Xem Audio Book https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/a23871\/dai-luan-ve-giai-trinh-cua-dao-giac-ngo-tap-3-audio-book<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong> Trong t\u1eadp 3, t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa xo\u00e1y s\u00e2u v\u00e0o hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Dalai Lama nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Giai Tr\u00ecnh C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba N\u0101land\u0101 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t giai tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, th\u1eadm th\u00e2m, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ecbnh, T\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m trong l\u00fac thi\u1ec1n. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Dalai Lama th\u00ec k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u00ean M\u00e3n hay trong \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ee7 \u1ea4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tu \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec1n l\u00ean t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p tu n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tu l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong ph\u1ea7n Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa d\u00f9ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft hay sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u00e1n C\u1ee5 Duy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng xin nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng C\u1ee5 Duy\u00ean t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3n ngay l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u1ed7 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3. Theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m hay l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft (c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1) v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai hay t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quy M\u1eadu Bi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee9ng hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Quy M\u1eadu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp 3 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin cung c\u1ea5p cho ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ee9c th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t trong khi v\u1eabn nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n (1) T\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd theo m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n l\u00e0: ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn hay c\u00f3 khi m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (2) V\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a khoa lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn (nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb chung gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m khi so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa hai khu\u00f4n th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n b\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n (3) \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra: th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c (\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7) hay t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd trong tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ban d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n (1) Do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn gay go gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cqu\u00fd v\u1ecb\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d. V\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00fac tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn (trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong vai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d hay \u201cc\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cta\u201d hay \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang t\u00f4i” t\u00f9y theo m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (2) Do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh “ng\u00e0i” hay \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 “\u00f4ng ta”. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai (thay v\u00ec \u00f4ng, anh, th\u1ea7y<\/em>, …) c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh “Ng\u00e0i” v\u1edbi ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ‘N’ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft hoa. C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (3) Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 “ch\u00fang t\u00f4i” s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn hay c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb “ch\u00fang ta” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u00ednh l\u00edu trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (4) Trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 hay cung c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n, t\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i<\/em>\u2026 Th\u1eadt ra, ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Trung Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (5) H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch nhi\u1ec1u cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch tr\u00ean<\/p>\n\n\n\n (6) C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang trong n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m t\u1eadp 3 n\u00e0y khi d\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. Xin qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u01af\u1edbc mong r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y trong t\u1eadp 3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u1eabn m\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft Trung Qu\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c xin h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Li\u00ean l\u1ea1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Xin vui l\u00f2ng d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas qua \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 lang.dau@gmail.com v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u00ednh ch\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00f9a Thu 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u00f3m Lamrim Lotsawas<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/a>The Great Treatise \u1edf the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment<\/em>. Dalai Lama. Day1. Afteroon session. Ph\u00fat 35-36. MP3. Truy c\u1eadp: 13\/03\/2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <http:\/\/www.dalailama.com\/webcasts\/post\/211-the-great-treatise-on-the-stages-of-the-path-to-enlightenment>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [2]<\/a>The Great Treatise \u1edf the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment<\/em>. Dalai Lama. Day1. Afteroon session. Ph\u00fat 36 -39. MP3. Truy c\u1eadp: 13\/03\/2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00a0<http:\/\/www.dalailama.com\/webcasts\/post\/211-the-great-treatise-on-the-stages-of-the-path-to-enlightenment>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong> V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 Trung T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc T\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng (TTHTPGTT) kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch g\u1ed3m ba t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Giai Tr\u00ecnh C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/em> (Byang chub lam rim che ba<\/em>). <\/em>T\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n Snow Lion xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2000. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eadp ba v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh (samatha; zhignas<\/em>)v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 (vipasyana; <\/em>lhag mthong<\/em>). <\/em>T\u1eadp hai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ban D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Chenmo \u0111\u00e3 theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng cho t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o t\u1eadp n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Roger Jack\u00adson, B. Alan Wallace, Elizabeth S. Napper, Jose Cabezon, Guy Newland, v\u00e0 Donald Lopez. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u1ed1n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i \u0110an K\u1ebft <\/em>(Lam rim mchan bzhi sbrags ma<\/em>)[1]<\/a>v\u00e0lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u00f9ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng Denma Locho Rimbochay v\u00e0 Loling Geshe Yeshe Tapkay; hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ec7, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Thupten Jinpa, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Dalai Lama, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y b\u1ed5n s\u01b0 t\u00f4i, c\u1ed1 Geshe Ngawang Wangyal, th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Guy Newland l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m k\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gray Tuttle v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Susan Kyser c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Snow Lion. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 Gareth Sparham, Ladakhi Geshe Lozang Jamspal, v\u00e0 Geshe Yeshe Tapkay.