/em>v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n th\u1ea5p <\/em>(dvihetuka ukkattha kusala<\/em>), c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n cao <\/em>(tihetuka omaka kusala<\/em>) Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, nh\u1edd \u1edf nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 si <\/em>(amoha<\/em>), ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u00fd h\u00e0nh <\/em>(cetana cetasika<\/em>) theo ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh, (nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed xong h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc), cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e1i sanh, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n, v\u00f4 tham <\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m phu thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(Dvihetuka)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai h\u1ea1ng\u00a0v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n\u00a0<\/em>(Ahetuka Puggala<\/em>) \u1edf c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f5i d\u1eef n\u00eau ra \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng\u00a0thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n\u00a0<\/em>n\u1ea7y (Dvihetuka Puggala<\/em>) v\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh (patisandhi<\/em>) qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, n\u00ean trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3\u00a0\u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0Thi\u1ec1n\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0<\/em>(Jhana<\/em>),\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o\u00a0<\/em>(Magga<\/em>) v\u00e0\u00a0Qu\u1ea3\u00a0<\/em>(Phala<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ngay\u00a0\u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c\u00a0qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0<\/em>(bhasvana<\/em>) r\u1ed3i nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng phu tu t\u1eadp\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi sau h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

299.- (4) H\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n (Tihetuka Puggala).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd \u1edf t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n<\/em> th\u1ea5p <\/em>(tihetuka ukkattha kusala citta<\/em>) (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/em>), ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n <\/em>[c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ba t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si<\/em>], c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111u\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y, n\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>). Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c b\u1ef1c thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n. <\/em>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi ng\u0103n tr\u1edf h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n <\/em>(Ariyas<\/em>) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta th\u1ea5y, do v\u00ec\u00a0t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh\u00a0<\/em>(patisandhi citta<\/em>) kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Puggalas\u00a0<\/em>[=ph\u00e0m phu, hay c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n]:\u00a0Duggati Ahetuka, Sugati Ahetuka, Dvihetuka\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0Tihetuka.\u00a0<\/em>{ t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hai h\u1ea1ng\u00a0v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0(Ahetuka<\/em>) \u1edf hai c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh, d\u1eef; v\u00e0 hai h\u1ea1ng\u00a0thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecb c\u0103n<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0(Dvihetuka\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0Tihetuka<\/em>)].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

300.- T\u00e1m b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh (Ariyas).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tihetuka, thi\u1ec7n tam c\u0103n, <\/em>[trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean cac t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n <\/strong><\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si]<\/strong><\/em> n\u1ebfu ra c\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadpqu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>(bhavana<\/em>), s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>(magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(phala<\/em>) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh <\/em>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>(Sotapatti maggattha<\/em>) [= theo \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/em> Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn]
2) Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Sotapatti phala<\/em>) [= khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/strong> <\/em>Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn];
3) T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>(Sakadagami magga<\/em>);
4) T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Sakadagami phala<\/em>);
5) A na h\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>(Anagami magga<\/em>;
6) A na h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Anagami phala<\/em>);
7) A-la-h\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng <\/em>(Arahatta magga<\/em>);
8) A-la-h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Arahatta phala<\/em>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb\u00a0A-la-h\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>(Arahant<\/em>). C\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c A-la-h\u00e1n\u00a0\u0111\u00e3\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7\u00a0<\/em>(nana<\/em>) th\u00f9 th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

301.- Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 sanh ra ch\u00fang ta.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u1ea5n\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh\u00a0<\/em>(patisandhi citta<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 do\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a y.\u00a0Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c\u00a0<\/em>(kamma<\/em>) x\u00e1c\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i\u00a0t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh\u00a0<\/em>(patisandhi<\/em>) v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u\u00a0\u0111\u1eadm v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh dong th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o, v.v. H\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f4ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u00e0m, c\u0169ng l\u00e0m mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn khi li\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1eed cung ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thai th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng; c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau l\u1ea1i sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch s\u0103n s\u00f3c thai nhi. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i thai,\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn.\u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e0o\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi trong ti\u1ec7n nghi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Sau khi h\u1ea1 sanh, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00eam r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng niu, d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb h\u1ea5t h\u1ee7i trong c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi th\u1eadt\u00a0\u00eam \u1ea5m, sang tr\u1ecdng\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng b\u00e0 s\u0103n s\u00f3c v\u00e0 th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt, kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf l\u1eafm m\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua, nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi sanh. Nay \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c, <\/em>ta ch\u1edb v\u1ed9i \u0111i ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. H\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng n\u01a1i ph\u00fa qu\u00ed. Cho n\u00ean, ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, r\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111em h\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf h\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1t, theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ganh t\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5 tranh v\u1edbi k\u1ebb thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngu kh\u1edd v\u00f4 t\u00edch s\u1ef1. Hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o ta xu\u1ed1ng b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y ta v\u00e0o \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u1ea7y, vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh an l\u00e0nh, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (Rupa)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi l\u00fd do ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ee7y Kalala <\/strong><\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh<\/em>(patisandhi citta<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y trong th\u00e2n t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 10 n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo danh t\u1eeb Pali l\u00e0 Rupa, <\/strong><\/em>so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p <\/strong><\/em>(= c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; <\/em>c\u00e1c t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo danh t\u1eeb Pali l\u00e0 Nama <\/strong><\/em>(thu\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0danh.<\/em>)302.- Rupa, s\u1eafc, s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, hay n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo nghi\u00e3 g\u1ed1c, ch\u1eef Rupa <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, h\u00e3y k\u1ec3 s\u01a1 qua nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng. Trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo, da ch\u00fang ta n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u t\u00e1i xanh; ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1 b\u1ecbnh. Trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n b\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c<\/em> (Lokantarika<\/em>), c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n b\u1ecb qu\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb n\u00e1t th\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. Trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng, da ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb s\u1ea1m ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf h\u1eebng l\u00ean; th\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u1ecfng, tr\u00f3c da v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00f2n b\u1ecb mu\u1ed7i m\u00f2ng c\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1t, b\u1ecb ch\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1m, r\u1eafn m\u1ed5; c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u00f2i. C\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3i, c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t, c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(rupa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

303.- C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (Rupa).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 28 lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Rupa<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn 19 lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A) T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i hay l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1\/- \u0110i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i = Pathavi dhatu = <\/em>ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 co d\u00e3n;
2\/- Thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1i = Apo dhatu = <\/em>ch\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u01b0u nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p;
3\/- Ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i = Tejo dhatu = <\/em>ch\u1ea5t l\u1eeda, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh;
4\/- Phong \u0111\u1ea1i = Vayo dhatu = <\/em>ch\u1ea5t gi\u00f3, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B) N\u0103m c\u0103n (Pasada rupa) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan.<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5\/- Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n = Cakkhu pasada = <\/em>ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft;
6\/- Nh\u0129 c\u0103n = Sota pasada = <\/em>ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tai;
7\/- T\u1ecb c\u0103n = Ghana pasada = <\/em>ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 m\u0169i;
8\/- Thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n = Jivha pasada = <\/em>ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i;
9\/- Th\u00e2n c\u0103n = Kaya pasada = <\/em>ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a da tr\u00ean th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C) N\u0103m tr\u1ea7n (Arammanas) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

10\/- S\u1eafc = Ruparammana = <\/em>h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc;
11\/- Thanh = Saddarammana = <\/em>ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng;
12\/- H\u01b0\u01a1ng = Gandharammana = <\/em>m\u00f9i (th\u01a1m, th\u1ed1i);
13\/- V\u1ecb = Rasarammana = <\/em>v\u1ecb (m\u1eb7n, ng\u1ecdt); X\u00fac = Photthabbarammana = <\/em>s\u1edd, ch\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: <\/strong><\/em>V\u1ec1 x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n, Photthabbarammana, <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 ba nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(pathavi<\/em>), ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(Tejo<\/em>) v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(vayo<\/em>) \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m nhau; v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14\/- Nam t\u00e1nh = Itthibbava = <\/em>gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c;
15\/- N\u1eef t\u00e1nh = Purisabhava = <\/em>gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Hai t\u00e1nh c\u1ea3nh <\/em>n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bhavarupas, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu s\u1eafc.<\/em>);<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16\/- T\u00e2m c\u0103n = Hadayavatthu = <\/em>c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c;
17\/- M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n = Jivitarupa = <\/em>s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t;
18\/- D\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t = Oja<\/em> hay Ahara = <\/em>tinh ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng;
19\/- Gi\u00e1n gian = Akasadhatu = <\/em>kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e1ch h\u1edf nhau ra.304.- Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i (pathavi dhatu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i, <\/em>hay \u0111\u1ea5t, <\/em>c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7c. \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. Nh\u1edd n\u01a1i t\u00e1nh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pathavi <\/em>[=\u0111\u1ea5t].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1, s\u1ecfi, kim kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u th\u1ebf.305a.- Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i (apo dhatu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m, hay c\u00e1c b\u1ecb t\u00e1n nh\u1ecf, qu\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nhau, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 h\u00e0n g\u1eafn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p. Khi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ho\u00e0 tan c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecfng ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01b0\u01a1c, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, v.v., \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u th\u1ebf.305b.- Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i (tejo dhatu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt \u01b0\u1edbt kh\u00f4 \u0111i, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(tejo<\/em>) ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00e3o nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1t m\u1ebb v\u00e0o mu\u00e0 h\u00e8. S\u1ef1 thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng (=m\u00e1t m\u1ebb) \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(tejo dhatu<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i: unha tejo <\/em>v\u00e0 sita tejo<\/em>. Ch\u1eef Utu <\/em>(=kh\u00ed h\u1eadu) l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u00e3 v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Tejo.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111ang m\u00e1t m\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn l\u00e0nh l\u1ea1nh th\u00ec h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01a1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i (sita tejo<\/em>) l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo. Khi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111ang n\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01a1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i (unha tejo<\/em>) l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c th\u00eam. Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00ec kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00f4n ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1nh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 hay l\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft \u0111i n\u1ebfu v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean \u0111i xa khi tr\u1eddi n\u1eafng qu\u00e1 ch\u00f3i chang, oi b\u1ee9c hay khi b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo, \u00e2m u; l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng hay qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sita tejo;<\/em> c\u00f2n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1eeda th\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 unha tejo.