{"id":16591,"date":"2022-02-12T21:34:38","date_gmt":"2022-02-12T14:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=16591"},"modified":"2022-02-12T21:34:43","modified_gmt":"2022-02-12T14:34:43","slug":"tanh-khong-thuyet-tuong-doi-va-vat-ly-luong-tu-duc-dat-lai-lat-ma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/02\/12\/tanh-khong-thuyet-tuong-doi-va-vat-ly-luong-tu-duc-dat-lai-lat-ma\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00c1NH KH\u00d4NG, THUY\u1ebeT T\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u1ed0I V\u00c0 V\u1eacT L\u00dd L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec &#8211; \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00c1NH KH\u00d4NG, THUY\u1ebeT T\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u1ed0I<br>V\u00c0 V\u1eacT L\u00dd L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma -Tr\u1ea7n Uy\u00ean Thi d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00e0i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tanh-khong-va-chan-khong-ht-thich-thanh-tu\/\">T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Kh\u00f4ng \u2013 HT. Th\u00edch Thanh&nbsp;T\u1eeb<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/hieu-biet-ve-tanh-khong-geshe-kelsang-gyatso\/\">Hi\u1ec3u Bi\u1ebft V\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng \u2013&nbsp;<\/a>Geshe Kelsang&nbsp;Gyatso<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tinh-khong\/\">T\u00ednh&nbsp;Kh\u00f4ng<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/strong>: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cThe Universe in a Single Atom\u201d (V\u0169 Tr\u1ee5 N\u1eb1m Trong M\u1ed9t Nguy\u00ean T\u1eed \u0110\u01a1n L\u1ebb) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 XIV, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Broadway Books (New York, USA) \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2005, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cEmptiness, Relativity, and Quantum Physics\u201d (T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng, Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i v\u00e0 V\u1eadt L\u00ed H\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed). Ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00f3. Trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng \u7a7a&nbsp; v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9. C\u00e1nh hoa sen tho\u1ea3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e1t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 kia, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y ra nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00f9n, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v.v\u2026 th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh hoa sen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong \u201cLu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9\u201d1, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ecd (N\u0101g\u0101rjuna)2 n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u00e2n duy\u00ean s\u1edf sinh ph\u00e1p3, ng\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng\u201d (T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d). V\u00ec r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt b\u00e8o, nh\u01b0 tia ch\u1edbp4\u2026 V\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 ta t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a, v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (subatomic level) cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 thu\u1ef7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00e3y c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ed7 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o \u201cnh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean\u201d (duality), v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ta, m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho m\u00e9o m\u00f3, l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c \u0111i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t t\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n b\u1ea3n lai di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt: m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phi th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh5 (non-essentialist model). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi cho s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c mang l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi tha thi\u1ebft g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tinh-khong\/\">t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/a>, c\u00e1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd, r\u1eb1ng: \u201cThuy\u1ebft&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tinh-khong\/\">t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/a>&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa (footnotes) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 trong ngo\u1eb7c vu\u00f4ng [ ]. Vi\u1ec7c in nghi\u00eang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef cho d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tra c\u1ee9u, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n\/T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf th\u00eam d\u1ea5u, phi\u00ean \u00e2m sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 chua ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Anh Ch\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed7 Qu\u1ed1c B\u1ea3o \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch mong m\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cao minh ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o th\u00eam cho nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma XIV \u2013 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc v\u0129 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch xin g\u1edfi g\u1eafm n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 B\u00e1c s\u0129 Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ecdc Ninh, nguy\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t-H\u1ecdc, California, Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb,<br>Virginia, May 30, 2008<br><strong><em>Ho\u00e0i H\u01b0\u01a1ng TR\u1ea6N UY\u00caN THI<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dat-lai-lat-ma1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16593\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang loay hoay l\u00fang t\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng (paradigm shift6) k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (relativity) v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum mechanics) \u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i: thuy\u1ebft Newton cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u201ch\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n\u201d h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb l\u00fac nh\u1ecf, v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y Tadrak Rinpoche, v\u1ecb quan ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh (regent) c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y Ling Rinpoche. Th\u1ea7y Tadrak l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1ed1ng tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc. C\u00f2n th\u1ea7y Ling th\u00ec tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u00f3i (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf). H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfp v\u00eda. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ea7y ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y Trijang Rinpoche v\u00e0 Ngodrup Tsonknyi \u2013 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Sau khi th\u1ea7y Tadrak qua \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1ea7y Ling tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y Trijang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Hai th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. C\u1ea3 hai th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ea7y Ling c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f3i, m\u1eb7t to, m\u1eaft nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u rung l\u00ean. C\u00f2n th\u1ea7y Trijang th\u00ec d\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi dong d\u1ecfng cao, \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 sang tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng m\u0169i cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i tr\u1ea7m \u1ea5m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng t\u1ee5ng kinh, nghe r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 du d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ea7y Ling l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c s\u1eafc b\u00e9n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb l\u1ea1 k\u1ef3. C\u00f2n th\u1ea7y Trikang th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y Ling h\u01a1n h\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7y Ling Rinpoche \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi7 (causation) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn8 (S\u0101\u1e43khya) cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n v\u0169 c\u00e1ch (theory of universals) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn9 (Vai\u015be\u1e63ika) th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y tu\u1ed5i, ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, xe m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 d\u00e1n m\u1eaft v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Life nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, l\u00fac Babu Tashi g\u1ee1 c\u00e1i m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00f9i