{"id":1678,"date":"2020-09-08T19:44:18","date_gmt":"2020-09-08T19:44:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1678"},"modified":"2020-09-08T19:46:05","modified_gmt":"2020-09-08T19:46:05","slug":"thien-tinh-va-mat-ba-phap-tu-truyen-thong-cua-phat-giao-viet-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/08\/thien-tinh-va-mat-ba-phap-tu-truyen-thong-cua-phat-giao-viet-nam\/","title":{"rendered":"THI\u1ec0N, T\u1ecaNH V\u00c0 M\u1eacT – Ba ph\u00e1p tu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tu T\u1eadp ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 M\u1eadt; n\u1ebfu v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i h\u00f3a m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh, M\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ba ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u01b0a nay. Thi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i, T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 M\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. T\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho th\u1ea5y, ba ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Thi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-  Thi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo \u201cVi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Lang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh du nh\u1eadp di\u1ec5n ra b\u1eb1ng hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam theo c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 hai do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 do t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng Trung Hoa. \u201cThi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i s\u00e1ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em Thi\u1ec1n cho ph\u00e1t huy \u1edf Trung Hoa n\u1eefa\u201d [1]. Theo Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh, qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n (?-1134) tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho Ph\u00f9 Th\u00e1nh Linh Nh\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i H\u1eadu, t\u1ee9c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a vua L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4n nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cGi\u00e1o th\u00ec l\u1ea5y M\u00e2u B\u00e1c, Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u, Thi\u1ec1n th\u00ec l\u1ea5y T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi l\u00e0m ph\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1i sau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 hai ph\u00e1i\u201d [2].  Ti\u1ebfp theo n\u1eefa c\u00f3 Chi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ebfp (Kalasivi) \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u0103m 255 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch Kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa Tam Mu\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kinh thi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Hu\u1ec7 Th\u1eafng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V-TL theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0 (Dharmadeva) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u1ee5c Cao T\u0103ng Truy\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft: \u201cTh\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Th\u1eafng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Ch\u1ec9, \u1edf ch\u00f9a n\u00fai Ti\u00ean Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng v\u00e2n du kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng n\u00fai, thong dong t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecdc kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n h\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n, m\u1ed7i khi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y mai m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2026\u201d [3] T\u1eeb khi thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n trong n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-   Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201cB\u1ea5t l\u1eadp v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o Bi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n; tr\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.[4]\u201d (Kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, truy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, Ch\u1ec9 th\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m th\u1eadt, Th\u1ea5y t\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt). Thi\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n ng\u1ed9, ch\u1ec9 th\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. T\u00e2m \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 x\u01b0a nay v\u1ed1n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, kh\u00f4ng sanh di\u1ec7t, ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5. Th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh, t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng v\u00f4 sanh, v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m, v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1eeb quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng, trung \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tu t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. T\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma d\u00f9ng kinh L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n cho Hu\u1ec7 Kh\u1ea3. Kinh L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c thanh t\u1ecbnh, m\u00ea l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh, ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 T\u0103ng X\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam 580 (TL) d\u00f9ng Kinh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea7u Tinh X\u00e1 d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n. Ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 19 \u0111\u1eddi. Th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam 14 n\u0103m, \u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p D\u1ea7n (594) [5] t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 Kinh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea7u Tinh X\u00e1, Kinh B\u00e1o Nghi\u1ec7p Sai Bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Kinh T\u1ed5ng Tr\u00ec [6]. Kinh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea7u Tinh X\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3. Kinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ee9 B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5; \u201cB\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n; ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p; tuy v\u1eabn n\u00f3i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 danh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00f4 t\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghe. B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb v\u1ecb lai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00eca ba \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d [7] Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch: “T\u00e2m \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ta \u0111\u00e2u; t\u00e2m \u1ea5y tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 n\u00fai th\u00e1i h\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111a nguy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng sinh ra c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t… (l\u01b0\u1ee3c). Khi T\u0103ng X\u00e1n \u1ea5n cho ta t\u00e2m n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o ta n\u00ean g\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam m\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp.. ” (Nguy\u1ec5n Lang, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn). \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3, Hoa Nghi\u00eam, Tam Lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng (759-826) [8]: V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf Trung Hoa,  \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 820 (TL) s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1, l\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed7ng, huy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean Du, t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Ninh. Ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y mang t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1n ng\u1ed9, Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m, truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 15 \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0  c\u00f3  \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vai tr\u00f2 ph\u00e1t huy Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o thi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u201cT\u1ee9c T\u00e2m, T\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.\u201d Khi nghe m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n t\u0103ng h\u1ecfi B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng: “Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc”. B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng, hu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu [9] (n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hu\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng); nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1o thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9  ba l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Th\u1ea3o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng: Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u1ea3o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Tuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1eadu, ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1eadu Minh Gi\u00e1c Ph\u00e1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (1054\u20131072) tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0. TrongThi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t ch\u00fa th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTh\u1ea3o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng theo S\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1ch \u1edf Chi\u00eam th\u00e0nh. X\u01b0a L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam th\u00e0nh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111em cho v\u1ecb T\u0103ng L\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9a \u1edf. V\u1ecb T\u0103ng L\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft Ng\u1eef L\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean b\u00e0n m\u00e0 \u0111i, S\u01b0 l\u00e9n s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i. V\u1ecb T\u0103ng L\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9a \u1edf, \u0111em t\u00e2u vua. Vua b\u00e8n phong l\u00e0m Qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0”.[10] Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.[11]  Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0: L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, L\u00fd Anh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng. Ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 k\u1ec7 thi\u1ec1n. Th\u01a1 k\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m tu h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m: Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y do vua Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00f3 ba v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, Ph\u00e1p Loa v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Quang, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m Tam T\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb Ph\u00e1i Th\u1ea3o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau mang tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf v\u00e0 xem tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u01a1 k\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 th\u00ec c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Thi\u1ec1u. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Nguy\u00ean Thi\u1ec1u (1648-1728) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cao t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Hoa, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 33, t\u00f4ng L\u00e2m T\u1ebf. Ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n Li\u1ec5u Qu\u00e1n (1667-1742), \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cao t\u0103ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 35 t\u00f4ng L\u00e2m T\u1ebf. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec1n mang \u0111\u1eadm b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, cao si\u00eau, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta v\u1edbi bao th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc long lanh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi.  C\u00e1c b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua anh minh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, quan gia v\u00e0 d\u00e2n hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, l\u1ea5y qu\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m Ph\u1eadt s\u1ef1, vun \u0111\u1eafp non s\u00f4ng x\u00e3 t\u1eafc ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p. Khi vua L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi v\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed7 Thu\u1eadn (925-990), \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cV\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u00e2y qu\u1ea5n, tr\u1eddi Nam m\u1edf th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh. V\u00f4 vi tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1c, x\u1ee9 x\u1ee9 h\u1ebft \u0111ao binh\u201d [12] (Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1c, Nam thi\u00ean l\u00fd th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh. V\u00f4 vi c\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1c, X\u1ee9 x\u1ee9 t\u1ee9c \u0111ao binh). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, d\u00f9 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 hai thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00edch Thanh T\u1eeb v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0 Duy L\u1ef1c (g\u1ed1c Trung Hoa, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 mau ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3-   Thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, do Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gian h\u01a1n 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, c\u00f3 kinh lu\u1eadn ghi nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ed9i dung thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 s\u1ea7u bi, ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng ng\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 B\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (Satipatthana).[13] N\u1ed9i dung kinh n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m: 1) Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, 2) Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, 3) Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m \u00fd. 4) Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kheo, v\u1ecb n\u00e0o tu t\u1eadp B\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t trong hai qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n h\u1eefu d\u01b0 y, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 Kheo, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o tu t\u1eadp B\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong s\u00e1u n\u0103m, trong n\u0103m n\u0103m, trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m, trong ba n\u0103m, trong hai n\u0103m, trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t trong hai qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n h\u1eefu d\u01b0 y, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 Kheo, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o tu t\u1eadp B\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 n\u00e0y trong b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t trong hai qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n h\u1eefu d\u01b0 y, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 Kheo, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o tu t\u1eadp B\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 n\u00e0y trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t trong hai qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n h\u1eefu d\u01b0 y, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n… N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 Kheo, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh cho ch\u00fang sanh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ea7u n\u00e3o, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9.