<\/em>306.- Ch\u1eed nhi\u1ec7t (Pacaka tejo dhatu) l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n ti\u00eau ho\u00e1.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y (tejo dhatu<\/em>) d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m trong b\u1ee5ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau ho\u00e1. (Ch\u1eed nhi\u1ec7t = ch\u1eed <\/strong><\/em>[=n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn] + nhi\u1ec7t <\/strong><\/em>[= s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng]). Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m ngay phi\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eed nhi\u1ec7t <\/em>(pacaka tejo<\/em>) gi\u00fap ta ti\u00eau ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m; nh\u1eefng khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u00ecnh b\u1ee5ng hay \u0111au b\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u00eau.307.- Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i (Vayo dhatu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phong \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(vayo dhatu<\/em>) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n, lay \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y khi gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i l\u00e0m rung c\u00e2y l\u00e1, b\u1ed1c b\u1ee5i m\u00f9. Ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3. Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Gi\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/em>(Uddhagama<\/em>): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean cao, g\u00e2y ra \u1ee3, ho, nh\u1ea3y m\u0169i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ecbnh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. Khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u, ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y c\u1ee9 tr\u00e0o l\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c kh\u00fac ru\u1ed9t b\u00ean trong tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t an.; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean “l\u1eafm \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n m\u1ed3m” khi b\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Gi\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea1 <\/em>(Adhogama<\/em>): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng, b\u00ean trong b\u1ee5ng, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1eebng kh\u00fac ru\u1ed9t b\u1ecb lay \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Gi\u00f3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng<\/em> (Kucchittha)<\/em>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng, [= c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ee5ng] ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1eddng {= ru\u1ed9t non] v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng [= ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) Gi\u00f3 n\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng <\/em>(kotthasaya<\/em>): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ean trong ru\u1ed9t non v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0, \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n b\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ed1ng h\u1eadu m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1ng ra ngo\u00e0i..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) Gi\u00f3 n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1ch <\/em>(Angamanganusari<\/em>): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u. N\u1ebfu gi\u00f3 n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ecbnh li\u1ec1n x\u1ea3y ra ngay. \u0110\u1ee9ng y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3; v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00ea c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 cho m\u00e1u huy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh gi\u1eef y\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 th\u1ebf qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111i t\u1ea3n b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) H\u01a1i th\u1edf <\/em>(Assasapassasa<\/em>): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed di chuy\u1ec3n khi ta h\u00edt v\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra. Ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo danh t\u1eeb Pali l\u00e0 Anapana.<\/em>308.- S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ea1, thu\u1ef7, ho\u1ea3, phong <\/em>(pathavi, apo, tejo, vayo<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p <\/em>c\u0103n b\u1ea3n; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n (m\u1eaft), nh\u0129 c\u0103n (tai), v.v. v\u00ec ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1) m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda <\/em>ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. D\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u00f2n n\u00fai, s\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 bao la, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n hay m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sanh v\u1eadt h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u0111i\u1ec3u, th\u00fa, ng\u01b0, tr\u00f9ng \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, <\/em>c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft v\u1edbi s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n, tai v\u1edbi thanh tr\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00eam v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, n\u1ebfu ta th\u00eam ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c x\u00e0 b\u00f4ng, c\u1ee5c x\u00e0 b\u00f4ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee1 n\u00e0o v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u1ee1 \u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt m\u00f9i th\u01a1m, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c x\u00e0 b\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u0169. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t309.- N\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1y v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n thanh, m\u00e1y truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00f9ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1c quan c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.310.- Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n (Cakkhu pasada) v\u00e0 con m\u1eaft.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n <\/em>(cakkhu pasada<\/em>); ph\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong phi\u00e1 gi\u1eefa tr\u00f2ng con ng\u01b0\u01a1i. Khi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(ruparammana<\/em>), chi\u1ebfu qua m\u1eaft th\u00ec nh\u00e3n c\u0103n t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi li\u1ec1n “n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y” v\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, kh\u1edfi ngay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c <\/em>(cakkhu vinnana<\/em>).311.- Nh\u0129 c\u0103n (Sato pasada) v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 tai.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ed7 tai, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecf. Ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u0129 c\u0103n <\/em>(sota pasada<\/em>). Khi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh, hay thanh tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(saddarammana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m “n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y”, th\u00ec n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 nghe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u00ec; s\u1ef1 nghe bi\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c <\/em>(sota vinnana<\/em>).312.- T\u1ecb c\u0103n (Ghana pasada) v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 m\u0169i.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong m\u0169i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u00f3ng ch\u01a1n con d\u00ea, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ecb c\u0103n <\/em>(ghana pasada<\/em>). Khi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(gandharammana<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecb c\u0103n “n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y”, th\u00ec trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ng\u1eedi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f9i g\u00ec, th\u01a1m hay th\u1ed1i; s\u1ef1 ng\u1eedi bi\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ecb th\u1ee9c <\/em>(ghana vinnana<\/em>).313.- Thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n (Jivha pasada) v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m trong l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong l\u01b0\u1ee1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh hoa sen, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n <\/em>(jivha pasada<\/em>). Khi th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhai th\u00ec v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, ng\u1ecdt, v.v., li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n “n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y”, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb g\u00ec, m\u1eb7n l\u1ea1t ra sao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c <\/em>(jivha vinnana<\/em>).314.- Th\u00e2n c\u0103n (Kaya pasada)v\u00e0 da tr\u00ean th\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n da tr\u1ea3i ra kh\u1eafp th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01a1i m\u00e0 da kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 chai c\u1ee9ng ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u0103n <\/em>(kaya pasada<\/em>). Khi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o da, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n c\u0103n “n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y” v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ngay \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh; c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt \u0111angch\u1ea1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c <\/em>(kaya vinnana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n <\/em>(pasada<\/em>) gi\u00fap th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ta nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i315.- N\u0103m tr\u1ea7n (Arammanas), h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danh t\u1eeb Pali Arammana <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng lu\u00f4n m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1\u0111\u00f3. (\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c c\u0103n <\/em>tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho khi t\u00e2m <\/strong><\/em>h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/strong><\/em>kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh \u1edf chung quanh.) N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(arammanas<\/em>) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(cittas<\/em>) n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 v\u1eadt <\/em>b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m <\/em>h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. <\/em>V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m “h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1” v\u00e0 “\u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng lu\u00f4n”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(arammanas<\/em>), ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(ruparammana<\/em>): h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t;
– thanh tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(saddarammana<\/em>): \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra;
– h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(gandharammana)<\/em>: m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t;
– v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(rasarammana<\/em>): m\u00f9i v\u1ecb do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft ra;
– x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(photthabbarammana<\/em>): c\u1ea3m x\u00fac do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n, <\/em>n\u0103m n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng lu\u00f4n. [L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n <\/em>th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u1eefa, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(dhammarammana<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n <\/em>n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng (citta<\/em>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas<\/em>), Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m (pannattis<\/em>) n\u1eefa.]316.- Kamaguna, s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00ec t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh: s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, <\/em>v\u00ec g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, th\u00edch th\u00fa nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc <\/em>\u0111\u1eb9p l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby, thanh \u00e2m <\/em>d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>th\u01a1m ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t, v\u1ecb <\/em>b\u00e9o ng\u1ecdt b\u00f9i, x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m <\/em>tr\u01a1n l\u00e1ng, n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat r\u1ed3i g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i m\u00ea say; s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kamaguna, <\/em>t\u1ea1md\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u00e1i s\u1eafc k\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(kamaguna = kama = <\/em>kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau, d\u1ec5 th\u00edch + guna = <\/em>s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c),
[d\u1ecbch g\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u00e1i s\u1eafc k\u1ebft;<\/strong> \u00e1i = <\/em>m\u00ea th\u00edch; s\u1eafc =<\/em> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; k\u1ebft = <\/em>r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dung nhan, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng to\u1ea3 ra n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0m, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00edch th\u00fa n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00eau tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.317.- Bhavarupas, hai ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd thai, m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u mang s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>[kamma<\/em>] g\u00e2y n\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nam hay n\u1eef. Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i ra kh\u1eafp trong ch\u00e2u th\u00e2n. Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1eef t\u00e1nh <\/em>(itthibhava rupa,<\/em>); c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1i kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nam t\u00e1nh <\/em>(purisabhava rupa<\/em>). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i, m\u1ecdc l\u00e1, tr\u1ed7 hoa tr\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 gieo,, th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 quan, c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a nam ph\u00e1i hay n\u1eef ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nam t\u00e1nh <\/em>(purisabhava rupa<\/em>), <\/em>hay n\u1eef t\u00e1nh <\/em>(itthibhava rupa<\/em>).318.- T\u00e2m c\u0103n (Hadayavatthu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m c\u0103n <\/em>(hadayavatthu<\/em>) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ngay trong m\u00e1u t\u1eeb n\u01a1i tr\u00e1i tim trong l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c, ch\u1ea3y \u0111i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u th\u00e2n. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u0103n <\/em>m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi sanh l\u00ean.319.- M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n (Jivita rupa).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jivitindriya cetasika,<\/em> [jivitindriya cetasika = jivita <\/strong><\/em>(m\u1ea1ng) <\/em>+ indriya<\/em><\/strong> (c\u0103n) + cetasika <\/em><\/strong>(t\u00e2m s\u1edf)],t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n t\u00e2m s\u1edf, <\/em>l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi sanh c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, th\u00ec n\u01a1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(jivita rupa<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>), th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft <\/em>(utu<\/em>) v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(oja <\/em>hay ahara<\/em>) g\u00e2y n\u00ean; ta ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sanh v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1eafc m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(rupa jivita<\/em>) v\u00e0 danh m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(nama jivita<\/em>) quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o b\u1ef1c nh\u1ee9t; v\u00ec n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu hai m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u01a1i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1i kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0 th\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>\u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, s\u1edf d\u0129 n\u00e1t r\u1eefa ra, l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n <\/em>(jivita<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u th\u00e2n.320.- D\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t (Oja rupa).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9t c\u01a1m n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn, c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t tinh t\u00fay \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t. <\/em>Pali c\u00f3 hai danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y: oja <\/em>hay ahara. <\/em>Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ebfm ng\u1ecdt, chua, \u0111\u1eafng, m\u1eb7n, v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n <\/em>(rasarammana<\/em>), d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(oja<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (rupas<\/em>) m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00eam trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.321.