{"id":16904,"date":"2022-03-02T16:42:17","date_gmt":"2022-03-02T09:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=16904"},"modified":"2022-03-02T16:54:01","modified_gmt":"2022-03-02T09:54:01","slug":"phat-giao-yeu-luoc-narada-thera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/03\/02\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc-narada-thera\/","title":{"rendered":"PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O Y\u1ebeU L\u01af\u1ee2C &#8211; Narada Thera"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;Y\u1ebeU L\u01af\u1ee2C<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><br>Nguy\u00ean T\u00e1c: BUDDHISM IN A NUTSHELL<\/strong><br>Narada Thera<br>HT. Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Ch\u01a1n d\u1ecbch<br>Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/p22a7901\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc\">https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/p22a7901\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Link t\u1ea3i s\u00e1ch PDF :<a href=\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/SWr4iMNG2AgQANgu\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc-song-ngu-viet-anh.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/SWr4iMNG2AgQANgu\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc-song-ngu-viet-anh.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"189\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/phatgiaoyeuluoc-bia1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16905\" title=\"phatgiaoyeuluoc-bia\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7qPUdRvCdUE?list=PLXfpVI7YBnIxHUFJ5lOVyS_z3p-jw1elD\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng n\u0103m n\u0103m 623 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c&nbsp;Th\u00edch Ca&nbsp;(1) c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u00f4, t\u00ean l\u00e0&nbsp;T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a&nbsp;(Siddhattha) h\u1ecd&nbsp;C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m&nbsp;(Gotama) \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 Nepal (2), l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;trong c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;xa hoa&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5&nbsp;m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n&nbsp;gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c&nbsp;x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, nh\u01b0&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi,&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh&nbsp;\u01b0a tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi&nbsp;bao la&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;cho ph\u00e9p&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u1edf cung \u0111i\u1ec7n&nbsp;ho\u00e0ng gia.&nbsp;Th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y&nbsp;x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa&nbsp;cho s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;gi\u00e0u sang&nbsp;ph\u00fa qu\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh&nbsp;ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00fa vui&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i&nbsp;th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng&nbsp;cho v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa.&nbsp;Th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia.&nbsp;Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1&nbsp;h\u01b0 \u1ea3o&nbsp;(ph\u00f9 hoa) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 29 tu\u1ed5i,&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;m\u1ecdi&nbsp;d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c&nbsp;tr\u1ea7n gian, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp l\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea3nh y v\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nh\u00e0 tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh,&nbsp;m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00ednh t\u00fai, lang thang \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;\u0111i t\u00ecm Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;An L\u1ea1c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu, v\u00ec&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed9 thanh xu\u00e2n; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5&nbsp;m\u00e0 l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e0u sang. Nh\u01b0&nbsp;th\u1eddi x\u01b0a&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;n\u00e0o c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;t\u1edbi,&nbsp;tr\u1eeb phi&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5,&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;m\u1ecdi&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;tu h\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.&nbsp;Th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;phi th\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;trong su\u1ed1t&nbsp;s\u00e1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;g\u1ea7y \u1ed1m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng.&nbsp;Th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u00e0ng&nbsp;h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1&nbsp;x\u00e1c th\u00e2n bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec&nbsp;m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau&nbsp;(gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t) c\u00e0ng xa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1ecf ra&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u00f4 \u00edch.&nbsp;Th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;b\u00e2y gi\u1edd&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n&nbsp;qua&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1&nbsp;v\u00f4 \u00edch&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;\u00e9p x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m&nbsp;g\u1ea7y y\u1ebfu&nbsp;th\u00e2n th\u1ec3&nbsp;v\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u00fat k\u00e9m&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do&nbsp;l\u1ee3i \u00edch&nbsp;(c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) t\u1eeb&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u00f4 gi\u00e1&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh,&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;theo&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3 hai&nbsp;c\u1ef1c \u0111oan&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1&nbsp;d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c&nbsp;v\u00e0 qu\u00e1&nbsp;\u00e9p x\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m tr\u00ec ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sau l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.&nbsp;Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;m\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh&nbsp;t\u00ecm ra&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;Trung \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh&nbsp;n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i mai&nbsp;an l\u00e0nh, trong l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang&nbsp;ch\u00fa t\u00e2m&nbsp;thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn&nbsp;c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 si\u00eau l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o;&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;ch\u1ec9&nbsp;d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o,&nbsp;th\u00e2n t\u00e2m&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh,&nbsp;quan s\u00e1t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9&nbsp;(th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt), v\u00e0o l\u00fac tr\u00f2n 35 tu\u1ed5i. L\u00fac m\u1edbi sinh ra, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;do&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ea1y, v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi&nbsp;bao la, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;qu\u00fd b\u00e1u&nbsp;c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5&nbsp;cho&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng)&nbsp;g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi&nbsp;gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb&nbsp;chi ph\u1ed1i&nbsp;b\u1edfi&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sau 45 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi,kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;t\u00e0n \u00e1c, v\u00e0&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;(tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi)&nbsp;nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t&nbsp;v\u00e0o n\u0103m 80 tu\u1ed5i, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean h\u00e0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn \u0111em&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, Ng\u00e0i sinh ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt&nbsp;si\u00eau ph\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n linh.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh&nbsp;v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n linh&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed.&nbsp;May m\u1eafn&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh&nbsp;h\u00f3a trong&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean&nbsp;ghi nh\u1eadn&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7&nbsp;n\u00e0o \u201cth\u1eadt l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh&nbsp;th\u1ea7n linh&nbsp;nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u00f3a th\u00e2n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Vishnu (3) c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf&nbsp;m\u00e0 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3) t\u1ef1 \u00fd c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i h\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ef1&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;hay&nbsp;nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4&nbsp;(phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o) \u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;\u1edf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf&nbsp;s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa Ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;l\u00e0:&nbsp;\u201cC\u00e1c con n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai&nbsp;(Tathagatas) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y\u201d.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;t\u1ef1 \u00fd&nbsp;\u0111i theo&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;(gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cN\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o&nbsp;ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d.&nbsp;Tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady&nbsp;v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eb1m khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i n\u00ean bi\u1ebft&nbsp;t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y trong kinh&nbsp;B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;(Parinibbana Sutta) nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cH\u00e3y l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o cho ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, hay l\u00e0m n\u1ed9t n\u01a1i&nbsp;\u1ea9n n\u00e1u&nbsp;cho ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, \u0111\u1eebng t\u00ecm ch\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u00e0o \u1edf k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c\u201d. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y&nbsp;\u00fd ngh\u0129a&nbsp;n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00f4 \u00edch&nbsp;ra sao khi (ch\u00fang ta) t\u00ecm&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u00f3&nbsp;t\u1eeb t\u00e2m; c\u00f9ng mong c\u1ea7u&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp sau&nbsp;qua s\u1ef1 chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;th\u1ea7n linh&nbsp;t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1&nbsp;l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5&nbsp;v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01a1n n\u1eefa,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9&nbsp;(Buddhahood), m\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;n\u00e0o. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1i&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb&nbsp;kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;\u01b0\u1edbc mong, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m&nbsp;\u00edch k\u1ef7&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n&nbsp;ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a (ch\u00fang ta) t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch. Theo&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb&nbsp;t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1&nbsp;g\u1eafng&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean \u00e1n&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;x\u1ea5u xa; nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd ni\u1ec1m vui, khi d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;b\u1ea3n t\u00e2m&nbsp;h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh.&nbsp;Theo quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt,th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;(con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb&nbsp;l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c&nbsp;b\u1edfi&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh. Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb&nbsp;cao qu\u00fd \u1ea5y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean h\u1ecd noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00e0i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9&nbsp;ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n&nbsp;n\u01a1i&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&nbsp;N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng&nbsp;th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3&nbsp;t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t&nbsp;(Bodhisatta) m\u00e0 theo&nbsp;ngh\u0129a \u0111en, l\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.&nbsp;L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t&nbsp;l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cao \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0&nbsp;tinh khi\u1ebft&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;v\u1ecb k\u1ef7&nbsp;n\u00e0y,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n&nbsp;cho \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t&nbsp;h\u01a1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;l\u1ee3i tha&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;cho&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng&nbsp;phi th\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;c\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi&nbsp;t\u00e0i n\u0103ng&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;to\u00e0n n\u0103ng&nbsp;v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t&nbsp;s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd n\u00ean kh\u00e9p n\u00e9p&nbsp;r\u1ee5t r\u00e8&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;n\u00e2ng cao&nbsp;ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;do&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;(tu t\u1eadp) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n&nbsp;d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o&nbsp;m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n Linh&nbsp;b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c&nbsp;tu s\u0129. Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n cho&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u00edch k\u1ef7&nbsp;(ch\u00fang ta) c\u00e1i&nbsp;l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap&nbsp;l\u1ee3i tha. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i&nbsp;t\u1ec7 \u0111oan&nbsp;ph\u00e2n chia&nbsp;giai c\u1ea5p&nbsp;suy \u0111\u1ed3i&nbsp;(\u1edf&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1&nbsp;b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng&nbsp;gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i&nbsp;b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng&nbsp;t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m&nbsp;t\u0103ng ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;gi\u00e1 trong m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda&nbsp;th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;trong m\u1ecdi&nbsp;ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng,&nbsp;d\u00f9 cao th\u1ea5p,&nbsp;hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;hay&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd&nbsp;quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m&nbsp;c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea7u mong \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1&nbsp;to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0u da hay ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp&nbsp;cho c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7&nbsp;g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;(xu\u1ea5t gia).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e1ch&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m&nbsp;n\u00f4 l\u1ec7&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i hay cho ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i, m\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ban cho&nbsp;h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1eb1ng&nbsp;l\u1eddi n\u00f3i&nbsp;an \u1ee7i,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;khuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t, Ng\u00e0i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb&nbsp;b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. Ng\u00e0i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng ai ng\u00f3 t\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;n\u00e2ng cao&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u1ea3i ho\u00e1n&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, l\u00e0m&nbsp;\u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5&nbsp;k\u1ebb chia ly,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a&nbsp;cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh,&nbsp;soi s\u00e1ng&nbsp;k\u1ebb&nbsp;m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t,&nbsp;n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00fd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ednh y\u00eau Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vua&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00e0&nbsp;qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c&nbsp;ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m&nbsp;l\u1eabn&nbsp;v\u00f4 danh, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u&nbsp;ph\u00fa h\u00e0o&nbsp;hi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 keo ki\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3&nbsp;ki\u00eau c\u0103ng&nbsp;l\u1eabn khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0103n xin kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng, h\u1ea1ng&nbsp;phu qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;b\u1ecb&nbsp;\u00e1p ch\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n hung b\u1ea1o l\u1eabn g\u00e1i&nbsp;giang h\u1ed3&nbsp;b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c&nbsp;qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea7y&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1eeb bi&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00e9t m\u1eb7t&nbsp;tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1eeb bi&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;b\u00ecnh an&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea7y&nbsp;th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh. B\u1ee9c&nbsp;th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p&nbsp;H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh v\u00e0&nbsp;T\u1eeb Bi&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m&nbsp;hoan h\u1ec9&nbsp;v\u00f4 bi\u00ean&nbsp;v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n&nbsp;l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c&nbsp;mi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 duy\u00ean may \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;theo&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n, n\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;l\u00e2u d\u00e0i&nbsp;trong&nbsp;t\u00e2m t\u00ednh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u0103n h\u00f3a&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u1edf&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, Cam-pu-Chia,&nbsp;Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o, Nepal,&nbsp;T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, Trung Hoa,&nbsp;M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5,&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n,&nbsp;Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n&nbsp;v.v&#8230; \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh&nbsp;tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u01a1n 2500 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;tr\u00f4i qua&nbsp;k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y&nbsp;nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n&nbsp;v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u&nbsp;v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dd ch\u00ed s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1,&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;cao si\u00eau,&nbsp;t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;bao la,&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap&nbsp;v\u1ecb tha, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;ng\u00e0y nay t\u00f4n th\u1edd Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7&nbsp;si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng&nbsp;t\u00f4n k\u00ednh&nbsp;ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Sri Sri Radhakrishnan (4) vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u01a1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m&nbsp;(Gautama)&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng sau b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u00e2y&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;trong&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.&nbsp;M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh, t\u00f4n Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb&nbsp;s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m&nbsp;th\u00e2m s\u00e2u&nbsp;huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u&nbsp;h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o&nbsp;n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0&nbsp;di s\u1ea3n&nbsp;chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t&nbsp;tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c&nbsp;to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;trang nghi\u00eam, v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n, Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d.<a href=\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/RgYoAALS2QgBAHdM\/kinh-mung-ngay-thanh-dao.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cBa Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch S\u1eed\u201d (The Three Greatest Men in History), nh\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3&nbsp;H.G. Wells (5)&nbsp;ghi nh\u1eadn&nbsp;nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u01a1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb,&nbsp;ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh,&nbsp;m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh&nbsp;t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng &#8211; m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c&nbsp;th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch&nbsp;ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;cao \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&nbsp;g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;\u1ea5y.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u do l\u00f2ng&nbsp;v\u1ecb k\u1ef7&nbsp;g\u00e2y ra.&nbsp;Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1c quan&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c cho ri\u00eang ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. R\u1ed3i n\u00f3 m\u1edbi&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, qua nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef&nbsp;kh\u00e1c nhau, 500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh&nbsp;v\u1ecb tha. Trong v\u00e0i&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u0169ng&nbsp;t\u1ecf ra&nbsp;s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t&nbsp;h\u01a1n Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su, trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;quan t\u00e2m&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5&nbsp;cho&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u00edt&nbsp;m\u01a1 h\u1ed3&nbsp;h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n sinh\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00e1nh Hilaire&nbsp;ghi nh\u1eadn: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;c\u00e1i&nbsp;g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu&nbsp;to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&#8230; v\u00e0&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;v\u1ebft nh\u01a1&nbsp;n\u00e0o\u201d. C\u00f2n \u00f4ng Fausboll&nbsp;t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u00e0ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i, t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;khi\u00eam&nbsp;t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;s\u1ebd n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e0ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i, t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng&nbsp;qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i. C\u00e0ng&nbsp;qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i, t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i\u201d.<br>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>THE BUDDHA&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the full moon day of May, in the year 623 B.C. there was born in the district of Nepal an Indian Sakya Prince named Siddhattha Gotama, who was destined to be the greatest religious teacher in the world. Brought up in the lap of luxury, receiving an education befitting a prince, human as he was, he married and had a son.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His contemplative nature and boundless compassion did not permit him to enjoy the fleeting material pleasures of a Royal household. He knew no woe, but he felt a deep pity for sorrowing humanity. Amidst comfort and prosperity, he realized the universality of sorrow. The palace, with all its worldly amusements, was no longer a congenial place for the compassionate prince. The time was ripe for him to depart. Realizing the vanity of sensual enjoyments, in his twenty-ninth year, he renounced all worldly pleasures and donning the simple yellow garb of an ascetic, alone, penniless, wandered forth in search of Truth and Peace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was an unprecedented historic renunciation; for he renounced not in his old age but in the prime of manhood, not in poverty but in plenty. As it was the belief in the ancient days that no deliverance could be gained unless one leads a life of strict asceticism, he strenuously practised all forms of severe austerities He made a superhuman effort for six long years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His body was reduced to almost a skeleton. The more he tormented his body, the farther his goal receded from him. The painful, unsuccessful austerities which he strenuously practised proved absolutely futile. He was now fully convinced, through personal experience, of the utter futility of self-mortification which weakened his body and resulted in lassitude of spirit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Benefiting by this invaluable experience of his, he finally decided to follow an independent course, avoiding the two extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification. The former retards one&#8217;s spiritual progress, and the latter weakens one&#8217;s intellect. The new way which he himself discovered was the Middle Path, Majjhim\u00e0 Patipad\u00e0, which subsequently became one of the salient characteristics of his teaching.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One happy morning, while He was deeply absorbed in meditation, unaided and unguided by any supernatural power and solely relying on His efforts and wisdom, He eradicated all defilements, purified Himself, and, realizing things as they truly are, attained Enlightenment (Buddha hood) at the ripe age of 35. He was not born a Buddha but He became a Buddha by His own striving. As the perfect embodiment of all the virtues He preached, endowed with deep wisdom commensurate with His boundless compassion, He devoted the remainder of His precious life to serve humanity both by example and precept dominated by no personal motive whatever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;After a very successful ministry of 45 long years the Buddha, as every other human being, succumbed to the inexorable law of change, and finally passed away in His 80th year, exhorting His disciples to regard His doctrine as their teacher.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha was a human being. As a man He was born, as a man He lived, and as a man His life came to an end. Though a human being, He became an extraordinary man (Acchariya Manussa), but He never arrogated to Himself divinity. The Buddha laid stress on this important point and left no room whatever for anyone to fall into the error of thinking that He was an immortal divine being. Fortunately there is no deification in the case of the Buddha. It should, however, be remarked that there was no Teacher &#8220;ever so godless as the Buddha, yet none so god-like&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha is neither an incarnation of the Hindu God Vishnu, as is believed by some, nor is He a savior who freely saves others by His personal salvation. The Buddha exhorts His disciples to depend on themselves for their deliverance, for both purity and defilement depend on oneself. Clarifying His relationship with His followers and emphasizing the importance of self-reliance and individual striving, the Buddha plainly states: &#8220;You should exert yourselves, the Tathagatas are only teachers\u201d. The Buddha\u2019s point out the path, and it is left for us to follow that path to obtain our purification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8220;To depend on others for salvation is negative, but to depend on oneself is positive&#8221;. Dependence on others means a surrender of one&#8217;s effort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In exhorting His disciples to be self-dependent the Buddha says in the Parinibbana Sutta: &#8220;Be ye islands unto ourselves, be ye a refuge unto yourselves, seek not for refuge in others&#8221;. These significant words are self-elevating. They reveal how vital is self-exertion to accomplish one&#8217;s object and, how superficial and futile is to seek redemption through benignant saviors and to crave for illusory happiness in an after-life through the propitiation of imaginary gods or by irresponsive prayers and meaningless sacrifices.