\u201d [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TL, Kinh An Ban Th\u1ee7 \u00dd do Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Kinh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t theo kinh \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c Kinh An Ban Th\u1ee7 \u00dd di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf mang t\u00ednh di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch.\u201cAn Ban t\u1ee9c l\u00e0Anapana (An Na Ba Na), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf, Th\u1ee7 \u00dd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ebfp t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. An Ban Th\u1ee7 \u00dd t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u01a1i th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m \u00fd. C\u00f3 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c di\u1ec7u m\u00f4n:1) S\u1ed5 T\u1ee9c M\u00f4n: \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ebfm h\u01a1i th\u1edf t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh. 2) T\u00f9y M\u00f4n: theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1i th\u1edf, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ra v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf. B\u1ecf con s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 theo h\u1eb3n h\u01a1i th\u1edf. 3) Ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4n: b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1i th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng l\u1eb7ng (ch\u1ec9). 4) Qu\u00e1n M\u00f4n: tuy l\u00e0 \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 \u1ea5m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e3, ng\u00e3 s\u1edf… \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i m\u1edf tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. 5) Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n: Xoay v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p. 6) T\u1ecbnh M\u00f4n: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kia v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n minh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9.\u201d [15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cCh\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9 sanh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c san s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. C\u00f3 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n.\u201d[16] Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng Trung Hoa do B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 mang v\u00e0o, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n m\u00f4n Trung Hoa, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o  qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nam T\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, T\u00edch Lan, Th\u00e1i Lan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t xem ph\u00e1p tu Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 M\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, an tr\u00fa trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, l\u00eca b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 an l\u1ea1c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng mang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng Thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ph\u00e1p tu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hay kh\u00f4ng?  V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u hay kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd thi\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, n\u1ed9i dung tu t\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do, thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nam t\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 do xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u Thi\u1ec1n T\u0103ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1eafn b\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n tri th\u1ee9c tu t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phong ph\u00fa, c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1ea5y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u00f3a t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng.  N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nghi th\u1ee9c trong thi\u1ec1n m\u00f4n nh\u1eadt t\u1ee5ng (b\u1ea3n c\u0169) th\u00ec s\u1ebd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c tu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p phong ph\u00fa, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn lao. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i kinh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.  T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-   T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng t\u1eeb trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec3n khai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. Trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa, hay qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Kinh kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i gia tu h\u1ecdc, T\u1ef3-sa-m\u00f4n (Vessavana) \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn th\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang D\u01b0\u1ee3c Xoa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc ch\u00fa At\u00e0n\u00e0tiyarakkha (A-s\u00e1-nang-chi H\u1ed9 Kinh) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef7-kheo, T\u1ef7-kheo-ni, Nam c\u01b0 s\u0129, N\u1eef c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea1i h\u1ecda\u2026. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n im l\u1eb7ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn.\u201d [17] M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m, b\u00e0i kinh: \u01afu-Ba-Ti\u00ean-Na, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u01afu-ba-ti\u00ean-na \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n trong hang, b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft, ng\u00e0i X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t b\u1ea1ch Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 d\u00e0i, sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i ch\u00fa h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u00d4-\u0111am-b\u00e0-l\u1ec7, \u0111am-b\u00e0-l\u1ec7, \u0111am-l\u1ee5c, ba-la-\u0111am-l\u1ee5c, n\u1ea1i-t\u00ed, t\u00fac-n\u1ea1i-t\u00ed, ch\u1ec9-b\u1ea1t-t\u00ed, v\u0103n-na-di, tam-ma-di, \u0111\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ebf, ni-la-ch\u1ec9-th\u00ed, b\u00e0-la-c\u00e2u-b\u1ebf-\u00f4-l\u1ec7, \u00f4-ngu-l\u1ec7, t\u1ea5t-b\u00e0-ha\u201d v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfp: \u201cN\u00e0y X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu l\u00fac \u1ea5y thi\u1ec7n gia nam t\u1eed \u01afu-ba-ti\u00ean-na m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, t\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i tr\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea5u n\u00e1t.