- Gi\u00e1n gian (Akasadhatu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danh t\u1eeb Pali Akasa <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed1ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(rupas<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t, ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi sanh l\u00ean t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m, \u00edt nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 t\u00e1m hay ch\u00edn \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, tr\u1edf l\u00ean. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kalapa. <\/em>Hai ng\u00f3n tay g\u1ea7n nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e9p ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 h\u1edf ng\u0103n ch\u00fang ra l\u00e0m hai. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kalapas, <\/em>nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u1ea5y v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebd h\u1edf. Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kalapas <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n gian <\/em>(akasa dhatu<\/em>) [gi\u00e1n gian = gi\u00e1n <\/strong><\/em>(chia c\u00e1ch nhau) + gian <\/strong><\/em>(kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng)). Th\u1eadt ra, \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3; m\u00e0 gi\u00e1n gian, <\/em>hay kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m <\/em>(pannatti<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean khi hai nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (rupas<\/em>) ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau.322.- C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Kalapas th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi nhau, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9. Trong ti\u1ebfng Pali, ch\u1eef Kalapa <\/strong><\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n vi s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhau l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu chung c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t kalapa<\/em>“.<\/em>323.- S\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1m m\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/em> \u0111\u1ea5t (pathavi<\/em>), n\u01b0\u1edbc (apo<\/em>), l\u1eeda (tejo<\/em>) v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 (vayo<\/em>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng (vanna<\/em>), m\u00f9i (gandha<\/em>) v\u1ecb (rasa<\/em>) v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t(oja<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chung v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t: n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda, s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v.v. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t.324.- Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Kalapa.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i kalapa <\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf, m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf [kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ef1i nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 vi tr\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/em>] c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 kalapas. <\/em>M\u1ed9t vi khu\u1ea9n, m\u00e0 ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh si\u00eau vi th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kalapas <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>), t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>), th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft <\/em>(utu<\/em>) v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(ahara<\/em>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 vi t\u1ebf [= h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf] c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kalapa <\/em>v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. (\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfu th\u00eam c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma <\/em>(Abhidhamma<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft danh x\u01b0ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kalapas.<\/em>)325.- T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111i s\u00e2u th\u00eam v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, <\/em>l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(rupa<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>), t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>), th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft <\/em>(utu<\/em>) v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(ahara<\/em>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb con. B\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m, hay c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ebft d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i bay \u0111i. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, ta l\u1ea1i cho th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o; nh\u01b0ng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng; l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em ra ph\u01a1i ngo\u00e0i n\u1eafng n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i n\u1eb7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.326.- Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (Kamma) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t (\u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i, pathavi dhatu<\/em>), hay l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, <\/em>ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(apo dhatu<\/em>), hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, <\/em>l\u00e0m th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(tejo dhatu<\/em>), hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00f3ng, <\/em>r\u00fat b\u1edbt ch\u1ed7 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eabm \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111i v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(vayo dhatu<\/em>), hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di chuy\u1ec3n <\/em>\u00e9p c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau. Trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u00f9i,v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kalapas, <\/em>khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00fang theo nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>) c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u00e3 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/em> (kamma<\/em>)c\u00f2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh nam n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 qua, l\u00e0nh hay d\u1eef. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i <\/em>(peta, <\/em>q\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3i), s\u00fac sanh, <\/em>v.v., v\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra trong \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(akusala kamma<\/em>) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd hay th\u00f4 x\u1ea5u cho ch\u00fang sanh. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh v\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef ph\u1ea3i sanh ra trong h\u00e0ng th\u00fa v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd ch\u00fat \u00edt thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 qua, n\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng .Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u xa, th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n trong b\u00e0o thai cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, chi ph\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. [S\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(Rupa<\/em>) n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kammaja rupa)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[kammaja rupa<\/em> = kamma <\/strong><\/em>(nghi\u1ec7p) + ja<\/em><\/strong> (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean; tu\u1ef3 theo); rupa = <\/strong><\/em>(s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p)]327.- T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (citta) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (Rupa) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (citta<\/em>) \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t (rupa<\/em>) do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kamma<\/em>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ra l\u1ecbnh cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i, ng\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean hay di chuy\u1ec3n. Khi \u00fd ch\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y t\u00e2m <\/em>(cittaja rupa<\/em>) li\u1ec1n th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u00e2n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(vayo dhatu<\/em>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean theo v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 t\u00e2m <\/em>(cittaja rupa<\/em>), khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c kalapas <\/em>do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i (vayo dhatu<\/em>) kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb gia t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u00ean trong, khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n theo s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean m\u00e0n b\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean; trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m k\u1ebf, ta th\u1ea5y anh ta gi\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u01a1n, r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m k\u1ebf n\u1eefa, anh \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u01a1n \u1ea5y xu\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ti\u1ebfp theo, anh gi\u1edf ch\u01a1n b\u00ean kia l\u00ean, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo sau. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu nhanh l\u00ean h\u1eb1ng tr\u0103m b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, khi\u1ebfn cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi ta n\u00f3i “m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i”, th\u00ec s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t, do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(vayo dhatu<\/em>) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o, nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t li\u1ec1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec li\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c trong th\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn cho, trong ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft, ta th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi. (V\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00fd ngh\u0129 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean theo.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n: “T\u00e2m h\u1ed3n tr\u1ebb, khi\u1ebfn phong \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng tr\u1ebb.” Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e3n \u00fd, vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 t\u00e2m (cittaja rupas<\/em>) c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi. Trong khi tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e2n m\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea7m \u1ea5m, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t l\u1ed9 v\u1ebb h\u00e2n hoan. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111ang khi ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u1ec7 xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e3i v\u00e3 gay go, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean cau c\u00f3, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ho\u1ea3, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u1ebd b\u00e9n sang c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, khi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 t\u00e2m (cittaja rupas<\/em>) \u0111ang bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 nghi\u1ec7p (kammaja rupas<\/em>), s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utuja rupas<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t (aharaja rupas<\/em>) c\u0169ng chi\u1ee5 chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e0 h\u1eb3n \u0111i; v\u00e0 khi n\u1ed7i ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ebft c\u00f2n kham ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd “\u0111\u1ee9t ru\u1ed9t” l\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c <\/em>(citta<\/em>) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi th\u1ecd thai.328.- \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (Uu).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t (rupa<\/em>). S\u1ed1ng trong kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean vui v\u1ebb v\u00e0 kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh. M\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, ng\u1ee7 tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc gi\u01b0\u1eddng tinh khi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utuja rupas<\/em>), khi\u1ebfn cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kho\u1ebb kho\u1eafn v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui t\u01b0\u01a1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n th\u1ec9u, gi\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfu d\u01a1 d\u00e1y khi\u1ebfn n\u1ea9y sanh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utula rupas<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n. V\u1ec1 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i, n\u1ea9y l\u1ed9c. V\u1ec1 m\u00f9a n\u1eafng, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu oi b\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utu<\/em>) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u1ecd thai. Nh\u00ecn c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i \u0111ang thay hoa \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e1, ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft tr\u1eddi \u0111ang giao m\u00f9a. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utuja rupas<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed5i thay theo s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.329.- \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (oja<\/em>) trong c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3. N\u1ebfu ta d\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c men th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u. Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c men ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xuy\u00ean qua l\u00e1 nhau trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, thai nhi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qua th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a thai nhi m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 mu\u1ed1n sanh con d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u0103n s\u00f3c k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n trong th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0 mang thai: d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ra ph\u00eda sau; g\u1eb7p b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m thai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n; \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ta m\u1edbi mong sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9a con b\u1ee5 b\u1eabm, s\u1edfn s\u01a1. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn m\u1ecdi b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ee9a con trong b\u1ee5ng, ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi v\u1eeba th\u1ecd thai.T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p <\/em>(rupa<\/em>). \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi sau, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>) l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11 : C\u00e1c C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

330.- C\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i sanh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi <\/em>(bhumi<\/em>). C\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 31 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi: b\u1ed1n c\u00f5i d\u1eef \u00e1c, b\u1ea3y c\u00f5i c\u00f2n ham mu\u1ed1n th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean <\/em>(brahma<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n c\u00f5i d\u1eef \u00e1c l\u00e0: (1) \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(niraya<\/em>), (2) s\u00fac sanh, <\/em>(3) ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 <\/em>(peta<\/em>, qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i) v\u00e0 (4) c\u00f5i phi thi\u00ean <\/em>(asurakaya, <\/em>A tu la, c\u00e1c qu\u1ec9 th\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3y c\u00f5i c\u00f2n ham mu\u1ed1n th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u00e1u c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. S\u00e1u c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi n\u1ea7y l\u00e0: (1) T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Catumaharajika<\/em>) c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng; (2) \u0110ao l\u1ee3i thi\u00ean (Tavatimsa<\/em>) c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i tam th\u1eadp tam thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ba v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng; (3) c\u00f5i D\u1ea1 ma thi\u00ean (Yama<\/em>); (4) c\u00f5i \u0110\u00e2u su\u1ea5t thi\u00ean (Tusita<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u00f5i vui th\u00edch; (5) c\u00f5i Ho\u00e1 l\u1ea1c thi\u00ean (Nimmanarati<\/em>)l\u00e0 c\u00f5i m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd l\u1ea5y; (6) c\u00f5i Tha ho\u00e1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i thi\u00ean (Paranimmitavasavatti<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u00f5i m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c (the realm of gods lording over the creation of others) .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, c\u00f3 16 c\u00f5i S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1mthi\u00ean (Rupa Brahma<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Arupa Brahma<\/em>).331.- C\u00f5i \u0110ia ng\u1ee5c (Niraya).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 giam gi\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1eef \u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft <\/em>(utuja rupa<\/em>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utu<\/em>) do \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u00e2y ra. \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Theo kinh s\u00e1ch, \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (Lohakumbhi<\/em>), l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y s\u00f4i, n\u1eb1m ngay b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ecf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang sanh s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng theo Kinh s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 t\u00e1m t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c [=B\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/em>] th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) \u0110\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Sanjiva<\/em>)