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Furthermore, the Buddha does not claim the monopoly of Buddhahood which, as a matter of fact, is not the prerogative of any specially graced person. He reached the highest possible state of perfection any person could aspire to and without the close-fist of a teacher. He revealed the only straight path that leads thereto. According to the Teachings of the Buddha anybody may aspire to that supreme state of perfection if he makes the necessary exertion. The Buddha does not condemn men by calling wretched sinners, but, on the contrary, He gladdens them by saying that they are pure in heart at conception. In His opinion the world is not wicked, but is deluded by ignorance. Instead of disheartening His followers and reserving that exalted state only to Himself, He encourages and induces them to emulate Him, for Buddha hood is latent in all. In one sense all are potential Buddha\u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One who aspires to become a Buddha is called a Bodhisattva, which, literally, means a wisdom being. This Bodhisattva ideal is the most beautiful and the most refined course of life that has ever been presented to this egocentric world. for what is nobler than a life of service and purity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a Man He attained Buddhahood and proclaimed to the world the latent inconceivable possibilities and the creative power of man. Instead of placing an unseen Almighty God over man who arbitrarily controls the destinies of mankind, and making him subservient to a supreme power, He raised the worth of mankind. It was He who taught that man could gain his deliverance and purification by his own exertion without depending on an external God or mediating priests. It was He who taught the egocentric world the noble ideal of selfless service. It was He who revolted against the degrading caste system and taught equality of mankind and gave equal opportunities for all to distinguish themselves in every walk of life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He declared that the gates of success and prosperity were open to all in every condition of life, high or low, saint or criminal, who would care to turn a new leaf and aspire to perfection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Irrespective of caste, color or rank He established for both deserving men and women a democratically constituted celibate Order. He did not force His followers to be slaves either to His Teachings or to Himself but granted complete freedom of thought&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He comforted the bereaved by His consoling words. He ministered to the sick that was deserted. He helped the poor that were neglected. He ennobled the lives of the deluded, purified the corrupted lives of criminals. He encouraged the feeble, united the divided, enlightened the ignorant, clarified the mystic, guided the benighted, elevated the base, dignified the noble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both rich and poor, saints and criminals loved Him alike. Despotic and righteous kings, famous and obscure princes and nobles, generous and stingy millionaires, haughty and humble scholars, destitute paupers, downtrodden&nbsp;scavengers, wicked murderers, despised courtesans &#8211; all benefited by His words of wisdom and compassion.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His noble example was a source of inspiration to all. His serene and peaceful countenance was a soothing sight to the pious eyes. His message of Peace and Tolerance was welcomed by all with indescribable joy and was of eternal benefit to every one who had the fortune to hear and practice it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wherever His teaching penetrated it left an indelible impression upon the character of the respective peoples. The cultural advancement of all the Buddhist nations were mainly due to His sublime Teachings. In fact all Buddhist countries like Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Nepal, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, etc. grew up in the cradle of Buddhism. Though more than 2500 years have elapsed since the passing away of this greatest Teacher, yet His unique personality exerts a great influence on all who come to know Him.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His iron-will, profound wisdom, universal love, boundless compassion, selfless service, historic renunciation, perfect purity, magnetic personality, exemplary methods employed to propagate the Teachings, and His final success &#8211; all these factors have compelled about one-fifth of the population of the world today to hail the Buddha as their supreme religious Teacher.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paying a glowing tribute to the Buddha, Sri Radhakrishnan states: &#8220;In Gautama the Buddha we have a mastermind from the East second to none so far as the influence on the thought and life of the human race is concerned, and, sacred to all as the founder of a religious tradition whose hold is hardly less wide and deep than any other. He belongs to the history of the world&#8217;s thought, to the general inheritance of all Cultivated men, for, judged by intellectual integrity, moral earnestness, and spiritual insight, He is undoubtedly one of the greatest figures in history&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In The Three Greatest Men in History H.G. Wells writes: &#8220;In the Buddha you see clearly a man, simple, devout, lonely, battling for light \u2013 a vivid human personality, not a myth. He too gave a message to mankind universal in character. Many of our best modern ideas are in closest harmony with it. All the miseries and discontents are due, he taught, to selfishness. Before a man can become serene he must cease to live for his senses or himself. Then he merges into a great being. Buddha in different language called men to self-forgetfulness 500 years before Christ. In some ways he is nearer to our needs and us. He was more lucid upon our individual importance and service than Christ and less ambiguous upon the question of personal immortality&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">St. Hilaire remarks &#8220;The perfect model of all the virtues He preaches&#8230; His life has not a stain upon it&#8221;.&nbsp;Fausboll says &#8211; &#8220;The more I know Him, the more I love Him&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A humble follower of his would say &#8211; &#8220;The more I know Him, the more I love Him; the more I love Him, the more I know Him&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;PH\u1ea2I CH\u0102NG<\/strong> <strong>L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T&nbsp;TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>H\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;PH\u1ea2I CH\u0102NG<\/strong> <strong>L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T&nbsp;TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC&nbsp;<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;tri\u1ebft l\u00fd,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2m l\u0103ng&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;b\u1edfi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;tin theo&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng rao&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch&nbsp;l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;nghi th\u1ee9c&nbsp;m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan; nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n&nbsp;vi di\u1ec7u&nbsp;nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;qua&nbsp;\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;trong s\u1ea1ch, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;cao si\u00eau, v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p, hay th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bi&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;cao si\u00eau m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n&nbsp;r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o&nbsp;cho&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1eddi x\u01b0a.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n&nbsp;S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;\u01b0u t\u00fa&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;duy tr\u00ec&nbsp;ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ed nh\u1edb&nbsp;v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eabu&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngay sau khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n&nbsp;khu\u1ea5t b\u00f3ng, 500 v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;(6)&nbsp;ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu&nbsp;th\u00f4ng b\u00e1c&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;(Dhamma), v\u00e0&nbsp;Gi\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt&nbsp;(Vinaya), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i&nbsp;ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean (\u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i)&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;do ch\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;A Nan \u0110\u00e0&nbsp;(7), ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;nghe nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1ee5ng Kinh&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng, c\u00f2n Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;\u01afu Ba Ly&nbsp;(8)&nbsp;t\u1ee5ng Lu\u1eadt&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp&nbsp;v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh tu trong&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3&nbsp;do b\u1edfi&nbsp;c\u00e1c b\u1eadc&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;th\u1eddi x\u01b0a.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0o th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh&nbsp;Vattagamani Abhaya (9) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 83 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch,&nbsp;Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean&nbsp;trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean&nbsp;l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i&nbsp;t\u1ea1i&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba&nbsp;t\u1ea1ng kinh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y,&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;tinh hoa&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ecfng b\u1eb1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n&nbsp;quy\u1ec3n&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh Kinh. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt&nbsp;gi\u1eefa&nbsp;Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh&nbsp;v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh Kinh&nbsp;n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ba&nbsp;t\u1ea1ng kinh&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh&nbsp;d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n&nbsp;nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh Kinh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo s\u1ef1&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean,&nbsp;Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;ba c\u00e1i gi\u1ecf. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 Gi\u1ecf \u0111\u1ef1ng Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya Pitaka), Gi\u1ecf \u0111\u1ef1ng Kinh (Sutta Pitaka), v\u00e0 Gi\u1ecf \u0111\u1ef1ng&nbsp;Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;(Lu\u1eadn &#8211; Abhidhamma Pitaka).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a&nbsp;v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3&nbsp;T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0&nbsp;(10)&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;xa x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp&nbsp;ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c&nbsp;gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;nghi l\u1ec5&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ea1y, t\u00f9y&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;x\u1ea3y ra, cho k\u1ef9 lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o \u0110o\u00e0n, ch\u01b0&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo&nbsp;(11) v\u00e0&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni&nbsp;(12). N\u00f3&nbsp;di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3&nbsp;chi ti\u1ebft&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp,&nbsp;Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;c\u1ed5 s\u1eed, phong t\u1ee5c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;n\u0103m quy\u1ec3n:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;Ba La Di&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;Tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i&nbsp;(Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Kinh)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;Ba D\u1eadt \u0110\u1ec1&nbsp;&#8211; Khinh t\u1ed9i (Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Kinh)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;(Ki\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;B\u1ed9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.&nbsp;Ti\u1ec3u Ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;(Ki\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;B\u1ed9)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;Ph\u1ee5 T\u00f9y&nbsp;&#8211; Lu\u1eadt gi\u1edbi t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kinh T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p do ch\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;n\u00f3i ra trong nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i&nbsp;b\u00e0i kinh&nbsp;do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t&nbsp;(13),&nbsp;A Nan \u0110\u00e0,&nbsp;M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean&nbsp;(14) v.v&#8230;, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;trong&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng Kinh. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed1c; v\u00ec c\u00e1c&nbsp;b\u00e0i Kinh&nbsp;ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3, do&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&nbsp;v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng&nbsp;ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;sai bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;c\u0103n c\u01a1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y xem h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0&nbsp;m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m&nbsp;nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; v\u00ec t\u00f9y l\u00fac, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft ra nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;th\u00edch \u1ee9ng&nbsp;cho m\u1ecdi&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, tuy c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0m thinh khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u00e1nh t\u00f2 m\u00f2; ho\u1eb7c Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7&nbsp;chi ti\u1ebft&nbsp;khi&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;h\u1ecd l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;th\u1ef1c t\u00e2m&nbsp;mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang&nbsp;ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1&nbsp;b\u00e0i Kinh&nbsp;kh\u00e1c&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn&nbsp;cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;t\u1ea1i gia&nbsp;trong c\u1ea3&nbsp;hai m\u1eb7t&nbsp;ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;lu\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;(\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea1ng Kinh&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;n\u0103m b\u1ed9:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.&nbsp;Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh: ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.&nbsp;Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh: ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p d\u00e0i b\u1eadc trung.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;3.&nbsp;T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh: ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p&nbsp;t\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;\u01b0ng&nbsp;nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.&nbsp;T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t B\u1ed9 Kinh: ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p&nbsp;s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t&nbsp;theo s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh: ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng&nbsp;b\u00e0i k\u1ec7&nbsp;ng\u1eafn.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh&nbsp;chia l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m t\u1eadp:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.&nbsp;Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ee5ng: nh\u1eefng&nbsp;b\u00e0i kinh&nbsp;ng\u1eafn.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.&nbsp;Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa: nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. T\u1ef1 Thuy\u1ebft: nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i&nbsp;t\u00e1n ca.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ecb&nbsp;Ng\u1eef: nh\u1eefng&nbsp;b\u00e0i kinh&nbsp;m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: \u201cNh\u01b0 v\u1eady,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;Kinh T\u1eadp: nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p s\u01b0u t\u1eadp.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Cung S\u1ef1:&nbsp;c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7.&nbsp;Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ef7 S\u1ef1:&nbsp;c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8.&nbsp;Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Ni K\u1ec7: k\u1ec7 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1&nbsp;ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9.&nbsp;Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Ni K\u1ec7: k\u1ec7 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c&nbsp;Ni S\u01b0.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10. B\u1ed5n&nbsp;Sanh Kinh: chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11.&nbsp;Ngh\u0129a Th\u00edch: nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12.&nbsp;V\u00f4 Ng\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1o: t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13.&nbsp;Th\u00ed D\u1ee5:&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Ch\u1ee7ng T\u00ednh Kinh:&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15.&nbsp;S\u1edf H\u1ea1nh T\u1ea1ng: nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;(c\u1ee7a&nbsp;B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0&nbsp;vi di\u1ec7u&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t trong ba T\u1ea1ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a&nbsp;tri\u1ebft l\u00fd cao si\u00eau&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, tr\u00e1i h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf&nbsp;v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u01a1n trong&nbsp;Kinh T\u1ea1ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kinh T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, trong khi&nbsp;Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng&nbsp;t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng&nbsp;ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng&nbsp;tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c,&nbsp;Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n Kinh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu; v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n&nbsp;m\u1edf mang t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n; v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ee9c \u0103n&nbsp;cho&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.&nbsp;T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5.&nbsp;T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 theo&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;li\u1ec7t k\u00ea. S\u1ef1&nbsp;c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1eebng&nbsp;chi ti\u1ebft,&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi&nbsp;l\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3&nbsp;t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch g\u00ec cho&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1c h\u1eb3n qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1eafc (v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn;&nbsp;\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m (tinh th\u1ea7n) v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ea3o&nbsp;s\u00e1t t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;(danh s\u1eafc); hai&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o&nbsp;n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng&nbsp;quy t\u1eafc&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3.&nbsp;D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;(Nibbana).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadn T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.&nbsp;Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng&nbsp;Lu\u1eadn: ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.&nbsp;Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Lu\u1eadn:&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.&nbsp;Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1: nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;tranh lu\u1eadn.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Nh\u00e2n Thi Tri\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn:&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh danh&nbsp;nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;Gi\u1edbi Thuy\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn:&nbsp;lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i&nbsp;v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c&nbsp;nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.&nbsp;Song Lu\u1eadn: t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn theo l\u1ed1i t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7.&nbsp;Ph\u00e1t Th\u00fa Lu\u1eadn: s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan&nbsp;nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;trong Ba&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng Kinh, s\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc cho tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn; v\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft d\u1ea1y&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang&nbsp;l\u1eabn gi\u1edbi&nbsp;tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c.&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;cao si\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u00ed trong c\u00e1c&nbsp;th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n&nbsp;n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&nbsp;m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u&nbsp;ch\u1ec9&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;trong ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 s\u1ebd&nbsp;b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;b\u1ecf \u1edf ng\u00e0y mai.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb&nbsp;xa l\u1ea1; Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng phi\u00eau l\u01b0u&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o&nbsp;b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;m\u1edbi n\u00e0o.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta,&nbsp;li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean,&nbsp;c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schopenhauer (15), trong&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;\u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u00fd ch\u00ed&nbsp;v\u00e0 T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (World as Will and Idea) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo l\u1ed1i&nbsp;T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Spinoza (16), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;n\u00e0y, mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 du, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n,&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d. Berkeley (17), b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. Home (18), sau khi&nbsp;chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa&nbsp;ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;t\u00e2m linh&nbsp;(con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn&nbsp;cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Bergson (19), ch\u1ee7&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 James (20), \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 \u0110au v\u00e0&nbsp;V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3, trong khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng&nbsp;s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft d\u1ea1y h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0y kia, khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111i ngang qua khu r\u1eebng n\u1ecd, Ng\u00e0i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean&nbsp;m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm&nbsp;l\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c&nbsp;T\u1ef3 kheo, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 Lai&nbsp;d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c con, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi n\u1eafm l\u00e1 trong tay n\u00e0y; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 Lai&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1&nbsp;c\u00e1c l\u00e1 c\u00e2y trong r\u1eebng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft&nbsp;gi\u00fap cho&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;b\u00ed m\u1eadt&nbsp;hay&nbsp;c\u00f4ng khai&nbsp;(ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;gi\u1eef&nbsp;im l\u1eb7ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;li\u00ean quan&nbsp;g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng&nbsp;thi\u00eang li\u00eang&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&nbsp;v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;song h\u00e0nh; khi khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp&nbsp;ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u00e2m linh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.&nbsp;Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;duy tr\u00ec&nbsp;trong kinh s\u00e1ch, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;t\u1eeb&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;hay s\u1eed h\u1ecdc.&nbsp;Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9; s\u1ef1&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.&nbsp;V\u00ec v\u1eady,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi&nbsp;bi\u1ec3n&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0: \u201cl\u00f2ng ham chu\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1&nbsp;th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y&nbsp;\u0111i t\u00ecm tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;h\u00e0m s\u00fac&nbsp;h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/RgYoAALS2QgBAHdM\/kinh-mung-ngay-thanh-dao.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>THE DHAMMA&nbsp;IS IT A PHILOSOPHY?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&nbsp;li\u00ean quan&nbsp;ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh; trong khi \u0111\u00f3&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;quan t\u00e2m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The non-aggressive, moral and philosophical system expounded by the Buddha, which demands no blind faith from its adherents, expounds no dogmatic creeds, encourages no superstitious rites and ceremonies, but advocates a golden mean that guides a disciple through pure living and pure thinking to the gain of supreme wisdom and deliverance from all evil, is called the Dhamma and is popularly known as Buddhism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The all-merciful Buddha has passed away, but the sublime Dhamma which he unreservedly bequeathed to humanity, still exists in its pristine purity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the Master has left no written records of His Teachings, His distinguished disciples preserved them by committing to memory and transmitting them orally from generation to generation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Immediately after His demise 500 chief Arahats (the Worthy Ones) versed in the Dhamma (Teaching)and Vinaya (Discipline, held a convocation to rehearse the Doctrine as was originally taught by the Buddha. Venerable Ananda Thera, who enjoyed the special privilege of hearing all the discourses, recited the Dhamma, while the Venerable Upali recited the Vinaya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Tipitaka was compiled and arranged in its present form by those Arahats of old.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the reign of the pious Sinhala King Vattagamani Abhaya, about 83 B.C., the Tipitaka was, for the first time in the history of Buddhism, committed to writing on ola leaves in Ceylon.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This voluminous Tipitaka, which contains the essence of the Buddha&#8217;s Teaching, is estimated to be about eleven times the size of the Bible. A striking contrast between the Tipitaka and the Bible is that the former is not a gradual development like the latter.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the word itself implies the Tipitaka consists of three baskets. They are the Basket of Disciple (Vinaya Pitaka), the Basket of Discourses (Sutta Pitaka), and the Basket of Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma Pitaka).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Vinaya Pitaka which is regarded as the sheet anchor of the oldest historic celibate order &#8211; the Sangha &#8211; mainly deals with rules and regulations which the Buddha promulgated, as occasion arose, for the future discipline of the Order of monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis). It describes in detail the gradual development of the Sasana (Dispensation). An account of the life and ministry of the Buddha is also given. Indirectly it reveals some important and interesting information about ancient history, Indian customs, arts, science, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Pitaka consists of the five following books: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.Parajika Pali &#8211; Major Offences (Vibhanga)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.Pacittiya Pali &#8211; Minor Offences (Vibhanga)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.Mahavagga Pali &#8211; Greater Section (Khandaka)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Cullavagga Pali &#8211; Shorter Section (Khandaka)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Parivara Pali &#8211; Epitome of the Vinaya&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Sutta Pitaka consists chiefly of discourses, delivered by the Buddha Himself on various occasions. There are also a few discourses delivered by some of His distinguished disciples such as the Venerable Sariputta, Ananda, Moggallana, etc&#8230;included in it. It is like a book of prescriptions, as the sermons embodied therein were expounded to suit the different occasions and the temperaments of various persons. There may be seemingly contradictory statements, but they should not be misconstrued as they were opportunely uttered by the Buddha to suit a particular purpose: for instance, to the self-same question He would maintain silence (when the inquirer is merely foolishly inquisitive), or give a detailed reply when He knew the inquirer to be an earnest seeker. Most of the sermons were intended mainly for the benefit of Bhikkhus and they deal with the Holy life and with the exposition of the doctrine. There are also several other discourses which deal with both the material and moral progress of His lay followers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;This Pitaka is divided into five Nikayas or collections, viz: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.Digha Nikaya&nbsp;(Collection of Long Discourses),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Majjhima Nikaya&nbsp;(Collection of Middle-length Discourses),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Sanyutta Nikaya (Collection of Kindred Sayings),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Anguttara Nikaya (Collection of Discourses arranged&nbsp;in accordance with numbers),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Khuddhaka Nikaya (Smaller Collection).