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t hoan h\u1ef7 xin b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00e2n h\u1eefu, h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y: song th\u00e2n t\u00f4i, Nancy v\u00e0 Eric Cutler, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u01a1i t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn lao; Thupten T. Taikang v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; Buff v\u00e0 Johnnie Chace, Randall v\u00e0 Jane Imai, Joel McCleary, Stuart v\u00e0 Lillie Scudder, Jim v\u00e0 Bonnie Onembo, Frank v\u00e0 Khady Lusby, Chot v\u00e0 Armen Elliott, Nick v\u00e0 Shelley Guarriello, Thao v\u00e0 Gai Nguyen, Mike v\u00e0 Debbie Joye, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Frank v\u00e0 Raksha Weber, t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT; Jeffrey Hopkins v\u00e0 Douglas Crichton, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng chia s\u1ebb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y; Valerie Stephens v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng Guy Newland c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb; nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT, Peter Beskyd, James Goodwin, Jerry Cohen, Rajinder Sharma, Deedee Eisenberg, David v\u00e0 Ming Ming Molony, Phil Lecso, v\u00e0 Frank Viverette, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; John v\u00e0 Margaret Brzostoski, David v\u00e0 Victoria Urubshurow, Sam v\u00e0 Lisa Badushow, v\u00e0 Ray McAdam, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT; nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Amy v\u00e0 John Miller, Brady v\u00e0 Tasha Whitton, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Davis Smith v\u00e0 Kendra Lawrence, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, ngu\u1ed3n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t. C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn. Xin hi\u1ec3u cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i, Diana, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Joshua W.C. Cutler<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trung T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc T\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Washington, New Jersey<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/a>Theo Elizabeth Napper th\u00ec\u00a0B\u1ed1n\u00a0Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i\u00a0\u0110an K\u1ebft<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Giai Tr\u00ecnh C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o\u00a0Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9\u00a0n\u00e0y<\/em>. Ngu\u1ed3n\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n\u00a0l\u00e0: (1) Ba so Ch\u00f6-gyi-gyel-tsen (1401-1473); (2) De-druk-ken-chen Ka-rok Nga-wang-rap-den (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17); (3) Jam-yang-shay-ba Nga-wan-dz\u00f6n-dr\u00fc (1648-1712); (4) Dra-di Ge-shay Rin-chen-d\u00f6n-drub (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17). Ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tsongkhapa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ch\u1eef to b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1eddi\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0in nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.\u00a0Xem th\u00eam thi ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb\u00a0Dependent Arising and Emptiness: A Tibetan Buddhist Interpretation of Madhyamika Philosophy<\/em>. P219-228. Elizabeth Napper.Wisdom.1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Tsongkhapa <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Tsongkhapa <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2\u201d C\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n\n\n\n (a) Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n (b) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n (c) B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n (d) L\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai<\/p>\n\n\n\n (e) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\\\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 cao qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 {t\u00e2m} \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bi; Con c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i. [468]<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2\u201d C\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng<\/strong>[2]<\/a> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n[3]<\/a> v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c ba-la-m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a trong thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 trong tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. M\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n (a) <\/strong>Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> c\u00f3 ghi[4]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00e0y Di-l\u1eb7c, ng\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Thanh V\u0103n, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, hay Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ea5n<\/em>: C\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ec1n? [469] T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p<\/em>: Nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do b\u1edfi ch\u00fang {\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7}. Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh; nh\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 hay t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kinh v\u0103n c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ec9 ra trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1eeba[5]<\/a> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u00fd, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba D\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u00edn Kinh<\/em> (Mah\u0101y\u0101n\u0101-pras\u0101da-prabh\u0101van\u0101-s\u016btra<\/em>) n\u00eau[6]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o, danh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i r\u1eb1ng t\u00edn t\u00e2m trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u2013 v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n} v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9}.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh<\/em>, trong khi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c t\u00e1nh<\/em>. Do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba th\u00f4ng qua (1) duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch {hay qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu} v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t {tr\u00ed b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3} v\u00e0 (2) nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> n\u00eau[7]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi ai kia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea1c<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u201cc\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea1c\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea1c; \u201cbi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c luy\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Trong B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a Lu\u1eadn<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ratnak\u0101ra\u015b\u0101nti[8]<\/a> [470] d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c x\u00f3a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc {c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea1c} trong khi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i {c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng}[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctu\u1ec7\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (b) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh, l\u00e1, hoa v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh[10]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e3y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eadp trung do thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Thanh V\u0103n, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do v\u1eady, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ai d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung. Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi[11]<\/a> c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft[12]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao tr\u00f9m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang. V\u1eady n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0, nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft trong Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi n\u00eau r\u00f5[13]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. [471]<\/p>\n\n\n\n (c) B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh, Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> n\u00eau[14]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi an tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i t\u0129nh m\u1ecbch v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa t\u00e2m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m do ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u01b0u gi\u1eef theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t[Khinh an \u2013nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p theo ngh\u0129a Anh ng\u1eef — theio L\u0110 th\u00ec ch\u1eef Nhu Ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c!!!] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>[15]<\/a>. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n t\u00e2m[16]<\/a> v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, sao cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean n\u00eau ra[17]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu ho\u1ea1t[18]<\/a> v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec nh\u1eabn, s\u1ef1 mong \u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, hay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o trong tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. [472]<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Trung Hoa Ha-shang (Hva-shang), sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kinh n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 la l\u00ean: \u201cTa kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh!\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3 \u0111i. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0m th\u1ebf v\u00ec tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh {ni\u1ec7m} v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111em b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. {\u00d4ng ta cho r\u1eb1ng} C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u00f3, \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng {hay c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p} th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c; \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t [t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu] th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t\u201d l\u00e0 khi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft {th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u} m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng; \u201cs\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m tra \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. \u201cS\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n; \u201cqu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ee8ng v\u1edbi Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em>, Kinh B\u1ea3o V\u00e2n<\/em> (Ratna-megha-s\u016btra<\/em>) c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u00f5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m; tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Di-l\u1eb7c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y trong \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Kinh Trang Nghi\u00eam Lu\u1eadn<\/em> (mah\u0101y\u0101na-s\u016btrala\u1e45k\u0101ra-k\u0101rik\u0101<\/em>) [21]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft g\u1ecdn t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng[22]<\/a>;<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0[23]<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qua vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p,<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eadp trung ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. [473] V\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn<\/em>, ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y[24]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u0103m ch\u00fa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng[25]<\/a> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u201ctr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n\u201d[26]<\/a> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i[27]<\/a> k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ed3n ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u00e2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111em v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111ang qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u01a1i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u201cTu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c\u201d l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u00ean tr\u00ean. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Gi\u1ea3 {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc}, n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau[28]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nhu ho\u1ea1t v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n<\/em>. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch {hay qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu} b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a Lu\u1eadn,<\/em> ng\u00e0i B\u1ea3o Sinh T\u1ecbnh {Ratnak\u0101ra\u015b\u0101nti} c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y[29]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh trong thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. [474] \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 trong thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hay \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu {ph\u00e2n t\u00edch} v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec7 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Trang Nghi\u00eam Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/em>[30]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 [tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i] \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft: \u201cM\u1ed9t, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cBao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cCh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cC\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHai, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p T\u1eadp Lu\u1eadn <\/em>(Abhidharma-samuccaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a l\u1eabn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p[31]<\/a>, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u1eabn \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i B\u1ea3o Sinh T\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trong n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong thi\u1ec1n, v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. Trong \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n (zhi gnas<\/em>), t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd (zhi<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eebng tr\u1ee5 (gnas) l\u1ea1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n; tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c (lhag mthong<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao (lhag pa<\/em>); ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft (mthong<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c thi\u1ebfu c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong khi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1eafng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Nhi\u1ebfp Ch\u00e1nh[32]<\/a>, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, trong khi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri ki\u1ebfn. [475] C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c phi \u0111\u1ecbnh danh[33]<\/a> cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m hay kh\u00f4ng[34]<\/a>; ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n mi\u1ec5n kh\u1ecfi h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng[36]<\/a> hay kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u1edb n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tri ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. N\u1ebfu gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t khi h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m vui s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kinh lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, tuy h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (d) <\/strong>L\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t khi ch\u1ec9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay tu\u1ec7? T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai? Ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. [476]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00eam, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 [trong tranh] r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eadp ch\u1eddn b\u1edfi gi\u00f3. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng, hay s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb lung linh trong gi\u00f3 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi truy t\u1ea7m \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng sai s\u00f3t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n bao l\u00e2u t\u00f9y \u00fd qu\u00fd v\u1ecb. D\u00f9 sao, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n sang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. V\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 \u2013 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>, Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y[37]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngang nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em> (Mah\u0101-parinirv\u0101\u1e47a-s\u016btra<\/em>) c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thanh V\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; c\u00e1c B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, v\u00ec tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 Lai th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ngang b\u1eb1ng. [477]<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u2013 nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 \u2013 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 trong Kinh Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u0103ng<\/em>[38]<\/a> (Candraprad\u012bpa-s\u016btra<\/em>) c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n; tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1eady n\u00ean d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3; t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb rung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh do thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00f3, n\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 s\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Do v\u1eady, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng<\/em> d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u1ea5c {tim \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u} v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n {hay c\u00e1i ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u00e8n} che ch\u1eafn cho n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 gi\u1eef trong c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m hay tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed \u2013 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb trong t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb Kinh K\u1ebft T\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Dharma-sa\u1e43g\u012bti-S\u016btra<\/em>) [39]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u01a1i trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n,<\/em> Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00eau[40]<\/a>: [478]<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ec t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n; m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, Nh\u01b0 Lai thuy\u1ebft: \u201cV\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i tri ki\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eebng s\u1ef1 sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f2n ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3 sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed7i khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, t\u1eeb \u00e1i, bi m\u1eabn, hay luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn<\/em> (Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra<\/em>), ng\u00e0i T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u00eau[41]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u1ebb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nanh vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 v\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0[42]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ea5ng Ch\u00e1nh Bi\u1ebfn Tri \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u1ebb nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u, k\u1ebb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngay c\u1ea3 ai \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e0 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec n\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n duy nh\u1ea5t, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng n\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng k\u00eanh t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u00eam \u1ea3. [479] Do \u0111\u00f3, sau khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u00edn t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef b\u1ec1n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch to t\u00e1t n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trong c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a l\u1eabn trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong bao l\u00e2u, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5; qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00ec nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>[43]<\/a>:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ng\u0103n che c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Trang Nghi\u00eam Lu\u1eadn<\/em> n\u00eau[44]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5; tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh<\/em>[45]<\/a> (sam\u0101dhir\u0101ja-s\u016btra<\/em>) n\u00eau[46]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e0m phu nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i h\u1ecd,<\/p>\n\n\n\n U\u1ea5t-\u0111\u00e0-la, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 suy l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y trong thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; [480]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 an l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/em> (Bodhisattva-pi\u1e6d\u0101ka<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau[48]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a tu h\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i dung B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/em>, ch\u01b0a tu h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai suy di\u1ec5n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb trong t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd t\u00e9 ng\u00e3 b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sinh , l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed, \u0111au x\u00f3t, than kh\u00f3c, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n; h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1u gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i[49]<\/a>; h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1ee3p u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5. V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m, Nh\u01b0 Lai thuy\u1ebft. \u201cTu h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3o v\u00e0 t\u1eed\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ai t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft vi\u00ean m\u00e3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u0103n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb x\u00f3a tan \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, B\u1ea3o T\u00edch Kinh B\u1ed9<\/em> (Ratna-k\u016b\u1e6da-grantha<\/em>) d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng[50]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n;<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7;<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft;<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a}<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba D\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u00edn<\/em> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng[51]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thi\u1ec7n Nam T\u1eed, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, m\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u01a1i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (e) <\/strong>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn<\/em>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean d\u1ea1y[52]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y,<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e3y t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. [481]<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ea5n<\/em>: Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>[53]<\/a>, Ng\u00e0i Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hay m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, sau \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n trong khi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sinh ra c\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p<\/em>: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n mang t\u1edbi t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u0103n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n; trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 v\u00f4 l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n khi thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i hay v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c? Theo Kinh gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em>[54]<\/a>, th\u00ec ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c; m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o nhu ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n bao nhi\u00eau v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhu ho\u1ea1t t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9. [482] Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c khi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. V\u1eady n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng \u2013 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c chi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecbnh; ri\u00eang \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 {tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t} kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u1edfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb qua vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c sau. Do v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i qu\u00fd v\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra nhu ho\u1ea1t. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n theo c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00ec Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt Kinh<\/em>[55]<\/a> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u00ean tr\u00ean r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a \u2013 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201cph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3\u201d \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u00e3y th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00e3y th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 trong \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. Trong B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba<\/em> (\u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y)[56]<\/a> v\u00e0 Thanh V\u0103n \u0110\u1ecba<\/em> (\u015ar\u0101vaka- bh\u016bmi<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n. [483] C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cTrung \u0110\u1ea1o T\u00e2m Lu\u1eadn<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Thanh Bi\u1ec7n, \u201cNh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 ba ph\u1ea7n trong \u201cGiai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi[57]<\/a>, \u201cB\u1ea3o T\u00edch T\u1ecbnh<\/em>\u201d { Ratnakara\u015b\u0101nti<\/em>} c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 X\u1ee9ng {
GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>
T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>
(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>
Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas
\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d
\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u1eddi N\u00f3i \u0110\u1ea7u Cho T\u1eadp 3<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>
T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>
(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>
Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas
\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d
\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u1eddi T\u1ef1a C\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean B\u1ea3n Anh Ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong>
GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>
T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>
(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>
Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas
\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d
\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nD\u00e0n \u00dd T\u1eadp 3<\/strong><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong>
GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>
T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>
(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>
Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas
\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d
\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nPh\u1ea7n I: \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n<\/strong>[1]<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n(3) \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra: th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c (\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7) hay t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd trong tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ban d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n(1) Do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn gay go gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cqu\u00fd v\u1ecb\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d. V\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00fac tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn (trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong vai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d hay \u201cc\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cta\u201d hay \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang t\u00f4i” t\u00f9y theo m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(2) Do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh “ng\u00e0i” hay \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 “\u00f4ng ta”. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai (thay v\u00ec \u00f4ng, anh, th\u1ea7y<\/em>, …) c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh “Ng\u00e0i” v\u1edbi ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ‘N’ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft hoa. C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(3) Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 “ch\u00fang t\u00f4i” s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn hay c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb “ch\u00fang ta” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u00ednh l\u00edu trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(4) Trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 hay cung c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n, t\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i<\/em>\u2026 Th\u1eadt ra, ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Trung Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(5) H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch nhi\u1ec1u cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch tr\u00ean<\/p>\n\n\n\n(6) C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang trong n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m t\u1eadp 3 n\u00e0y khi d\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. Xin qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u01af\u1edbc mong r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y trong t\u1eadp 3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 Tsongkhapa s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u1eabn m\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft Trung Qu\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c xin h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\nLi\u00ean l\u1ea1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\nXin vui l\u00f2ng d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas qua \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 lang.dau@gmail.com v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\nK\u00ednh ch\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u00f9a Thu 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u00f3m Lamrim Lotsawas<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[1]<\/a>The Great Treatise \u1edf the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment<\/em>. Dalai Lama. Day1. Afteroon session. Ph\u00fat 35-36. MP3. Truy c\u1eadp: 13\/03\/2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <http:\/\/www.dalailama.com\/webcasts\/post\/211-the-great-treatise-on-the-stages-of-the-path-to-enlightenment>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[2]<\/a>The Great Treatise \u1edf the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment<\/em>. Dalai Lama. Day1. Afteroon session. Ph\u00fat 36 -39. MP3. Truy c\u1eadp: 13\/03\/2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00a0<http:\/\/www.dalailama.com\/webcasts\/post\/211-the-great-treatise-on-the-stages-of-the-path-to-enlightenment>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong>GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u1eddi T\u1ef1a C\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean B\u1ea3n Anh Ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 Trung T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc T\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng (TTHTPGTT) kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch g\u1ed3m ba t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Giai Tr\u00ecnh C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/em> (Byang chub lam rim che ba<\/em>). <\/em>T\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n Snow Lion xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2000. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eadp ba v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh (samatha; zhignas<\/em>)v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 (vipasyana; <\/em>lhag mthong<\/em>). <\/em>T\u1eadp hai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\nBan D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Chenmo \u0111\u00e3 theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng cho t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o t\u1eadp n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Roger Jack\u00adson, B. Alan Wallace, Elizabeth S. Napper, Jose Cabezon, Guy Newland, v\u00e0 Donald Lopez. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u1ed1n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i \u0110an K\u1ebft <\/em>(Lam rim mchan bzhi sbrags ma<\/em>)[1]<\/a>v\u00e0lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u00f9ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng Denma Locho Rimbochay v\u00e0 Loling Geshe Yeshe Tapkay; hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ec7, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Thupten Jinpa, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Dalai Lama, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y b\u1ed5n s\u01b0 t\u00f4i, c\u1ed1 Geshe Ngawang Wangyal, th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Guy Newland l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m k\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gray Tuttle v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Susan Kyser c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Snow Lion. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 Gareth Sparham, Ladakhi Geshe Lozang Jamspal, v\u00e0 Geshe Yeshe Tapkay.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t hoan h\u1ef7 xin b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00e2n h\u1eefu, h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y: song th\u00e2n t\u00f4i, Nancy v\u00e0 Eric Cutler, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u01a1i t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn lao; Thupten T. Taikang v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; Buff v\u00e0 Johnnie Chace, Randall v\u00e0 Jane Imai, Joel McCleary, Stuart v\u00e0 Lillie Scudder, Jim v\u00e0 Bonnie Onembo, Frank v\u00e0 Khady Lusby, Chot v\u00e0 Armen Elliott, Nick v\u00e0 Shelley Guarriello, Thao v\u00e0 Gai Nguyen, Mike v\u00e0 Debbie Joye, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Frank v\u00e0 Raksha Weber, t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT; Jeffrey Hopkins v\u00e0 Douglas Crichton, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng chia s\u1ebb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y; Valerie Stephens v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng Guy Newland c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb; nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT, Peter Beskyd, James Goodwin, Jerry Cohen, Rajinder Sharma, Deedee Eisenberg, David v\u00e0 Ming Ming Molony, Phil Lecso, v\u00e0 Frank Viverette, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; John v\u00e0 Margaret Brzostoski, David v\u00e0 Victoria Urubshurow, Sam v\u00e0 Lisa Badushow, v\u00e0 Ray McAdam, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a TTHTPGTT; nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Amy v\u00e0 John Miller, Brady v\u00e0 Tasha Whitton, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Davis Smith v\u00e0 Kendra Lawrence, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, ngu\u1ed3n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t. C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn. Xin hi\u1ec3u cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i, Diana, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\nJoshua W.C. Cutler<\/p>\n\n\n\nTrung T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc T\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\nWashington, New Jersey<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[1]<\/a>Theo Elizabeth Napper th\u00ec\u00a0B\u1ed1n\u00a0Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i\u00a0\u0110an K\u1ebft<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Giai Tr\u00ecnh C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o\u00a0Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9\u00a0n\u00e0y<\/em>. Ngu\u1ed3n\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n\u00a0l\u00e0: (1) Ba so Ch\u00f6-gyi-gyel-tsen (1401-1473); (2) De-druk-ken-chen Ka-rok Nga-wang-rap-den (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17); (3) Jam-yang-shay-ba Nga-wan-dz\u00f6n-dr\u00fc (1648-1712); (4) Dra-di Ge-shay Rin-chen-d\u00f6n-drub (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17). Ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tsongkhapa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ch\u1eef to b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1eddi\u00a0ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0in nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.