2) H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Kalasutta<\/em>)
3) Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Sanghata<\/em>)
4) H\u00e0o khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Roruva<\/em>)5) \u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Maharoruva<\/em>)
6) Vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Tapana<\/em>)
7) \u0110\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Mahatapana<\/em>)
8)V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Avici.<\/em>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ee\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: (1) ng\u1ee5c ph\u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec5u; (2) ng\u1ee5c tro n\u00f3ng; (3) ng\u1ee5c c\u00e2y b\u00f4ng g\u1ea1o (Bombax trees); (4) ng\u1ee5c c\u00e2y l\u00e1 b\u00e9n nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1m; (5) ng\u1ee5c ch\u00ec n\u1ea5u s\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. N\u0103m ti\u1ec3u ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ussada \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, <\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/em> [Ussada = <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e0n].332.- Vua D\u1ea1 ma, ch\u00faa c\u00f5i \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua D\u1ea1 ma (Yama<\/em>) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 Vemanika petas <\/em>[Vemanika = <\/em>cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi; Peta <\/em>= q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9], thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Catumahajika<\/em>). V\u1ecb vua n\u1ea7y ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p (kamma<\/em>) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 (peta<\/em>) kh\u00e1c. N\u01a1i b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb vua D\u1ea1 ma \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ed3i x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i v\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ee9c ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua D\u1ea1 ma n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c x\u00e9t x\u1eed; v\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c li\u00ean h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vua D\u1ea1 ma x\u00e9t x\u1eed, v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i th\u00eam, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp may cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c vua D\u1ea1 ma c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n To\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vua D\u1ea1 ma, ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ph\u00e1n quan v\u00f4 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. (Xin xem th\u00eam b\u1ea3n kinh Thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 <\/em>(Devaduta Sutta, Uparipannasa<\/em>).333.- C\u00e1c qu\u1ec9 s\u1ee9 \u1edf c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Catumaharajika devas<\/em>). Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Vua D\u1ea1 ma \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9c d\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. V\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1edf c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t t\u00f9y th\u01a1\u00ec ti\u1ebft (utuja rupa<\/em>) do c\u00e1c \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p g\u00e2y ra, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n m\u1edbi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng chi c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c nung n\u00f3ng c\u1ea3.334.- M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a vua D\u1ea1 ma.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y, xin k\u1ec3 s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a vua D\u1ea1 ma; c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Kinh Thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 <\/em>(Devaduta Sutta<\/em>.) M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n, vua D\u1ea1 mali\u1ec1n h\u1ecfi k\u1ebb \u1ea5y l\u00fac \u1edf d\u01b0\u01a1ng gian c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m v\u1ecb thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u0103m v\u1ecb thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 (Panca Devadutas<\/em>) \u0111\u00f3 kho\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a: (1) m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sanh; (2) m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3; (3) m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt; (4) m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 (5) m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 nh\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua D\u1ea1 ma: <\/em>N\u1ea7y t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n, khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 s\u01a1 sanh n\u1eb1m l\u0103n l\u1ed9n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n: <\/em>Th\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua D\u1ea1 ma: <\/em>N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, v\u1eady ch\u1edb trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129: \u2018\u2018R\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 n\u1eb1m l\u0103n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 n\u1ea7y?\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i t\u1eeb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a vua D\u1ea1 ma khi h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n: <\/em>Th\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i, l\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 chi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00ec\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua D\u1ea1 ma: <\/em>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng do ai kh\u00e1c trong th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u00f9m. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00ean nay ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00fang theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vua D\u1ea1 ma ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9. Sau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00f3t, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 qua n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a y, th\u00ec vua D\u1ea1 ma li\u1ec1n c\u1ed1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i xem c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh ch\u0103ng. (V\u00ec th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ngay nay, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em chia x\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi vua D\u1ea1 ma m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n,) N\u1ebfu nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, vua D\u1ea1 ma s\u1ebd nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc m\u00e0 nh\u1edb, hay t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh ngay l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u1ee9t cho ch\u00fang sanh. Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n n\u00e0o, vua D\u1ea1 ma li\u1ec1n gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00e9o t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 th\u1ecd h\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng335.- \u0110\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Sanjiva).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Sanjiva<\/em>) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y, q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 x\u1ebbo m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y v\u00e0 tay ch\u01a1n t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ra t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ebft lu\u00f4n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam \u0111au kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(akusala kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au gh\u00ea g\u1edbm nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t. S\u1ef1 kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u00e3i h\u00f9ng.336.- H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Kalasutta).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng <\/em>(Kalasutta<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i gi\u00e2y th\u1ea5m m\u1ef1c \u0111en c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean g\u1ed7. Trong c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y, q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i theo b\u1ea7y t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng gi\u00e2y m\u1ef1c \u0111en (=h\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng) \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. \u0110o\u1ea1n, q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 d\u00f9ng b\u00faa ch\u00e9m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u m\u1ef1c. T\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t.337.- Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Sanghata).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Sanghata<\/em>) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00ec\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ef1c, trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3ng s\u1eaft nung s\u00f4i d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00edn do tu\u1ea7n (do tu\u1ea7n= b\u1ec1 d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y s\u1ed1) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n b\u00ean phi\u00e1 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft l\u0103n l\u1ea1i \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i l\u0103n \u0111i l\u0103n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e3i. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eb3ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t.338.- H\u00e0o khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Roruva).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0o khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Roruva<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n la kh\u00f3c. L\u1eeda trong ho\u1ea3 ng\u1ee5c b\u1eebng b\u1eebng ch\u00e1y tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u1eedu khi\u1ebfu (= ch\u00edn l\u1ed7 trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n. Trong c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n la kh\u00f3c ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t. C\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jala roruva <\/em>[jala = <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n].339.- \u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Maharoruva).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Maharoruva<\/em>), kh\u00f3i \u0111en m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt, d\u00e0y d\u1eb7c. T\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 trong H\u00e0o khi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, <\/em>nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y thay v\u00ec l\u1eeda th\u00ec kh\u00f3i \u0111en x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u1eedu khi\u1ebfu. \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dhuma roruva niraya, <\/em>c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c kh\u00f3i.340.- Vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Tapana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Tapana<\/em>) l\u00e0 l\u00f2 ho\u1ea3 thi\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1nb\u1ecb nh\u1eefng thanh s\u1eaft nung \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00e1y xi\u00ean qua th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh; m\u1ed7i thanh s\u1eafc to b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t.341.- \u0110\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Mahatapana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Mahatapana<\/em>hay Patapana<\/em>) l\u00e0 l\u00f2 ho\u1ea3 thi\u00eau to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c. Q\u1ee7i s\u1ee9 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i s\u1eaft nung n\u00f3ng. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u1ed1 th\u1ed5i l\u0103n xu\u1ed1ng ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed3i, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ghim s\u1eb5n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f4ng s\u1eaft nh\u1ecdn.342.- V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c hay A t\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Avici)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Avici<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebd h\u1edf; c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1eebng h\u1ef1c ch\u00e1y kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1eeba ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n <\/em>(Avici =<\/em> a <\/em>[= ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3] + vici <\/em>[= kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng xen k\u1ebd \u1edf gi\u1eefa]). C\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01a1n chen ch\u00fac nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n nh\u00e9t trong m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng tre, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1eeba h\u1ee1 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0o ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ea3.343.- C\u1ea3nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng n\u01a1i c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1m c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u0103m ti\u1ec3u ng\u1ee5c bao quanh m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (Lohakumbhi<\/em>) n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i t\u00e0 d\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i \u1edf ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ecf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 (Rajagaha<\/em>). [Xin xem l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c <\/strong><\/em>s\u1ed1 080, <\/strong><\/em>trang 42<\/strong><\/em>]. D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5u s\u00f4i, Tapoda, <\/em>b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u2018\u2018N\u1ebfu trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ta c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi cho xi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u2019\u2019344.- M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi suy g\u1eabm v\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean vun tr\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>). Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i chi m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee1 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; ngay \u0111\u00e2y, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u1ea7y, ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. Thu\u1edf xua, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu<\/em>) sau khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n Kinh Thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 <\/em>(Devaduta Sutta<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0a v\u1edbi v\u1ecb b\u1ed5n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y ngay cho m\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1eefa. R\u1ed3i v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00f3 tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>). Ch\u1ec9 sau khi \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb, v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y m\u1edbi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u1edd th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe gi\u1ea3ng kinh Thi\u00ean s\u1ee9. <\/em>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 kinh n\u1ea7y c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Xin \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tham chi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec3n Ratana Gon yi <\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi s\u00fac sanh, ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7i <\/em>(peta<\/em>) v\u00e0 a tu la <\/em>(asurakaya,<\/em> lo\u00e0i phi thi\u00ean hay l\u00e0 q\u1ee7i th\u1ea7n).345.- T\u1eadn th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> (anicca<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u01a1i sanh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u00ecm trong qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00f3. N\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t trong l\u1eeda, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc ngu\u1ed3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc su\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n. Khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n h\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 chung quanh d\u00e3y n\u00fai Hi m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n (Himavana<\/em>) n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i c\u1ea1n h\u1ebft. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0m r\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u r\u00fat h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean, m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb thi\u00eau ch\u00e1y. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ee9t thi\u1ec1n <\/em>(1st Jhana Brahmas<\/em>), \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft n\u00fai non, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u1ecdn Hi m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n, ng\u1ecdn Tu di (Meru<\/em>) c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n trang nghi\u00eam \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e1y ra tro. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t trong c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft. (Xin b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh t\u1eadn th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00f3.)346.- T\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong bao l\u00e2u?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eadt l\u00e2u, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u00e2u. Khi th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 tu\u1ed5i, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn a t\u0103ng k\u1ef3 <\/em>(asankheyya<\/em>)(= <\/em>v\u00f4 s\u1ed1, v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c) r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i10 tu\u1ed5i, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Trung gian ki\u1ebfp ba <\/em>(Antara kappa<\/em>). V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn 64 trung gian ki\u1ebfp ba.<\/em> R\u1ed3i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hoang t\u00e0n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ho\u1ea3 tai thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i, c\u0169ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp theo trong 64 ki\u1ebfp ba <\/em>n\u1eefa.347.- Ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahma Loka).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean <\/em>v\u00e0 sanh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahma Lokas<\/em>) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb l\u1eeda thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Devas<\/em>) ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o. C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft nghe theo, li\u1ec1n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng lung, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u1edd thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(jhanas<\/em>), h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean <\/em>(Brahmas<\/em>). C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p ch\u1eb7c v\u00e0o t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(niyata micchaditthi<\/em>) b\u1ecb sa v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c, n\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian th\u1ecd h\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a xong, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf g\u1edbi kh\u00e1c.348.- Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1eadn th\u1ebf, khi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u01b0a r\u1ec9 r\u1ea3, l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n n\u1eb7ng h\u1ea1t t\u1ea7m t\u00e3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed7i gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc to b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 hay m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i. C\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2ng cao l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahma Loka<\/em>). Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u00fat b\u1edbt, c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. \u0110\u1ebfn khi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian th\u00ec n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ed3i, s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. L\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1. Kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai tr\u0103m b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n do tu\u1ea7n (yojanas<\/em>) [m\u1ed7i do tu\u1ea7n <\/strong><\/em>v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y s\u1ed1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang ng\u00e2m m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n do tu\u1ea7n. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u0103ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1edd b\u1ebfn. Kh\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc bao la \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eadp s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Kh\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00edn tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n do tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1, v\u00f4 bi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, sanh v\u1eadt, ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean. M\u1ed7i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m chung l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi d\u01b0\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb Pali l\u00e0 Ananta cakkavala <\/em>[Ananta = <\/strong><\/em>v\u00f4 bi\u00ean; cakkavala = <\/strong><\/em>th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7]L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu chung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u1ed9t V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ea7y c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kia b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1eafn ngang l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng chia \u0111\u00f4i ra.349.- C\u01b0 trung \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Lokantarika).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u01b0 trung \u0110i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c <\/em>(Lokantarika<\/em>) [Lokantarika = <\/strong><\/em>\u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa], \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u01a1i ba v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p nhau. C\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111en t\u1ed1i, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 tia s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 \u00e2m u l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 l\u1ef5 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y, trong th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh ng\u1ea1 qu\u00ed (peta<\/em>) hay a tu la (asurakaya<\/em>), lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t. Ch\u00fang \u0111eo tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, trong c\u1ea3nh m\u00f9 t\u1ed1i, nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n, n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u x\u00e9 l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb r\u01a1i tu\u1ed9t xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft.350.- N\u00fai Tu di (Meru).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay gi\u1eefa trung t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00f3 h\u00f2n n\u00fai Tu di (Meru<\/em>) cao m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n do tu\u1ea7n. Ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda h\u00f2n n\u00fai n\u1ea7y ng\u1eadp trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00e1 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea3y quanh ng\u1ecdn Tu di t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sida. <\/em>Qua kh\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng n\u1ea7y, th\u00ec g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, th\u1ea5p ch\u1eebng ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda ng\u1ecdn Tu di, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Yugandhara. <\/em>C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Sida <\/em>n\u1eefa ch\u1ea3y quanh ng\u1ecdn Yugandhara. <\/em>Xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Isadhara. <\/em>V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u00f4ng bao quanh n\u00fai, n\u00fai n\u1eb1m b\u00ean s\u00f4ng, n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y b\u1ea3y ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau.351.- B\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai nh\u00ecn ra xa l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ch\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u1ed5i l\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0ong c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Tu di \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u [kinh s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1eafng th\u1ea7n ch\u00e2u<\/strong><\/em>]. Ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 Nam b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u [Nam thi\u1ec7m b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u, <\/strong><\/em>hay Nam Di\u00eam ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong><\/em>]. Ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u00f3 T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u [T\u00e2y ng\u01b0u ho\u00e1 ch\u00e2u<\/strong><\/em>]. Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u00f3 B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u [B\u1eafc cu l\u01b0 ch\u00e2u<\/strong><\/em>].352.- C\u00f5i ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Deva) v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahma).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Yugandhara, <\/em>cao \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n ng\u1ecdn Tu di, l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Catumaharajika devas<\/em>). Kinh s\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi n\u1ea7y. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh ng\u1ecdn Tu di l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi \u0110ao l\u1ee3i (Tavatimsa<\/em>), n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Vua Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch (Sakka<\/em>) ng\u1ef1 trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n H\u1ef7 ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh (Sudassana<\/em>). B\u1ed1n c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi D\u1ea1 ma (Yama<\/em>), \u0110\u00e2u su\u1ea5t (Tusita<\/em>), Ho\u00e1 l\u1ea1c thi\u00ean (Nimmanarati<\/em>) v\u00e0 Tha ho\u00e1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i thi\u00ean (Paranimmitavasavatti<\/em>) \u1edf tr\u00ean h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 chi \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>) l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u1edf cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong kh\u00f4ng gian. (Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft, xin \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u2018\u2018Thingyo Bhathatika\u2019\u2019<\/em>.)353.- Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi sanh ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00f5i ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3n th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n hay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do cha m\u1eb9 sanh ra. Do n\u01a1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(Kamma<\/em>), h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh theo l\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Devas<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nam, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eef. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sanh s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chi c\u1ea3, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng h\u00e0o quang to\u1ea3 ra t\u1eeb th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay li\u1ec7ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1edf h\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Thi\u00ean ch\u00fang.354.- \u0102n l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi bay li\u1ec7ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 th\u1eed n\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng. V\u00ec l\u00e0 tinh tu\u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb th\u01a1m ngon, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u0103n v\u1edbi nhau. R\u1ed3i do s\u1ef1 tham lam d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 \u1edf l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0o quang n\u01a1i th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i li\u1ec1n ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong m\u00e0n u t\u1ed1i.355.- M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng lo s\u1ee3 trong c\u1ea3nh \u00e2m u, nh\u1edd n\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Suriya <\/em>trong ti\u1ebfng Pali, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u2018\u2018s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m\u2019\u2019 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Suriya c\u00f3 ch\u00e2u vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i do tu\u1ea7n (yojanas<\/em>) v\u00e0 tia s\u00e1ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gan d\u1ea1 cho ch\u00fang sanh. Khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ch\u00ecm trong c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1i \u0111en, n\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean theo s\u1ef1 mong m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00e2u vi c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn do tu\u1ea7n. V\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean theo s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 chanda <\/em>theo ti\u1ebfng Pali, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u2018\u2018\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng\u2019\u2019, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb Canda <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eddi tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u0103ng khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Phagguna <\/em>(kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1ng, th\u00e1ng Hai v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng Ba theo T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch), c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo l\u1ecbch Majjhimadesa <\/em>[Majjhimadesa <\/strong><\/em>l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Trung \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, bao g\u1ed3m lu\u00f4n ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng]. (Hay l\u00e0, c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam m\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng Phagguna<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng Citta <\/em>(v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1ng, th\u00e1ng Ba v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 theo T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch). (Th\u00e1ng Phagguna <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tabaung; <\/em>c\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Citta <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tagu.<\/em>)356.- Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y lu\u00e1 g\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd \u0103n l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 b\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 tham lam l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p [akusala<\/em>]), l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng \u0111i v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e1t ra t\u1eebng c\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u2018\u2018c\u1ecdng ng\u1ecdt\u2019\u2019(ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nwecho<\/em>). Khi c\u00e1c c\u1ecdng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o \u0111i th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o tr\u00f3c v\u1ecf hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ee5n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 jotipasana <\/em>[= ho\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u] li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111un ch\u00edn; khi c\u01a1m ch\u00edn xong th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1 ngu\u1ed9i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.357.- Nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau ho\u00e1 h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0103n, v\u00ec th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 g\u00e2n. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n b\u00e3 th\u1eeba th\u00e3i n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5i ra d\u00f9ng c\u01a1m g\u1ea1o, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau ho\u00e1 h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd \u0103n v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong ru\u1ed9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 h\u1edf tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n b\u00e3. Nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i (vayo<\/em>) trong s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1eb7n b\u00e3, n\u00ean c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu m\u00f4n, ni\u1ec3u khi\u1ebfu, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. R\u1ed3i theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Bhavarupas<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nam t\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1eef t\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, chi\u1ebfu theo qui ch\u1ebf c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>).358.- S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u1ecb quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c v\u00ec h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i. B\u1ef1c tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn xa, th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean khinh ch\u00ea h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p trai g\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u01a1i k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ri\u1ec5u v\u00e0 b\u1ecb li\u1ec7ng \u0111\u00e1. (Ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi.) V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 sau, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m th\u00fa v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.359.- C\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t qua ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb c\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c (Niraya<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, v.v. S\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e0i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng chi ti\u1ebft. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e2y, trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u1eafn t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch sanh s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c cung Tr\u1eddi, d\u1ef1a theo Kinh s\u00e1ch.360.- Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby xa hoa m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u1ea5t xa c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c chi c\u1ea3nh bao la c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt s\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf. N\u01a1i c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi \u0110ao l\u1ee3i (Tavatimsa<\/em>) c\u00f3 H\u1ef7 ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh (Sudassana<\/em>) n\u1eb1m ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tu di (Meru<\/em>), chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n do tu\u1ea7n. V\u01b0\u1eddn Hoan l\u1ea1c (Nandanavana<\/em>) \u1edf v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ef7 ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1eb9p cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01a1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n s\u1eafp li\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i thi\u00ean nam (devas<\/em>), thi\u00ean n\u1eef (devis<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1edbt tha d\u1ea1o qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng c\u00e2y xanh m\u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea7y hoa t\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00f5n n\u00e0, c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. Kh\u00e1ch nh\u00e0n du ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7y qu\u00ed kim r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd, ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn l\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ef7 tinh trong veo c\u1ee7a hai bi\u1ec3n h\u1ed3 n\u1eb1m ngay gi\u1eefa v\u01b0\u1eddn, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 Hoan l\u1ea1c Mahananda <\/em>v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ed3 Hoan l\u1ea1c Culananda. <\/em>L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u00e1c \u1edf ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