\u201d [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e2m uy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 s\u01b0, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tri\u1ec3n khai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00fa ph\u00e1p trong M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII. Long  Th\u1ecd (Nagarjuna, 600-650) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Long Tr\u00ed (Nagabodhi), Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00ed (Vajrabodhi, 663-723), B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng (Amoghavajra, 750-774), Thi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 \u00day (Subhakarasimha, 637-735), Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh (638-727, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa). Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ra Ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n th\u1eeba (Mantray\u00e0na) v\u00e0 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba (Vajray\u00e0na).  Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa, M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII do ng\u00e0i Li\u00ean Hoa Sinh (Padmasambhava), l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e1i Ninh M\u00e3 (Nuyingmapa). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n  M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1357-1419), ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ho\u00e0ng M\u1ea1o (Gelugpa). T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng v\u1edbi hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o (Lamrin Chenmo), ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed1i tu hi\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 (Nagrim Chenmo),  ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p tu M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, sau hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 (Prajna) v\u00e0 Duy Th\u1ee9c (Vijnapti). Hai b\u1ed9 kinh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng) l\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ec9nh.[19]  M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Trung Qu\u00e1n Ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 Du Gi\u00e0 H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1i l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh qua t\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa, nghi l\u1ec5, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n t\u00f4n. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, nghi th\u1ee9c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng. Kinh Kim Cang \u0110\u1ec9nh, l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt Nh\u01b0 Lai l\u00e0m th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cNg\u0169 Ph\u1eadt Hi\u1ec7n Ng\u0169 tr\u00ed\u201d. \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt Nh\u01b0 Lai \u1edf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (Ch\u00ednh Gi\u1eefa) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi. A S\u00fac Nh\u01b0 Lai \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u00ean C\u1ea3nh Tr\u00ed. B\u1ea3o Sanh Nh\u01b0 Lai \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam l\u00e0 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb3ng T\u00e1nh Tr\u00ed. V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd Nh\u01b0 Lai \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1n S\u00e1t Tr\u00ed. B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng Th\u00e0nh T\u1ef1u Nh\u01b0 Lai \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh S\u1edf T\u00e1c Tr\u00ed. Gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng, d\u00f9ng Mandala l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp. Thai t\u1ea1ng gi\u1edbi Mandala l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh thai t\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c; Kim cang gi\u1edbi Mandala bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Thai t\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd, Kim cang l\u00e0 tr\u00ed. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Mantra l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa gi\u00fap t\u00e2m trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 si\u00eau tho\u00e1t nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c. M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00fa ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u gia tr\u00ec v\u00e0 y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u khai ng\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cTam m\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, s\u00e1t na vi\u00ean m\u00e3n\u201d.[20] T\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cKh\u1ea9u M\u1eadt\u201d, quy\u1ebft \u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a th\u00e2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: \u201cTh\u00e2n M\u1eadt\u201d v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00fd qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00dd M\u1eadt\u201d. Tam M\u1eadt th\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u1ee9c th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-   M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6. T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kinh\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3ng T\u1ed5ng Tr\u00ec t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n di t\u00edch tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc b\u00e0i ch\u00fa Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ec9nh T\u1ed1i Th\u1eafng \u0110\u00e0 La Ni (Usnisavijaya dharani) t\u1ea1i Hoa L\u01b0, Ninh B\u00ecnh, do \u0110inh Li\u1ec5n, con trai c\u1ee7a \u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 937. V\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam 14 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc b\u00e0i ch\u00fa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.  C\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa.  Nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ma Ha Ma Ya (Mahamaya) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p Thu\u1eadn. Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng: \u201cS\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a C\u1ed5 S\u01a1n th\u1ecd gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed7 Thu\u1eadn. S\u01b0 chuy\u00ean s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i bi t\u00e2m ch\u00fa, tr\u1ea3i qua ba n\u0103m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat bi\u1ebfng tr\u1ec5 b\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Quan \u00c2m l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch c\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t, m\u1eaft b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng s\u00e1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u00eam thanh t\u1ecbnh.\u201d [21] Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ea1nh (?-1117) c\u0169ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec t\u1ee5ng ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ea1i bi. Trong Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh, L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng khen ng\u1ee3i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Gi\u00e1c H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Huy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u00e0i th\u01a1 r\u1ea5t hay: \u201cGi\u00e1c H\u1ea3i t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 H\u1ea3i. Th\u00f4ng Huy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i huy\u1ec1n. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean.\u201d [22] Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh (?-1025) c\u0169ng t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh ch\u00e9p: \u201cS\u01b0 chuy\u00ean t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng tr\u00ec tam ma \u0111\u1ecba, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 cho l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 s\u1ea5m. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh s\u01b0.\u201d Sau khi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u01a1 t\u00e1n: \u201cV\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh dung ba c\u00f5i, th\u1eadt hi\u1ec7p l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m x\u01b0a. Qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean Ph\u00e1p C\u1ed5, Ch\u1ed1ng g\u1eady tr\u1ea5n kinh \u0111\u00f4.