{"id":1682,"date":"2020-09-08T19:47:54","date_gmt":"2020-09-08T19:47:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1682"},"modified":"2020-09-09T09:49:26","modified_gmt":"2020-09-09T09:49:26","slug":"muoi-tong-phai-phat-giao-o-trung-hoa-luat-tong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/08\/muoi-tong-phai-phat-giao-o-trung-hoa-luat-tong\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ede Trung Hoa – Lu\u1eadt T\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ede Trung Hoa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ri\u00eang g\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chia ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00f2an c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t-tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 s\u00e2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, g\u00f2 b\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, c\u00e2u n\u1ec7, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, r\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, t\u1ef1 do, d\u1ec5 khoan h\u00f2a, dung hi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang theo c\u0103n c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t khi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ri\u00eang \u1edf Trung Hoa, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chia m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i. Trong m\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung c\u1ea3. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00f9y theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, s\u1edf th\u00edch ri\u00eang m\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Trung Hoa l\u00e0: Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng, Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng, Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4ng, M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, Thi\u00ean Thai t\u00f4ng, Hoa Nghi\u00eam t\u00f4ng, Tam Lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt t\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong 10 t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt t\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba; Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba, c\u00f2n 6 t\u00f4ng kia thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f4ng phu trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean bi\u1ebft qua \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Sau n\u00e0y, khi h\u1ecdc cao h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u00f9y theo c\u0103n c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 tu h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi L\u1eadp T\u00f4ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4ng n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, t\u00f9y c\u0103n c\u01a1, t\u00f9y ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ecdai gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 r\u0103n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh. Sau khi Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i \u01afu-Ba-Li l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tinh th\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u00e1p t\u1ecda trong k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra. L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u01afu-Ba-Li ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn 80 l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0”B\u00e1t th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadn”. V\u1ec1 sau, tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 theo th\u1eddi gian, Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i chia ra l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh, hay b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u theo m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ee5\u00e2t ri\u00eang. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9: Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng, T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n, T\u0103ng k\u1ef3, Ng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Tuy\u00ean lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u1ea5y, b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u0103n c\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1o Tuy\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Chung Nam S\u01a1n, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “Chung Nam S\u01a1n” \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p L\u1ec7 b\u00ean ph\u00e1i H\u1eefu t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed9, hay Ng\u00e0i Ho\u00e0i T\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Chung Nam S\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n h\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, v\u00ec n\u00f3 trung h\u00f2a c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba l\u1eabn Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. T\u00f4ng Ch\u1ec9 V\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7c \u0110i\u1ec3m C\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e0m m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ebfc g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam minh. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n sinh.Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, th\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 chia ra. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi hung d\u1eef, kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 sau kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda trong ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u00e3 qu\u1ef7,s\u00fac sinh, v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft ha\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m si\u1ec1ng x\u00edch, \u0111\u1eddi sau kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1edbp nh\u00e0, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u1ea7y r\u00e0, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00ec ghen t\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e1o x\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00e8o l\u1ebdo, th\u00eam b\u1edbt, \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i hung \u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi khinh khi, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, h\u00fat x\u00e1ch, r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, th\u00ec kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n, thi\u1ebfu n\u1ee3, kh\u1ecfi say s\u01b0a, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi khinh b\u1ec9, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111o l\u00e0 tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, v\u00e0 th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh; gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00ean gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu kh\u00f4ng xa th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd gi\u1eef “gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt” kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, n\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “\u0111\u1ecbnh”; do t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean ph\u00e1t ra”tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t”. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t n\u00ean ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 minh si \u00e1m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh t\u00e2m ki\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1ea1i gia c\u00f3 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia th\u1ecd Sa-di, c\u00f3 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tu. Th\u1ea7y T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 T\u1ef3-kheo thanh t\u1ecbnh. B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t c\u00f3 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean trong ba m\u00f3n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc (gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7 ), “gi\u1edbi” \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4ng n\u00e0y s\u1ee1 d\u0129 l\u1eadp ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. C\u00e1c Lo\u1ea1i Gi\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u1eadc, t\u00f9y theo c\u0103n c\u01a1, t\u00f9y theo gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129, t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn l\u00e0: Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong khi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, th\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m gi\u1eef l\u00f2ng tham, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, v\u00ec trong khi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho m\u00ecnh; c\u00f2n c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0: Ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi (5 gi\u1edbi do Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia), B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi (8 gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia t\u1eadp s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia), Sa-di gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Sa-di-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi (10 gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t gia), Th\u1ee9c xoa (6 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eef h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi), T\u1ef3-kheo gi\u1edbi (250 gi\u1edbi), v\u00e0 T\u1ef3-kheo nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi (348 gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1ee3i tha h\u01a1n t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 10 gi\u1edbi trong 48 gi\u1edbi khinh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, Tam t\u1ee5 t\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi (g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadt nghi gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, Nhi\u1ebfp Thi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh, Nhi\u00eau \u00edch h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00fang sinh, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v.v..).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u0103n \u0111\u1ee9t \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c tr\u00ec, t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec:<\/em> c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. T\u1ef3-kheo gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3n<\/em>, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 250 gi\u1edbi, chia l\u00e0m 8 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: 1.- Ba-la-di (4 gi\u1edbi), 2.-T\u0103ng-t\u00e0ng (13 gi\u1edbi), 3.-B\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ecbnh (2 gi\u1edbi), 4.- X\u00e3-\u0111\u1ecda (30 gi\u1edbi), 5.- \u0110\u01a1n-\u0111\u1ecda (90 gi\u1edbi), 6.- \u0110\u1ec1-x\u00e0-nhi\u1ec1u (4 gi\u1edbi), 7.- Ch\u00fang-h\u1ecdc (100 gi\u1edbi), 8.- Di\u1ec7t-tr\u00e1nh (7 gi\u1edbi). Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i (ng\u0169 thi\u00ean), s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i (l\u1ee5c t\u1ee5) hay b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i (th\u1ea5t t\u1ee5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. T\u1ef3-kheo-nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3n<\/em> (gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3-kheo-nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 348 gi\u1edbi, chia l\u00e0m 7 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.- Ba-la-di (8 gi\u1edbi), 2.- T\u0103ng-t\u00e0n (17 gi\u1edbi), 3.-X\u1ea3-\u0111\u1ecda (30 gi\u1edbi), 4.-\u0110\u01a1n-\u0111\u1ecda (178 gi\u1edbi), 5.-\u0110\u1ec1-x\u00e0-nhi\u1ec1u (8 gi\u1edbi ), 6.-Ch\u00fang-h\u1ecdc (100 gi\u1edbi), 7.-Di\u1ec7t-tr\u00e1nh (7 gi\u1edbi). Ba tr\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00f9y nghi chia l\u00e0m n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i, s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i ,b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 b\u00ean t\u0103ng (1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 T\u1ef3-kheo-nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng 250 hay 348 gi\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00f3m th\u00e2u nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh, l\u00e0m gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i cho s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 cho h\u1ebft gi\u1edbi-lu\u1eadt th\u00ec v\u1ec1 “l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u1ec1 “c\u1ea3nh” l\u1ea1i nan kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 b\u1eadc trung, th\u00ec b\u00ean t\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000 oai nghi, 80.000 t\u1ebf h\u1ea1nh; b\u00ean Ni c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 80.000 oai nghi v\u00e0 120.000 t\u1ebf h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec sao Ph\u1eadt l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u00ec m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi, c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c tr\u00ec: <\/em>g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 20 ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt (Khanda).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 Ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi Ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi Ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– An c\u01b0 Ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 Ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 chia ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00e1c tr\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i d\u1ec5 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trong khi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt ra n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o th\u00ec trong ”ch\u1ec9” c\u00f3 ”t\u00e1c”, trong ”t\u00e1c” c\u00f3 ”ch\u1ec9”, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u0103ng, ni ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, v\u00ec theo lu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi \u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc n\u00e0o th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p \u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. C\u00e1c Danh T\u1eeb V\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u; do \u0111\u00f3, danh t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u1eady mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”danh, ch\u1ee7ng, t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u1edbng”?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Danh l\u00e0 t\u00ean (danh t\u1eeb) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t s\u00e1t sinh, gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t th\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1o.v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, hay nh\u00f3m; nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n chia c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, Ni: Ba-la-di, T\u0103ng t\u00e0ng.v.v..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. T\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1edf b\u00ean trong; nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, trong t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u00e2m, v\u1ecdng.v.v.. ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sinh t\u00e2m vui m\u1eebng hay li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn. Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e2m t\u00ednh \u1edf b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. T\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; nh\u01b0 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t sinh, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp (t\u00ednh gi\u1edbi) .v.v.. m\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c \u1ea5y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i khi ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec (danh), s\u00e1t hay \u0111\u1ea1o .v.v..? thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o (ch\u1ee7ng), Ba-la-di hay T\u0103ng t\u00e0ng.v.v..? thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m (t\u00ednh) hay ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n (t\u01b0\u1edbng)? V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i \u1ea5y, theo lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”khai, gi\u00e1, tr\u00ec, ph\u1ea1m”?