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fifth is subdivided into fifteen books:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.Khuddaka Patha (Shorter Texts),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Dhammapada (Way of Truth),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Udana (Paeans of Joy),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Iti Vuttaka (&#8220;Thus said&#8221; Discourses),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Sutta Nipata (Collected Discourses),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. Vimana Vatthu (Stories of Celestial Mansions),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. Peta Vatthu (Stories of Petas),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. Theragatha (Psalms of the Brethren),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9. Therigatha (Psalms of the Sisters),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10. Jataka (Birth Stories),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11. Niddesa (Expositions),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12. Patisambhida (Analytical Knowledge),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13. Apadana (Lives of Arahats),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14. Buddhavamsa (The History of the Buddha),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15. Cariya Pitaka (Modes of Conduct).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Abhidhamma Pitaka is the most important and the most interesting of the three, containing as it does the profound philosophy of the Buddha&#8217;s Teaching in contrast to the illuminating and simpler discourses in the Sutta Pitaka.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Sutta Pitaka is found the conventional teaching (vohara desana) while in the Abhidhamma Pitaka is found the ultimate teaching (paramattha-desana).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To the wise, Abhidhamma is an indispensable guide; to the spiritually evolved, an intellectual treat; and to research scholars, food for thought. Consciousness is defined. Thoughts are analysed and classified chiefly from an ethical standpoint. Mental states are enumerated. The composition of each type of consciousness is set forth in detail.&nbsp;How thoughts arise, is minutely described. Irrelevant problems that interest mankind but having no relation to one&#8217;s purification, are deliberately set aside.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matter is summarily discussed; fundamental units of matter, properities of matter, sources of matter, relationship between mind and matter, are explained.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Abhidhamma investigates mind and matter, the two composite factors of the so-called being, to help the understanding of things as they truly are, and a philosophy has been developed on those lines. Based on that philosophy, an ethical system has been evolved, to realize the ultimate goal, Nibbana.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Abhidhamma Pitaka consists of seven books: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Dhamma Sangani (Classification of Dhammas),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Vibhanga (The Book of Divisions),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Katha Vatthu (Points of Controversy),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Puggala Pannatti (Description of Individuals),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Dhatu Katha (Discussion with reference to elements)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. Yamaka (The Book of Pairs)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. Patthana (The Book of Relations)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Tipitaka on finds milk for the babe and meat for the strong, for the Buddha taught His doctrine both to the masses and to the intelligentsia. The sublime Dhamma enshrined in these sacred texts, deals with truths and facts, and is not concerned with theories and philosophies which may be accepted as profound truths today only to be thrown overboard tomorrow. The Buddha has presented us with no new astounding philosophical theoies, nor did He venture to create any new material science. He explained to us what is within and without, so far as it concerns our emancipation, and ultimately expounded a path of deliverance, which is unique. Incidentally, He has, however, forestalled many a modern scientist and philosopher.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schopenhauer in his &#8220;World as Will and Idea&#8221; has presented the truth of suffering and its cause in a Western garb. Spinoza, though he denies not the existence of a permanent reality, asserts that all permanent existence is transitory. In his opinion sorrow is conquered &#8220;By finding an object of knowledge which is not transient, not ephemeral, but is immutable, permanent, everlasting&#8221;. Berkely proved that the so-called indivisible atom is a metaphysical fiction. Hume, after a relentless analysis of the mind, concluded that consciousness consists of fleeting mental states. Bergson advocates the doctrine of change. Prof. James refers to a stream of consciousness.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha expounded these doctrines of transiency, (Anicca) Sorrow (Dukkha), and No-Soul (Anatta) some 2500 years ago while He was sojourning in the valley of the Ganges.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be understood that the Buddha did not preach all that He knew. On one occasion while the Buddha was passing through a forest He took a handful of leaves and said: &#8220;O Bhikkhus, what I have taught is comparable to the leaves in my hand. What I have not taught is comparable to the amount of leaves in the forest&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He taught what He deemed was absolutely essential for one&#8217;s purification making no distinction between an esoteric and exoteric doctrine. He was characteristically silent on questions irrelevant to His noble mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Buddhism no doubt accords with science, but both should be treated as parallel teachings, since one deals mainly with material truths while the other confines itself to moral and spiritual truths. The subject matter of each is different.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Dhamma He taught is not merely to be preserved in books, nor is it a subject to be studied from a historical or literary standpoint. On the contrary it is to be learnt and put into practice in the course of one&#8217;s daily life, for without practice one cannot appreciate the truth. The Dhamma is to be studied, and more to be practised, and above all to be realized: immediate realization is its ultimate goal. As such the Dhamma is compared to a raft which is meant for the sole purpose of escaping from the ocean of birth and death (Samsara).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhism, therefore, cannot strictly be called a mere philosophy because it is not merely the &#8220;love of, inducing the search after, wisdom&#8221;. Buddhism may approximate a philosophy, but it is very much more comprehensive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Philosophy deals mainly with knowledge and is not concerned with practice; whereas Buddhism lays special emphasis on practice and realization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>PH\u1ea2I CH\u0102NG&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T&nbsp;<\/strong><br><strong>T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>PH\u1ea2I CH\u0102NG&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T&nbsp;<\/strong><br><strong>T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O?&nbsp;<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;theo c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i,&nbsp;d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;trung th\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;su\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c tin&nbsp;c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;(l\u00fd tr\u00ed), m\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddha. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;tin \u1edf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u1eadn tin v\u00e0o toa thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;b\u00e1c s\u0129, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 tin n\u01a1i th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;quy y&nbsp;theo Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;quy y Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;hy v\u1ecdng&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ban cho&nbsp;ai m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1&nbsp;b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.&nbsp;Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t&nbsp;tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;hay&nbsp;nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ta tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m cho ta&nbsp;trong s\u1ea1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;quy y&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1&nbsp;h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c&nbsp;n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;hy sinh&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. M\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec3m&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;theo&nbsp;l\u00fd tr\u00ed, hay g\u1ecdi theo danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 Samma-Dithi (Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 sau:&nbsp;\u201cCh\u1edb v\u1ed9i tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i &#8211; (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 nghe t\u1eeb l\u00e2u). Ch\u1edb v\u1ed9i tin v\u00e0o t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n &#8211; (nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;th\u1ebf h\u1ec7).&nbsp;\u0110\u1eebng tin v\u00e0o&nbsp;l\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3i&nbsp;&#8211; (nh\u01b0 tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u). \u0110\u1eebng tin b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u1edf kinh s\u00e1ch.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eebng tin v\u00e0o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eebng tin v\u00e0o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;suy lu\u1eadn.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eebng tin v\u00e0o&nbsp;b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eebng tin v\u00e0o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c &#8211; (nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u00ean&nbsp;l\u1eddi n\u00f3i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1ng nghe theo). C\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1edfi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc&nbsp;tu s\u0129&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng&nbsp;(cho n\u00ean&nbsp;l\u1eddi n\u00f3i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1ng&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u201cNh\u01b0ng khi c\u00e1c con t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng &#8211; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0&nbsp;b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00ea&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;&#8211; th\u00ec h\u1eb5n c\u00e1c con kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cKhi c\u00e1c con t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng &#8211; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00ea&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadc&nbsp;thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c&nbsp;t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn an vui,&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;&#8211; th\u00ec h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c con n\u00ean l\u00e0m theo\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y cao si\u00eau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1eabn c\u00f2n&nbsp;duy tr\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tinh hoa&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c tin&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i&nbsp;t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v.v&#8230; trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;k\u00ednh l\u1ec5&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 mong c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ban \u00e2n&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;hay&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd nh\u1eb1m b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng&nbsp;t\u00f4n k\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3&nbsp;t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, khi d\u00e2ng b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00fang h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4t&nbsp;h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3&nbsp;\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng; do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh&nbsp;t\u1eeb bi&nbsp;v\u00f4 bi\u00ean&nbsp;n\u01a1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. H\u1ecd&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;noi theo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1&nbsp;(Bodhi) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;t\u00f4n k\u00ednh&nbsp;b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u00fap cho&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c&nbsp;(thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c) kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c&nbsp;h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u00ecnh dung&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch&nbsp;cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1ecf b\u00e0y&nbsp;l\u00f2ng&nbsp;tri \u00e2n,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;k\u00ednh l\u1ec5&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;mong mu\u1ed1n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng&nbsp;m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00f4n k\u00ednh&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 Lai&nbsp;nh\u1ee9t, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 Lai&nbsp;\u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t\u201d,&nbsp;hay \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;(Dhamma) l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Count Kaiserling&nbsp;ghi nh\u1eadn: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u1edf&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n&nbsp;h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n&nbsp;s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;trong&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u&nbsp;hay&nbsp;van xin&nbsp;trong&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. D\u00f9&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ban&nbsp;\u00e2n hu\u1ec7&nbsp;g\u00ec cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Thay v\u00ec&nbsp;t\u1ee5ng kinh&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;n\u00ean h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1&nbsp;ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t&nbsp;m\u00ecnh, gi\u1eef&nbsp;t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.&nbsp;Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean&nbsp;m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng&nbsp;hay gi\u1eef&nbsp;t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n&nbsp;tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1&nbsp;g\u1eafng&nbsp;t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.&nbsp;Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c cho c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1eabn tr\u00ed.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;v\u00f4 \u00edch&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;n\u00f4 l\u1ec7&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a \u1edf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;(gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cC\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n mang&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;giao thi\u1ec7p&nbsp;ri\u00eang t\u01b0, m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3&nbsp;\u00edch k\u1ef7&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n linh. N\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm&nbsp;cho&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tham v\u1ecdng&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3.&nbsp;Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh,&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d (Sri Radhakrishnan)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5,&nbsp;to\u00e0n tr\u00ed&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Trong&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch&nbsp;th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i hay&nbsp;thi\u00ean s\u1ee9. Cho n\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ngu\u1ef5 lu\u1ef5 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;si\u00eau nhi\u00ean&nbsp;n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng tin \u1edf s\u1ef1&nbsp;thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ea7n linh, cho n\u00ean&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;ch\u01a1n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch&nbsp;b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn&nbsp;n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c&nbsp;kh\u1ea3&nbsp;h\u1eefu v\u00f4&nbsp;h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ea7n linh&nbsp;hay c\u00e1c&nbsp;tu s\u0129&nbsp;thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;bi\u1ec3u&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n ra&nbsp;ngo\u00e0i cho th\u1ea5y&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;hay c\u00e1c&nbsp;th\u1ea7n linh&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t&nbsp;v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;v\u00e2ng theo,&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa&nbsp;h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;nh\u00ecn ngay v\u00e0o b\u00ean&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;cung \u1ee9ng&nbsp;cho&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c,&nbsp;ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&nbsp;v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o&nbsp;n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m&nbsp;\u1ea5y,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;gi\u00fap&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m&nbsp;v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh\u201d (Bhikkhu Silacara) (21) hay m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;gi\u00fap&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;m\u1ecdi&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian, th\u00ec&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<strong><em>is it a religion?&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;It is neither a religion in the sense in which that word is commonly understood, for it is not &#8220;a system of faith and worship owing any allegiance to a supernatural being&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Buddhism does not demand blind faith from its adherents. Here mere belief is dethroned and is substituted by confidence based on knowledge, which, in Pali, is known as Saddha. The confidence placed by a follower on the Buddha is like that of a sick person in a noted physician, or a student in his teacher. A Buddhist seeks refuge in the Buddha because it was He who discovered the Path of Deliverance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;A Buddhist does not seek refuge in the Buddha with the hope that he will be saved by His personal purification. The Buddha gives no such guarantee. It is not within the power of a Buddha to wash away the impurities of others. One could neither purify nor defile another.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha, as Teacher, instructs us, but we ourselves are directly responsible for our purification. Although a Buddhist seeks refuge in the Buddha, he does not make any self-surrender. Nor does a Buddhist sacrifice his freedom of thought by becoming a follower of the Buddha. He can exercise his own free will and develop his knowledge even to the extent of becoming a Buddha himself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The starting point of Buddhism is reasoning or understanding, or, in other words, Samma-Ditthi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;To the seekers of truth the Buddha says: \u201dDo not accept anything on (mere) hearsay &#8211; (i.e. thinking that thus have we heard it from a long time). Do not accept anything by mere tradition &#8211; (i.e. thinking that it has thus been handed down through many generations). Do not accept anything on account of mere rumors &#8211; (i.e. by believing what others say without any investigation). Do not accept anything just because it accords with your scriptures. Do not accept anything by mere supposition. Do not accept anything by mere inference. Do not accept anything by merely considering the reasons. Do not accept anything merely because it agrees with your pre-conceived notions. Do not accept anything merely because it seems acceptable &#8211; (i.e. thinking that as the speaker seems to be a good person his word should be accepted). Do not accept anything thinking that the ascetic is respected by us (therefore it is right to accept his word).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8220;But when you know for yourselves &#8211; these things are immoral, these things are blameworthy, these things are censured by the wise, these things, when performed and undertaken, conduce to ruin and sorrow \u2013 then indeed do you reject them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8220;When you know for yourselves &#8211; these things are moral, these things are blameless, these things are praised by the wise, these things, when performed and undertaken, conduce to well-being and happiness &#8211; then do you live acting accordingly&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;These inspiring words of the Buddha still retain their original force and freshness. Though there is no blind faith, one might argue whether there is no worshipping of images etc. in Buddhism.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Buddhists do not worship an image expecting worldly or spiritual favours, but pay their reverence to what it represents.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;An understanding Buddhist, in offering flowers and incense to an image, designedly makes himself feel that he is in the presence of the living Buddha and thereby gains inspiration from His noble personality and breathes deep His boundless compassion. He tries to follow His noble example.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;The Bo-tree is also a symbol of Enlightenment. These external objects of reverence are not absolutely necessary, but they are useful as they tend to concentrate one&#8217;s attention. An intellectual person could dispense with them as he could easily focus his attention and visualize the Buddha.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;For our own good, and out of gratitude, we pay such external respect but what the Buddha expects from His disciples is not so much obeisance as the actual observance of His Teachings. The Buddha says &#8211; &#8220;He honors me best who practices my teaching best&#8221;. &#8220;He who sees the Dhamma sees me&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With regard to images, however, Count Kaiserling remarks &#8211; &#8220;I see nothing grander in this world than the image of the Buddha. It is an absolutely perfect embodiment of spirituality in the visible domain&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Furthermore, it must be mentioned that there are no petitional or intercessory prayers in Buddhism. However much we may pray to the Buddha we cannot be saved. The Buddha does not grant favors to those who pray to Him. Instead of petitional prayers there is meditation that leads to self-control, purification and enlightenment. Meditation is neither a silent reverie nor keeping the mind blank. It is an active striving. It serves as a tonic both to the heart and the mind. The Buddha not only speaks of the futility of offering prayers but also disparages a slave mentality. A Buddhist should not pray to be saved, but should rely on himself and win his freedom.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8220;Prayers take the character of private communications, selfish bargaining with God. It seeks for objects of earthly ambitions and inflames the sense of self. Meditation on the other hand is self-change&#8221;. (Sri Radhakrishna)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Buddhism there is not, as in most other religions, an almighty God to be obeyed and feared. The Buddha does not believe in a cosmic potentate, omniscient and omnipresent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Buddhism there are no divine revelations or divine messengers. A Buddhist is, therefore, not subservient to any higher supernatural power which controls his destinies and which arbitrarily rewards and punishes. Since Buddhists do not believe in revelations of a divine being. Buddhism does not claim the monopoly of truth and does not condemn any other religion. But Buddhism recognizes the infinite latent possibilities of man and teaches that man can gain deliverance from suffering by his own efforts independent of divine help or mediating priests.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Buddhism cannot, therefore, strictly be called a religion because it is neither a system of faith and worship, not &#8220;the outward act of form by which men indicate their recognition of the existence of a God or gods having power over their own destiny to whom obedience, service, and honor are due&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;If, by religion, is meant &#8220;a teaching which takes a view of life that is more than superficial, a teaching which looks into life and not merely at it, a teaching which furnishes men with a guide to conduct that is in accord with this its in-look, a teaching, which enables those who give it heed to face life with fortitude and death with serenity&#8221; (Bhikkhu Silacara), or a system to get rid of the ills of life, then it is certainly a religion of religions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>PH\u1ea2I CH\u0102NG&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;<\/strong> <strong>L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T&nbsp;H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C?&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>PH\u1ea2I CH\u0102NG&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;<\/strong> <strong>L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T&nbsp;H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C?&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;bao h\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o,&nbsp;to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u00f4 song&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1ecb tha&nbsp;v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;l\u1eabn h\u00e0ng&nbsp;c\u01b0 s\u0129&nbsp;(t\u1ea1i gia).&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i&nbsp;h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi&nbsp;gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n&nbsp;lu\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.&nbsp;Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;(gi\u1edbi) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi&nbsp;h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;Thanh T\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u00eam&nbsp;Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7&nbsp;(Panna). N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;th\u1ecd tr\u00ec&nbsp;c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;l\u01b0u t\u00e2m&nbsp;t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c &#8211; k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt. Lu\u1eadt gi\u1edbi trong&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c&nbsp;gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i&nbsp;h\u1ed3 nghi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh t\u00e0i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;quy t\u1eafc&nbsp;h\u1ee3p l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng&nbsp;s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;si\u00eau nhi\u00ean&nbsp;ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi&nbsp;n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;v\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Trong&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng hay ph\u1ea1t. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au hay&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.&nbsp;T\u00e2m tr\u00ed&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thay (cho&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;hay&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng hay s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb&nbsp;tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;l\u00e0m&nbsp;vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, n\u00ean h\u1ecd tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u00e2y&nbsp;ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5&nbsp;cho&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0 l\u00e0m&nbsp;vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh&nbsp;v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9&nbsp;(Bodhi). C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, v\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u00e1c v\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5&nbsp;n\u1ec1n&nbsp;lu\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;cao si\u00eau&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;n\u00e0y,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn&nbsp;c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch&nbsp;nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;C\u00fa (Dhammapada),&nbsp;Thi\u1ec7n sanh&nbsp;(Sigalovada), Mangala, Karaniya, Parabhava, Vasala, v\u00e0 Dhammikka v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd&nbsp;n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0&nbsp;b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng theo ngh\u0129a kia,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd. Theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3u,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nghi th\u1ee9c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ho\u00e0i nghi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y&nbsp;l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;\u0111am m\u00ea&nbsp;d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;bi quan, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;l\u1ea1c quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 v\u00f4.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;n\u00e0y hay&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;kh\u00e1c l\u00e0&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Pali g\u1ecdi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 Dhammma (Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1eef g\u00ecn&nbsp;(duy tr\u00ec). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb Anh v\u0103n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00fang&nbsp;s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Pali n\u00e0y.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Th\u1ef1c T\u1ebf.