\u00a0Xem th\u00eam thi ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb\u00a0Dependent Arising and Emptiness: A Tibetan Buddhist Interpretation of Madhyamika Philosophy<\/em>. P219-228. Elizabeth Napper.Wisdom.1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\nTsongkhapa\u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong>GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nD\u00e0n \u00dd T\u1eadp 3<\/strong><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTsongkhapa\u0110\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/strong>GIAI TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/strong>T\u1eadp 3<\/strong>(B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn \u2013 Quy\u1ec3n H\u1ea1)<\/strong>Nh\u00f3m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt Lamrim Lotsawas\u0f04\u0f05\u0f0e \u0f56\u0fb1\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f0d \u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f40\u0f0d\u0f0d\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f59\u0f7c\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0e<\/p>\n\n\n\nPh\u1ea7n I: \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n<\/strong>[1]<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n2\u201d C\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n\n\n\n(a) Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n(b) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n(c) B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n(d) L\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai<\/p>\n\n\n\n(e) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\\\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 cao qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 {t\u00e2m} \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bi; Con c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i. [468]<\/p>\n\n\n\n2\u201d C\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng<\/strong>[2]<\/a> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nR\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hai Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n[3]<\/a> v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c ba-la-m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a trong thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 trong tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. M\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\nCh\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n<\/li>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/li>L\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai<\/li>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/li>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp cho m\u1ed7i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2-26)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n(a) <\/strong>Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> c\u00f3 ghi[4]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nN\u00e0y Di-l\u1eb7c, ng\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Thanh V\u0103n, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, hay Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1ea5n<\/em>: C\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ec1n? [469] T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai?<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u00e1p<\/em>: Nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7u h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do b\u1edfi ch\u00fang {\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7}. Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh; nh\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 hay t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kinh v\u0103n c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ec9 ra trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1eeba[5]<\/a> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u00fd, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba D\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u00edn Kinh<\/em> (Mah\u0101y\u0101n\u0101-pras\u0101da-prabh\u0101van\u0101-s\u016btra<\/em>) n\u00eau[6]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nN\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o, danh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i r\u1eb1ng t\u00edn t\u00e2m trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u2013 v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n} v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9}.<\/p>\n\n\n\nT\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh<\/em>, trong khi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c t\u00e1nh<\/em>. Do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba th\u00f4ng qua (1) duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch {hay qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu} v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t {tr\u00ed b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3} v\u00e0 (2) nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u0169ng th\u1ebf, Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> n\u00eau[7]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nKhi ai kia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/p>\n\n\n\nR\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea1c<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u201cc\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea1c\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea1c; \u201cbi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c luy\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Trong B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a Lu\u1eadn<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ratnak\u0101ra\u015b\u0101nti[8]<\/a> [470] d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c x\u00f3a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc {c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea1c} trong khi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i {c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng}[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctu\u1ec7\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(b) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh, l\u00e1, hoa v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh[10]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nH\u00e3y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eadp trung do thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Thanh V\u0103n, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/p>\n\n\n\nDo v\u1eady, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ai d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung. Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi[11]<\/a> c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft[12]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 bao tr\u00f9m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang. V\u1eady n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0, nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft trong Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi n\u00eau r\u00f5[13]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. [471]<\/p>\n\n\n\n(c) B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nKhi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh, Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em> n\u00eau[14]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nTrong khi an tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i t\u0129nh m\u1ecbch v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa t\u00e2m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m do ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u01b0u gi\u1eef theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t[Khinh an \u2013nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p theo ngh\u0129a Anh ng\u1eef — theio L\u0110 th\u00ec ch\u1eef Nhu Ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c!!!] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>[15]<\/a>. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n t\u00e2m[16]<\/a> v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, sao cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean n\u00eau ra[17]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nSau khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu ho\u1ea1t[18]<\/a> v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ec1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec nh\u1eabn, s\u1ef1 mong \u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, hay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o trong tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. [472]<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Trung Hoa Ha-shang (Hva-shang), sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kinh n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 la l\u00ean: \u201cTa kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh!\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3 \u0111i. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0m th\u1ebf v\u00ec tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh {ni\u1ec7m} v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111em b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. {\u00d4ng ta cho r\u1eb1ng} C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTrong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u00f3, \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng {hay c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p} th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c; \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t [t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu] th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t\u201d l\u00e0 khi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft {th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u} m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng; \u201cs\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m tra \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. \u201cS\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n; \u201cqu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u1ee8ng v\u1edbi Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em>, Kinh B\u1ea3o V\u00e2n<\/em> (Ratna-megha-s\u016btra<\/em>) c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u00f5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m; tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u0169ng th\u1ebf, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Di-l\u1eb7c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y trong \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Kinh Trang Nghi\u00eam Lu\u1eadn<\/em> (mah\u0101y\u0101na-s\u016btrala\u1e45k\u0101ra-k\u0101rik\u0101<\/em>) [21]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nBi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft g\u1ecdn t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng[22]<\/a>;<\/p>\n\n\n\nHi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0[23]<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\nD\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/p>\n\n\n\nQua vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p,<\/p>\n\n\n\nHi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eadp trung ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. [473] V\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTrong B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn<\/em>, ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y[24]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u0103m ch\u00fa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng[25]<\/a> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u201ctr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n\u201d[26]<\/a> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i[27]<\/a> k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ed3n ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u00e2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111em v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111ang qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u01a1i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u201cTu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c\u201d l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp.<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u00ean tr\u00ean. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Gi\u1ea3 {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc}, n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau[28]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nSau khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nhu ho\u1ea1t v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n<\/em>. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch {hay qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu} b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTrong B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a Lu\u1eadn,<\/em> ng\u00e0i B\u1ea3o Sinh T\u1ecbnh {Ratnak\u0101ra\u015b\u0101nti} c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y[29]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh trong thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. [474] \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 trong thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hay \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu {ph\u00e2n t\u00edch} v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec7 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Trang Nghi\u00eam Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/em>[30]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 [tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i] \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\nPh\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft: \u201cM\u1ed9t, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u201cBao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u201cCh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u201cC\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u201cHai, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\nVi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p T\u1eadp Lu\u1eadn <\/em>(Abhidharma-samuccaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a l\u1eabn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p[31]<\/a>, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u1eabn \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i B\u1ea3o Sinh T\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trong n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong thi\u1ec1n, v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. Trong \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n (zhi gnas<\/em>), t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd (zhi<\/em>) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eebng tr\u1ee5 (gnas) l\u1ea1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n; tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c (lhag mthong<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao (lhag pa<\/em>); ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft (mthong<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c thi\u1ebfu c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong khi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1eafng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Nhi\u1ebfp Ch\u00e1nh[32]<\/a>, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, trong khi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri ki\u1ebfn. [475] C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c phi \u0111\u1ecbnh danh[33]<\/a> cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m hay kh\u00f4ng[34]<\/a>; ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n mi\u1ec5n kh\u1ecfi h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nDo \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng[36]<\/a> hay kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u1edb n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tri ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. N\u1ebfu gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t khi h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m vui s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kinh lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, tuy h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(d) <\/strong>L\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nT\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t khi ch\u1ec9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay tu\u1ec7? T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 hai? Ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. [476]<\/p>\n\n\n\nKhi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00eam, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 [trong tranh] r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eadp ch\u1eddn b\u1edfi gi\u00f3. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng, hay s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb lung linh trong gi\u00f3 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi truy t\u1ea7m \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng sai s\u00f3t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n bao l\u00e2u t\u00f9y \u00fd qu\u00fd v\u1ecb. D\u00f9 sao, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n sang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. V\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 \u2013 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>, Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y[37]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngang nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em> (Mah\u0101-parinirv\u0101\u1e47a-s\u016btra<\/em>) c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\nThanh V\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; c\u00e1c B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, v\u00ec tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 Lai th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ngang b\u1eb1ng. [477]<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u2013 nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 \u2013 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 trong Kinh Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u0103ng<\/em>[38]<\/a> (Candraprad\u012bpa-s\u016btra<\/em>) c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\nN\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n; tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1eady n\u00ean d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3; t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb rung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh do thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00f3, n\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 s\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Do v\u1eady, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng<\/em> d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u1ea5c {tim \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u} v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n {hay c\u00e1i ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u00e8n} che ch\u1eafn cho n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 gi\u1eef trong c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m hay tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed \u2013 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb trong t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb Kinh K\u1ebft T\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p <\/em>(Dharma-sa\u1e43g\u012bti-S\u016btra<\/em>) [39]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nKhi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u01a1i trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTrong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n,<\/em> Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00eau[40]<\/a>: [478]<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00ec t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n; m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, Nh\u01b0 