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Khai l\u00e0 m\u1edf, cho l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5m, kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 khi Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kheo leo l\u00ean c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ”Gi\u00e1”. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kheo \u0111i v\u00e0o r\u1eebng, b\u1ecb \u00e1c th\u00fa r\u01b0\u1ee3t, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m leo l\u00ean c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u00e1c th\u00fa h\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: ”N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 duy\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c leo c\u00e2y”, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”Khai”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ee9 2: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ”Gi\u00e1”. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a v\u1edbi thu\u1ed1c, u\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec t\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ”Khai”. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi u\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Tr\u00ec l\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn; nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”Tr\u00ec”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m; nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”Ph\u1ea1m”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong khi tu h\u00e0nh gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh x\u00e9t xem m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ”Tr\u00ec”, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ”Ph\u1ea1m”; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ”Khai”; Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ”Khai”.v.v.. n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ”Tr\u00ec”. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ”Tr\u00ec” m\u00e0 ”Ph\u1ea1m”. Tuy th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, hay v\u00ec tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ”Khai” m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u00ec t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u1ea3o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u00e0 ”Khai” l\u00e0 ”Ph\u1ea1m”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c tr\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea1m’\u201d?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef g\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. T\u00e1c tr\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u0103n tr\u1ed9m, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u00e1c tr\u00ec, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ” t\u00ednh t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 t\u1ed9i, hay t\u00ednh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 gi\u1edbi”?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) T\u00ednh t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3ng t\u1ea5n ch\u00fang sinh, nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u00e2m, v\u1ecdng. B\u1ed1n t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong t\u00e2m t\u00ednh ch\u00fanh sinh t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e1 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ai d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u00e2m, v\u1ecdng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Gi\u00e1 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, do t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec5m m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh; nh\u01b0 t\u1ed9i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u00e2m, v\u1ecdng, c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 t\u1ed9i c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) T\u00ednh gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba b\u1ed1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u00e2m, v\u1ecdng. Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u01b0 tu h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) Gi\u00e1 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n t\u00ednh gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00edt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef gi\u00e1 gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n c\u00e2y l\u1edbn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eb7t ng\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn; nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng binh gi\u1ecfi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn, ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111o th\u1ecb \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh t\u00e2m, ki\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c d\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t: Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi tu; Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng; h\u00e3y tu \u0111i r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh, th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh, thanh t\u1ecbnh; t\u00e2m \u0111a thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, ch\u00e2n t\u00e2m s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn! Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd t\u1eaft khi n\u00e0o. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i k\u1ebd h\u1ecdc \u00edt bi\u1ebft h\u1eb9p m\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec cuxng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, khi m\u1edbi th\u1eafp th\u00ec lu, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eaft th\u00ec c\u00e0ng ch\u00e1y l\u00e2u c\u00e1ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00ed l\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u0103n c\u01a1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u01a1 ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t. \u1ede \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u0103n tr\u00ed lanh l\u1eb9, hi\u1ec3u nhanh bi\u1ebft l\u1eb9, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec hay \u1ef7 s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1eb3ng thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ea3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u0103n tr\u00ed t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft th\u1ee7 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, t\u1ef1 cao. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n (\u0111i g\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n ) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p th\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i \u01afu-Ba-Li! Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u01afu-Ba-Li l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eam tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt! Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u0103n tr\u00ed ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u01afu-Ba-Li, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng t\u1eadp nghi\u00eam tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttp:\/\/daibaothapmandalataythien.org\/6-muoi-tong-phai-phat-giao-o-trung-hoa-luat-tong\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ede Trung Hoa Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ri\u00eang g\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1446,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112],"tags":[114],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phap-mon","tag-10-tong-phai-pg-trung-quoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1682"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1682\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1683,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1682\/revisions\/1683"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1446"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1682"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}