{"id":15439,"date":"2021-11-26T10:24:25","date_gmt":"2021-11-26T03:24:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=15439"},"modified":"2021-11-26T10:24:28","modified_gmt":"2021-11-26T03:24:28","slug":"duc-phat-nguoi-thay-vi-dai-ve-nhan-cach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/11\/26\/duc-phat-nguoi-thay-vi-dai-ve-nhan-cach\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gia s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ee9c tin, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua v\u1edbi bao bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 suy chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, lan to\u1ea3 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (xem Burtt & Edwi, 1955; Ludowyk, 1958; K. Sri Dhammananda, 1997; Thich Nhat H\u1ea1nh, 1998; Dalai Lama & Bhikkhu Bodhi, 2005; Bronkhorst & Johannes, 2009; Allan R. Bomhard, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9: t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng bao dung \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb, l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c noi theo, tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh (xem Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c, 2009; Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa, 2012; Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n, 2015; Th\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Khai, 2017; Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Ph\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1c, 2017; Th\u00edch Th\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n (2015) trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Li\u00ean Tr\u00ed (2016) trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2013 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan s\u00e1t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, c\u1ea7n tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Th\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7 (2020) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 hoa sen trong b\u00f9n v\u1eabn n\u1edf hoa tinh khi\u1ebft. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf trong tr\u1ea7n lao nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Th\u00e2n Kh\u1ea9u \u00dd, t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u00f4 minh t\u0103m t\u1ed1i. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t khen ch\u00ea \u01b0a gh\u00e9t. Nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi t\u00e2m \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o. To\u00e0n th\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o, n\u00ean trong c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n x\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc t\u00f4n qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 trong Ng\u00e0i. Do v\u1eady, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu h\u00e0nh vi, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n  n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00e0ng cao, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 noi theo. Ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i: \u201cM\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch hay kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi\u201d. V\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed1 m\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u00ean\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed (551 \u2013 479 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1ea1y nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201cl\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch\u201d (l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u201cth\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i ra th\u1ea7y, tr\u00f2 ph\u1ea3i ra tr\u00f2\u201d, th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea3i tu th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c cho tr\u00f2, th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho tr\u00f2 m\u1edbi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cti\u00ean h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5, h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc v\u0103n\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socrates \u2013 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (470 \u2013 399 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo \u00f4ng, \u201ccu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd\u201d c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u01b0u khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u1ede Ng\u00e0i, ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cao nh\u1ea5t (gi\u1edbi), t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t (thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u (hu\u1ec7) \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ai v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1edd t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa cho c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m kha l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u00e1u nh\u1eadp, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 N\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0:\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, k\u1ebb v\u00f4 v\u0103n ph\u00e0m phu th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTh\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i: T\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u00e2n n\u00e0y: th\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d. Th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u1ea5y b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c. Khi th\u00e2n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebb \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o\u201d. \u201cC\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c\u201d (Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u, 2016)\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u01b0u n\u00e3o? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, v\u1ecb \u0111a v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTh\u00e2n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e2n n\u00e0y: th\u00e2n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d. Th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 cho th\u00e2n n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o\u201d. \u201cC\u0169ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c\u201d (Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 N\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y, tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y m\u00e3i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au t\u1eeb th\u00e2n N\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n \u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang sinh sau khi Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller: \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng. Trong th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a su\u1ed1t 45 n\u0103m d\u00e0i ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 c\u00e1i y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn.C\u00f2n theo thi nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Abdul Atahiya: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf trong y ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n xin; ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3, si\u00eau ph\u00e0m th\u00e1nh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