&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t&nbsp;m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Dhamma (Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p) l\u00e0&nbsp;s\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t. D\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng,&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;v\u1eabn&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;b\u1ecb&nbsp;che l\u1ea5p&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c&nbsp;ra \u0111\u1eddi,&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1eeb bi&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 cho&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 n\u00f3&nbsp;s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh&nbsp;g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta. Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y : \u201cH\u00e3y \u1ea9n tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i con nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 N\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1a. H\u00e3y&nbsp;\u1ea9n n\u00e1u&nbsp;n\u01a1i&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;(Dhamma) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 N\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1a. \u0110\u1eebng t\u00ecm s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u1ea9n n\u00e1u&nbsp;\u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d (Kinh&nbsp;B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>IS BUDDHISM AN ETHICAL SYSTEM?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It no doubt contains an excellent ethical code which is unparalleled in its perfection and altruistic attitude. It deals with one way of life for the monks and another for the laity. But Buddhism is much more than an ordinary moral teaching. Morality is only the preliminary stage on the Path of Purity, and is a means to an end, but not an end in itself. Conduct, though essential, is itself insufficient to gain one&#8217;s emancipation. It should be coupled with wisdom or knowledge (Panna). The base of Buddhism is morality, and wisdom is its apex.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In observing the principles of morality a Buddhist should not only regard his own self but also should have a consideration for others as well animals not excluded. Morality in Buddhism is not founded on any doubtful revelation nor is it the ingenious invention of an exceptional mind, but it is a rational and practical code based on verifiable facts and individual experience.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be mentioned that any external supernatural agency plays no part whatever in the moulding of the character of a Buddhist. In Buddhism there is no one to reward or punish. Pain or happiness are the inevitable results of one&#8217;s actions. The question of incurring the pleasure or displeasure of a God does not enter the mind of a Buddhist.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Neither hope of reward nor fear of punishment acts as an incentive to him to do good or to refrain from evil. A Buddhist is aware of future consequences, but he refrains from evil because it retards, does good because it aids, progress to Enlightenment (Bodhi). There are also some who do good because it is good, refrain from evil because it is bad.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand the exceptionally high standard of morality the Buddha expects from His ideal followers, one must carefully read the Dhammapada, Sigalovada Sutta, Vyagghapajja Sutta, Mangala Sutta, Karaniya Sutta, Parabhava Sutta, Vasala Sutta, Dhammika Sutta, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a moral teaching it excels all other ethical systems; but morality is only the beginning and not the end of Buddhism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In one sense Buddhism is not a philosophy, in another sense it is the philosophy of philosophies. In one sense Buddhism is not a religion, in another sense it is the religion of religions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhism is neither a metaphysical path nor a ritualistic path.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is neither sceptical nor dogmatic.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is neither self-mortification nor self-indulgence.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is neither pessimism nor optimism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is neither eternalism nor nihilism.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is neither absolutely this-worldly not other-worldly.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is a unique Path of Enlightenment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The original Pali term for Buddhism is Dhamma, which, literally, means that which upholds. There is no English equivalent that exactly conveys the meaning of the Pali term.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Dhamma is that which really is. It is the Doctrine of Reality. It is a means of Deliverance from suffering, and Deliverance itself. Whether the Buddhas arise or not the Dhamma exists. It lies hidden from the ignorant eyes of men, till a Buddha, an Enlightened One, realizes and compassionately reveals it to the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Dhamma is not something apart from oneself, but is closely associated with oneself. As such the Buddha exhorts:&#8221;Abide with oneself as an island, with oneself as a Refuge. Abide with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as a Refuge. Seek no external refuge&#8221;. (Parinibbana Sutta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>M\u1ed8T V\u00c0I&nbsp;\u0110\u1eb6C \u0110I\u1ec2M&nbsp;C\u1ee6A&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong><em>M\u1ed8T V\u00c0I&nbsp;\u0110\u1eb6C \u0110I\u1ec2M&nbsp;C\u1ee6A&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 (l\u00fd do&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o); ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do l\u00f2ng&nbsp;\u00c1i D\u1ee5c; s\u1ef1&nbsp;di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb&nbsp;s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, Nibbana (c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o) (22) v\u00e0&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Trung \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;(d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;cao si\u00eau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201c<strong>Sanh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u01b0a th\u00edch&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, s\u1ed1ng xa ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh&nbsp;th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh&nbsp;mong \u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec&nbsp;th\u00e2n t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;ng\u0169 \u1ea5m\u201d<\/strong>.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;cao si\u00eau v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed&nbsp;tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean,&nbsp;\u0111i theo&nbsp;v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng&nbsp;tham mu\u1ed1n, l\u00fac sinh n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, khi sinh ch\u1ed7 kia; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham \u0111\u1eafm c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, tham \u0111\u1eafm cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 v\u00f4\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;cao si\u00eau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1&nbsp;di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5&nbsp;l\u00e0 g\u00ec?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i,&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00f2ng&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c; s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;, bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3,&nbsp;l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n, v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;kh\u1ecfi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c\u201d<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;cao si\u00eau, v\u1ec1&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5&nbsp;l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201c<strong>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o,&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn,&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy,&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef,&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p,&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng,&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n,&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>D\u00f9 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng,&nbsp;b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;n\u00e0y v\u1eabn&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;trong&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ch\u1ec9&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng trong&nbsp;v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;(Dhamma) l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;to\u00e0n b\u1ed9&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ba&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;th\u1ee9 t\u01b0&nbsp;di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;B\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i th\u00e2n&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y: \u201cTrong c\u00e1i x\u00e1c th\u00e2n d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3i n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi&nbsp;tri gi\u00e1c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng,&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 Lai&nbsp;tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian, s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian, v\u00e0&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, danh t\u1eeb \u201cth\u1ebf gian\u201d nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng pph\u1ea3i do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;bi quan.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;bi quan&nbsp;hay&nbsp;l\u1ea1c quan; m\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft minh&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;trung \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai&nbsp;th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;\u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;bi quan&nbsp;n\u1ebfu Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng&nbsp;ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh&nbsp;ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ea ra toa thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb b\u00e1 ch\u1ee9ng cho&nbsp;b\u1ec7nh kh\u1ed5&nbsp;to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Theo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt,&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Trong cu\u1ed1n B\u00e1ch Khoa T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n (Encyclopaedia Britannnica),&nbsp;t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;khi&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft bi qian \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a&nbsp;bi quan&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u00fd ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0&nbsp;m\u01a1 h\u1ed3&nbsp;cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt,&nbsp;th\u1ef1c ra&nbsp;c\u0169ng&nbsp;l\u1ea1c quan&nbsp;nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;l\u1ea1c quan&nbsp;n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a&nbsp;T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;bi quan&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;n\u00f3 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh&nbsp;mong \u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui&nbsp;d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh&nbsp;l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. H\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng, r\u1ed3i&nbsp;\u0111am m\u00ea&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;tho\u00e1ng qua \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. Theo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111am m\u00ea&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean&nbsp;ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd n\u00ean lu\u00f4n&nbsp;vui t\u01b0\u01a1i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00ec&nbsp;t\u00e2m H\u1ec9&nbsp;(Piti) hay \u201cvui v\u1ebb\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;\u1edf trong t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i s\u1ef1&nbsp;gi\u00e0u sang, con c\u00e1i,&nbsp;danh v\u1ecdng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;sai l\u1ea7m, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0&nbsp;b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh; ti\u00eau x\u00e0i&nbsp;phung ph\u00ed, hay nh\u00ecn xem v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm; ch\u00fang s\u1ebd&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au,&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;cho&nbsp;s\u1edf h\u1eefu&nbsp;ch\u1ee7.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Thay v\u00ec&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;h\u1ee3p l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;xem s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb&nbsp;n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tham. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;theo&nbsp;B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>B\u1ed1n&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng kinh&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7m. Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1&nbsp;s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng kinh&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7m. B\u1edfi v\u1eady,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>M\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n&nbsp;hay&nbsp;th\u1ea7n b\u00ed. Do \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c tin&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i hay&nbsp;cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;tr\u1ea3i qua&nbsp;(h\u01a1n) 2,500 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, ch\u01b0a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3y&nbsp;nh\u00e2n danh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 vung l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m&nbsp;uy quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, hay b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch&nbsp;n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u00e0&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Aldous Huxley (23) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cTrong c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u1edbn tr\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i,&nbsp;ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t&nbsp;hay \u0111i\u1ec1u tra\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Lord Russell (24)&nbsp;ghi nh\u1eadn: \u201cTrong c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u00f4i th\u00edch&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>D\u01b0\u1edbi&nbsp;danh ngh\u0129a&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i&nbsp;th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhu\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ecf b\u1edfi m\u00e1u v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Hypatia (25) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Bruno (26) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng&nbsp;tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c&nbsp;h\u01a1n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u00fa t\u00e2m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;h\u01a1n l\u00e0&nbsp;s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh&nbsp;v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ng\u00e0y kia, Siha (27), m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Nigantha Nataputta (28)&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;sung s\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi&nbsp;gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. \u00d4ng li\u1ec1n b\u00e0y&nbsp;t\u1ecf \u00fd&nbsp;mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng ta nh\u01b0 sau:&nbsp;&#8211; \u201cN\u00e0y&nbsp;v\u1ecb c\u01b0&nbsp;s\u0129,&nbsp;th\u1ef1c ra, \u00f4ng n\u00ean&nbsp;suy ngh\u0129&nbsp;k\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng n\u00ean&nbsp;suy ngh\u0129&nbsp;c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec\u201d.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3&nbsp;Siha, khi nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u00f4ng&nbsp;r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i&nbsp;vui m\u1eebng, v\u00e0 th\u01b0a: \u201cB\u1ea1ch&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, n\u1ebfu con xin l\u00e0m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7&nbsp;kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ki\u1ec7u con \u0111i kh\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0&nbsp;tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;\u0111i theo&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, Ng\u00e0i th\u00ec khuy\u00ean con n\u00ean v\u1ec1&nbsp;suy ngh\u0129&nbsp;l\u1ea1i.&nbsp;Nghe l\u1eddi&nbsp;gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n&nbsp;n\u00e0y, con l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng&nbsp;t\u00f4n k\u00ednh&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, k\u00ednh b\u1ea1ch&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai, con xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;quy y Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 T\u0103ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u&nbsp;v\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;khoan dung. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n&nbsp;thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m; m\u1ed9t&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m&nbsp;to\u00e0n th\u1ec3&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ed1c&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi; v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ef1c&nbsp;h\u00e0o quang&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;\u0111ang&nbsp;tranh \u0111\u1ea5u&nbsp;l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p trong&nbsp;bi\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;r\u1ea5t khoan h\u1ed3ng, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng&nbsp;uy quy\u1ec1n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;ban h\u00e0nh&nbsp;nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m cho h\u00e0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;sai khi\u1ebfn,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y: &#8211; \u201cCon n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, con kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u kia\u201d. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o.&nbsp;L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 bao&nbsp;tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;nam n\u1eef&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;mua b\u00e1n&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd&nbsp;ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;giai c\u1ea5p&nbsp;suy \u0111\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft r\u1ec5&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa&nbsp;trong l\u00f2ng&nbsp;x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u1ef1 sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u1ebb h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n hay cao qu\u00fd, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p hay&nbsp;ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;thu nh\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. D\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed1t r\u00e1c, g\u00e1i&nbsp;giang h\u1ed3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129&nbsp;B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n&nbsp;(Brahmins) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i; b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ecdi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb&nbsp;v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Ng\u00e0i Upali &#8211;&nbsp;\u01afu B\u00e0 Ly&nbsp;(29) l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 c\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;th\u00e1nh t\u0103ng&nbsp;kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m v\u1ecb&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o, t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gi\u1edbi (Vinaya) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i Sunita (30), m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;r\u1ee5t r\u00e8, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thu nh\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o \u0110o\u00e0n. \u00d4ng Angulimala (31), t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp hung b\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111i theo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d4ng Alavaka (32) t\u00e0n \u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;quy y&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. C\u00f4 g\u00e1i&nbsp;giang h\u1ed3&nbsp;Ambapali (33) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;thu nh\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong&nbsp;Tam T\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n;&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0u da hay ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;n\u00e2ng cao&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng&nbsp;n\u1eef gi\u1edbi&nbsp;b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng&nbsp;vai tr\u00f2&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng trong&nbsp;x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho h\u00e0ng&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c&nbsp;gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng khinh r\u1ebb&nbsp;n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9&nbsp;ghi nh\u1eadn&nbsp;b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn&nbsp;thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m&nbsp;n\u01a1i c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi&nbsp;nam n\u1eef, v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang&nbsp;v\u1ecb tr\u00ed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi trong&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nam hay n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i&nbsp;cho vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;T\u1eeb ng\u1eef&nbsp;Pali \u201cMatugama\u201d \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho&nbsp;n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, hay&nbsp;x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>L\u00e0m m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb&nbsp;danh d\u1ef1&nbsp;trong&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;\u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1&nbsp;ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 v\u00e0&nbsp;thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta than tr\u00e1ch&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn cho&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;(xu\u1ea5t gia); nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn&nbsp;theo l\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u&nbsp;c\u1ee7a b\u00e0&nbsp;di m\u1eabu&nbsp;Ma Ha Ba X\u00e0 Ba \u0110\u1ec1&nbsp;&#8211; Pajapati Gotami (34), v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni&nbsp;(Bhikkhuni). Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t&nbsp;(Sariputta) v\u00e0&nbsp;M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean&nbsp;(Moggallana) l\u00e0 hai&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed hai v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;Khema (35) v\u00e0 Uppalavanna (36) l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb n\u1eef&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng&nbsp;\u01b0u t\u00fa&nbsp;v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m n\u1ecd,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean vua n\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;Ki\u1ec1u T\u00e1t La&nbsp;&#8211; Kosala (37) ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng vui&nbsp;khi&nbsp;nghe tin&nbsp;ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u1eeba h\u1ea1 sanh&nbsp;c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa:&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cT\u00e2u&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n&nbsp;l\u00e0 sinh m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1u trai\u201d.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1ecf ra&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang trong m\u1ecdi&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u1edd&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;theo&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gia nh\u1eadp&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;(T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni). Trong&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i&nbsp;m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 sau,&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;l\u1edbn lao cho nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu,&nbsp;c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, ti\u1ec3u th\u01a1 trong h\u00e0ng&nbsp;qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c; c\u00e1c b\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9&nbsp;c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, c\u00e1c&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef&nbsp;kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng,&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;h\u1ea1ng g\u00e1i&nbsp;giang h\u1ed3&nbsp;\u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p hay ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng nhau g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1,&nbsp;vui h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;ngu\u1ed3n&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;an l\u1ea1c; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;giam h\u00e3m&nbsp;\u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1ea7u son v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ecdc.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u0169ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c&nbsp;th\u00fa v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;tr\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;(Metta) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;&#8211; ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t (c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng) \u0111ang b\u00f2 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n hay&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i&nbsp;m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0&nbsp;qu\u00fd b\u00e1u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh n\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;t\u00e2m t\u1eeb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a&nbsp;v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p,&nbsp;ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c&nbsp;hay gi\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1i (nam n\u1eef).<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&nbsp;Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd&nbsp;do g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng xa k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng&nbsp;t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;hay kh\u00e1c&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia. Tr\u00ean bia k\u00fd (Edict) \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng&nbsp;khoan dung&nbsp;cao c\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c kinh Culla-Vyuha v\u00e0 Maha-Vyuha, vua A-D\u1ee5c &#8211; Asoka (38) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o: \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;vui l\u00f2ng&nbsp;l\u1eafng tai nghe&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n\u201d.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi&nbsp;h\u1ea1n trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia&nbsp;hay d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;n\u00e0o. M\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;to\u00e0n th\u1ec3&nbsp;(m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi).&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a,&nbsp;hay n\u00f3i&nbsp;kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;giai c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp&nbsp;tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng&nbsp;r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i&nbsp;h\u01a1n.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n k\u1ebb s\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch&nbsp;hay&nbsp;xa l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac&nbsp;v\u1edbi h\u1ecd; v\u00ec&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi&nbsp;bao la&nbsp;v\u1edbi s\u1ef1&nbsp;th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh&nbsp;huynh \u0111\u1ec7&nbsp;gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecd xem to\u00e0n&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;nh\u01b0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh&nbsp;khoan dung, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c,&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m,&nbsp;c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;n\u00e2ng cao&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;(con ng\u01b0\u1eddi).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 &#8211;&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;(Kamma) hay Lu\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1o L\u00fd&nbsp;Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3,&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd&nbsp;Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i,&nbsp;V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3&nbsp;(Anatta) v\u00e0&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;(Nibbana).<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>&nbsp;<strong>SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF BUDDHISM&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><em><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The foundations of Buddhism are the four Noble Truths &#8211; namely, Suffering (the raison d&#8217;\u00eatre of Buddhism), its cause, i.e. Craving, its end i.e. Nibbana, (the Summum Bonum of Buddhism), and the Middle Way.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>What is the Noble Truth of Suffering?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Birth is suffering, old age is suffering, disease is suffering, death is suffering, to be united with the unpleasant is suffering, to be separated from the pleasant is suffering, not to receive what one craves for is suffering, and the five Aggregates of Attachment are suffering&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>What is the Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;It is the craving which leads from rebirth to rebirth accompanied by lust of passion, which delights now here now there; it is the craving for sensual pleasures (Kamatanha), for existence (Bhavatanha) and for annihilation (Vibhavatanha)\u201d.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>What is the Noble Truth of the Annihilation of Suffering?<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;It is the remainderlessness, total annihilation of this very craving, the forsaking of it, the breaking loose, fleeing, deliverance from it&#8221;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>What is the Noble Truth of the Path leading to the Annihilation of Suffering?