{"id":1550,"date":"2020-09-06T08:42:04","date_gmt":"2020-09-06T08:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1550"},"modified":"2020-09-06T08:42:04","modified_gmt":"2020-09-06T08:42:04","slug":"phat-giao-tu-an-do-truc-tiep-truyen-vao-viet-nam-nhu-the-nao-ts-lam-nhu-tang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/06\/phat-giao-tu-an-do-truc-tiep-truyen-vao-viet-nam-nhu-the-nao-ts-lam-nhu-tang\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o – TS L\u00e2m Nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ngu\u1ed3n http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phatgiao-vn\/lich-su\/14107-phat-giao-tu-an-do-truc-tiep-truyen-vao-viet-nam-nhu-the-nao.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Luy L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00f9a D\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. B\u1ec1 L\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n Trung:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n Trung, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u1edbi \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, bi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qua l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 trong cao tr\u00e0o b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n minh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chung quanh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00f4n h\u00f2a, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng qua l\u1ea1i, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd gi\u00e1o l\u00fd cao s\u00e2u b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, d\u1ec5 dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chung quanh. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch s\u1eed c\u0169 tin r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m du nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng du nh\u1eadp<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, vua A-D\u1ee5c (Asoka) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 273 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 37 n\u0103m. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed r\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc an d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n Bi Tr\u00ed D\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec r\u1ea5t th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng r\u1ea5t h\u0103ng say trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean 84.000 th\u00e1p th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng cho d\u1ef1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u00e2m T\u1ef3 Ni nay n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc Nepal n\u01a1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3n Sanh, t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Tr\u00e0ng n\u01a1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1ea1i r\u1eebng Ta La Song Th\u1ecd n\u01a1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u00e2p Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 A-D\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 35 di t\u00edch ng\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 con ch\u00e1u mai sau ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 4 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Kandahar ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Afghanistan c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m cho tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi… Ng\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 6 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Gimar mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ghi r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 di t\u00edch tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 trong ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3n sanh… <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eed T\u00edch Lan (Sri-Lanka) Mahavamsa c\u00f3 ghi r\u1eb1ng vua A D\u1ee5c (Asoka) cho Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Mahinda qua T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Anh x\u00e2m l\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Vesak t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1815 nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u00e3 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3n t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17.4.1885. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua A D\u1ee5c, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u1eef n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi A D\u1ee5c, theo nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba r\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ea5t h\u0103ng say ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chung quanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng trong t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chung quanh. Trong th\u1eadp h\u00f9ng ca Ramayana c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 Sumatra, x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng (Suvanna Bhumi), Java …Theo c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a W. Cohn trong Buddhha in der Kunst des Ostens, Leipzig 1925; F.M. Schnitger trong The Archaellogy of Hindoo Sumatra, Leyde 1937 v\u00e0 G. Ferrand trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Journal Asiatique Juillet – Aout 1919 … Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef Sanskrit c\u1ee7a Mulavarman t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Kutei \u1edf Borneo v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef Sanskrit c\u1ee7a Purnavarman \u1edf T\u00e2y Java. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Amaravati \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Sampaga (C\u00e9l\u00e8bes) ph\u00eda nam t\u1ec9nh Giember (\u00d0\u00f4ng Java) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Se Guntang \u1edf Pelembang (Sumatra) l\u00e0 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n qua Indonesia ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 xu\u00f4i bu\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0103n minh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n qua M\u00e3 Lai t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 Perak, X\u00ealeb\u01a1 …, qua Th\u00e1i Lan, Campuchia, Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n … T\u1ea1i Campuchia c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 bia \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef Sanskrit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo V. Rougier trong s\u00e1ch Nouvelles D\u00e9couvertes Chames au Quang Nam, Befeo XI, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Amaravati \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo H.G. Quaritch Wales trong A. Newly Explored Route of Ancient Indian Cultural Expansion Indian Art and Letters, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba th\u1ee7y v\u1eeba b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nam \u1ea4n thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i qua eo bi\u1ec3n Malacca v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam xa x\u00f4i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qua eo \u0111\u1ea5t Kra v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n M\u00e3 Lai. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa Andaman v\u00e0 Nicobar, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa Nicobar v\u00e0 Achin \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Kedah, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i Lan, Campuchia v\u00e0 v\u00e0o Vi\u00eat Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Trung \u1ea4n c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 quang qua \u0111\u00e8o Hasse Des Trois Pagodes, theo s\u00f4ng Kanburi xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng Menam, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Mekong qua \u0111\u1ea5t L\u00e0o r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Luy L\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u. Tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 di t\u00edch Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 T\u1ef3 Ni \u00d0a L\u01b0u Chi (Vinitaruci, n\u0103m sanh kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 S\u01b0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 594, S\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n nam \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a D\u00e2u t\u1ea1i Luy L\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 Thanh Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng, huy\u1ec7n Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Luy L\u00e2u) v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng (n\u0103m sanh kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 826) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u00e1ch Thuy\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh, c\u00f3 ghi \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Ni \u00d0a L\u01b0u Chi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u00d0\u1ea1i ph\u00e0m t\u00e2m \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ta. T\u00e2m \u1ea5n tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i h\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111o\u1ea1; v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 sinh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca xa m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca xa v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 ra c\u00e1c t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Cho n\u00ean ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt ba \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, T\u1ed5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, ta c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p”. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3, n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u00f5, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m Kinh ta c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo K. Mukerji trong s\u00e1ch Indian Literature in China and the Far East, \u1edf Trung Hoa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V, C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp (Kumarajiva) \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa d\u1ecbch kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh n\u1ea7y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9 B\u00e1t Thi\u00ean T\u1ee5ng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 (Astasahasrika) do Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Damasahasrika do Lokasema d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 (tham kh\u1ea3o Jaidava Singh trong s\u00e1ch An Introduction to Hadhyamaka (Trung lu\u1eadn) Philosophy).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 B\u00e1t Thi\u00ean T\u1ee5ng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 do Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0a sang Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1edbm h\u01a1n l\u00fac d\u1ecbch kinh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Pali, Sanskrit do c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chung quanh trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c di d\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kushans c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t di t\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft d\u1ea7u loang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng ra kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng theo G. Coedes t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch Histoire Ancienne Des \u00c9tats Hindouis\u00e9e d’Extr\u00eame Orient, 1944, th\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 giao d\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec5n \u00d0\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Alexandre, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Maurya, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Kaniskha \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9… Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch th\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u1ec1n go\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 (tham kh\u1ea3o E.H. Warminton trong s\u00e1ch The Commerce Between The Roman Empire and India, Cambridge 1928). Nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ti\u00eau, qu\u1ebf, g\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u1eabn mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0ng \u1edf Xib\u00eari \u0111i b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qua Bactriane nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t di d\u00e2n l\u1edbn \u1edf Trung \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0ng t\u1eeb La M\u00e3 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1n v\u00e0ng ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i n\u1eefa n\u00ean \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda \u00d0\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00ean t\u1eadn Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 mua nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau, qu\u1ebf, g\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ecdc th\u1ea1ch. (Tham kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1ch Roman coins found in India c\u1ee7a R. Sewell, 1904). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c giao th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Nam \u00c1 l\u00ean B\u1eafc \u00c1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 theo gi\u00f3 T\u00e2y Nam l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i gh\u00e9 qua Giao Ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1m d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Hoa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean cung \u1ee9ng cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u1ea4n ph\u1ea3i theo gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a T\u00e2y Nam dong thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 M\u00e3 Lai, Indonesia, Vi\u1ec7t Nam… Chuy\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u00d0\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u00f4i bu\u1ed3m v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa v\u00e0 l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y n\u00ean h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ee9c Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m (Avalokitedvara) B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u00d0\u0103ng (Dipankara) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u che ch\u1edf cho tai qua n\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u00d0\u0103ng che ch\u1edf cho h\u1ecd khi h\u1ecd ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (Tham kh\u1ea3o A. Fouchet trong s\u00e1ch Iconographie Bouddhique) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea9m Ph\u1ed5 M\u00f4n trong kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau: Tr\u00ec ni\u1ec7m danh hi\u1ec7u Quan \u00c2m \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u0129 th\u00ec v\u00e0o l\u1eeda d\u1eef, l\u1eeda \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u0129 n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i m\u00e0 tr\u00ec ni\u1ec7m danh hi\u1ec7u Quan \u00c2m \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u0129, th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea1n. Tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n v\u1ea1n \u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0ng, l\u01b0u ly, xa c\u1eeb, m\u00e3 n\u00e3o, san h\u00f4, h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch, tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 qu\u00ed b\u00e1u kh\u00e1c…, ph\u1ea3i ra bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3; gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ecb tr\u1eadn gi\u00f3 l\u1edbn trong b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi u \u00e1m th\u1ed5i b\u1ea1t thuy\u1ec1n t\u00e0u sa v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c la s\u00e1t, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ec ni\u1ec7m danh hi\u1ec7u Quan \u00c2m \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u0129, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng v\u1eabn tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ecda la s\u00e1t. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u0129 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m”. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111em nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t theo h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng n\u00ean khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau xu\u00f4i theo gi\u00f3 \u00d0\u00f4ng B\u1eafc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u0103ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m \u0103n l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00f4i thai ban \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho tai qua n\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00f3ng to gi\u00f3 l\u1edbn nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng \u0111i tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan d\u1ea7n ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Luy L\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Luy L\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n qua b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1ea7y truy\u1ec1n qua nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. (Tham kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Th\u00f4ng S\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Kamata, Tokyo 1981). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C. Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Amaravati v\u00e0 Nagarjunakonda… \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba r\u1ea5t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u0103ng s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n qua truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Luy L\u00e2u t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9 (Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i Luy L\u00e2u c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00f9a D\u00e2u c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 sau n\u1ea7y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 580 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Ni \u00d0a L\u01b0u Chi (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9) \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 ghi (Theo s\u00e1ch “Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n I, c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Lang, 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo s\u1eed gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng Kamata, trong s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Th\u00f4ng S\u1eed, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u00d0\u00f4ng Kinh n\u0103m 1981, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Giao Ch\u1ec9. \u00d0\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u1ec9 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Luy L\u00e2u. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb Luy L\u00e2u ? Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u00e2u, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n phi\u00ean \u00e2m ra Luy L\u00e2u c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Li\u00ean L\u00e2u, n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 3 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Luy L\u00e2u, Long Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 Loa. Ri\u00eang Luy L\u00e2u n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng D\u00e2u c\u00e1ch s\u00f4ng \u00d0u\u1ed1ng 5 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. D\u00e2n Luy L\u00e2u c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y ngang qua Luy L\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m giao d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i Ph\u1ea3 L\u1ea1i, \u00d0\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Trung (nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 18). \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y t\u1eeb D\u00e2u n\u1ed1i s\u00f4ng \u00d0u\u1ed1ng, s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ra bi\u1ec3n, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng L\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ea7u, s\u00f4ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i ra bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c giao th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean D\u00e2u l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n, l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n, v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t th\u1ea1nh h\u00e0nh. H\u1ecd mua h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luy L\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tri\u1ec7u \u00d0\u00e0, 179 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Sau khi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u00d0\u00e0, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean Luy L\u00e2u l\u00e0m tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9. Trong s\u00e1ch bi\u00ean ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n ghi 10 huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 trong \u0111\u00f3 Luy L\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb Luy L\u00e2u Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n ra kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho Luy L\u00e2u m\u1ed9t phong t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u01a1i n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ca dao nh\u01b0 sau: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“D\u00f9 ai bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u0103m ngh\u1ec1 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edb ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng t\u00e1m th\u00ec v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2u” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

hay l\u00e0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“D\u00f9 ai \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec5 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y th\u00e1p D\u00e2u th\u00ec v\u1ec1”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Luy L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n gian h\u00f3a v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd d\u00e2n gian, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n qu\u00ea v\u00f9ng D\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t cho m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 vua A D\u1ee5c (Asoka l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 273 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 37 n\u0103m, theo Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u1eeb \u00d0i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n) b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i P\u00e2liputra, Ng\u00e0i m\u1eddi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh Lu\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eed li\u1ec7u Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n do hai Cao T\u0103ng Uttara v\u00e0 Sona \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. S\u1eed li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Th\u00e1i Lan c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ghi hai Cao T\u0103ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qua Th\u00e1i Lan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng hai Cao T\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1eed li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o ghi l\u1ea1i. Theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u Trung Hoa c\u00f3 ghi r\u1eb1ng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh N\u00ea L\u00ea (ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ed3 S\u01a1n hi\u1ec7n