V\u1ecb tha l\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fat v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u1ede Ng\u00e0i, ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cao nh\u1ea5t (gi\u1edbi), t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t (thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u (hu\u1ec7) \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ai v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh cao c\u1ea3 ghi trong c\u00e1c kinh, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi. T\u1eeb l\u00e0 cho vui, Bi l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, T\u1eeb Bi l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui khi di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh. T\u1eeb bi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cx\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn, nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. V\u1ecb tha l\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fat v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau s\u1ebd cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i lau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp theo? B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec?\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng h\u01a1i b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n anh ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t ai \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp theo?\u201d. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kia. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 A \u2013 Nan \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung th\u1ee9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Anh ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp h\u01a1n n\u1eefa!\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i: \u201cM\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u00f4i, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u00f4i. Anh \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1, anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nghe t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111ang d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3, anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3. Anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0o t\u00f4i, anh \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ed5 ra suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, v\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 anh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0o t\u00f4i?\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u00f3\u201d, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp. \u201cAnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt l\u00ean t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Anh ta run r\u1ea9y, \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i v\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bao dung, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Bao dung \u0111\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 tha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m nh\u1eb9 l\u00f2ng an.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anh ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau anh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 xin tha th\u1ee9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u201cXin l\u1ed7i Ng\u00e0i, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u00f4m qua.\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201cH\u00e3y tha th\u1ee9! Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m qua. S\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ea1n nh\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt h\u00f4m qua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa. T\u00f4i tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng anh \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nhau, nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y! D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9 cho b\u1ea1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00f4m qua, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n t\u00f4i, ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d (Hoa Sen Ph\u1eadt, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u00e2m s\u00e2n si, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft quy lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, quy lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, khai ng\u1ed9 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 noi theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft Socrates th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Albert Einstein th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u00e0ng n\u00ean t\u1ecf ra khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, suy ng\u1eabm. V\u00ec l\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n, tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 sau. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n trong m\u1ecdi c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, suy ngh\u0129, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u0103n d\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ea7n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. L\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fac b\u00e1u. L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0 \u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft im l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i h\u01a1n thua. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean im l\u1eb7ng v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 im l\u1eb7ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u l\u1eafng c\u00e0ng cao. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o im l\u1eb7ng, khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean n\u00f3i. Im l\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu l\u00e0 im l\u1eb7ng. Im l\u1eb7ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, nh\u1ecbn nh\u1ee5c. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. C\u00f2n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 im l\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bao dung, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Bao dung \u0111\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 tha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m nh\u1eb9 l\u00f2ng an. L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, l\u1ea5y khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o h\u00e0nh x\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn bao c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, do ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a tan s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu \u1ea5y. Ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n ki\u00ean tr\u00ec l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Ng\u00e0i thu n\u1ea1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n tu t\u1eadp gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, Ng\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n hay s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u00e0i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 nghi ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang cung k\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng, nh\u01b0: ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p. H\u1ecd xem \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ecdi b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Th\u00edch Ho\u1eb1ng Tr\u00ed, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u01b0u li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng (Saddhatissa, Hammalawa, 1987). Khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e9t h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, do \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, t\u00ea li\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra, tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00f3 qua \u0111i. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, l\u00f2ng ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 ly. Nh\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an vui c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Nh\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u Ba-la-m\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt kia. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nh\u1eabn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed1 th\u00ed, Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, Tinh t\u1ea5n, Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o b\u1ed1i v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"L\u00f2ng