<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;It is the Noble Eightfold Path which consists of right understanding, right thoughts, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, and right concentration&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Whether the Buddhas arise or not these four Truths exist in the universe. The Buddhas only reveal these Truths which lay hidden in the dark abyss of time.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Scientifically interpreted, the Dhamma may be called the law of cause and effect. These two embrace the entire body of the Buddha&#8217;s Teachings.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The first three represent the philosophy of Buddhism; the fourth represents the ethics of Buddhism, based on that philosophy. All these four truths are dependent on this body itself. The Buddhas states:&nbsp;\u201cIn this very one-fathom long body along with perceptions and thoughts do I proclaim the world, the origin of the world, the end of the world and the path&nbsp;leading to the end of the world.&#8221; Here the term world is applied to suffering.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Buddhism rests on the pivot of sorrow. But it does not thereby follow that Buddhism is pessimistic. It is neither totally pessimistic nor totally optimistic, but, on the contrary, it teaches a truth that lies midway between them. One would be justified in calling the Buddha a pessimist if He had only enunciated the Truth of suffering without suggesting a means to put an end to it. The Buddha perceived the universality of sorrow and did prescribe a panacea for this universal sickness of humanity. The highest conceivable happiness, according to the Buddha, is Nibbana, which is the total extinction of suffering.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The author of the article on Pessimism in the Encyclopedia Britannica writes: &#8220;Pessimism denotes an attitude of hopelessness towards life, a vague general opinion that pain and evil predominate in human affairs. The original doctrine of the Buddha is in fact as optimistic as any optimism of the West. To call it pessimism is merely to apply to it a Characteristically Western principle to which happiness is impossible without personality. The true Buddhist looks forward with enthusiasm to absorption into eternal bliss&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ordinarily the enjoyment of sensual pleasures is the highest and only happiness of the average man. There is no doubt a kind of momentary happiness in the anticipation, gratification and retrospection of such fleeting material pleasures, but they are illusive and temporary. According to the Buddha non-attachment is a greater bliss.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;The Buddha does not expect His followers to be constantly pondering on suffering and lead a miserable unhappy life. He exhorts them to be always happy and cheerful, for zest (Piti)&nbsp;is one of the factors of Enlightenment.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Real happiness is found within, and is not to be defined in terms of wealth, children, honours or invasions. If such possessions&nbsp;are misdirected, forcibly or unjustly obtained, mis-appropriated or even viewed with attachment, they will be a source of&nbsp;pain and sorrow to the possessors.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Instead of trying to rationalise suffering, Buddhism takes suffering for granted and seeks the cause to eradicate it. Suffering exists as long as there is craving. It can only be annihilated by trading the Noble Eightfold Path and attaining the supreme bliss of Nibbana.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>These four Truths can be verified by experience. Hence the &#8220;Buddha Dhamma&#8221; is not based on the fear of the unknown, but is founded on the bedrock of facts which can be tested by ourselves and verified by experience. Buddhism is, therefore, rational and intensely practical.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Such a rational and practical system cannot contain mysteries or esoteric doctrines. Blind faith, therefore, is foreign to Buddhism. Where there is no blind faith there cannot be any coercion or persecution or fanaticism. To the unique credit of Buddhism it must be said that throughout its peaceful march of 2500 years no drop of blood was shed in the name of the Buddha, no mighty monarch wielded his powerful sword to propagate the Dhamma, and no conversion was made either by force or by repulsive methods. Yet, the Buddha was the first and the greatest missionary that lived on earth.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Aldous Huxley writes: &#8211; &#8220;Alone of all the great world religions Buddhism made its way without persecution, censorship or inquisition&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Lord Russel remarks: &#8211; &#8220;Of the great religions of history, I prefer Buddhism, especially in its earliest form; because it has had the smallest element of persecution&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In the name of Buddhism no altar was reddened with the blood of a Hyparia, no Bruno was burnt alive.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Buddhism appeals more to the intellect than to the emotion. It is concerned more with the character of the devotees than with their numerical strength.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>On on occasion Si ha, a follower of Nigantha Nataputta, approached the&nbsp;Buddha and was so pleased with the Buddha&#8217;s exposition of the Dhamma that he instantly expressed his desire to become a follower of the Buddha. But the Buddha cautioned him, saying: &#8211; &#8220;Of a verity, O householder, make a thorough investigation. It is well for a distinguished man like you to (first) make a thorough investigation&#8221;.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Siha, who was overjoyed at this unexpected remark of the Buddha, said: \u201cLord, had I been a follower of another religion, its adherents would have taken me round the streets in a procession proclaiming that such and such a millionaire had renounced his former faith and embraced theirs. But, Lord, Your Reverence advises me to investigate further. The more pleased am I with this remark of yours. For the second time, Lord, I seek refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and the Sangha&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Buddhism is saturated with this spirit of free inquiry and complete tolerance. It is the teaching of the open mind and the sympathetic heart, which, lighting and warming the whole universe with its twin rays of wisdom and compassion, sheds its genial glow on every being struggling in the ocean of birth and death.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Buddha was so tolerant that He did not even exercise His power to give commandments to His lay followers. Instead of using the imperative, He said: &#8211; \u201cIt behoves you to do this\u201d.&nbsp;It behoves you not to do this&#8221;. He commands not but does exhort. This tolerance the Buddha extended to men, women and all living beings.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It was the Buddha who first attempted to abolish slavery and vehemently protested against the degrading caste &#8211; system which was firmly rooted in the soil of India. In the Word of the Buddha it is not by mere birth one becomes an outcast or a noble, but by one&#8217;s actions. Caste or colour does not preclude one from becoming a Buddhist or from entering the Order. Fishermen, scavengers, courtesans, together with warriors and Brahmins, were freely admitted to the Order and enjoyed equal privileges and were also given positions of rank.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Upali, the barber for instance, was made in preference to all others the chief in matters pertaining to Vinaya discipline. The timid Sunita, the scavenger, who attained Arahaship was admitted by the Buddha Himself into the Order. Angulimala, the robber and criminal, was converted to a compassionate saint. The fierce Alavaka sought refuge in the Buddha and became a saint. The courtesan Ambapali entered the Order and attained Arahatship. Such instances could easily be multiplied from the Tipitaka to show that the portals of Buddhism were wide open to all, irrespective of caste, colour or rank.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;It was also the Buddha who raised the status of downtrodden women and not only brought them to a realization of their importance to society but also founded the first celibate religious order for women with rules and regulations.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Buddha did not humiliate womem but only regarded them as feeble by nature. He saw the innate good of both men and women and assigned to them their due places on His teaching. Sex is no barrier to attaining Sainthood.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sometimes the Pali term used to denote women is &#8220;Matugama&#8221; which means mother-folk or society of mothers.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>As a mother, woman holds an honourable place in Buddhism. Even the wife is regarded as the &#8220;the best friend&#8221; (parama sakha) of the husband.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Hasty critics are only making ex parte statements when they reproach Buddhism with being inimical to women. Although at first the Buddha refused to admit women into the Order on reasonable grounds, yet later He yielded to the entreaties of His foster-mother, Pajapati Gotami, and founded the Bhikkhuni Order. Just as the Arahats Sariputta and Moggallana were made the two chief disciples in the Order of monks, even so He appointed Arahats Khema and Uppalavanna as the two chief female disciples. Many other female disciples too were named by the Buddha Himself as His distinguished and pious followers.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>On one occasion the Buddha said to King K\u00a1sala who was displeased on hearing that a daughter was born to him: &#8211;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;\u201cA woman child, O Lord of men, may prove even a better offspring than a male&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Many women, who otherwise would have fallen into oblivion, distinguished themselves in various ways, and gained their emancipation by following the Dhamma and entering the Order. In this new Order, which later proved to be a great blessing to many women, queens, princesses, daughters of noble families, widows, bereaved mothers, destitute women, pitiable courtesans &#8211; all, despite their caste or rank, met on a common platform, enjoyed perfect consolation and peace, and breathed that free atmosphere which is denied to those cloistered in cottages and palatial mansions.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It was also the Buddha who banned the sacrifice of poor beasts and admonished His followers to extend their loving kindness (Metta) to all living beings &#8211; even to the tiniest creature that crawls at ones feet. No man has the power or the right to destroy the life of another as life is precious to all.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>A genuine Buddhist would exercise this loving-kindness towards every living being and identify himself with all, making no distinction whatsoever with regard to caste, colour or sex.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It is this Buddhist Metta that attempts to break all the barriers which separate one from another. There is no reason to keep aloof from others merely because they belong to another persuasion or another nationality. In that noble Toleration Edict which is based on Culla-Vy\u00e3ha and MahaVy\u00e3ha Suttas, Asoka says: \u201cConcourse alone is best, that is, all should harken willingly to the doctrine professed by others&#8221;.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Buddhism is not confined to any country or any particular nation. It is universal. It is not nationalism which, in other words, is another form of caste system founded on a wider basis. Buddhism, if it be permitted to say so, is supernationalism.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To a Buddhist there is no far or near, no enemy or foreigner, no renegade or untouchable, since universal love realised through understanding has established the brotherhood of all living beings. A real Buddhist is a citizen of the world. He regards the whole world as his motherland and all as his brothers and sisters.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Buddhism, is, therefore, unique, mainly owing to its tolerance,&nbsp;non-aggressiveness, rationality, practicability, efficacy and universality. It is the noblest of all unifying influences and the only lever that can uplift the world.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>These are some of the salient features of Buddhism, and amongst some of the fundamental doctrines may be said &#8211; Kamma or the Law of Moral Causation, the Doctrine of Rebirth, Anatta and Nibbana.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>NGHI\u1ec6P B\u00c1O&nbsp;HAY&nbsp;LU\u1eacT NH\u00c2N QU\u1ea2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>NGHI\u1ec6P B\u00c1O&nbsp;HAY&nbsp;LU\u1eacT NH\u00c2N QU\u1ea2<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<br>Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong&nbsp;m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf&nbsp;gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n&nbsp;to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t&nbsp;qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh.&nbsp;Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t&nbsp;b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;trong&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sinh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;gi\u00e0u sang&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;th\u00f4ng minh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh; trong khi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n, kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i&nbsp;h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may.&nbsp;Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7t di\u1ec5n ra&nbsp;tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi&nbsp;tham v\u1ecdng&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1&nbsp;ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd&nbsp;th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o. C\u00f3&nbsp;k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u xa, kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n&nbsp;g\u1eb7p may. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;\u00e2n hu\u1ec7, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sinh ra&nbsp;th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u sang? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1edbm&nbsp;xa l\u00eca&nbsp;b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb9&nbsp;th\u00e2n y\u00eau, khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft gi\u1eefa tu\u1ed5i&nbsp;hoa ni\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 80 hay 100? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra b\u1ecb \u1ed1m \u0111au v\u00e0 t\u1eadt nguy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, c\u00f3&nbsp;k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u xa&nbsp;v\u00e0 g\u1edbm gu\u1ed1c, ai c\u0169ng ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t? T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y&nbsp;sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;gi\u00e0u sang, v\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang, ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa, k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng? T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y&nbsp;th\u00f4ng minh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia l\u1ea1i ngu d\u1ed1t? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra v\u1edbi b\u1ea9m t\u00ednh&nbsp;th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c? T\u1ea1i sao v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;nh\u00e0&nbsp;ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f9, \u0111i\u1ebfc v\u00e0 t\u1eadt nguy\u1ec1n? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em v\u1eeba&nbsp;m\u1edf m\u1eaft&nbsp;ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 em l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;l\u00e0m b\u1eadn&nbsp;t\u00e2m tr\u00ed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. L\u00e0m sao&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;may r\u1ee7i&nbsp;hay&nbsp;ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra&nbsp;do b\u1edfi&nbsp;s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh&nbsp;c\u1edd hay&nbsp;ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1&nbsp;ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean&nbsp;th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y&nbsp;t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&nbsp;n\u00f3 sinh ra. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u chi&nbsp;x\u1ea3y ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;n\u00e0y hay&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;\u00fd mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d4ng Huxley n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5&nbsp;k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u&nbsp;n\u00e0y, th\u00ec theo \u00fd t\u00f4i,&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh; m\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a&nbsp;ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo \u00f4ng Einstein (39): \u201cN\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf) \u1ea5y l\u00e0&nbsp;to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra,&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng,&nbsp;c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u do Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c; v\u1eady l\u00e0m sao ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9\u01a1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n N\u0103ng?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cKhi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00ec&nbsp;ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;v\u1eadt \u1ea5y, trong m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ph\u1ea1m vi&nbsp;n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1&nbsp;x\u00e9t x\u1eed&nbsp;l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0m sao&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eddi&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c&nbsp;m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 quy&nbsp;g\u00e1n cho&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cTheo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc&nbsp;th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; v\u00e0 khi ra \u0111\u1eddi,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u hay ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1&nbsp;tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t&nbsp;v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;d\u00f9 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c,&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;hay&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5, cao sang hay&nbsp;th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, t\u1eeb&nbsp;b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh ra&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;l\u00fac th\u1edf h\u01a1i&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng&nbsp;ham mu\u1ed1n,&nbsp;\u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n,&nbsp;tham v\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh hay nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc\u201d (Spencer Lewis).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo Charles Bradlaugh: &#8211; \u201cS\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng,&nbsp;t\u1ed9i \u00e1c,&nbsp;ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1&nbsp;bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9&nbsp;cho l\u00f2ng&nbsp;b\u00e1c \u00e1i&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu; v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p&nbsp;v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc&nbsp;v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi&nbsp;tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n,&nbsp;to\u00e0n tr\u00ed&nbsp;v\u00e0 to\u00e0n n\u0103ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Schopenhauer: &#8211; \u201cAi t\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh sinh ra t\u1eeb&nbsp;h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00f3, m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u00fd ngh\u0129&nbsp;qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cN\u1ebfu sanh l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, th\u00ec ch\u1ebft h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i; v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;sinh ra t\u1eeb&nbsp;h\u01b0 v\u00f4, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;sau khi ch\u1ebft&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi&nbsp;th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 J.B.S.Haldane vi\u1ebft: &#8211; \u201cHo\u1eb7c&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft&nbsp;cho s\u1ef1&nbsp;ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;To\u00e0n N\u0103ng. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;\u00edt nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh&nbsp;r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, nh\u1edd&nbsp;di\u1ec5m ph\u00fac&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0&nbsp;gia gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;b\u00e1c b\u1ecf&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5&nbsp;to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u00e0i khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 t\u00fac b\u1edfi s\u1ef1&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ea7n linh. V\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean&nbsp;m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lord Russell b\u00e0y t\u1ecf: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o&nbsp;b\u1edfi&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;to\u00e0n n\u0103ng. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Cho n\u00ean, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00f4 \u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;bi\u1ec7n minh&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;trong&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;l\u00e0 do&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. N\u1ebfu&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u1ed9i \u00e1c&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ebd&nbsp;vi ph\u1ea1m, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;\u1ea5y, khi Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng\u201d (Despair) c\u1ee7a&nbsp;thi h\u00e0o&nbsp;Lord Tennyson, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;can \u0111\u1ea3m&nbsp;t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong t\u1eadp Isaiah (XIV,7): \u201cTa t\u1ea1o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o!&nbsp;Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng&nbsp;t\u00f4i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5&nbsp;qu\u00e1&nbsp;t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p&nbsp;cho ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;d\u00e3 man&nbsp;v\u00f4 t\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m&nbsp;m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;theo&nbsp;\u00fd mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang&nbsp;m\u00ecnh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9&nbsp;v\u00f4 tri, t\u00e0n \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5u&nbsp;nghe l\u1eddi&nbsp;than th\u1edf&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;\u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Adam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi&nbsp;c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, l\u00f2ng&nbsp;b\u00e1c \u00e1i,&nbsp;t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;th\u1eddi x\u01b0a&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ee9t quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;theo&nbsp;h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;gia&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i,&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u1ea1o&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;theo&nbsp;h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n&nbsp;v\u0103n minh,&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng&nbsp;c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9 sao, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c \u1edf trong hay ngo\u00e0i&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng&nbsp;do&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n&nbsp;c\u1eadn? Ta ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;l\u00fd h\u00f3a do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;l\u00fd h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb&nbsp;v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u1ea1i sao hai em b\u00e9 sinh \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng nhau, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i em l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh n\u1ebft l\u1ea1i&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ri\u00eang thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c&nbsp;s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng&nbsp;n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00fang ra, n\u00f3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p&nbsp;nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ea1t thai ch\u1ee7ng l\u00fd h\u00f3a c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1\/30.000.000 inch&nbsp;th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9, ch\u1ec9&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n,&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c,&nbsp;ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb&nbsp;h\u01a1n,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 kh\u00e1c. Thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con t\u00e0n \u00e1c l\u1ea1i sinh ra trong&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;trong&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;x\u1ea5u xa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc&nbsp;thi\u00ean t\u00e0i&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u1ee7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 do&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng,&nbsp;gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n&nbsp;c\u1eadn, \u201cb\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o&nbsp;d\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh do&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta,&nbsp;hay n\u00f3i&nbsp;c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;g\u00e2y ra trong&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00ednh ta t\u1ea1o n\u00ean&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c&nbsp;cho ta. Ch\u00ednh ta&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;cho&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta.&nbsp;Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m, ch\u00ednh&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;t\u1ea1o n\u00ean&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m n\u1ecd, c\u00f3 ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean t\u00ean Subha&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao v\u00e0 do&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;n\u00e0o m\u00e0 trong&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh hu\u1ed1ng&nbsp;b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subbha b\u1ea1ch r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao con th\u1ea5y trong&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ec3u, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u1ea1nh kh\u1ecfe&nbsp;v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd&nbsp;v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;x\u1ea5u x\u00ed; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;uy quy\u1ec1n; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, k\u1ebb ph\u00fa qu\u00fd; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh trong&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng cao sang; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1eafn t\u1eaft&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;mang theo&nbsp;c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;di s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u00ed th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed5&nbsp;n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ph\u00e2n chia&nbsp;ra&nbsp;t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng&nbsp;cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u1ed3i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang theo&nbsp;lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n,&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;v\u00e0 b\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, trong&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u1ec7p theo&nbsp;ngh\u0129a \u0111en&nbsp;l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; nh\u01b0ng, theo ngh\u0129a&nbsp;r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e1c \u00fd, thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0&nbsp;b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u. T\u1ed1t \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t. X\u1ea5u \u0111em l\u1ea1i x\u1ea5u. C\u00e1i g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau thu h\u00fat nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;g\u1ecdi \u201cNghi\u1ec7p\u201d l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;g\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 gieo.&nbsp;Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 gieo nh\u00e2n t\u1ee9c&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3, l\u00fac n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y; hay l\u00fac kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch,&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra trong&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;s\u1ebd g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;trong&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;trong&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m&nbsp;h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;ng\u00e0y mai.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (trong \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng) l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;n\u01a1i Nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma), nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3&nbsp;quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do \u1edf Nghi\u1ec7p.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu&nbsp;m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;do n\u01a1i&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u1ea5u v\u00ec Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u. V\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n \u0111i kh\u00e1m&nbsp;b\u00e1c s\u0129&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 v\u1eady, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 n\u0103m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;hay ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh (Niyamas)&nbsp;chi ph\u1ed1i&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Kamma Niyama,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3&nbsp;nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Utu Niyama,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;(kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u01a1) nh\u01b0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft&nbsp;m\u01b0a gi\u00f3.