nay) c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi vua A D\u1ee5c b\u00ean \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t xa x\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua n\u00fai non hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00fa d\u1eef v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng sa m\u1ea1c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh, r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1a, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. B\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo George Coedes trong s\u00e1ch “Histoire ancienne des \u00e9tats hindouis\u00e9s d’Extr\u00eame Orient” vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n tham gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng Nam \u1ea4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f9ng \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Louis De La Vall\u00e9e Puossin trong s\u00e1ch “Dynasties et histoire de l’Inde” vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng v\u00f9ng \u00d0\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Nam \u1ea4n c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ea3 hai s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII c\u00f3 Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Tamralipti c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tamluk, c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111i \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u00e1ch “L\u0129nh Nam Ch\u00edch Qu\u00e1i” c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 Ti\u00ean Dung nh\u01b0 sau:  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 Ti\u00ean Dung l\u1eadp ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed theo m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111i b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n ra kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9. H\u1ecd gh\u00e9 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n n\u00fai t\u00ean l\u00e0 Qu\u1ef3nh Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. D\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Qu\u1ef3nh Vi\u00ean, \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u. Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng cho \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed nghe, \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o, giao v\u00e0ng cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111i bu\u00f4n d\u00f9m m\u00ecnh, h\u1eb9n khi v\u1ec1 th\u00ec gh\u00e9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3n c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1. Khi v\u1ec1, \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y g\u1eady v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00f3n l\u00e1, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1. Sau khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p cho Ti\u00ean Dung nghe, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, b\u1ecf chuy\u1ec7n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, t\u00ecm th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o…”. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 Ti\u00ean Dung b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea7m th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u00eam Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, v\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c Tu s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o. Trong s\u00e1ch “Ng\u00f4 Ch\u00ed” c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u00ean Huy g\u1eedi cho th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Tu\u00e2n H\u00fac n\u0103m 207, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n khen S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp gi\u1eef g\u00ecn qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh an \u1ed5n h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft: “Khi ra v\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh chu\u00f4ng kh\u00e1nh, uy nghi \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ebft, k\u00e8n s\u00e1o th\u1ed5i vang, xe ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 \u0111i s\u00e1t b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi…”. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. V\u00ec S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt n\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ecb s\u01b0 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tham d\u1ef1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p,. t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch “Le Bouddhism En Annam Des Origines Au XIII\u00e8 Si\u00e8cle” c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00e2u T\u1eed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo L\u00e3o Gi\u00e1o, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch Giao Ch\u00e2u, theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch “L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn” (nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nghi ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o), l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng H\u00e1n v\u0103n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1eafm t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i sao M\u00e2u T\u1eed l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Trung Hoa, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i hay v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0a l\u00e2u n\u00ean ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u00e1ch “L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a M\u00e2u T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng Ni t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 T\u0103ng s\u0129 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 T\u0103ng s\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 tr\u1ea1ng trong gi\u1edbi T\u0103ng Ni nh\u01b0 sau: “Sa M\u00f4n ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 k\u1ebb l\u1ea1i th\u00edch u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u ngon, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 con, bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, c\u1ee7a qu\u00ed…”. Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean cho ta nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 sau: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1eeb “Sa M\u00f4n”. Theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng Ni Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o khi xu\u1ea5t gia th\u1ecd 10 gi\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sa Di. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tu h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh, r\u00e0nh r\u00f5i v\u1ec1 Kinh Lu\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean 20 tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd 250 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3 Kheo, T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd 348 gi\u1edbi. Sau khi th\u1ecd T\u1ef3 Kheo hay T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tu h\u1ecdc m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1t, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 50 tu\u1ed5i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1edbi suy t\u00f4n l\u00ean h\u00e0ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00ed Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 60 tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u1eadp ra gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u00f4n l\u00ean h\u00e0ng H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i L\u00e3o H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda cao tu\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sa M\u00f4n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Tu s\u0129 nh\u01b0 M\u00e2u T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc Sa M\u00f4n theo nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 Tam S\u01b0 (H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Y\u1ebft Ma, Gi\u00e1o