Lai thuy\u1ebft: \u201cV\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i tri ki\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\nKhi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eebng s\u1ef1 sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f2n ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3 sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed7i khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, t\u1eeb \u00e1i, bi m\u1eabn, hay luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn<\/em> (Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra<\/em>), ng\u00e0i T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u00eau[41]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nK\u1ebb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/p>\n\n\n\nS\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nanh vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 v\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0[42]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u1ea5ng Ch\u00e1nh Bi\u1ebfn Tri \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\nK\u1ebb nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u, k\u1ebb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\nNgay c\u1ea3 ai \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u00e0 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec n\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\nDo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n duy nh\u1ea5t, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng n\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng k\u00eanh t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u00eam \u1ea3. [479] Do \u0111\u00f3, sau khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u00edn t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef b\u1ec1n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch to t\u00e1t n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\nDo v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trong c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a l\u1eabn trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong bao l\u00e2u, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5; qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00ec nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>[43]<\/a>:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nVi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ng\u0103n che c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Trang Nghi\u00eam Lu\u1eadn<\/em> n\u00eau[44]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5; tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u0169ng th\u1ebf, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh<\/em>[45]<\/a> (sam\u0101dhir\u0101ja-s\u016btra<\/em>) n\u00eau[46]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e0m phu nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n<\/p>\n\n\n\nH\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i h\u1ecd,<\/p>\n\n\n\nU\u1ea5t-\u0111\u00e0-la, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 suy l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y trong thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n\n\n\nTh\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; [480]<\/p>\n\n\n\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 an l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\nB\u1ed3-t\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/em> (Bodhisattva-pi\u1e6d\u0101ka<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau[48]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a tu h\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i dung B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/em>, ch\u01b0a tu h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai suy di\u1ec5n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb trong t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd t\u00e9 ng\u00e3 b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sinh , l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed, \u0111au x\u00f3t, than kh\u00f3c, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n; h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1u gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i[49]<\/a>; h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1ee3p u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5. V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m, Nh\u01b0 Lai thuy\u1ebft. \u201cTu h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3o v\u00e0 t\u1eed\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ai t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft vi\u00ean m\u00e3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u0103n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb x\u00f3a tan \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, B\u1ea3o T\u00edch Kinh B\u1ed9<\/em> (Ratna-k\u016b\u1e6da-grantha<\/em>) d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng[50]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nTr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n;<\/p>\n\n\n\nTh\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7;<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft;<\/p>\n\n\n\nKhi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o {t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a}<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba D\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u00edn<\/em> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng[51]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nThi\u1ec7n Nam T\u1eed, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, m\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u01a1i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n(e) <\/strong>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nTrong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn<\/em>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean d\u1ea1y[52]<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\nTu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n\n\n\nTi\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTh\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y,<\/p>\n\n\n\nH\u00e3y t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTheo kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. [481]<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1ea5n<\/em>: Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Giai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>[53]<\/a>, Ng\u00e0i Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hay m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, sau \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n trong khi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sinh ra c\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u00e1p<\/em>: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n mang t\u1edbi t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u0103n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n; trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 v\u00f4 l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n khi thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i hay v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c? Theo Kinh gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/em>[54]<\/a>, th\u00ec ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c; m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o nhu ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n bao nhi\u00eau v\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhu ho\u1ea1t t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9. [482] Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c khi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. V\u1eady n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 nhu ho\u1ea1t qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng \u2013 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c chi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecbnh; ri\u00eang \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 {tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t} kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u1edfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb qua vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c sau. Do v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i qu\u00fd v\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTheo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra nhu ho\u1ea1t. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n theo c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00ec Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt Kinh<\/em>[55]<\/a> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u00ean tr\u00ean r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a \u2013 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201cph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3\u201d \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u00e3y th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00e3y th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 trong \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. Trong B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba<\/em> (\u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y)[56]<\/a> v\u00e0 Thanh V\u0103n \u0110\u1ecba<\/em> (\u015ar\u0101vaka- bh\u016bmi<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n. [483] C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cTrung \u0110\u1ea1o T\u00e2m Lu\u1eadn<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Thanh Bi\u1ec7n, \u201cNh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 ba ph\u1ea7n trong \u201cGiai Tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ec1n<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hoa Gi\u1edbi[57]<\/a>, \u201cB\u1ea3o T\u00edch T\u1ecbnh<\/em>\u201d { Ratnakara\u015b\u0101nti<\/em>} c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 X\u1ee9ng {](\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/RgYoAALS2QgBAHdM\/kinh-mung-ngay-thanh-dao.jpg\"){kind=link}