\u201d [23] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 x\u01b0a kia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tu ph\u00e1p M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb T\u0103ng, C\u01b0 s\u0129 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tu tr\u00ec v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. HT. Nh\u1eabn T\u1ebf (1889), ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi HT. Th\u00edch Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u0103ng, t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a n\u00fai Thi\u00ean Thai, B\u00e0 R\u1ecba V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng theo h\u1ecdc M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1928, ng\u00e0i Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 th\u1ec9nh ba t\u1ea1ng kinh, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00f3 HT. Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec1n T\u00e2m c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Bi, T\u00f4n Th\u1eafng Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3nh. Th\u1ea7y Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1ea1nh d\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p Y\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, Th\u1ee7 H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c Gi\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La Ni. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 c\u01b0 s\u0129 Phi B\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch Th\u00e1nh C\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt M\u1eabu Tu Tr\u00ec Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ea7y Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u01b0 s\u0129 Huy\u1ec1n Thanh \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, th\u1ea7y Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng v.v\u2026 G\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 HT. Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba Drukpa. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng theo nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cao t\u0103ng, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft  nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong thi\u1ec1n m\u00f4n nh\u1eadt t\u1ee5ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Hoa th\u00ec th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng phu s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ee5ng Ch\u00fa L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam, Th\u1eadp ch\u00fa, ch\u00fa \u0110\u1ea1i Bi, Ng\u0169 B\u1ed9 Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa, L\u1ee5c T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i Minh Ch\u00fa, v.v…  \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tu ni\u1ec7m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. \u00dd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e2u nay. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00edch t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u1ecdc ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee5ng kinh, t\u1ee5ng ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ba nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u00fd thanh t\u1ecbnh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, phong ph\u00fa, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp m\u1edbi mau th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-    Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Kinh B\u00e1t Chu Tam Mu\u1ed9i, Kinh A Di \u0110\u00e0, Kinh V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd, Kinh Qu\u00e1n V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd, v\u00e0 V\u00e3ng Sanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn; c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. D\u00f9 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf Trung Hoa, Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu t\u1eadp c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y kinh lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt v\u00e3ng sanh T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9, ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Tam mu\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eafc tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb, th\u0103ng hoa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp m\u1ecdi c\u0103n c\u01a1, d\u1ec5 tu h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 kinh v\u0103n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng [24], Kinh L\u00e2u \u0110\u00e0i C\u1ee7a N\u00e0ng Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0 La[25], L\u00e2u \u0110\u00e0i do C\u00fang M\u00e8 [26], Thi\u00ean Cung S\u1ef1 – trong Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh, v.v… T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, hay n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd b\u1ed5n nguy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt, h\u00f3a sanh hay v\u00e3ng sanh trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t vi di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o. T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t vi di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1edf b\u00e0y hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tha l\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh \u0111i ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1eadp m\u1edd, thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u00e2m uy\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-   T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V (TL), v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Sa M\u00f4n Th\u00edch \u0110\u00e0m Ho\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. \u201cC\u1ee9 Cao T\u0103ng truy\u1ec7n 12 t\u1edd 405c19-28, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 thi\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0m Ho\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: “Th\u00edch \u0110\u00e0m Ho\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng Long, nh\u1ecf tu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, chuy\u00ean s\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9. Trong kho\u1ea3ng T\u1ed1ng V\u0129nh s\u01a1 (420-422) nam d\u01b0 Phi\u00ean Ngung, d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00f9a \u0110\u00e0i, sau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9, t\u1ee5ng V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n kinh, l\u00f2ng th\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 An d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\u201d [27]  Ngo\u00e0i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ra, L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t c\u00f2n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n t\u1eeb V\u00e3ng Sanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9 Truy\u1ec7n do Gi\u1edbi Ch\u00e2u vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: “Th\u00edch \u0110\u00e0m Ho\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng Long, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cao B\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng L\u0103ng, trong kho\u1ea3ng T\u1ed1ng V\u0129nh s\u01a1, nam du Phi\u00ean Ngung, d\u1eebng \u1edf ch\u00f9a \u0110\u00e0i, sau \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e8n nhang, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ee5ng V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n kinh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n. Ho\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ni\u1ec7m, n\u00f3i: “M\u1ed9t th\u00e2n mu\u00f4n n\u1ed1i, ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh, m\u1edbi s\u1edbm th\u1ea5y Di \u0110\u00e0.” [28]  Theo Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Lang, L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1057 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 cao hai th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt t\u00edch n\u00fai L\u1ea1n Kha, huy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean Du, T\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Ninh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng L\u1ed9 (?