361.- Thi\u00ean nam (Deva) v\u00e0 thi\u00ean n\u1eef (Devi).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n trang \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u tr\u00ean cung Tr\u1eddi,d\u00e0nh cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u do thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>(kusala kamma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean nam (devas<\/em>) t\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 thanh ni\u00ean 20 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef (devis<\/em>) nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u00e0 nua c\u1ea3, gi\u1eef v\u1ebb thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e3i tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m thanh khi\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u01a1\u00ec n\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n b\u00e3. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t: (1) h\u1ecd c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u00f4 u\u1ebf; (2) c\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 mang thai; (3) con c\u00e1i sanh ra tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ngay tr\u00ean tay h\u1ecd hay n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef7. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4i t\u1edb, th\u1ecb t\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean nam v\u00e0 thi\u00ean n\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c thi\u00ean nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i timc\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ve v\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng trai n\u01a1i c\u00f5i tr\u1ea7n gian hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb thi\u00ean nam si t\u00ecnh, t\u00ean Pancasikha, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ecnh ca \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e1t l\u00ean theo ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0n th\u1ee5 c\u1ea7m. B\u1ea3n t\u00ecnh ca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho thi\u00ean n\u1eef Suriyavacchasa, v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa nhan s\u1eafc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Timbaru:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yam ma atthi katam punnam Arahantesa tadisu,
Tam me sabbangakalyani, taya saddhim vipaccatam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2018Lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng
l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ee9t, b\u1eadc thanh khi\u1ebft d\u1ee9t s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c.
Nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y s\u1edbm tr\u1ed7 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng chung
m\u00e3i m\u00e3i b\u00ean em, n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng anh y\u00eau.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh tha thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng, thi\u00ean n\u1eef Suriyavacchasa l\u1ea1i gh\u00e9 m\u1eaft xanh v\u00e0o Sikhanti, con c\u1ee7a Matali. Vua Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch Sakka \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 Pancasikha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng Suriyavacchasa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e0ng thi\u00ean n\u1eef s\u1ed1ng trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng mong c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean nam kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>), n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4i ng\u00f4 h\u01a1n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby h\u01a1n. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng thi\u00ean nam th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng mang l\u00f2ng ganh t\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi n\u1ea7y tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean nam, thi\u00ean n\u1eef \u0111ang \u0111\u1eafm say h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>), A na h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o (Anagami magga<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u n\u01a1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Deva Loka<\/em>): c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A na h\u00e0m mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi c\u00f5i n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>), c\u00f2n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n th\u00ec vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Parinibbana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc mong th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb du gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd bao v\u00e2y v\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong khi sanh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng hay qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01a1n v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n Hoan l\u1ea1c (Nandanavana<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Deva Loka<\/em>), vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tu\u00e2n theo, c\u00f2n n\u00f3i chi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n Minh s\u00e1t <\/em>(Vipassana<\/em>). C\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00fai d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c thi\u00ean nam \u0111\u1eebng gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m chi. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb X\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Campeyya, vua c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i r\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi n\u01a1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh vua Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf th\u00edch Sakka \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e1 h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd B\u00e1t quan trai (Uposatha sila<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisatta<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>, s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n) ngay trong l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian. C\u00f3 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ch\u1eb3ng mong s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1i c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh ngay v\u00e0o c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fat \u00edt hi v\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c ngay trong c\u00f5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean. C\u00f3 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o ch\u00e2u (Culamani<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p Culamani Ceti <\/em>x\u00e2y cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t do tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd th\u00e1nh t\u00edch t\u00f3c v\u00e0 x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i thi\u00ean nam v\u00e0 thi\u00ean n\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 th\u00e1p \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng hoa v\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c thi ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00f4i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Sudhamma<\/em>) th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1eddi l\u1ebd n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 trang nghi\u00eam, h\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u b\u00e1o l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh. H\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng c\u00e2y Ba l\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t \u0111a la <\/em>(Paricchattaka<\/em>) (= c\u00e2y Thi\u00ean th\u1ecd v\u01b0\u01a1ng; ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Pinle kahit<\/em>), \u0111ang tr\u1ed7 hoa, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n. \u1ede gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ngai v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdng tr\u1eafng che phi\u00e1 tr\u00ean. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ngai v\u00e0ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gh\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ba v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i Pajapati, Varuna v\u00e0 Isana. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tu\u1ef3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng <\/em>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch Sakka th\u1ed5i t\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf \u1ed1c Vijayuttara, ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng \u0111i xa kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 H\u1ef7 ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh (Sudassana<\/em>), r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n do tu\u1ea7n. Ti\u1ebfng \u1ed1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo th\u1eddi gian n\u01a1i c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e2n t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean chi\u1ebfu r\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean Sanankumara \u0111\u00f4i khi gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ebf th\u00edch Sakka thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 khi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00e0i h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3o (Culamani)hay nghe gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p n\u01a1i Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (Sudhamma<\/em>) tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o <\/em>(Magga<\/em>) v\u00e0Qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Phala<\/em>); ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 say \u0111\u1eafm theo c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y, \u00edt c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o trong Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>). N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadt t\u00ecnh lo s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng trong Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1ef1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o <\/em>v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3, <\/em>c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng ai nu\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Di l\u1eb7c (Metteyya<\/em>) gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t mong manh, kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. Ngay k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01a1n v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1eddn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n Hoan l\u1ea1c (Nandavana<\/em>), th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu th\u1eadt c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 say m\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ra, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta, ngay t\u1ef1 gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u1ea7y, ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ee9c T\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: \u2018\u2018Trong khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi gian nguy, c\u00e1c con \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c con nay l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u00e1t qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>(bhavana<\/em>) v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fac kh\u00e1c?\u2019\u2019(Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 t\u00fac th\u00eam v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1970)362.- Vua \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch Sakka \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch, v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Devas<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn (Sotapanna Ariya<\/em>), m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m c\u1ee1i voi Eravana \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn Hoan l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, b\u1ed7ng s\u1ef1c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>). Ng\u00e0i th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t khi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vui \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn Hoan l\u1ea1c, Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean khi voi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda v\u01b0\u1eddn, Ng\u00e0i li\u1ec1n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n tu\u1ef3 t\u00f9ng; r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf voi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n (Pubbarama)<\/em> n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf li\u1ec1n th\u01b0a: \u2018\u2018B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi tham lam, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>)?\u2019\u2019 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1p th\u1eadt v\u1eafn t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u1edf V\u00fc\u1eddn Ho\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng chi\u1ec1u \u00fd, \u0111\u00e1p ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u2018N\u00e0y Sakka, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ef1c A-la-h\u00e1n, nghe gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018\u2018Ta\u2019\u2019 hay l\u00e0 \u2018\u2018c\u1ee7a Ta\u2019\u2019. V\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n). Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng mu\u00f4n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>), s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i cho v\u1ecb Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf th\u00edch Sakka. Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng khi nghe xong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, li\u1ec1n t\u00e1n th\u00e1n: \u2018\u2018L\u00e0nh thay!\u2019\u2019 (Sadhu!<\/em>) ba l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Tr\u1eddi. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c ki\u1ec1n li\u00ean (Moggallana<\/em>) \u0111ang \u1edf ph\u00f2ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e1n, mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft xem v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y hay kh\u00f4ng, n\u00ean li\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng theo Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf l\u00ean cung tr\u1eddi \u0110ao l\u1ee3i (Tavatimsa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01a1n v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1eddn Hoan l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng Tr\u1eddi, vua \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 b\u00e0y ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c vui th\u00fa, khi\u1ebfn cho Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y. Khi v\u1eeba g\u1eb7p T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c ki\u1ec1n li\u00ean, v\u1ecb vua Tr\u1eddi t\u1ecf ra b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cung k\u00ednh th\u01b0a ch\u00e0o. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 li\u1ec1n h\u1ecfi vua Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghe Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, v\u1ecb Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch c\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vui v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u00f4ng ta qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u1edb b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf thi\u00ean cung qu\u00e1 \u0111a \u0111oan, n\u00ean nay ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1edb h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Xin xem b\u1ea3n Kinh Culatanhasankhaya Sutta, <\/em>ph\u1ea9m Mulapannasa, <\/em>thu\u1ed9c Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh, Majjhima Nikaya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