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Bija Niyama,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1ec1 thai ch\u1ee7ng hay&nbsp;h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng&nbsp;(\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1eadt h\u1eefu c\u01a1) nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y l\u00faa do h\u1ea1t l\u00faa; v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00eda hay m\u1eadt ong t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v.v&#8230; Thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, b\u1ea9m sinh gene v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1&nbsp;th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u1ee7a hai tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u do lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y&nbsp;chi ph\u1ed1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Citta Niyama,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;hay&nbsp;t\u00e2m l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m,&nbsp;n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Dhamma Niyama,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean&nbsp;x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea3n sinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t&nbsp;trong&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp sau&nbsp;c\u00f9ng, lu\u1eadt&nbsp;h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn&nbsp;l\u1ef1c v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u0103m&nbsp;quy lu\u1eadt&nbsp;hay ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;m\u1ecdi&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;(t\u00e2m l\u00fd) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;(v\u1eadt l\u00fd).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;m\u00e0 n\u00f3&nbsp;chi ph\u1ed1i&nbsp;to\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;c\u00f3 ai t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u00f3&nbsp;hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c&nbsp;trong m\u1ed9t&nbsp;l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c&nbsp;ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tha l\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp&nbsp;n\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng ai khi\u1ebfn l\u1eeda n\u00f3ng th\u00ec ch\u00e1y. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1eaft m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ngang b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;hai H\u00fdt R\u00f4 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ed0c Xy hay l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh&nbsp;t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadn s\u1ed1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;do m\u1ed9t&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;xa l\u1ea1&nbsp;huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed n\u00e0o, bu\u1ed9c&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;ngoan ngo\u00e3n&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng.&nbsp;Ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho ta; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.&nbsp;Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;n\u01a1i ta.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u1eeb ng\u1eef&nbsp;nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ban th\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn&nbsp;m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;To\u00e0n N\u0103ng&nbsp;c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u00e0 ban \u00e2n hay&nbsp;gi\u00e1ng h\u1ecda&nbsp;cho h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed,&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i,&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;hay&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3&nbsp;t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c do ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd g\u00e2y ra. T\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;c\u1ea3 hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eeba&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&nbsp;c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. Nh\u00e2n sanh qu\u1ea3. Qu\u1ea3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;nh\u00e2n. H\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tr\u00e1i, nh\u00ecn tr\u00e1i ta bi\u1ebft h\u1ed9t ra sao, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai (h\u1ed9t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;li\u00ean h\u1ec7&nbsp;gi\u1eefa Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o; \u201ctrong nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u1ea7u xin&nbsp;k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;ch\u00ednh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;d\u1ea1y r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m&nbsp;(h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m&nbsp;an \u1ee7i, ngu\u1ed3n&nbsp;hy v\u1ecdng, t\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;can \u0111\u1ea3m.&nbsp;Ni\u1ec1m tin&nbsp;n\u01a1i&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;\u201cl\u00e0m t\u0103ng&nbsp;gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;tinh t\u1ea5n, v\u00e0&nbsp;k\u00edch th\u00edch&nbsp;l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh\u201d, khi\u1ebfn&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t,&nbsp;khoan dung&nbsp;v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 (k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c). C\u0169ng do&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m tin&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, l\u00e0m&nbsp;vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t; m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat&nbsp;s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i&nbsp;s\u1ebd b\u1ecb&nbsp;tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t&nbsp;hay&nbsp;c\u00e1m d\u1ed7&nbsp;b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ban th\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;n\u00e0o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, s\u1ef1&nbsp;b\u00ed \u1ea9n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ng hay&nbsp;ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft,&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng trong&nbsp;nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<strong>KAMMA OR THE LAW OF MORAL CAUSATION&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We are faced with a totally ill-balanced world. We perceive the inequalities and manifold destinies of men and the numerous grades of beings that exist in the universe. We see one born into a condition of affluence, endowed with fine mental, moral and physical qualities and another into a condition of abject poverty and wretchedness. Here is a man virtuous and holy, but, contrary to his expectation, ill-luck is ever ready to greet him. The wicked world runs counter to his ambitions and desires. He is poor and miserable in spite of his honest dealings and piety. There is another vicious and foolish, but accounted to be fortune&#8217;s darling. He is rewarded with all forms of favours, despite his shortcomings and evil modes of life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why, it may be questioned, should one be an inferior and another a superior? Why should one be wrested from the hands of a fond mother when one has scarcely seen as few summers, and another should perish in the flower of manhood, or at the ripe age of eighty or hundred? Why should one be sick and infirm, and another strong and healthy? Why should one be handsome, and another ugly and hideous, repulsive to all? Why should one be brought up in the lap of luxury, and another in absolute poverty, steeped in misery? Why should one be born a millionaire and another a pauper? Why should one be a mental prodigy, and another an idiot? Why should one be born with saintly characteristics, and another with criminal tendencies? Why should some be linguists, artists, mathematicians or musicians from the very cradle? Why should some be congenitally blind, deaf and deformed? Why should some be blessed and others cursed from their births?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are some problems that perplex the minds of all thinking men. How are we to account for all this unevenness of the world, this inequality of mankind?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is it due to the work of blind chance or accident?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is nothing in this world that happens by blind chance or accident. To say that anything happens by chance, is no more true than that this book has come here of itself. Strictly speaking, nothing happens to man that he does not deserve for some reason or other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Could this be the fiat of an irresponsible Creator?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Huxley writes: &#8211; &#8220;If we are to assume that anybody has designedly set this wonderful universe going, it is perfectly clear to me that he is no more entirely benevolent and just, in any intelligible sense of the words, than that he is malevolent and unjust&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Einstein: &#8220;If this being (God) is omnipotent, then every occurence, including every human action, every human thought, and every human feeling and aspiration is also his work; how is it possible to think of holding men responsible for their deeds and thoughts before such an Almighty Being?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;In giving out punishments and rewards, he would to a certain extent be passing judgment on himself. How can this be combined with the goodness and righteousness ascribed to him?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;According to the theological principles man is created arbitrarily and without his desire and at the moment of his creation is either blessed or damned eternally. Hence man is either good or evil, fortune or unfortune, noble or depraved, from the first step in the process of his physical creation to the moment of his last breath, regardless of his individual desires, hopes, ambitions, struggles or devoted prayers. Such is theological fatalism&#8221;. (Spencer Lewis)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Charles Bradlaugh says: &#8211; &#8220;The existence of evil is a terrible stumbling block to the Theist. Pain, misery, crime, poverty confront the advocate of eternal goodness and challenge with unanswerable potency his declaration of Deity as all-good, all-wise, and all-powerful&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the words of Schopenhauer: &#8211; &#8220;Whoever regards himself as having become out of nothing must also think that he as having become out of nothing must also think that he will again become nothing; for an eternity has passed before he was, and then a second eternity had begun, through which he will never cease to be, is a monstrous thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;If birth is the absolute beginning, then death must be his absolute end; and the assumption that man is made out of nothing leads necessarily to the assumption that death is his absolute end&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Commenting on human sufferings and God, Prof. J. B. S. Haldane writes: &#8211; &#8220;Either suffering is needed to perfect human character, or God is not Almighty. The former theory is disproved by the fact that some people who have suffered very little but have been fortunate in their ancestry and education have very fine characters. The objection to the second is that it is only in connection with the universe as a whole that there is any intellectual gap to be filled by the postulation of a deity. And a creator could presumably create whatever he or it wanted&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lord Russell states: &#8211; &#8220;The world, we are told, was created by a God who is both good and omnipotent. Before He created the world He foresaw all the pain and misery that it would contain. He is therefore responsible for all of it. It is useless to argue that the pain in the world is due to sin&#8230; If God knew in advance the sins of which man would be guilty, He was clearly responsible for all the consequences of those sins when He decided to create man&#8221;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In &#8220;Despair&#8221;, a poem of his old age, Lord Tennyson thus boldly attacks God, who, as recorded in Isaiah, says, &#8220;I make peace and create evil&#8221;. (Isaiah, XIV. 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;What! I should call on that infinite love that has served us so well?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Infinite cruelty, rather, that made everlasting hell,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Made us, foreknew us, foredoomed us, and does what he will with his own.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Better our dead brute mother who never has heard us groan&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Surely &#8220;the doctrine that all men are sinners and have the essential sin of Adam is a challenge to justice, mercy, love and omnipotent fairness&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some writers of old authoritatively declared that God created man in his own image. Some modern thinkers state, on the contrary, that man created God in his own image. With the growth of civilization man&#8217;s concept of God also became more and more refined.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is, however, impossible to conceive of such a being either in or outside the universe.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Could this variation be due to heredity and environment? One must admit that all such chemico-physical phenomena revealed by scientists, are partly instrumental, but they cannot be solely responsible for the subtle distinctions and vast differences that exist amongst individuals. Yet why should identical twins who are physically alike, inheriting like genes, enjoying the same privilege of upbringing, be very often temperamentally, morally and intellectually totally different?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heredity alone cannot account for these vast differences. Strictly speaking, it accounts more plausibly for their similarities than for most of the differences. The infinitesimally minute chemico-physical germ, which is about 30 millionth part of an inch across, inherited from parents, explains only a portion of man, his physical foundation. With regard to the differences we need more enlightenment. The theory of heredity cannot give a satisfactory explanation for the birth of a criminal in a long line of honourable ancestors, the birth of a saint or a noble man in a family of evil repute, for the arising of infant prodigies, men of genius and great religious teachers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;According to Buddhism this variation is due not only to heredity, environment, &#8220;nature and nurture&#8221; but also to our own Kamma, or in other word, to the result of our own inherited past actions and our present deeds. We ourselves are responsible for our own deeds, happiness and misery. We build our own hells. We create our own heavens. We are the architects of our own fate. In short we ourselves are our own kamma.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On one occasion a certain young man named Subha approached the Buddha, and questioned why and wherefore it was that among human beings there are the low and high states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;For&#8221;, said he, &#8220;we find amongst mankind those brief life and those of long life, the hale and the ailing, the good-looking and the ill-looking, the powerful and the powerless, the poor and the rich, the low-born and the high-born, the ignorant and the intelligent&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha briefly replied: &#8220;Every living being has kamma as its own, its inheritance, its cause, its kinsman, its refuge. Kamma is that which differentiates all living beings into low and high states&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He then explained the cause of such differences in accordance with the law of moral causation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus from a Buddhist standpoint, our present mental, intellectual, moral and temperamental differences are mainly due to our own actions and tendencies, both past and present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kamma, literally, means action; but, in its ultimate sense, it means the meritorious and demeritorious volition (Kusala Akusala Cetana). Kamma constitutes both good and evil. Good begets good. Evil begets evil. Like attracts like. This is the law of Kamma.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As some Westerners prefer to say Kamma is &#8220;action-influence&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;We reap what we have sown. What we sow we reap somewhere or somewhen. In one sense we are the result of what we were; we will be the result of what we are. In another sense, we are not totally the result of what we were; we will not absolutely be the result of what we are. For instance, a criminal today may be a saint tomorrow.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhism attributes this variation to Kamma, but it does not assert that everything is due to Kamma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If everything were due to Kamma, a man must ever be bad for it is his Kamma to be bad. One need not consult a physician to be cured of a disease, for if one&#8217;s Kamma is such one will be cured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Buddhism, there are five orders or processes (Niyamas)&nbsp;which operate in the physical and mental realms: &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Kamma Niyama, order of act and result, e.g. desirable and undesirable acts produce corresponding good and bad results.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;2. Utu Niyama, physical (inorganic) order; e.g. seasonal phenomena of winds and rains.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Bija Niyama, order of germs or seeds; (physical organic order) e.g.rice produced from rice-seed, sugary taste from sugar cane or honey etc. The scientific theory of cells and genes and the physical similarity of twins may be ascribed to this order.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Citta Niyama, order of mind or psychic law, e.g., processes of consciousness (Citta Vithi) power of mind, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Dhamma Niyama, order of the norm, e.g. the natural phenomena occurring at the advent of a Bodhisatta in his last birth, gravitation, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every mental or physical phenomenon could be explained by these all-embracing five orders or processes which are laws in themselves.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kamma is , therefore, only one of the five orders that prevail in the universe. It is a law in itself, but it does not thereby follow that there should be a law-giver. Ordinary laws of nature, like gravitation, need no law-giver. It operates in its own field without the intervention of an external, independent ruling agency.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nobody, for instance, has decreed that fire should burn. Nobody has commanded that water should seek its own level. No scientist has ordered that water should consist of H2O, and that coldness should be one of its properties. These are their intrinsic characteristics. Kamma is neither fate nor predestination imposed upon us by some mysterious unknown power to which we must helplessly submit ourselves. It is one&#8217;s own doing reacting on oneself, and so one has the possibility to divert the course of Kamma to some extent. How far one diverts it depends on oneself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It must also be said that such phraseology as rewards and punishments should not be allowed to enter into discussions concerning the problem of Kamma. For Buddhism does not recognise an Almighty Being who rules His subjects and rewards and punishes them accordingly. Buddhists, on the contrary, believe that sorrow and happiness one experiences are the natural outcome of one&#8217;s own good and bad actions. It should be stated that Kamma had both the continuative and the retributive principle.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inherent in Kamma is the potentiality of producing its due effect. The cause produces the effect; the effect explains the cause. Seed produces the fruit; the fruit explains the seed as both are inter-related. Even so Kamma and its effect are inter-related; &#8220;the effect already blooms in the cause&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Buddhist who is fully convinced of the doctrine of Kamma does not pray to another to be saved but confidently relies on himself for his purification because it teaches individual responsibility.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is this doctrine of Kamma that gives him consolation, hope, self-reliance and moral courage. It is this belief in Kamma &#8220;that validates his effort, kindles his enthusiasm&#8221;, makes him ever kind, tolerant and considerate. It is also this firm belief in Kamma that prompts him to refrain from evil, do good and be good without being frightened of any punishment or tempted by any reward.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is this doctrine of Kamma that can explain the problem of suffering, the mystery of so-called fate or predestination of other religions, and above all the inequality of mankind.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kamma and rebirth are accepted as axiomatic.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>LU\u00c2N H\u1ed2I&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>LU\u00c2N H\u1ed2I&nbsp;<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bao l\u00e2u&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;th\u00ec c\u00f2n&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, v\u00ec&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0&nbsp;bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;(Kammic force) kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u1ea7y. Ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 \u1ea5y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1 k\u1ebft th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb&nbsp;x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n&nbsp;b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi&nbsp;n\u1ea7y: s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;(cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00ednh do Nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;cho s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh. Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;t\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 ta&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;trong ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 ta&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;trong ki\u1ebfp t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.&nbsp;Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9&nbsp;c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;quy\u1ebft ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9,&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;v\u1ecb lai&nbsp;th\u00ec t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;b\u00ed \u1ea9n&nbsp;\u2013 \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d. Ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng) l\u00e0&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;(God), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c&nbsp;hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;To\u00e0n N\u0103ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i&nbsp;kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00ec theo&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;chung, nh\u00e2n sanh qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;nh\u00e2n. Trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t,&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m; c\u00f2n&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;khoa h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9&nbsp;sanh ra. V\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;(c\u1ee7a ta) b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;(c\u1ee7a&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9&nbsp;ta). Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean sinh (Protoplasm) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1i&nbsp;b\u00e0o thai&nbsp;h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (Kammayamoni).&nbsp;Cha m\u1eb9&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;(trong ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;(trong ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9). Trong l\u00fac th\u1ecd thai,&nbsp;ch\u00ednh Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;t\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;cho th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng cho&nbsp;b\u00e0o thai.&nbsp;Ch\u00ednh Nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;L\u1ef1c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 ba&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;ch\u1ebft \u1edf&nbsp;n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;hay n\u00f3i&nbsp;\u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;trong ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i&nbsp;sau s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;trong ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i, khi&nbsp;m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u1ea7y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0&nbsp;m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi&nbsp;l\u1eb7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. L\u1ed1i&nbsp;di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;b\u00ed \u1ea9n&nbsp;n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5&nbsp;r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. Sanh v\u00e0 t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh. Sanh r\u1ed3i t\u1eed, v\u00e0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sanh. S\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed&nbsp;n\u1ea7y&nbsp;g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi&nbsp;m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0&nbsp;thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef&nbsp;g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i&nbsp;(Samsara) &#8211; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i&nbsp;t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n&nbsp;(v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;l\u00e0 g\u00ec?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: &#8211; \u201cS\u1ef1&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao gi\u1edd m\u1edbi&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.&nbsp;Ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec b\u1ecb&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;che l\u1ea5p&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c&nbsp;b\u1edfi&nbsp;tham d\u1ee5c, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3i lang thang \u0111i xa, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ee9&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c&nbsp;ch\u1ea3y&nbsp;ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o&nbsp;n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00f9n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;h\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c, d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;l\u00fac \u1ea5y&nbsp;m\u1edbi ng\u1eebng ch\u1ea3y; v\u00e0&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;c\u0169ng&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;(Arahats). Kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tham d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ch\u1ec9&nbsp;vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn&nbsp;v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia&nbsp;suy lu\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft&nbsp;t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&nbsp;v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i&nbsp;tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n&nbsp;lo\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u00fd lu\u1eadn&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;hay&nbsp;c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u01a1i&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c tin&nbsp;m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean (c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng).&nbsp;Duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9&nbsp;th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5. V\u1edbi&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;trong&nbsp;\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u00edch d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9? B\u1eb1ng c\u1edb&nbsp;gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng&nbsp;v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;do n\u01a1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1ecb lai.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129&nbsp;(Rishis)&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng&nbsp;th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n,&nbsp;thi\u00ean nh\u0129,&nbsp;tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do lu\u1eadt giao c\u1ea3m, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o trong&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, nh\u01b0ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i&nbsp;tia s\u00e1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0&nbsp;si\u00eau linh h\u1ecdc&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3n&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u00e2m linh nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f4i khi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;b\u00ed \u1ea9n&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0i n\u00e0o&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;n\u1ed5i, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 bao l\u1ea7n&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&nbsp;trong tr\u00ed&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;nh\u1edb ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;quen bi\u1ebft&nbsp;h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y? Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n ta vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i (m\u00e0 ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn) nh\u01b0ng ta c\u00f3&nbsp;c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;quen thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: \u201cDo s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;hay&nbsp;l\u1ee3i \u00edch&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed1i&nbsp;t\u00ecnh th\u00e2m&nbsp;th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh sen v\u01b0\u1ee3t&nbsp;l\u00ean m\u1eb7t&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do s\u1ef1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e2m linh&nbsp;h\u1ecdc&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 giao c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi&nbsp;ma qu\u1ef7, c\u00e1c&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;g\u1ecdi h\u1ed3n&nbsp;k\u1ef3 b\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1t nh\u1eadp v.v&#8230; \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf&nbsp;ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc cao si\u00eau, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c&nbsp;nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a&nbsp;b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y&nbsp;th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang) nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u0103ng?