Th\u1ecd), v\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t Ch\u1ee9ng (b\u1ea3y v\u1ecb T\u00f4n Ch\u1ee9ng), v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd Sa Di, T\u1ef3 Kheo, T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni v.v… khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra T\u0103ng s\u0129 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i T\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n cho T\u0103ng Ni \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb l\u00fac L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1eddi (theo Paul Pelliot n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng M\u00e2u T\u1eed sinh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 165-170. Trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn, M\u00e2u T\u1eed n\u00f3i v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n, n\u0103m 26 tu\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3. Theo H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch v\u00e0 Paul Pelliot th\u00ec L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n tr\u00ean v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng Sa M\u00f4n nh\u01b0 trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00d0i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e2u l\u1eafm, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u T\u0103ng Ni, sinh ho\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00ean t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y sinh ra l\u1eddn \u0111i, xem th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Sa M\u00f4n, trong s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh, qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c s\u1ecb Sa M\u00f4n m\u1edbi sinh t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 trong L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Tu s\u0129 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1eadm l\u1eafm ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm h\u01a1n m\u1edbi sinh ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 M\u00e2u T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb s\u01b0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i (200-280). Theo s\u00e1ch “Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn” quy\u1ec3n I, c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Lang t\u1eeb trang 85, vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Cha m\u1eb9 T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 (Sogdiane) c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9, cha m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m \u00f4ng l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i sau khi cha m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111i xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 tu h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t tinh ti\u1ebfn (Cao T\u0103ng Truy\u1ec7n). Ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb T\u0103ng s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi cho \u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u0103ng s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng. Ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef l\u1eabn H\u00e1n t\u1ef1. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1eadp N\u00ea Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ea1m B\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp thi ca v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thi t\u1ee5ng Ph\u1ea1n Ng\u1eef, L\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ed9 T\u1eadp Kinh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u0103n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e3, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng thua g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“S\u00e1ch Cao T\u0103ng Truy\u1ec7n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ki\u1ebfn Nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 (nay l\u00e0 Nam Kinh) v\u00e0o n\u0103m X\u00edch-\u00d4 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m 247. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 280, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u00e1i Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Hoa 33 n\u0103m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a kinh An Bang Th\u1ee7 \u00dd do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a n\u1ea7y tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 229, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i \u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft An Th\u1ebf Cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch kinh An Bang Th\u1ee7 \u00dd: “C\u00f3 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t t\u00ean l\u00e0 An Thanh, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Cao, con \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vua n\u01b0\u1edbc An T\u1ee9c, sau khi nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho ch\u00fa l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n qua \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y, sau b\u00e8n v\u1ec1 \u1edf Kinh S\u01b0…”. Kinh S\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh \u1edf L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 An Th\u1ebf Cao \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u kinh v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai. N\u1ebfu b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a n\u1ea7y vi\u1ebft sau n\u0103m 229, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m Ng\u00f4 T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u00ec Kinh S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn Nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eefa. B\u1edfi v\u00ec sau ng\u00e0y T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c \u00d0\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean c\u00f2n cho ta m\u1ed9t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1eefa: Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n kinh m\u00e0 An Th\u1ebf Cao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng kinh n\u1ea7y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kinh An Bang Th\u1ee7 \u00dd, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang xu\u1ed1ng do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edbi t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 C\u01b0 s\u0129 Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ec7, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a An Th\u1ebf cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa s\u1edb kinh An Bang Th\u1ee7 \u00dd”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh m\u00e0 An Th\u1ebf Cao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho An Th\u1ebf Cao d\u1ecbch. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1edbm h\u01a1n v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a kinh An Bang Th\u1ee7 \u00dd, Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i vi\u1ebft: “T\u00f4i sinh ra nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c v\u00e1c c\u1ee7i th\u00ec m\u1eb9 cha \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t, b\u1eadc Tam S\u01b0 c\u0169ng vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, nh\u00ecn l\u00ean m\u00e2y tr\u1eddi, bu\u1ed3n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y”. Tam S\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Y\u1ebft Ma, Gi\u00e1o Th\u1ecd ba ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi cho T\u0103ng Ni v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm l\u1eafm v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p, truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba Trung Hoa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc “Tam S\u01b0”. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo s\u00e1ch “Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh Ng\u1eef L\u1ee5c” (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, kh\u1eafc in n\u0103m V\u0129nh Th\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 11 (1715) truy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c S\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: Nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng hai, m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m H\u1ed9i Phong th\u1ee9 5 (1096), Ph\u00f9 Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea3m Linh Nh\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i H\u1eadu (t\u1ee9c Y Lan nguy\u00ean Phi, m\u1eb9 vua L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i H\u1eadu n\u0103m 1073) \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Trai T\u0103ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00e0 h\u1ecfi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Tr\u00ed Kh\u00f4ng (t\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c S\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u00ean) v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta khi n\u00e0o, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn l\u1eddi s\u01b0 \u00d0\u00e0m Thi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u00d0\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau: “X\u1ee9 Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac. Khi Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn Giang \u00d0\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a kh\u1eafp th\u00ec \u1edf Luy L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 20 b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 500 v\u1ecb T\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 15 quy\u1ec3n kinh r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta (Trung Qu\u1ed1c). H\u1ed3i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u0103ng nh\u01b0 Ma Ha K\u1ef3 V\u1ef1c (Mahajivaka, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn Luy L\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 168-169), Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i, Chi C\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng (Kalaruci, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1ee5c Chi (Trung \u00c1) \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3), M\u00e2u B\u00e1c v.v… c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 15 quy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong L\u00fd Ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ecfi M\u00e2u T\u1eed: Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ed th\u1eadt th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n hoa, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ch\u00ed l\u00fd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hoa h\u00f2e… cho n\u00ean ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc th\u00ec qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 ng\u00f3i v\u1ee5n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf. X\u01b0a th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ebf ra b\u1ea3y kinh, v\u0103n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ba v\u1ea1n l\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 trong t\u1eebng \u1ea5y kinh v\u0103n. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n \u1ee9c, s\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i ch\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ta h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ta th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e2u l\u1eafm, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u T\u0103ng s\u0129, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1eafm m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch kinh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kinh m\u00e0 An Th\u1ebf Cao \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 do Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed mang t\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh g\u00ec ? Theo s\u1eed gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Kamata. Trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Th\u00f4ng S\u1eed g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 35 b\u1ed9 41 quy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 sau: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. An Bang Th\u1ee7 \u00dd kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u1ea4m Tr\u00ec Nh\u1eadp kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. B\u00e1ch L\u1ee5c Th\u1eadp Ph\u1ea9m kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp Nhi M\u00f4n kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eadp Nhi M\u00f4n kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ecba kinh, 2 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Nh\u01a1n B\u1ed5n D\u1ee5c Sanh kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u00d0\u1ea1o Y Ph\u00e1t H\u00e0nh kinh, 2 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. A T\u1ef3 \u00d0\u00e0m Ng\u0169 Ph\u00e1p kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Th\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Ng\u0169 Ph\u00e1p kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Th\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p kinh, 2 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Ph\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p Ngh\u0129a kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Ngh\u0129a Quy\u1ebft Lu\u1eadt kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. L\u1eadu Ph\u00e2n B\u1ed1 kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Th\u1ea5t X\u1ee9 Tam Qu\u00e1n kinh, 2 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. C\u1eedu Ho\u00e0ng kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. T\u1ea1p Kinh T\u1ee9 Th\u1eadp T\u1ee9 Bi\u1ebfn, 2 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Ng\u0169 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1ea3o K\u1ebf kinh, 2 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. \u00d0\u1ea1i An Bang kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. T\u01b0 Duy kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u01a1n Duy\u00ean kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Ng\u0169 \u1ea4m D\u1ee5 kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. L\u01b0u Nhi\u1ebfp kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. Th\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p Phi Ph\u00e1p kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Th\u1eadp T\u1ee9 \u00dd kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. B\u1ed5n T\u01b0\u1edbng Y Tr\u00ed kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. A H\u00e0m Kh\u1ea9u Gi\u1ea3i, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. A T\u1ef3 \u00d0\u00e0m C\u1eedu Th\u1eadp B\u00e1c Ki\u1ebft kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. Thi\u1ec1n H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p T\u01b0\u1edfng kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n <\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. Nan \u00d0\u1ec1 Ca La Vi\u1ec7t kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Luy L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00f9a D\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m du nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ch\u1eadm l\u1eafm ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Luy L\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TS. L\u00e2m Nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1ng <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ngu\u1ed3n http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phatgiao-vn\/lich-su\/14107-phat-giao-tu-an-do-truc-tiep-truyen-vao-viet-nam-nhu-the-nao.html Nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1551,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[105],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lich-su-dao-phat-viet-nam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1550"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1552,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1550\/revisions\/1552"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1551"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1550"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}