363.- C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 suy g\u1eabm.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho ta b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc: c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn ta d\u1ec5 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) cao qu\u00ed. Ngay c\u1ea3 vua Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Tu-\u0111\u00e0-hu\u1eddn hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 (Sotapanna Ariya<\/em>) v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ea5n h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c che m\u1edd c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb vua Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ea5t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn Hoan l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahma<\/em>), ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (jhanas<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f5i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Parinibbana<\/em>) n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>). Ngay c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n <\/em>(Ariya<\/em>) nh\u01b0 vua Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch Sakka v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u0169ng qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ea5t Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u00ec m\u1ea3i m\u00ea trong c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui n\u01a1i c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng xao l\u00e3ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. Khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u1ea7y, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh xa hoa n\u01a1i cung Tr\u1eddi, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n c\u00f5i d\u1eef (Apayas<\/em>). \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u0103m tr\u0103m thi\u00ean n\u1eef \u0111ang ca h\u00e1t l\u00fac h\u00e1i hoa, th\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c A t\u1ef3 (Avici, <\/em>\u0111i\u1ea1 ng\u1ee5c v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n nghi. Mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y: (1) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd <\/em>(Sasana<\/em>) th\u1ea1nh h\u00e0nh; (2) \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh; (3) cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh; (4) gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9ng danh l\u00e0 b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3. Th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c d\u1eaby \u0111\u1ea7y; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y theo danh l\u1ee3i; s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh; vi\u1ec7c s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n r\u1ee1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. C\u00f3n tham nh\u0169ng l\u1ea1i lan tr\u00e0n l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>) l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu cho con ch\u00e1u v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m \u0111i. Trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c sanh vi\u00ean th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c n\u1eefa, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao t\u00ecm cho ra c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o l\u00e0m Sa-di <\/em>(samaneras <\/em>l\u00e0c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh, ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo)? Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 Sa-di th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n? N\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 cai qu\u1ea3n tu vi\u1ec7n? \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo ng\u00e0y nay, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i tu, kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng theo c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt tu h\u00e0nh trong ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>) ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1edfi con ch\u00e1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111em \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o <\/em>(Magga<\/em>),Qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Phala<\/em>) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>). S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c <\/em>(kamma<\/em>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c sanh vi\u00ean \u00edt khi ch\u1ecbu tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo d\u1eef \u00e1c. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ecbu ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c trai t\u0103ng, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> [= b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m: th\u1ee9c \u0103n, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1c, thu\u1ed1c men]cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (Sangha<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7) Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang. Ng\u00e0y nay, cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 l\u1eafm m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho con \u0111i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c xa x\u00ed ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi tr\u1ebb con l\u1edbn l\u00ean ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc l\u00e0m l\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n, kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0103n ti\u00eau tr\u1ecdn th\u00e1ng.Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i quay ra d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n chi d\u1ee5ng. Trong th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>) cho chu t\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8) T\u1ef3-kheo <\/em>(Bhikkhu<\/em>) c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u. T\u1ef3-kheo c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00ec\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00e1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hoan nghinh c\u1ee7a phu huynh h\u1ecdc sanh. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng khinh d\u1ec5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u01a1i tu vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Sasana<\/em>)? C\u00e0ng suy g\u1eabm, ta c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9) Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u01a1n d\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m t\u1eeb <\/em>(metta<\/em>), bi <\/em>(karuna<\/em>) h\u1ec9 <\/em>(mudita<\/em>) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ng\u00e0y nay, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb <\/em>r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng tu\u1ef3 h\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 sang gi\u00e0u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng ganh t\u1ecb, t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1, hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9, cao ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tham lam. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, c\u00f2n \u0111ang ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n: t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 n\u01a1i b\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1ecdng l\u01b0u, khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i k\u1ebb h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10) M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u xa x\u00ed ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1c lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp ch\u1ed1n, khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam d\u1ea7u. Tham lam khi ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103m h\u1eddn s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm, r\u1ed3i \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. N\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfm r\u1ed3i th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i ra sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11) V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y bi\u1ebft lo cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1eadu t\u1ea5n c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a b\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ec5 chi cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Deva Loka<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui ti\u00ean c\u1ea3nh. Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng kh\u00f3, v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (akusala<\/em>) c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea9y n\u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12) T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i b\u1ebfn xe l\u1eeda \u1edf Yangon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Yangon \u0111\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (Sima<\/em>). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i ra nh\u00e0 ga. Trong khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i ch\u1edd chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chen ch\u00fac, x\u00f4 l\u1ea5n gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ef1t nhau d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tranh ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean xe, trong khi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y \u0111ang qu\u1eb9o v\u00e0o ga. Sau, t\u00f4i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3nh chen l\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13) T\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: \u2018\u2018H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn xe l\u1eeda n\u1ea7y d\u00e0i l\u1eafm ch\u1ec9 trong hai ng\u00e0y. V\u00ec s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 x\u1ea5u, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chen l\u1ea5n, x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang. Tr\u00ean xe, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u1edbi lui \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o ng\u1ed3i g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng; m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 ch\u1eb3ng v\u1eeba \u00fd; l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng lo l\u1eafng ra m\u1eb7t v\u00ec ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u1ebb c\u00f3 v\u1ebb b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14) \u2018\u2018N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 lo cho m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ch\u1ec9 v\u00f5n v\u1eb9n c\u00f3 hai ng\u00e0y, sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng lo l\u1eafng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f2n d\u00e0i g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i, d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xuy\u00ean qua cc\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c sanh t\u1eed, t\u1eed sanh c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>)cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>)? Sao l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t, t\u00ecm ra b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n du \u0111\u00f3? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n c\u00f5i \u00e1c, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala kamma<\/em>) s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111u\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2018Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh tai ho\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1eadt nh\u1ecdc m\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn xe l\u1eeda c\u00f3 hai ng\u00e0y, sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng ra cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi? Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh!\u2019\u2019 T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i v\u1eeba ngh\u0129 v\u00f3i v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15) C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng n\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t cho c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi qua, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c do vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>), c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00eam theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi <\/em>(sila<\/em>). Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ch\u00fang (Deva<\/em>) \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u1edf c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c n\u01a1i c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian n\u1ea7y. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisattas<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>ngay trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (Sasana<\/em>), c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean m\u00e3i m\u00e3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tu t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n B\u1ed5 t\u00fac)<\/strong><\/em>364.- C\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Brahmas).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Ti\u00ean (Brahmas<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t an ho\u00e0, th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(jhana kusala<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 sanh v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(jhanas<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u1eddi xa c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, \u1ed3n \u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i hoang v\u1eafng, l\u00e1nh h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c \u1edf tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c (kama guna<\/em>). Trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fac c\u00f2n n\u01a1i c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 soi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, n\u00ean nay \u1edf c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi thanh khi\u1ebft, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hoa vi\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean th\u1eadt tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb an nh\u00e0n th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb (metta bhavana<\/em>) to\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean c\u0169ng chia ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p Ph\u1ea1m ch\u00fang: c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Brahmapurohitas, <\/em>d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ee5 thi\u00ean), c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p, theo h\u1ea7u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng (C\u00e1c Thi\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

365.- V\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Asannasatta Brahma)<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Khi c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (citta<\/em>) v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c (tr\u00ed nh\u1edb) (sanna<\/em>) g\u00e2y n\u00ean. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham lam \u0111\u1ec1u do n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng, y\u00ean t\u0129nh h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c (kammatthana<\/em>) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c <\/em>(sannaviraga bhavana<\/em>). \u0110\u1ebfn khi li\u00e0 c\u00f5i nhon gian, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng, ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed3i, ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00eang. Th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 500 ki\u1ebfp ba<\/em> (kappas<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

366.- V\u00f4 s\u1eafc Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean (Arupa Brahma).<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean v\u00f4 s\u1eafc ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1eadm th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Khi c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (jhanas<\/em>), qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(rupa<\/em>), cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y n\u00ean, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t <\/em>(rupavigara bhavana<\/em>). \u0110\u1ebfn khi li\u00e0 c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c cao v\u00fat tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi; th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp ba <\/em>(kappas<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o hai c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean n\u1ea7y.)367.- T\u1eeb c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u1ecdt xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng s\u00fac sanh.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean ch\u00fang, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o <\/em>(Magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 <\/em>(Phala<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang <\/em>(Brahma Ariyas<\/em>) m\u1edbi kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb t\u00e1i sanh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean cao, \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>). C\u00f2n c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Thi\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n gian, khi th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i sa v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi qua v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi hay c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n <\/em>(Dvihetuka<\/em>) hay tam thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n <\/em>(Tihetuka<\/em>). R\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y, t\u00f9y theo \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef, nh\u01b0 s\u00fac sanh, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9 hay v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara<\/em>), ph\u00e0m phu (puthujjana<\/em>) ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi hay c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f5i d\u1eef nh\u01b0 s\u00fac sanh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 c\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n: \u2018\u2018Nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u00e0o quang, mai l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con heo b\u00f9n s\u00ecnh d\u01a1 d\u00e1y!