r\u1eeda, th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn say m\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc, qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 \u0103n. V\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y theo c\u00e1i m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi t\u00f4i tr\u00f2n 16 tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t. Khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1950, th\u1ea7y Tadrak [quan ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh] \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh v\u00ec tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t, v\u00ec g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111en t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t \u0111ang \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean hai vai, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 16 tu\u1ed5i, t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ea5u nghi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u00f4i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch say m\u00ea, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi t\u00f4i v\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch v\u1edf Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tham thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a binh s\u0129 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n tho\u1ea3 cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 thi Geshe10 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 linh thi\u00eang Lhasa11 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n tu s\u0129 \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (cho t\u1edbi nay, \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t) \u2013 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n l\u01b0u vong c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng12\u201d. C\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tri gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ta) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xem b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ta v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1eed th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh tri ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ta. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tinh-khong\/\">t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/a>&nbsp;(theory of emptiness), b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (intrinsic) v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp13 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u2013 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t [th\u00e2n] hay tinh th\u1ea7n [t\u00e2m], ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. N\u1ebfu ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, th\u00ec ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee5 t\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i tra ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 v\u00e0o m\u00e1y xe, bu-ri14 s\u1ebd b\u1eadt l\u1eeda, d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 x\u0103ng s\u1ebd ch\u00e1y l\u00ean, m\u00e1y s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra; t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m b\u00fat, v\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt [dharma] ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00ed duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00ed duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, trong khi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu th\u00ec b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan l\u1eabn nhau, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh15 (essence) c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (phenomena) n\u00e0y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh (intrinsic reality), hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u201d, hay \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ta t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. Ta t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n [c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp] \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Ta t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m c\u00e2y th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh. Ta t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed trong c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y \u2013 nh\u00e2n, th\u1eddi, s\u1edf, qu\u1ea3 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ta ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u0129nh t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u do nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n l\u1eabn t\u00e2m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean [c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3 danh\u201d \u2013 ND] m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u1eb7t cho ch\u00fang, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ebft l\u00ed v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u00ean l\u00e0 N\u0101g\u0101rjuna [B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ecd], s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i sinh ra \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, sau \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt [Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni]. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia t\u00e1n th\u00e1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Trung Lu\u1eadn17 (Madhyamaka) thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba18 (Mah\u0101y\u0101na), m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng19 (Madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101), ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111em ra th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960s, trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i chung t\u00f4i r\u1ea3nh rang h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tham d\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i chu du kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd b\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tinh-khong\/\">t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00e0i ba v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nyima Gyaltsen (Gen Nyima l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng). \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1eddi ph\u00fa hi\u1ebfm hoi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u vi di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. \u00d4ng h\u01a1i h\u00f3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111eo m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p k\u00ednh r\u00e2m to v\u00e0 tr\u00f2n. M\u1ed9t m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng co gi\u1eadt n\u00ean \u00f4ng hay ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft lu\u00f4n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra chung quanh m\u1ed7i khi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 (microscopic) c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi hai d\u1ea1ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t (particle), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng (wave), v\u00e0 v\u00ec nguy\u00ean l\u00ed b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (principle of uncertainty), ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng g\u00ec v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u20, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eadp21 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u1ed1n cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Schr\u00f6dinger v\u1ec1 con m\u00e8o: m\u1ed9t con m\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 50% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f3ng ra ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u1eafp th\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra, con m\u00e8o n\u00e0y v\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ecd, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 ta t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00ec t\u00f4i d\u00e1m ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u1edf New Delhi, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Raja Ramanan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Sakharov22 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft l\u00ed t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Sau khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Copernicus \u0111ang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu ta quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n \u2013 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ho\u1eb7c theo nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, hay b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n \u2013 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt vi t\u1ebf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/david-bohm1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16592\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y: c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta c\u1ee9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, th\u00ec c\u00f3 tai h\u1ea1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t tai h\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn cho ta d\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c khi ta ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111ang chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ta tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Khi ta cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, th\u00ec ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1ea5y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, sai l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ta cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf sai l\u1ea1c. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd, nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<br><br>DAVID BOHM: University of London frofessor of Theoretical Physics theories that demonstrate an amazing similarity to the great myst\u00eccal traditions of East and West. (David Pratt \/ Theosophical University Press)&nbsp;<br>T\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc David Bohm, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m ra, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, th\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t hay v\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u00ed. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng chia r\u1ebd nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, hay thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Marx, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. T\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Bohm, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bohm kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc, khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 [s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a] nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft th\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton, James Maxwell, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ta. Song, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf t\u1ea7ng vi m\u00f4 [t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed], g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, xo\u00e1y m\u00f2n. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed Carl von Weizs\u00e4cker c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n v\u0169 g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. Trong kh\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan: v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 (v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, Weizs\u00e4cker n\u00f3i, theo thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, th\u00ec tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ta v\u00e0o t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy v\u1eady, \u00f4ng Weizs\u00e4cker nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed b\u00e1c b\u1ecf23. Ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ra, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00ed th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n trong thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec l\u1eafm, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1ed1\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: th\u1ed5, thu\u1ef7, ho\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u00ed [t\u1ee9c t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i], c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 x\u00fac [b\u1ed1n trong s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n]. \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng; n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau; l\u1eeda l\u00e0m b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i; v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y. Theo m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i r\u1ea5t x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ph\u00e1i T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa b\u1ed924 (Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika), nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o. Khi nh\u1eefng \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed r\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u00e9p ch\u00fang d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, thay v\u00ec co r\u00fat v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong cu\u1ed9c giao \u0111\u1ea5u gay go v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00ed (logical systems) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00ed25 (Ny\u0101ya) v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn26 (Vai\u015be\u1e63ika). Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ch\u00ednh L\u00ed h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i (Ny\u0101ya), Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i (Vai\u015be\u1e63ika), Di-m\u1ea1n-sai h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i27,&nbsp; (M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101), S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i 28 (S\u0101\u1e43khya), v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i29 (Advaitaved\u0101nta) c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xa x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong hai cu\u1ed1n A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u00e0m t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn30 (Abhidharma-h\u1e5bdaya-\u015b\u0101stra) v\u00e0 A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn31 (Abhidharma-mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra) c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng32 (Dharma\u015br\u012b) thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i T\u00ecb\u00e0-sa b\u1ed9 (Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika). Cu\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tinh t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi, cho n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec3n A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ra \u0111\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I v\u00e0 III sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu l\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng l\u00ed l\u1ebd trong quy\u1ec3n A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n sau, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n33 (Vasubandhu), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, cho ra \u0111\u1eddi quy\u1ec3n A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn34 (Abhidharmako\u015babh\u0101\u1e63yam) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong quy\u1ec3n A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (Abhidharma-mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 thu\u1ef7 \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. H\u1ed3i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 thu\u1ef7 s\u1ea3n sanh ra \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 trong quy\u1ec3n A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ea1t\u201d, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1 ph\u1ea7n 2400 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u1ecf\u201d (rabbit\u2019s atom), t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec (whatever it means). T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n t\u00ednh l\u00e0m sao ra con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1eefa!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa (b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac [t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n] l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan. \u00d4ng l\u00ed lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, th\u00ec l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 quanh ta? \u0110\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng [v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t] ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p35.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[Theo Ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n], n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec ta h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c v\u00e2y quanh, b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf b\u1ed1n g\u00f3c, m\u1ed9t \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec, c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf phi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf phi\u00e1 b\u1eafc lu\u00f4n hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf phi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf phi\u00e1 b\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf phi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf phi\u00e1 b\u1eafc, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed g\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kia. V\u00e0, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n l\u00ed lu\u1eadn, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 (s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e2y quanh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa), s\u1ebd tr\u00f9ng nhau, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi suy lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp (aggregration) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac36. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u1edf t\u1ea7ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. D\u00f9 sao, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng th\u00ec m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u1ee9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed xoay quanh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, trong c\u00f3 protons v\u00e0 neutrons (trung h\u00f2a t\u1eed). N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u1edf t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 quarks v\u00e0 leptons37, th\u00ec ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n. Tuy v\u1eady, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u2013 cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 vi t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p (composite)38 \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c (motive) l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa [nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t]. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 theo thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d (atomist). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\u201d, tu\u1ef3 theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00e0y sai l\u1ea7m ngay t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng khi t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nu\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i vi h\u1ea1t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1998, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac Anton Zeilinger t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Innsbruck. Anton \u0111\u01b0a cho t\u00f4i xem m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ion ho\u00e139 (ionized). Nh\u01b0ng, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i g\u1eb7p Anton l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Mind and Life (T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng) t\u1ea1i Dharamsala n\u0103m 1997. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc David Bohm: to con, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111eo ki\u1ebfng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u1eddi theo. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1edfi m\u1edf trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. \u00d4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00ec \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. C\u0169ng trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Arthur Zajonc. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. L\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vinh h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Vi\u1ec7n [nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u] Niels Bohr \u1edf Copenhagen v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n. M\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i gh\u00e9 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, David Bohm v\u00e0 phu nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f9ng c\u01a1m tr\u01b0a t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa. Nghe n\u00f3i t\u00f4i s\u1eafp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Bohr, Bohm \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0u \u00e1i mang cho t\u00f4i hai trang t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Bohr v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng khi nghe Bohm m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201ch\u00e0nh tinh h\u1ec7\u201d (planetary model) c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Bohr v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Rutherford, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cm\u1ee9t m\u1eadn\u201d (\u201cplum pudding\u201d model). Hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed xoay quanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cm\u1ee9t m\u1eadn\u201d n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIX, sau khi J. J. Thompson kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9t m\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 m\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Song, sang \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XX th\u00ec Ernest Rutherford kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t alpha mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb d\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ion \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9t m\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed: khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t alpha \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ra. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Rutherford \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cth\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7\u201d (solar system) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e2y quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Niels Bohr \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Rutherford th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201ch\u00e0nh tinh h\u1ec7\u201d (planetary model) c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, Bohm c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 s\u01a1 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u gi\u1eefa Bohr v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Einstein v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y xoay quanh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00ed b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (uncertainty principle). \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xoay quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ti\u00ean tri, v\u00e0 theo x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t (probabilistic) hay kh\u00f4ng. Einstein c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cGod does not play dice!\u201d (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 x\u00fac x\u1eafc) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u00e3n quan r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng Hubble, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. T\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean cu\u1ed1i ban ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u, David Bohm l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho t\u00f4i. V\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i h\u00f3c b\u00faa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o! M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Bohm, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o cho t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y nh\u1edb \u00f4ng da di\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Einstein \u0111\u01b0a ra hai \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1: s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n theo hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau. V\u1edbi hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t E=mc2. Ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft (ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u00e1o thun!) Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng (thought experiments) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed c\u1eb7p song sinh (twin paradox), s\u1ef1 n\u1edf d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian (time dilation), ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 co r\u00fat (contraction) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c cao. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed c\u1eb7p song sinh n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh \u0111\u00f4i bay v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc phi thuy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00e1ch xa tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 20 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh\/em sinh \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh 20 tu\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc40 (Asa\u1e45ga) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t41, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc n\u0103m b\u1ea3n kinh Di L\u1eb7c, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian u\u1ed1ng xong m\u1ed9t li tr\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 \u0111i 50 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed c\u1eb7p song sinh, ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i e r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Theo t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec, \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (mass) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t li\u00ean-t\u1ee5c-th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian (four dimentional continuum of \u201cspace-time\u201d). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (absolute priviledged frame of reference), v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201cth\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, ph\u00e1i Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed942 (Sautr\u0101ntika) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ba th\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ba th\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. H\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi t\u00e1nh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian) m\u00e0 ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201cth\u00f9ng l\u1edbn\u201d (vessel) trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i nghe n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xem li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gian \u2013 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Einstein nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201cth\u00f9ng\u201d t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, trong c\u00e1i th\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra\u2026 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00fa th\u1ef1c th\u00ec, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u! T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Richard Feynman, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u00e2u n\u00e0y: \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1edf to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i (to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec v\u1edbi!), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, hay lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau (mutually exclusive). Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (c\u00e1c quang t\u1eed43) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng, hay h\u1ea1t, hay c\u1ea3 hai. (George Thompson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a J. J. Thompson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t). T\u00f4i nghe n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t hay s\u00f3ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m hay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1997, khi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m Anton Zeilinger minh h\u1ecda cho t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh chi ti\u1ebft, t\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft h\u1eb3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Anton ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed s\u1ebd h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t hay l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng. Qua cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng hai khe h\u1edf (double-slit), c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn t\u1eebng c\u00e1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 hai khe h\u1edf v\u00e0 in d\u1ea5u l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m phim ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khe h\u1edf m\u1edf ra, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed in l\u00ean t\u1ea5m phim d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai khe \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edf, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn v\u00e0o, th\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh in tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m phim cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua c\u1ea3 hai khe h\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng. Anton \u0111em ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch th\u00fa. Anton thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a David Bohm (\u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed). Sau n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Anton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u201cCopenhagen\u201d v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed 44, trong khi David Bohm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00fa th\u1eadt, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean (duality) gi\u1eefa s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. T\u00f4i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (subatomic level), \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1ch quan. Tuy v\u1eady, ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, hai trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadn l\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n (the law of contradiction), v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u00e0i trung (excluded middle law) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, tr\u1eeb phi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u00edt tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh, ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t, song \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 hai. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hai khe h\u1edf, c\u00e1c quang t\u1eed \u0111i qua hai khe h\u1edf c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo lu\u1eadt b\u00e0i trung, v\u00ec theo lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t trong hai khe h\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hai khe h\u1edf, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n tranh c\u00e3i. Nguy\u00ean l\u00ed b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Heisenberg\u2019s n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (momentum) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng ta l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u201cl\u00e0m g\u00ec\u201d, ho\u1eb7c ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u201cl\u00e0m g\u00ec\u201d, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t: \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t. Song, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1997, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cho r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u1eafm. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u00f3c \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u201cl\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u201cduy t\u00e2m\u201d, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111ang quan s\u00e1t. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika (Quy M\u1eadu Lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i), m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i; n\u00f3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m chung. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Nh\u01b0 trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hay m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u2013 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh ph\u1ee5-thu\u1ed9c-m\u00e0-ph\u00e1t-sinh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00ed duy\u00ean sinh45 (dependent origination), ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn th\u00ec l\u00ed duy\u00ean sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u theo ba c\u00e1ch: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi (conditioned things and events) ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi sinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c duy\u00ean. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c hai chi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do g\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Th\u1ee9 ba, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n gh\u1ebf, c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t gh\u1ebf, c\u00e1i l\u01b0ng gh\u1ebf, g\u1ed7, \u0111inh, c\u00e1i s\u00e0n nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1i b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c l\u00e0m ra chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (person) g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i gh\u1ebf\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i l\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau m\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed EPR l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt th\u00eam t\u00ednh h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. EPR l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, v\u00e0 Nathan Rosen, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, hai h\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 xa, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, t\u1eeb Dharamsala (n\u01a1i t\u00f4i \u1edf) t\u1edbi New York. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i xoay theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau: n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u201c\u0111i l\u00ean\u201d, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia \u201c\u0111i xu\u1ed1ng\u201d. Theo v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng (xu\u1ed1ng hay l\u00ean) ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u1ea1t \u1edf New York. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i h\u1ea1t \u1edf New York s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i l\u00ean\u201d, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u201c\u0111i xu\u1ed1ng\u201d. S\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00ean\/xu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u1edf Dharamasala, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, hai h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u01a1i linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 khi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quanh ta c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p nhau gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh (essentialism). L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Weizs\u00e4cker trong th\u00ednh ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fa th\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Werner Heisenberg, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, th\u00ec s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u201cs\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. V\u1eady th\u00ec, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: l\u00e0m sao, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ta ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed? Hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung ho\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebd ta b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u201ct\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t\u201d (schizophrenic) v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong hai ng\u00e0y tu h\u1ecdc \u1edf Innsbruck v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn (epistemology) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Anton Zillinger, Arthur Zajonc v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i nho nh\u1ecf. Anton cho hay r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u201ct\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t\u201d trong ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: Khi h\u1ecd \u1edf trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quang t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kia\u2026 Nh\u01b0ng, h\u1ec5 khi c\u00f3 ai b\u00e0n t\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ebft n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf46 (conventional truth), \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf47 (ultimate truth), \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, \u1edf t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00ed duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt logic nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 (principles of identity), lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n (law of contradiction) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u00e0i trung (excluded middle law) tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00ec ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3: N\u1ebfu ta gieo xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t l\u00faa, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y l\u00faa v\u00e0 cho ta h\u1ea1t l\u00faa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu ta u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c, ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c t\u1ed1t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. C\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu (ultimate ontological status) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cr\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng\u201d, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung nguy\u00ean l\u00ed nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf 48 n\u00e0y trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Newton l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf), v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein \u2013 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u2013 cho th\u1ea5y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Einstein m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch suy \u0111\u1ecbnh (inferred), nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n vi m\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1ebd ra \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t hay, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, th\u00ec ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ta c\u1ea7n suy g\u1eabm v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng49 (Candrak\u012brti), s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng cho r\u1eb1ng, khi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tri ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 vi t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu ta ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd (distinct identity), lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00ed duy\u00ean sinh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y [\u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf], nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tri\u1ebft l\u00ed t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, th\u00ec ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf, ta th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. Khi ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u tra xem ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n. Khi ta ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i \u201cch\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, m\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng quy \u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 logic c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, hay linh h\u1ed3n v\u0129nh c\u1eefu, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, hai Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: khi ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m [t\u1ee9c tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf], mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng g\u00e1n cho v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean sinh, ng\u00e350, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00ed v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00ed n\u00e0y b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu ta g\u00e1n nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 ng\u00e3, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu kh\u00e1ch quan, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, th\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a logic, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc. Ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u1ee9 (non-arbitrary) cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh). Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo tri\u1ebft l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 duy\u00ean sinh theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 duy\u00ean sinh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ta c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eadt xung quanh ta, m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tri th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch gay go, sau khi n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y t\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn (epistemology): l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd? C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u00f3 th\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf \u2013 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111em tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o trong t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf [t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf]. V\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn nh\u1eb1m n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7u chung cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. C\u00f2n c\u00e1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, m\u1eb7t m\u0169i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra sao, t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc do ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean, l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung, l\u00e0: li\u1ec7u c\u00e1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng? Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thienphatgiao.org\/tinh-khong\/\">t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/a>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i: m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phi th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh51 (non-essentialist model). C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c g\u00ec, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>H\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III<\/em><br><em>(<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/old.thuvienhoasen.org\/tanhkhong-thuyettuongdoi.pdf\"><strong>T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng, Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed,<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma 14 \u2013 Tr\u1ea7n Uy\u00ean Thi Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1 Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9: Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2 Long Th\u1ecd \u9f8d\u6a39, N\u0101g\u0101rjuna: s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, sau \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni. S\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Trung Lu\u1eadn \u4e2d \u8ad6 (Madhyamaka-\u015b\u0101stra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3 Ph\u00e1p \u6cd5 ; S: dharma; P: dhamma: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i hay s\u1ef1 g\u00ec m\u00e0 trong c\u00f5i Ta B\u00e0 n\u00e0y ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111o\u00e1 hoa, \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u201cl\u00f4ng r\u00f9a\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eebng th\u1ecf\u201d m\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n hay nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. R\u00f9a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eebng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec5 l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (teaching).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3: \u201cC\u00e1c c\u00f5i, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u0103n ch\u00fang sanh \u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0 ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 \u1ea3o, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0o (b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc), nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 (s\u01b0\u01a1ng), nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3n (tia ch\u1edbp).\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5 Hay \u201cphi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6 Xin xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: \u7e01\u8d77, sa. prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8 S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u6578\u8ad6\u5b78\u6d3e, m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sau th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9 Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u52dd\u8ad6\u5b78\u6d3e, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sau th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10 Geshe: k\u1ef3 thi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11 Lhasa: Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12 Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh: \u7a7a \u6027, sa. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13 Independent: theo t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14 Bougie, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: n\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15 Essence: B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">16 Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ta hay n\u00f3i: \u201cTr\u1eddi m\u01b0a\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e2u (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 [subject] v\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n [actor] \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u01b0a th\u00f4i. Ho\u1eb7c ta n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i gi\u1eadn\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111ang gi\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng, hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i gi\u1eadn th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng ta l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i gi\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17 Trung Lu\u1eadn: \u4e2d \u8ad6, Madhyamaka-\u015b\u0101stra, Middle Way Treatise (ho\u1eb7c Trung Qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1i, M\u0101dhyamika, Middle Way School).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">18 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba: \u5927\u4e58, Great Vehicle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">19 Madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101 (Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way), do Ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp \u9ce9\u6469\u7f85\u4ec0 d\u1ecbch sang H\u00e1n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">20 M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Trong Kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba c\u00f5i: Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi D\u1ea1 Ma, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf c\u00f5i Ta B\u00e0, v\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi \u0110ao L\u1ee3i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">21 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh \u201csuperposition\u201d (s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eadp) \u2014 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kia. Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u201cch\u1ed3ng\u201d l\u00ean nhau m\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1i kia (t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadp, t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">22 Andrei D. Sakharov (1921-1989): Khoa h\u1ecdc gia nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang S\u00f4-vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a bom khinh kh\u00ed. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong th\u1eddi Stalin, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t v\u00f5 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m. Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">23 Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb \u201csuperposition\u201d \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">24 T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa b\u1ed9 \u6bd8\u5a46\u6c99\u90e8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">25 Ch\u00ednh L\u00ed h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u6b63\u7406\u5b78\u6d3e, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni-d\u1ea1-da h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u5c3c\u591c\u8036\u5b78\u6d3e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">26 Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u52dd\u8ad6\u5b78\u6d3e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">27 Di-m\u1ea1n-sai h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u5f4c\u66fc\u5dee\u5b78\u6d3e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">28 S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u6578\u8ad6\u5b78\u6d3e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">29 B\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u4e0d\u4e8c\u5420\u6a80\u591a\u5b78\u6d3e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">30 A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u00e0m t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn \u963f\u6bd8\u66c7\u5fc3\u8ad6 , \u201cEssence of Higher Knowledge \u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">31 A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, \u201cGreat Treatise on Instantiation\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">32 Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng: \u6cd5\u52dd, Dharma\u015br\u012b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">33 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n: \u4e16\u89aa, Vasubandhu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">34 A-t\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn \u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8\u4ff1\u820d\u8ad6, \u201cTreasury of Higher Knowledge \u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">35 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i minh b\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh h\u1ec7, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed xoay quanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n. T\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">36 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda) n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">37 Quarks v\u00e0 leptons l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi h\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (subatomic), v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">38 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201ch\u1eefu vi\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">39 Ion ho\u00e1: nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i hay th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1edf t\u1ea7ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t dung d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">40 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc: \u7121\u8457, Asa\u1e45ga, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Duy Th\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng \u552f\u8b58\u5b97 (Vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101din). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">41 \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t \u515c\u7387 (Tu\u1e63ita, Maitreya\u2019s Heavenly Realm): d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 H\u1ef7 T\u00fac \u559c\u8db3 (vui v\u1ebb v\u00e0 no \u0111\u1ee7). L\u00e0 cung tr\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi, tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c \u5f4c\u52d2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">42 Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 \u7d93\u91cf\u90e8 (Sautr\u0101ntika) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba \u5c0f\u4e58 (H\u012bnay\u0101na) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 \u8aaa\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u90e8 (Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din) kho\u1ea3ng 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">43 Photon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">44 T\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum) c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Niels Bohr (v\u00e0 Heisenberg), thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m (nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">45 Do th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">46 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf: \u4fd7\u8ae6, sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti-satya, ch\u00e2n l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u00edch m\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">47 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf: \u771e\u8ae6, param\u0101rtha-satya, ch\u00e2n l\u00ed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, b\u1ea3n m\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">48 Nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf: \u4e8c \u8ae6, satyadvaya, g\u1ed3m t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">49 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng: \u6708\u7a31, Candrak\u012brti, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Trung Lu\u1eadn \u4e2d\u8ad6, sau Long Th\u1ecd (N\u0101g\u0101rjuna).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">50 Hay \u201cdanh s\u1eafc\u201d (identity)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">51 Hay \u201cphi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">theo: thuvienhoasen.org<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00c1NH KH\u00d4NG, THUY\u1ebeT T\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u1ed0IV\u00c0 V\u1eacT L\u00dd L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma -Tr\u1ea7n Uy\u00ean Thi d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u00e0i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16593,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51,103],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-16591","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duc-dat-lai-lat-ma","category-kim-cuong-thua"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16591","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16591"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16591\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16594,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16591\/revisions\/16594"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16593"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16591"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16591"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16591"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=16591"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}