-1141) t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Lang cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTrong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng L\u1ed9, ta nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt A Di \u00d0\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m. Kh\u00f4ng L\u1ed9 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1141 nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 100 n\u0103m, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1057, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt A Di \u00d0\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 cao hai th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lang t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vua L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00fai L\u1ea1ng Kha, huy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean Du, t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Ninh. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Di \u00d0\u00e0 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt T\u00edch, B\u1eafc Ninh. Bia \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt t\u00edch c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.\u201d [29]  T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecbnh song tu hay quan ni\u1ec7m ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tu t\u1eadp. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c (1112-1200), h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o Hu\u1ec7 (?-1073), thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng tu ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt Tam Mu\u1ed9i. Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Anh ch\u00e9p: S\u01b0 l\u00ean th\u1eb3ng n\u00fai, c\u1ea5t am c\u1ecf, \u1edf tu. Trong 12 th\u1eddi, s\u01b0 l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt Tam Mu\u1ed9i.\u201d [30] Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng (1218-1277), khai th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, so\u1ea1n l\u1ee5c th\u1eddi s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i, d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ee5ng kinh v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt, ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a trong c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n. Ti\u1ebfp theo, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Thi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Thi\u1ec1n Li\u1ec5u Qu\u00e1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh, M\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi kh\u00f3a tu ni\u1ec7m cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a thu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc T\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ee5ng kinh v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt. Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt v\u00e3ng sanh l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i gia. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u01a1, k\u1ec7 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn tu. \u201cTu v\u1ec1 T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9 s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n ti\u00ean. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng phu, ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n. S\u00e1u ch\u1eef Di \u0110\u00e0 ti\u00eau nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng, M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i oan khi\u00ean.\u201d [31]  Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 M\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tu ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u01b0 s\u0129 ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9 C\u01b0 S\u0129 Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B\u1ed3ng (1886-1958) t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ebfn N\u0103m 1935, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0 T\u00f4ng S\u01b0 Minh Tr\u00ed. [32] H\u1ed9i T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9 T\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u00f4ng \u0110o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1955, h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n \u0103n chay ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, tu ph\u01b0\u1edbc, nguy\u1ec7n sanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9. V\u1ec1 sau, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecbnh song tu, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Tr\u00e0ng do HT. Ch\u01a1n Nh\u01b0 Minh Tr\u1ef1c (1895-1976) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1948 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.[33] C\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n T\u1ecbnh M\u1eadt song tu do HT. Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec1n T\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tu h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1971 t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a t\u1edbi nay, ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tu M\u1eadt, tu thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0 B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u1ef3 H\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tu T\u1eadp ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 M\u1eadt; n\u1ebfu v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i h\u00f3a m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ba ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn: M\u1ed9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tu ni\u1ec7m. Hai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 M\u1eadt; nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh, hai ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n kia l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 tu theo Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nam T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0: Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ba ph\u00e1p Quy Y Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u0103m gi\u1edbi, m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi, B\u00e1t Quan Trai gi\u1edbi\u2026 V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o L\u00fd th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba hay Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf, Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi, Tam Ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n, Gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecbnh Tu\u1ec7 v.v\u2026  \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0u \u00fd, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tu t\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec n\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.
Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Tr\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tu T\u1eadp ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1679,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1678","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phap-mon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1678","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1678"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1678\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1681,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1678\/revisions\/1681"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1679"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1678"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1678"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1678"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1678"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}