{"id":16192,"date":"2021-12-14T18:16:35","date_gmt":"2021-12-14T11:16:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=16192"},"modified":"2021-12-14T18:16:38","modified_gmt":"2021-12-14T11:16:38","slug":"luan-hoi-tai-sinh-dau-thai-chuyen-kiep-ky-2-giao-su-bac-sy-ian-stevenson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2021\/12\/14\/luan-hoi-tai-sinh-dau-thai-chuyen-kiep-ky-2-giao-su-bac-sy-ian-stevenson\/","title":{"rendered":"Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u1ea7u thai chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp (k\u1ef3 2) -Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 B\u00e1c s\u1ef9\u00a0Ian Stevenson"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\nhttps:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/luan-hoi-tai-sinh-dau-thai-chuyen-kiep-ky-2\/\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u1ea7u thai chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp (k\u1ef3 2)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/a> A A<\/a>17.6kchia s\u1ebb351.7kxemchia s\u1ebb l\u00ean Facebook<\/strong><\/a>chia s\u1ebb Twitter<\/strong><\/a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u1ea7u thai chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp (k\u1ef3 2)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d hay \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1edf\u201d m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi hay ch\u01b0a? Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sau. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013> b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc: Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u1ea7u thai chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp (k\u1ef3 1)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"1\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Arnall Bloxham<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Wales s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean Anh qu\u1ed1c<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt th\u00f4i mi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, Bloxham c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi m\u1edbi sinh ra, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Trong 20 n\u0103m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bloxham \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u00e2m h\u01a1n 400 cu\u1ed9n b\u0103ng thu l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Theo Bloxham, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng: Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Arnall Bloxham \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Jane Evans. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971, khi c\u00f4 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef: \u201cArnall Bloxham n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5p kh\u1edbp l\u00e0 do t\u00e2m l\u00fd\u201d<\/em> c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. Jane l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 x\u1ee9 Wales 32 tu\u1ed5i m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3n \u1ea5y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Arnall Bloxham nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f4. Qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0: V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi La M\u00e3; M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 12 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 York, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p; M\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Catherine c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Aragon (ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Ban Nha); M\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anne; V\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef tu s\u0129 \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Jane Evans v\u00e0 v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cNhi\u1ec1u H\u01a1n M\u1ed9t Ki\u1ebfp?\u201d<\/strong> <\/em>c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh BBC \u2013 Jeffrey Iverson. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, Iverson \u0111\u00e3 xin ph\u00e9p Jane \u0111\u1ec3 Bloxham th\u00f4i mi\u00ean c\u00f4 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c m\u00e1y quay phim v\u00e0 m\u00e1y thu thanh c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh BBC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iverson \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 Jane k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 20 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bloxham \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1ch quan. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u BBC, c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cNh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n b\u0103ng ghi \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Bloxham\u201d<\/em> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Arthur Guirdham<\/strong> (1905-1992) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 Tri gi\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Workington, Cumberland, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, Anh qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Authur Guirdham ghi l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u201cCh\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c,\u201d<\/em>\u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cathars v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i\u201d<\/em>, \u201cM\u1ed9t b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d<\/em>. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Cathars trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Cathars l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Languedoc thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cathars v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i\u201d <\/em>xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1970, b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. N\u0103m 1962, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i khu d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Smith, nghi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i c\u00f2n b\u00e9. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y c\u00f4 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. C\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 t\u1ea1i Toulouse, Ph\u00e1p, trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh quen th\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu t\u00ean Rogiet de Cruisot. Khi \u1ea5y c\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t, c\u00f2n Rogiet de Cruisot th\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u1edf trong t\u00f9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/a> <\/a> <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham v\u1eabn gi\u1eef b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kinh ng\u1ea1c b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u00e1m \u1ea3nh su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m qua, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. L\u1ea1 k\u1ef3 thay, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng dai d\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p nhau. B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u1eef b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 l\u00e0m \u00f4ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4 cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f4 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00f4 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Rogiet de Cruisot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft qua v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u00d4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y cung c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 s\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Rogiet de Cruisot \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1242. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eebng quen th\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1edbp. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Smith ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Cathar \u2013 m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi \u2013 v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Cathar r\u1ea5t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. C\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Cathar tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Theo th\u1eddi gian, b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 11 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00fd \u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp r\u1ea5t kh\u1edbp nhau, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Cathar h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham cho bi\u1ebft: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean; nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tranh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 7 tu\u1ed5i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u1eadp tranh v\u1ebd c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Cathar. Qu\u00e1 kinh ng\u1ea1c, b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Guirdham n\u00f3i, \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb 7 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y, trong khi t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 n\u00e0o \u1edf Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c, t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Arthur Guirdham bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau s\u1ed1ng chung, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201cV\u1edbi 40 n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong y h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. Kh\u00f4ng ai trong nh\u00f3m t\u00f4i kh\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ee3p 3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Ian Stevenson<\/strong>, thu\u1ed9c khoa t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Virginia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (xem ph\u1ea7n 1<\/em>). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1eaft khe nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gian l\u1eadn, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1m k\u00fd \u1ee9c, v.v\u2026 Trong 200 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi v\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Stevenson. C\u00f3 7 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf Sri Lanka, 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf Brazil, 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf Lebanon v\u00e0 7 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf Alaska, Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u00e9 g\u00e1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, sinh n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n trung Sri Lanka t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gnantilleka Baddewithana. Ngay sau khi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp n\u00f3i, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c, hai anh trai v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, cha m\u1eb9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xa. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con trai v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954. Khi Gnantilleka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m h\u1ecd, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con trai \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 7 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin s\u1ef1 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, Ph\u1eadt gia v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gia; Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp sau, s\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eddi sau s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Minh Tr\u00ed \u2013 tin 180.com
(Theo pureinsight.org)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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