\u2019\u2019 C\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu l\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean cao nh\u1ee9t, c\u00f5i Bhavagga, <\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo d\u1eef \u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n b\u1eafn l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung c\u1ee9 th\u0103ng l\u00ean cao m\u00e3i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang sanh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (jhana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p v\u1eady. (Bhavagga<\/em> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nevasannanasannayatana bhumi, <\/em>d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u00f5i phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u00e1c C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (Bhumis<\/em>).368.- Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nibbana<\/em>), t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m xong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng khi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1t qua vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng vi\u1ebft c\u00f2n h\u01a1n vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1968 (ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u 1320 M.E.<\/strong> theo l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ebfn-\u0111i\u1ec7n), nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, t\u00f4i m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 \u2018\u2018T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i an l\u1ea1c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u2019\u2019 (\u2018\u2018Recollection of Peaceful Nibbana<\/em>\u2019\u2019) tr\u00edch trong quy\u1ec3n \u2018\u2018Thingyo Bhathatika\u2019\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2018T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i an l\u1ea1c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u2019\u2019 c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1edb ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (=recollecting the \u2018\u2018peaceful bliss\u2019\u2019 of Nibbana [= santi sukha<\/em>]) [santi =<\/em> an; sukha =<\/em> l\u1ea1c]. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00ean trong s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m t\u00e1nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t tinh tu\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu \u0111\u00f3 hay ch\u1ea5t tinh tu\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i y nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t tinh tu\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: \u2018\u2018L\u00e0m sao n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, khi ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec n\u01a1i c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t.\u2019\u2019 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u1edbi th\u1ea5u r\u00f5. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, d\u1ef1a theo Kinh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/em>(Nibbana<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01a1n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c ch\u01a1n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t. V\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p chi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t, hai m\u00f3n n\u1ea7y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c hay s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tinh t\u00fay tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u00ec n\u01a1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 trong l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u2018\u2018Bhiddha Dhamma\u2019\u2019<\/em> n\u01a1i B\u1ea3ng X\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i \u2018\u2018Matika\u2019\u2019 <\/em>c\u1ee7a Quy\u1ec3n Kh\u1ea3o Lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t [= quy\u1ec3n Dhammasangani P\u00e0li]<\/strong><\/em> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma (Abhidhamma<\/strong><\/em>) trong Tam T\u1ea1ng [=Tipitaka<\/strong><\/em>]. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5ng hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh, v.v. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o an l\u1ea1c n\u01a1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (the \u2018\u2018peaceful bliss\u2019\u2019 in Nibbana, xin d\u1ecbch g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac; peaceful = <\/strong><\/em>an l\u1ea1c; bliss = <\/strong><\/em>ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh.) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u01a1i \u0111i m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tho\u1ea3 d\u1ea1 khi h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd, li\u1ec1n mu\u1ed1n gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c n\u00ean d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i vay n\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ph\u00fat kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd sau n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 vay n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n n\u1ebbo \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a an l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac <\/em>(the \u2018\u2018peaceful bliss\u2019\u2019) c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf, \u0111ang n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 ngon; ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u00f4ng s\u1ebd qu\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c \u00f4ng d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00fa vui kh\u00e1c \u0111ang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eady. Trong khi \u00f4ng ta ng\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng th\u00edch gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 \u00eam \u0111\u1ec1m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 vui kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0c d\u1eady. Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng sau m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 ngon, nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: \u2018\u2018\u00c1i ch\u00e0! \u0110\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c ngon \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3!\u2019\u2019 V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m sung s\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n mang l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A na h\u00e0m (Anagami)<\/em> v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>). C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y xem c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p (u\u1ea9n<\/em>) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111ang \u0111\u00e8 tr\u0129u, n\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf <\/em>(Nirodha samapatti<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111u\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u00f2ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Thi\u00ean ch\u00fang V\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng an l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac<\/em> (\u2018\u2018peaceful bliss\u2019\u2019) tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd, trong 500 ki\u1ebfp ba, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an ho\u00e0, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb V\u00f4 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa li\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt oi. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n r\u1ed3i, v\u1ecb V\u00f4 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 12 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i Manodvaravajjama,<\/em> \u1edf t\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd;
– t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i Kamavacara Kiriya, <\/em>\u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u1edbi
– m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ee5 t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng (nevasannanasannayatana<\/em>)
– m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng;
– m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

[\u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c = <\/strong><\/em>functional consciousness; y th\u1ee9c th\u1ee5 t\u00e1c = <\/strong><\/em>resultant cosciousness]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean V\u00f4 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh an l\u1ea1c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n. V\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u1ea7y, khi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n, c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0110\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3. Kinh s\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ea1c th\u00fa v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn khi vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch v\u00e0o c\u00f5i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (=v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n r\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o T\u0103ng ni (Theras & Theris<\/em>) v\u1eeba v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf n\u0103m u\u1ea9n th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, v\u1eeba th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1eebng r\u1ee1, khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0111eo n\u1eb7ng c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadevakassa lokassa, ete vo sukhasammata,
Yattha c\u2019 ete nirujjhanti, tan tesam dukkhasammatam.
Sukkham ditthamariyebhi, sakkayassa nirodhanam,
Paccanikam idam hoti, sabbalokena passatam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2018N\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f5i nh\u01a1n thi\u00ean, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c Thi\u00ean ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u xem c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, \u00e2m thanh, v.v. l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui.
N\u01a1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u00e2n qu\u00ed, th\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn. Trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f2n ngu d\u1ed1t c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m an vui c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.
V\u1edbi hu\u1ec7 nh\u00e3n, c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.
C\u00e1c b\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng si m\u00ea (avijja) v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c (tanha) c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i m\u1ecdi phi\u00e1.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*T\u1ed5ng K\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

369.- B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xong ni\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 vi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u2018\u2018Vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p nh\u1ef1t d\u1ee5ng\u2019\u2019 <\/strong><\/em>(\u2018\u2018Abhidhamma in \u0111aily life\u2019\u2019<\/em>) <\/strong>n\u1ea7y, c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c khi\u00e1 c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i chung c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 giao t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111em c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 ra \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m th\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n.370.- Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c su\u00f4ng, r\u1ea5t v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. S\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u0111em l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u00fap gi\u00f9m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t hay ch\u1eef, th\u00e2u th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ed5 \u00edch v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm k\u1ebb bi\u1ebft \u0111em ra \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c. Gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh th\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t mong manh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i n\u1ea7y, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>(Paramis<\/em>) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoe khoang, ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i gi\u00e0u sang cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n noi theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ba-la-m\u1eadt <\/em>do c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tranh nhau leo l\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1eadc thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o, hay mang \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t \u00edt, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khen ng\u1ee3i, th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.371.- Chuy\u1ec7n con c\u1ecdp gi\u00e0 x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00edch trong Hitopadesa <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t con c\u1ecdp x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t gi\u00e0 nua \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n \u0111i s\u0103n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c. Mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee9 k\u00eau l\u00ean: \u2018\u2018N\u00e0y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh! H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng!\u2019\u2019 C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n, h\u1ecfi: \u2018\u2018Chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ecdp gi\u1edf ch\u01a1n l\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o, ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u00ec s\u1ee3 c\u1ecdp hay \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ecdp li\u1ec1n l\u00ean gi\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u2018Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n th\u1ecbt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn nghe bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>). \u0110\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, t\u00f4i m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con. T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i linh c\u1ea3m <\/em>(sanvega<\/em>) th\u00fac d\u1ee5c t\u00f4i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o. S\u1ed1 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i may m\u1eafn g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 cao qu\u00ed gi\u1ea3ng cho t\u00f4i nghe cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 th\u00ed <\/em>(dana<\/em>). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. B\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i t\u00f4i g\u00ec h\u1ebft. N\u00e8, xem t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n ch\u00fat nanh vu\u1ed1t n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng n\u1ea7y cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu duy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. N\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 t\u1eafm r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111i, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eadn m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tin v\u00e0o l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh li\u1ec1n l\u00e0m theo. Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3, anh ta sa l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 l\u00fan s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng. C\u1ecdp b\u1ea3o s\u1ebd t\u1edbi gi\u00fap, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e9 x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00edch trong Hitopadesa <\/em>d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc: ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u1eeba n\u1ebft tinh ranh, gian x\u1ea3o c\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n k\u1ebb d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f9 ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn nh\u0169 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1edb n\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n ra tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c. Nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* * *372.- L\u1eddi B\u1ea1t (Epilogue)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, xin ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u01b0u \u00fd ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng: Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a thanh t\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n xa di\u1ec7u v\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u1eefu, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau n\u1ea7y, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n noi theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n do c\u00e1c b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ea1ch ra, ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u00e2p c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p nh\u1ef1t d\u1ee5ng<\/strong> <\/em>n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vinh quang!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u1ed9i dung s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb https:\/\/www.budsas.org\/ \u2018\u2018Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammasambuddhassa\u2019\u2019\u2018\u2018Ch\u00ed t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, B\u1eadc \u1ee8ng C\u00fang, \u0110\u1ea5ng V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c\u2019\u2019 M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5cV\u00e0i l\u1eddi\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14410,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-14409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vi-dieu-phap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14409","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14409"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14409\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14495,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14409\/revisions\/14495"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14409"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14409"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14409"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=14409"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}