L\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u00e2n si, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, quy lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c. Khi \u0111i du h\u00e0nh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00ean r\u1eddi \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed l\u00e0: N\u01a1i n\u00e0o g\u1eb7p chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i \u1ea5y ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi gi\u00e0n x\u1ebfp xong ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c (Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh, 1998).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e3y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng giao ph\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n soi r\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201ch\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh y t\u1ef1a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u1edb y t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. D\u00f9ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n, d\u00f9ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, ch\u1edb n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec h\u00e3y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, hay s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe theo, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m qua cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0ng d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tin\u201d (Trung b\u1ed9 kinh s\u1ed1 38: kinh \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng quy k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c tin v\u00e0o h\u00ean xui may r\u1ee7i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e3y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng giao ph\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n soi r\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c trong nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u00e2n si, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, quy lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, khai ng\u1ed9 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 noi theo Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0 \u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Nh\u1edd t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a tan s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu \u1ea5y. Ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, t\u00ea li\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, l\u00f2ng ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e3y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng giao ph\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n soi r\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gia s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ee9c tin, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Allan R. Bomhard (2012), The Original Teachings Of the Buddha, Charleston, SC USA.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Bronkhorst, Johannes (2009), Buddhist Teaching in India. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Burtt, Edwi n A. (1955), The Teaching of the Compassionate Buddha; The New American Library, 1955).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Dalai Lama, Bhikkhu Bodhi (2005), In the Buddha\u2019s Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon (The Teachings of the Buddha) Kindle Edition.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa (2012), M\u01b0\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Nguy\u1ec7t san b\u00e1o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 15\/12\/2012, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: https:\/\/giacngo.vn\/nguyetsan\/phathocungdung\/2012\/12\/15\/3FC019\/.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Corr, Philip J.; Matthews, Gerald (2009). The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u0110inh Phan C\u1ea9m V\u00e2n (2014), T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ng\u1eef v\u0103n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110HSP TPHCM, S\u1ed1 56 (2014): 68-74.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Hoa Sen Ph\u1eadt (2017), B\u00e0i H\u1ecdc V\u1ec1 L\u00f2ng V\u1ecb Tha C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb https:\/\/hoasenphat.com\/kien-thuc-tong-hop\/goc-suy-ngam\/bai-hoc-ve-long-vi-tha-cua-duc-phat.html, ng\u00e0y 9\/11\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Ludowyk, E.F.C (1958), The Footprint of the Buddha, George Allen & Unwin, London.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c (2020), L\u00f2ng T\u1eeb bi, https:\/\/phatgiao.org.vn\/long-tu-bi-d43794.html.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh (1998), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p, (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch) t\u1eeb Narada, (1980), The Buddha and His Teachings, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.budsas.org\/uni\/u-dp&pp\/dp&pp12.htm.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Saddhatissa, Hammalawa (1987), Buddhist Ethics: The Path to Enlightenment. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Thanh T\u00e2m (2019), L\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: https:\/\/phatgiao.org.vn\/loi-phat-day-sau-sac-ve-su-khiem-ton-d36239.html, 13\/8\/2019.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n (2015),  Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch trong kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li, T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed V\u0103n Ho\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1 88 (Th\u00e1ng 9\/2015), t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.phatgiaohue.vn\/news.aspx?KenhID=69&ChuDeID=0&TinTucID=4152.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Ph\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1c (2017), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2013 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: https:\/\/phatgiao.org.vn\/duc-phat\u2013bac-thay-vi-dai-cua-nhan-loai-d26753.html, ng\u00e0y 16\/11\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Th\u00edch Ho\u1eb1ng Tr\u00ed (2020). T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, B\u00e1o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, T\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: http:\/\/phatgiaobinhdinh.vn\/tu-tuong-binh-dang-cua-duc-phat, ng\u00e0y 9\/9\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Th\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Khai (2017), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt: Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: https:\/\/phatgiao.org.vn\/duc-phat-nha-giao-duc-vi-dai-d28614.html, 16\/11\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c (2009), S\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/duc-phat\/nhan-cach\/3157-su-vi-dai-cua-duc-phat.html, 13\/11\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. Th\u00edch T\u00e2m Quang (1997), V\u00ec sao tin Ph\u1eadt, (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch) t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: K. Sri Dhammananda (1987), What Buddhists believe, Malaysia, 1987 Ngu\u1ed3n http:\/\/www.buddhanet.net.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. Th\u00edch T\u00e2mQuang (2002), Nh\u1eefng Vi\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch). H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: Nxb T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, 2002, tr 209.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Th\u00edch T\u00e2m Quang (2009), Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb K.Sri Dhammananada (1992), Buddhism in the eyes of intellectuals), The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (1992), Trung A h\u00e0m, t\u1eadp III, kinh Oanh v\u0169 (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch), VNCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992, tr.747. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (2003), Kinh Trung B\u1ed9, T\u1eadp I, Kinh s\u1ed1 2, (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng P\u00e0li),  NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i; tr.19.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (2016), Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh, kinh Kosambi, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. Th\u00edch Th\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7 (2020), Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: https:\/\/phatgiao.org.vn\/nhung-dac-diem-cua-duc-phat-d39445.html, 15\/06\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh (1998), The Heart of the Buddha\u2019s Teaching, This edition published in 1999 by Rider, London.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Th\u1ecb Gi\u1edbi (2012), Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Nh\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/nc-xh\/10697-Thuc-hanh-Nhan-trong-doi-song.html, ng\u00e0y 14\/4\/2012.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u00edch Minh \u00c2n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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