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;c\u00e1c v\u0129 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa (40), Panini (41), Kalidasa, Homer (42) v\u00e0 Plato (43); nh\u1eefng&nbsp;thi\u00ean t\u00e0i&nbsp;nh\u01b0 Shakespeare (44), v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 Pascal (45), Mozart (46), Beethoven (47), Raphael, Ramanujan (48) v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;c\u00e1c&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3. \u201cN\u1ebfu trong \u00f4ng b\u00e0,&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9, con ch\u00e1u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3&nbsp;nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, d\u00f9 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n h\u1ecd, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu trong&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1?&nbsp;Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng&nbsp;l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1&nbsp;ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd&nbsp;sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;trong c\u00e1c&nbsp;ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i&nbsp;v\u00e0 (gia \u0111\u00ecnh) c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;v\u00e0i n\u0103m hay nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm l\u00e0 100 n\u0103m m\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;tin c\u00f3&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.&nbsp;Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0&nbsp;cha m\u1eb9&nbsp;c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;th\u00ec&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd&nbsp;do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;s\u1ebd c\u00f2n&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng sau khi ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1ecb lai&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;cho&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;t\u1ea1i sao \u201ctrong \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb&nbsp;gian \u00e1c&nbsp;l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0u sang\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t&nbsp;v\u0103n h\u00e0o&nbsp;T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang ta d\u1ea7u tin c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;hay kh\u00f4ng,&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m tin&nbsp;n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;h\u1ee3p l\u00fd&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7u&nbsp;v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua&nbsp;nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.&nbsp;L\u00fd tr\u00ed&nbsp;gi\u00fap ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;\u00fd ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sanh \u0111\u00f4i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;nh\u01b0 Shakespeare, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;mi\u00eau t\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c&nbsp;m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u&nbsp;bi\u1ebft bao nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;v.v&#8230; m\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c ra&nbsp;\u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; n\u00f3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;t\u1ea1i sao&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc&nbsp;thi\u00ean t\u00e0i&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i&nbsp;h\u1eb3n&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3; n\u00f3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa&nbsp;v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed \u00f3c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c; v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n,&nbsp;t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;xung quanh&nbsp;m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;quan s\u00e1t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;v\u00e0 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o&nbsp;th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m,&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;b\u00e1c b\u1ecf; m\u00e0 n\u00ean&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c&nbsp;hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p B\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 do&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf. Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed, v\u00e0 khi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;th\u00e0nh&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u00ec s\u1ef1&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed&nbsp;(lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i) t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m trong l\u00fd&nbsp;Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>&nbsp;Re-birth&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As long as this Kammic force exists there is re-birth, for beings are merely the visible manifestation of this invisible Kammic force. Death is nothing but the temporary end of this temporary phenomenon. It is not the complete annihilation of this so-called being. The organic life has ceased, but the Kammic force which hitherto actuated it has not been destroyed. As the Kammic force remains entirely undisturbed by the disintegration of the fleeting body, the passing away of the present dying thought- oment only conditions a fresh consciousness in another birth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is Kamma, rooted in ignorance and craving, that conditions rebirth. Past Kamma conditions the present birth; and present Kamma, in combination with past Kamma, conditions the future. The present is the offspring of the past, and becomes, in turn, the parent of the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we postulate a past, present, and a future life, then we are at once faced with the alleged mysterious problem &#8211; &#8220;What is the ultimate origin of life?&#8221; Either there must be a beginning or there cannot be a beginning for life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One school, in attempting to solve the problem, postulates a first cause, God, viewed as a force or as an Almighty Being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another school denies a first cause for, in common experience, the cause ever becomes the effect and the effect becomes&nbsp;the cause. In a circle of cause and effect a first cause is inconceivable. According to the former, life has had a beginning; according to the latter, it is beginningless.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From the scientific standpoint, we are the direct products of the sperm and ovum cells provided by our parents. As such life precedes life. With regard to the origin of the first protoplasm of life, or colloid scientists plead ignorance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Buddhism we are born from the matrix of action (Kammayoni). Parents merely provide an infinitesimal small cell. As such being precedes being. At the moment of conception it is past Kamma that conditions the initial consciousness that vitalizes the foetus. It is this invisible Kammic energy, generated from the past birth that produces mental phenomena and the phenomenon of life in an already extant physical phenomenon, to complete the trio that constitutes man.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a being to be born here a being must die somewhere. The birth of a being, which strictly means the arising of the five aggregates or psycho-physical phenomena in this present life, corresponds to the death of a being in a past life; just as, in conventional terms, the rising of the sun in one place means the setting of the sun in another place. This enigmatic statement may be better understood by imagining life as a wave and not as a straight line. Birth and death are only two phases of the same process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Birth precedes death, and death, on the other hand, precedes birth. This constant succession of birth and death in connection with each individual life flux constitutes what is technically known as Samsara &#8211; recurrent wandering.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is the ultimate origin of life?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha declares: &#8211; &#8220;Without cognizable end is this Samsara. A first beginning of beings, who, obstructed by ignorance and fettered by craving, wander and fare on, is not to be perceived&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This life-stream flows ad infinitum, as long as it is fed by the muddy waters of ignorance and craving. When these two are completely cut off, then only, if one so wishes, does the stream cease to flow; rebirth ends as in the case of the Buddhas and Arahats. An ultimate beginning of this life-stream cannot be determined, as a stage cannot be perceived when this life-force was not fraught with ignorance and craving.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha has here referred merely to the beginning of the life-stream of living beings. It is left to scientists to speculate on the origin and the evolution of the universe. The Buddha does not attempt to solve all the ethical and philosophical problems that perplex mankind. Nor does He deal with theories and speculations that tend neither to edification nor to enlightenment. Nor does He demand blind faith from His adherents anent a First Cause. He is chiefly concerned with the problem of suffering and its destruction.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With but this one practical and specific purpose in view, all irrelevant side issues are completely ignored.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But how are we to believe that there is a past existence?The most valuable evidence Buddhists cite in favour of rebirth is the Buddha, for He developed a knowledge which enabled Him to read past and future lives.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following His instructions, His disciples also developed this knowledge and were able to read their past lives to a great extent.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even some Indian Rishis, before the advent of the Buddha, were distinguished for such psychic powers as clairaudience, clairvoyance, thought-reading, remembering past births, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are also some persons, who, probably in accordance with the laws of association, spontaneously develop the memory of their past birth, and remember fragments of their previous lives. Such cases are very rare, but those few well-attested, respectable cases tend to throw some light on the idea of a past birth. So are the experiences of some modern dependable psychists and strange cases of alternating and multiple personalities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In hypnotic states some relate experiences of their past lives; while a few others, read the past lives of others and even heal diseases.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes we get strange experiences which cannot be explained but by rebirth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How often do we meet persons whom we have never met, and yet instinctively feel that they are quite familiar to us? How often do we visit places, and yet feel impressed that we are perfectly acquainted with those surroundings?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Buddha tells us:- &#8220;Through previous associations or present advantage, that old love springs up again like the lotus in the water&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Experiences of some reliable modern psychists, ghostly phenomena, spirit communications, strange alternating and multiple personalities and so on shed some light upon this problem of rebirth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Into this world come perfect Ones like the Buddhas and highly developed personalities. Do they evolve suddenly? Can they be the products of a single existence?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How are we to account for great characters like Buddhagosa, Panini, Kalidasa, Homer and Plato, men of genius like Shakespeare, infant prodigies like Pascal, Mozart, Beethoven, Raphael, Ramanujan, etc.?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heredity alone cannot account for them. &#8220;Else their ancestry would disclose it, their posterity, even greater than themselves, demonstrate it&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Could they rise to such lofty heights if they had not lived noble lives and gained similar experiences in the past? Is it by mere chance that they are been born of those particular parents and placed under those favourable circumstances?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The few years that we are privileged to spend here, or for the most five score years, must certainly be an inadequate preparation for eternity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If one believes in the present and in the future, it is quite logical to believe in the past. The present is the offspring of the past, and acts in turn as the parent of the future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If there are reasons to believe that we have existed in the past, then surely there are no reasons to disbelieve that we shall continue to exist after our present life has apparently ceased. It is indeed a strong argument in favour of past and future lives that &#8220;in this world virtuous persons are very often unfortunate and vicious persons prosperous&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Western writer says: &#8220;Whether we believe in a past existence or not, it forms the only reasonable hypothesis which bridges certain gaps in human knowledge concerning certain facts of every day life. Our reason tells us that this idea of past birth and Kamma alone can explain the degrees of difference that exist between twins, how men like Shakespeare with a very limited experience are able to portray with marvellous exactitude the most diverse types of human character, scenes and so forth of which they could have no actual knowledge, why the work of the genius invariably transcends his experience, the existence of infant precocity, the vast diversity in mind and morals, in brain and physique, in conditions, circumstances and environment observable throughout the world, and so forth&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be stated that this doctrine of rebirth can neither be proved nor disproved experimentally, but it is accepted as an evidentially verifiable fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cause of this Kamma, continues the Buddha, is avijja or ignorance of the Four Noble Truths. Ignorance is, therefore, the cause of birth and death; and its transmutation into knowingness or vijja is consequently their cessation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The result of this analytical method is summed up in the Paticca Samuppada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u00dd&nbsp;TH\u1eacP&nbsp;NH\u1eca NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN<\/strong> <strong><em>(PATICCA SAMUPP\u00c0DA)&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>L\u00dd&nbsp;TH\u1eacP&nbsp;NH\u1eca NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN<\/strong> <strong><em>(PATICCA SAMUPP\u00c0DA)&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paticca l\u00e0 \u201cdo b\u1edfi\u201d hay \u201ct\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i\u201d; Samupp\u00e0da l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t sanh hay c\u0103n nguy\u00ean\u201d. Cho n\u00ean, Paticca Samupp\u00e0da, theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e1t sanh &#8230; T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c\u201d hay \u201cC\u0103n nguy\u00ean Ph\u00e1t sanh\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed&nbsp;ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au; ch\u1ee9&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a&nbsp;t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 minh&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f2ng&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;V\u00f4 minh&nbsp;l\u00e0m&nbsp;che l\u1ea5p&nbsp;m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&nbsp;ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh&nbsp;(Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1&nbsp;T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh &#8211; g\u1ed3m thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0&nbsp;b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f9 x\u1ea5u hay t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh,&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.&nbsp;Tr\u00e1i&nbsp;l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh l\u00e0&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do n\u01a1i&nbsp;H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee9c&nbsp;T\u00e1i Sanh. N\u00f3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danh S\u1eafc&nbsp;ph\u00e1t sinh&nbsp;c\u00f9ng l\u00fac&nbsp;v\u1edbi Th\u1ee9c&nbsp;T\u00e1i Sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp&nbsp;l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do b\u1edfi&nbsp;L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp&nbsp;ph\u00e1t sanh X\u00fac.&nbsp;X\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u0103m&nbsp;nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean: th\u1ee9c,&nbsp;danh s\u1eafc,&nbsp;l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u1ecd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n&nbsp;ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c&nbsp;(th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng) c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do n\u01a1i&nbsp;Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh \u00c1i, \u00c1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee7. Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ra H\u1eefu v\u00e0 H\u1eefu t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 Sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Sanh l\u00e0&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Suy nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fd&nbsp;Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean&nbsp;theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ta s\u1ebd&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1edf trong v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf&nbsp;c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sanh ra; cho n\u00ean, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh trong \u0111\u00f3. M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sanh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay Nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma)&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t sanh do th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 do \u00c1i. \u00c1i ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sanh khi c\u00f3 Th\u1ecd. V\u00e0 Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac&nbsp;gi\u1eefa&nbsp;l\u1ee5c c\u0103n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n. Cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3&nbsp;l\u1ee5c c\u0103n&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;l\u1ee5c c\u0103n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3&nbsp;n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u00f3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc (t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c). T\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh do Th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m&nbsp;thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c trong&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb&nbsp;V\u00f4 Minh, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To\u00e0n th\u1ec3&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m nh\u01b0 sau:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do&nbsp;V\u00f4 Minh&nbsp;ph\u00e1t sanh H\u00e0nh (thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0&nbsp;b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee9c (Th\u1ee9c&nbsp;T\u00e1i Sanh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do Th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh&nbsp;Danh S\u1eafc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do&nbsp;Danh S\u1eafc&nbsp;ph\u00e1t sanh&nbsp;L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do&nbsp;L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp&nbsp;ph\u00e1t sanh X\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do X\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ecd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh \u00c1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do \u00c1i ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do Th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t&nbsp;sanh H\u1eefu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do H\u1eefu c\u00f3 Sanh.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do Sanh c\u00f3&nbsp;L\u00e3o T\u1eed,&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ai o\u00e1n,&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5,&nbsp;bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p&nbsp;to\u00e0n b\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5. Hai&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean&nbsp;n\u00e0y (V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; t\u00e1m&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;gi\u1eefa thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0 hai&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u1ecb lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;V\u00f4 Minh&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t H\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t H\u00e0nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t Th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t Th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t&nbsp;Danh s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t&nbsp;Danh s\u1eafc&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t&nbsp;L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t&nbsp;L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t X\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t X\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t Th\u1ecd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t Th\u1ecd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn&nbsp;di\u1ec7t \u00c1i.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t \u00c1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t Th\u1ee7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t Th\u1ee7 d\u1eabn d\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t H\u1eefu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t H\u1eefu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t Sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t Sanh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t L\u00e3o, T\u1eed,&nbsp;Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, Ai o\u00e1n,&nbsp;\u0110au kh\u1ed5,&nbsp;Bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;to\u00e0n b\u1ed9&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;g\u00e2y n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn. Kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y kh\u00f3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u00e0n&nbsp;V\u00f4 Minh.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o m\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;th\u00e0nh&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh&nbsp;sinh t\u1eed&nbsp;hay v\u00f2ng&nbsp;Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i&nbsp;(Sams\u00e0ra) m\u1edbi&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>&nbsp;PaticCa samuppda&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paticca&nbsp;means because of, or dependent upon: Samuppada &#8211; &#8220;arising or origination&#8221;. Paticca Samuppada, therefore, literally means &#8211; &#8220;Dependent-Arising&#8221; or &#8220;Dependent Origination&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It must be borne in mind that Paticca Samuppada is only a discourse on the process of birth and death and not a theory of the ultimate origin of life. It deals with the cause of rebirth and suffering, but it does not in the least attempt to show the evolution of the world from primordial matter.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ignorance (Avijja) is the first link or cause of the wheel of life. It clouds all right understanding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on ignorance of the Four Noble Truths arise activities (Sankhara) &#8211; both moral and immoral. The activities whether good or bad rooted in ignorance which must necessarily have their due effects only tend to prolong life&#8217;s wandering. Nevertheless, good actions are essential to get rid of the ills of life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on activities arises re-birth consciousness (Vinnana). This links the past with the present.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simultaneous with the arising of rebirth-consciousness there come into being mind and body (Nama R\u00f9pa).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;The six senses (Salayatana) are the inevitablee consequences of mind and body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because of the six senses contact (Phassa) sets in. Contact leads to feeling (Vedana).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These five, viz., consciousness, mind and matter, six senses, contact and feeling are the effects of past actions and are called the passive side of life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on feelings arises craving (Tanha). Craving results in grasping (Upadana). Grasping is the cause of Kamma (Bhava) which in its turn, conditions future birth (Jati). Birth is the inevitable cause of old age and death (Jara-marana).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If on account of cause effect comes to be, then if the cause ceases, the effect also must cease.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reverse order of the Paticca Samuppada will make the matter clear.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Old age and death are possible in, and with, a psycho-physical organism. Such an organism must be born; therefore it pre-supposes birth. But birth is the invetable result of past deeds of Kamma. Kamma is conditioned by grasping which is due to craving. Such craving can appear only where feeling exists. Feeling is the outcome of contact between the sense and objects. Therefore it presupposes organs of sense which cannot exist&nbsp;without mind and body. Where there is a mind there is consciousness. It is the result of past good and evil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The acquisition of good and evil is due to ignorance of things as they truly are.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The whole formula may be summed up thus: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Ignorance arise Activities (Moral and Immoral).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Activities arises Consciousness (Re-birth Consciousness).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Consciousness arise Mind and Matter.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Mind and Matter arises the six Spheres of Sense.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on the Six Spheres of Sense arises Contact.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Contact arises Feeling.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Feeling arises Craving.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Craving arises Grasping.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Grasping arises Actions (Kamma).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Actions arises Re-birth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependent on Birth arises Decay, Death, Sorrow, Lamentation, Pain, Grief and Despair.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus does the entire aggregate of suffering arise. The first two of these twelve pertain to the past, the middle eight to the present, and the last two to the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The complete cessation of Ignorance leads to the cessation of Activities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Activities leads to the cessation of Consciousness.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Consciousness leads to the cessation of Mind and Matter.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Mind and Matter leads to the cessation of the six Spheres of Sense.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Six Spheres of Sense leads to the cessation of Contact.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Contact leads to the cessation of Feeling.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Feeling leads to the cessation of Craving.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Craving leads to the cessation of Grasping.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Grasping leads to the cessation of Actions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Actions leads to the cessation of Re-birth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cessation of Re-Birth leads to the cessation of&nbsp;Decay, Death, Sorrow, Lamentation, Pain, Grief and Despair.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus does the cessation of this entire aggregate of suffering result.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This process of cause and effect continues ad infinitum. The beginning of this process cannot be determined as it is impossible to say whence this life-flux was encompassed by nescience. But when this nescience is turned into knowledge, and the life-flux is diverted into Nibbanadhatu, then the end of the life process or Samsara comes about.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>V\u00d4 NG\u00c3&nbsp;HAY KH\u00d4NG C\u00d3&nbsp;LINH H\u1ed2N&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong><em>V\u00d4 NG\u00c3&nbsp;HAY KH\u00d4NG C\u00d3&nbsp;LINH H\u1ed2N&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i&nbsp;ta c\u1ea7n&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1&nbsp;chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;hay s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed&nbsp;hay&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u1ebfu&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft&nbsp;nh\u01b0 tinh&nbsp;hoa c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu&nbsp;th\u00ec&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh hay&nbsp;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.&nbsp;Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;t\u1ea1i sao \u201cT\u1eeb&nbsp;l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u,&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;kia\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;\u1edf tr\u00ean&nbsp;thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng&nbsp;v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n&nbsp;v\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;v\u00f4 t\u1eadn&nbsp;d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu&nbsp;t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean&nbsp;tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed.&nbsp;N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb&nbsp;tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c&nbsp;hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01a1i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bertrand Russell vi\u1ebft: \u201cTa ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1&nbsp;ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;c\u0169 k\u1ef9&nbsp;gi\u1eefa&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;ti\u00eau tan&nbsp;b\u1edfi v\u00ec&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t&nbsp;t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafng c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c m\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t&nbsp;t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.&nbsp;T\u00e2m l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u1ecdc \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a khoa&nbsp;t\u00e2m l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m tin&nbsp;v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd&nbsp;v\u1edbi Russell khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cR\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i &#8216;T\u00f4i&#8217; ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 c\u00e1i &#8216;T\u00f4i&#8217; ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i th\u00ec&nbsp;hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean&nbsp;l\u00e0 c\u00e1i &#8216;T\u00f4i&#8217; nghe v\u00e0 c\u00e1i &#8216;T\u00f4i&#8217; th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;nh\u1eefng n\u0103m&nbsp;g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y&nbsp;c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;tin t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch&nbsp;b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. \u201cV\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd l\u1ebd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ph\u00e2n chia&nbsp;h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c&nbsp;nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc&nbsp;kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n&nbsp;m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p&nbsp;v\u1edbi nhau&nbsp;qua nh\u1eefng&nbsp;li\u00ean quan&nbsp;m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft&nbsp;n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng&nbsp;li\u00ean quan&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c th\u00e2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 C.E.M. Joad vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n \u201c\u00dd Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng\u201d (The Meaning of Life): \u201cV\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n&nbsp;v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n do nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf&nbsp;quy \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1eefa\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t\u201d. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed&nbsp;bao g\u1ed3m&nbsp;trong m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p v\u00e0&nbsp;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t&nbsp;l\u1eabn nhau trong khi \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1&nbsp;b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;v\u00e0 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed\u201d.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Berkley b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Hume (49)&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u00e1i Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u00e0 Hume vi\u1ebft: \u201cC\u00f3 v\u00e0i&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed7i ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ta, v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i Ta l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n; v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc th\u1ef1c&#8230;, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u00e2n chia. Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4i, khi t\u00f4i&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac&nbsp;m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft&nbsp;v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8216;T\u00f4i&#8217; th\u00ec t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i&nbsp;c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;nh\u01b0 n\u00f3ng hay l\u1ea1nh, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay gh\u00e9t, bu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c vui. T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i &#8216;T\u00f4i&#8217;&#8230; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i&nbsp;c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c&#8230; c\u0169ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u1ec3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho T\u00f4i&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bergson (50) n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;ch\u1ec9&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;trong&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;sinh ho\u1ea1t. M\u1ed9t&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;t\u00e2m l\u00fd,&nbsp;n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;n\u1eefa.. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng; khi s\u1ef1&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;ng\u01b0ng th\u00ec&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u0169ng ng\u01b0ng,&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 James vi\u1ebft: \u201cCho&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn nay, thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u00f4 \u00edch&nbsp;khi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;c\u00e1c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng minh&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1&nbsp;kinh nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.&nbsp;Cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;nay, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;b\u1ecb b\u1eaft&nbsp;bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;\u1ea5y v\u00ec nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u00fd do&nbsp;khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\u201d.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;th\u00edch th\u00fa&nbsp;n\u00f3i v\u1ec1&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cV\u00e0 trong&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;n\u00e0y,&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p&nbsp;t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi&nbsp;k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Watson (51),&nbsp;nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc&nbsp;tr\u1ee9 danh&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: &#8211; \u201cCh\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai t\u1eebng s\u1edd \u0111\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;hay nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;trong m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, hay b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng&nbsp;va ch\u1ea1m&nbsp;v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean,&nbsp;ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;xem nh\u01b0&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo&nbsp;t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1eddi x\u01b0a&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb r\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m n\u00eau&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>H\u01a1n 2500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;n\u00e0y. Theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed7i ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n &#8211; ph\u00e1t sanh hay kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Ngay khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u1eeba qua giai&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c th\u00ec giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sanh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp&nbsp;l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n ra. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;khi di\u1ec7t, chuy\u1ec3n&nbsp;to\u00e0n b\u1ed9&nbsp;n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c&nbsp;th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn cho ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed7i ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng&nbsp;tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. Ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;theo sau&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 &#8211; b\u1edfi v\u00ec&nbsp;th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi &#8211; m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;(c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Trong m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y (c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Trong d\u00f2ng&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>T\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ta b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ra t\u1eebng kh\u00fac nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u1edbi nhau&nbsp;nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng toa xe l\u1eeda hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i gi\u00e2y x\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u201cn\u00f3&nbsp;tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng,&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn&nbsp;t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;gi\u00e1c quan&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam cho s\u1ef1&nbsp;phong ph\u00fa&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0&nbsp;m\u00e3i m\u00e3i&nbsp;cung c\u1ea5p&nbsp;cho&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;m\u1edbi m\u00e0 n\u00f3&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp thu&nbsp;trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\u201d (52). D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;n\u01a1i c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9&nbsp;ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n&nbsp;n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i&nbsp;cho bi\u1ebft&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t&nbsp;ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1edbp.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1 nhau n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;\u00fd th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;l\u00ean nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 qua m\u00e0 c\u00f2n&nbsp;tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;sau&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t&nbsp;ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;b\u1ecb&nbsp;che l\u1ea5p&nbsp;b\u1edfi m\u00e0n&nbsp;\u1ea3o gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;xa h\u01a1n&nbsp;cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 (Ta),&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;v\u1eeba h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;n\u00e0y.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1edbp t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1&nbsp;k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tia s\u00e1ng&nbsp;n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau qu\u00e1 nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i&nbsp;m\u1eaft tr\u1ea7n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u00ea l\u1ea7m&nbsp;c\u0169ng kh\u00f3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;tia s\u00e1ng&nbsp;r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c \u1ea5y\u201d.&nbsp;Nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n ch\u1ea5m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1eebng ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng trong&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ra sao, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;b\u1edfi ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;trong&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi,&nbsp;n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u00e1i sanh?&nbsp;Th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;c\u1ea3. Khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;trong m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;Silacara \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cD\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111i qua \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;th\u00edch \u1ee9ng&nbsp;v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u00f3&nbsp;v\u1eabn c\u00f3&nbsp;m\u1eb7t.&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;d\u00f9 n\u01a1i con mu\u1ed7i hay con tr\u00f9ng b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn khi\u1ebfn ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng&nbsp;r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Th\u1ea7n&nbsp;hay&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1eb3ng&nbsp;Thi\u00ean S\u1ee9. Khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, d\u00f2ng&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 khi g\u1eb7p&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, Nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i&nbsp;trong m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c&nbsp;hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sanh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;(t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd) \u1ea5y.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh&nbsp;do b\u1edfi&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 do nh\u1eefng&nbsp;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh. Cho n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;n\u00e0y sang ch\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;kh\u00e1c;&nbsp;v\u1eady th\u00ec&nbsp;m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed&nbsp;di chuy\u1ec3n&nbsp;t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp n\u1ecd.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3&nbsp;trong c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a&nbsp;r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3&nbsp;(b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn) th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Danh t\u1eeb&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;l\u00e0 Santana &#8211; m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng hay s\u1ef1&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u1edbi nhau. D\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng hay s\u1ef1&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 do&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9&nbsp;gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0&nbsp;Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u1ec9, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c&nbsp;di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai &#8211; Ch\u00ednh d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng (Nghi\u1ec7p L\u1ef1c) n\u00e0y theo&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cTa\u201d&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu&nbsp;hay \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d&nbsp;b\u1ea5t t\u1eed.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>Anatta or soul-lessness<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This Buddhist doctrine of re-birth should be distinguished from the theory of re-incarnation which implies the transmigration of a soul and its invariable material rebirth. Buddhism denies the existence of an unchanging or eternal soul created by a God or emanating from a Divine Essence (Paramatma).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>If the immortal soul, which is supposed to be the essence of man, is eternal, there cannot be either a rise or a fall. Besides one cannot understand why &#8220;different souls are so variously constituted at the outset&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To prove the existence of endless felicity in an eternal heaven and unending torments in an eternal hell, an immortal soul is absolutely necessary. Otherwise, what is it that is punished in hell or rewarded in heaven?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&#8220;It should be said&#8221;, writes Bertrand Russell, &#8220;that the old distinction between soul and body has evaporated quite as much because &#8216;matter&#8217; has lost its solidity as mind has lost its spirituality. Psychology is just beginning to be scientific. In the present state of psychology belief in immortality can at any rate claim no support from science&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Buddhists do agree with Russell when he says &#8220;there is obviously some reason in which I am the same person as I was yesterday, and, to take an even more obvious example, if I simultaneously see a man and hear him speaking, there is some sense in which the &#8216;I&#8217; that sees is the same as the &#8216;I&#8217; that hears&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Till recently scientists believed in an indivisible and indestructible atom. &#8220;For sufficient reasons physicists have reduced this atom to a series of events. For equally good reasons psychologists find that mind has not the identity of a single continuing thing but is a series of occurrences bound together by certain intimate relations. The question of immortality, therefore, has become the question whether these intimate relations exist between occurrences connected with a living body and other occurrences which&nbsp;take place after that body is dead&#8221;.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>As C.E.M. Joad says in &#8220;The Meaning of Life&#8221;, matter has since disintegrated under our very eyes. It is no longer solid; it is no longer enduring; it is no longer determined by compulsive causal laws; and more important than all, it is no longer known.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The so-called atoms, it seems, are both &#8220;divisible and destructible&#8221;. The electrons and protons that compose atoms &#8220;can meet and annihilate one another while their persistence, such as it is, is rather that of a wave lacking fixed boundaries, and in process of continual change both as regards shape and position than that of a thing&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bishop Berkley who showed that this so-called atom is a metaphysical fiction held that there exists a spiritual substance called the soul.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Hume, for instance, looked into consciousness and perceived that there was nothing except fleeting mental states and concluded that the supposed &#8220;permanent ego&#8221; is non existent.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;There are some philosophers&#8221;, he says, &#8220;who imagine we are every moment conscious of what we call &#8220;ourself&#8221; that we feel its existence and its continuance in existence and so we are certain&#8230;both of its perfect identity&nbsp;and simplicity. For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call &#8220;myself&#8221; I always stumble on some particular perception or other &#8211; of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never catch myself&#8230;and never can observe anything but the perception&#8230;nor do I conceive what is further requisite to make me a perfect non-entity&#8221;.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bergson says, &#8220;All consciousness is time existence; and a conscious state is not a state that endures without changing. It is a change without ceasing; when change ceases it ceases; it is itself nothing but change&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Dealing with this question of soul Prof. James says &#8211; &#8220;The soul-theory is a complete superfluity, so far as accounting for the actually verified facts of conscious experience goes. So far no one can be compelled to subscribe to it for definite scientific reasons&#8221;.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In concluding his interesting chapter on the soul he says: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;And in this book the provisional solution which we have reached must be the final word: the thoughts themselves are the thinkers&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Watson, a distinguished psychologist, states: &#8211; &#8220;No one has ever touched a soul or has seen one in a test tube, or has in any way come into relationship with it as he has with the other objects of his daily experience. Nevertheless to doubt its existence is to become a heretic and once might possibly even had led to the loss of one&#8217;s head. Even today a man holding a public position dare not question it&#8221;.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Buddha anticipated these facts some 2500 years ago.&nbsp;According to Buddhism mind is nothing but a complex compound of fleeting mental states. One unit of consciousness consists of three phases \u2013 arising or genesis (uppada) static or development (thiti), and cessation or dissolution (bhanga). Immediately after the cessation stage of a thought-moment there occurs the genesis stage of the subsequent thought-moment. Each momentary consciousness of this ever-changing life-process, on passing away, transmits its whole energy, all the indelibly recorded impressions to its successor. Every fresh consciousness consists of the potentialities of its predecessors together with something more. There is, therefore, a continuous flow of consciousness like a stream without any interruption. The subsequent thought-moment is neither absolutely the same as its predecessor-since that which goes to make it up is not identical \u2013 nor entirely another-being the same continuity of Kamma energy. Here there is no identical being but there is an identity in process.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Every moment there is birth, every moment there is death. The arising of one thought-moment means the passing away of another thought-moment and vice versa. In the course of one life-time there is momentary rebirth without a soul.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It must not be understood that a consciousness is chopped up in bits and joined together like a train or a chain. But, on the contrary, &#8220;it persistently flows on like a river receiving from the tributary streams of sense constant accretions to its flood, and ever dispensing to the world without it the thought-stuff it has gathered by the way&#8221; (See Compendium of Philosophy &#8211; Introduction p.12). It has birth for its source and death for its mouth. The rapidity of the flow is such that hardly is there any standard whereby it can be measured even approximately. However, it pleases the commentators to say that the time duration of one thought-movement is even less than one-billionth part of the time occupied by a flash of lightning.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Here we find a juxta-position of such fleeting mental states of consciousness opposed to a super-position of such states as some appear to believe. No state once gone ever recurs nor is identical with what goes before. But we worldlings, veiled by the web of illusion, mistake this apparent continuity to be something eternal and go to the extent of introducing an unchanging soul, an Atta, the supposed doer and receptacle of all actions to this ever-changing consciousness.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;The so-called being is like a flash of lightning that is resolved into a succession of sparks that follow upon one another with such rapidity that the human retina cannot perceive them separately, nor can the uninstructed conceive of such succession of separate sparks&#8221;. As the wheel of a cart rests on the ground at one point, so does the being live only for one thought-moment. It is always in the present, and is ever slipping into the irrevocable past. What we shall become is determined by this present thought-moment.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>If there is no soul, what is it that is reborn? one might ask. Well, there is nothing to be re-born. When life ceases the Kammic energy re-materialises itself in another form. As Bhikkhu Silacara says: &#8220;Unseen it passes whithersoever the conditions appropriate to its visible manifestation are present. Here showing itself as a tiny gnat or worm, there making its presence known in the dazzling magnificence of a Deva or an Archangel&#8217;s existence. When one mode of its manifestation ceases it merely passes on, and where subtle circumstances offer, reveals itself afresh in another name or form&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Birth is the arising of the psycho-physical phenomena. Death is merely the temporary end of a temporary phenomenon.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Just as the arising of a physical state is conditioned by a preceding state as its cause, so the appearance of psychophysical phenomena is conditioned by causes anterior to its birth. As the process of one life-span is possible without a permanent entity passing from one thought-moment to another, so a series of life-processes is possible without an immortal soul to transmigrate from one existence to another.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Buddhism does not totally deny the existence of a personality in an empirical sense. It only attempts to show that it does not exist in an ultimate sense. The Buddhist philosophical term for an individual is Santana, i.e., a flux or a continuity. It includes the mental and physical elements as well. The Kammic force of each individual binds the elements together. This uninterrupted flux or continuity of psychophysical phenomenon, which is conditioned by Kamma, and not limited only to the present life, but having its source in the beginningless past and its continuation in the future &#8211; is the Buddhist substitute for the permanent ego or the immortal soul of other religions.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong><em>NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N<\/em><\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed&nbsp;s\u1ebd&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c&nbsp;m\u00e3i&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;khi d\u00f2ng&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&nbsp;ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n,&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Danh t\u1eeb Pali \u201cNibb\u00e0na\u201d&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;hai ph\u1ea7n \u201cNi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cV\u00e0na\u201d. Ni l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh: kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 V\u00e0na c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;hay&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c. \u201cG\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u00ec&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf,&nbsp;xa l\u00eca&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;(V\u00e0na)&#8221;. Theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean,&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham \u0111\u1eafm.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;l\u00f2ng tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1ea1y: \u201cTo\u00e0n&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00e0 l\u1eeda. L\u1eeda g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1ea5y? Ch\u00ednh do c\u00e1c l\u1eeda tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si; l\u1eeda sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, kh\u1ed5, \u0111au,&nbsp;ta th\u00e1n,&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o,&nbsp;bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 nh\u00fam l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1ea5y\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u01b0 v\u00f4&nbsp;hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh&nbsp;s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec anh m\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 trong&nbsp;c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con c\u00e1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi con r\u00f9a, (v\u00e0 con c\u00e1)&nbsp;k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn&nbsp;b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u01b0 v\u00f4, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb&nbsp;n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;(Dhamma) \u201ckh\u00f4ng sanh, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Cho n\u00ean,&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;ham mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Trong&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n&nbsp;hay&nbsp;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Theo&nbsp;kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;th\u00ec&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cH\u1eefu D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n\u201d (Sop\u00e0disena) v\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n\u201d (Anup\u00e0disena). Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u00e1c nhau&nbsp;t\u00f9y theo&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;sau khi ch\u1ebft.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;c\u00e1 th\u1ec3&nbsp;si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u0111ang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa.&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;\u1edf ngay th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma), s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thanh t\u1ef1u.&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;cao si\u00eau m\u00e0&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;t\u1edbi ngay&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;n\u00e0y.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;th\u00e0nh trong&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp sau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;gi\u1eefa&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u0129nh c\u1eedu&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;sau khi ch\u1ebft; ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1&nbsp;h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p&nbsp;v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5ng&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n Linh&nbsp;hay&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;ki\u1ebfp sau. Khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u00e0nh&nbsp;t\u1ef1u ngay trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u00f2n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cH\u1eefu D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n\u201d. L\u00fac m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;sau khi th\u00e2n x\u00e1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n,&nbsp;l\u00fac \u1ea5y&nbsp;g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u01b0&nbsp;thi h\u00e0o&nbsp;Eddwin Arnold (53)&nbsp;di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3:&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 s\u1ef1&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>B\u1ea1n h\u00e3y b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3&nbsp;n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng,&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>B\u1ea1n h\u00e3y n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Theo&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;si\u00eau h\u00ecnh,&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t&nbsp;t\u00e2m l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;di\u1ec7t b\u1ecf&nbsp;t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Tr\u00ean&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c,&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t l\u00f2ng tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;hay kh\u00f4ng sau khi ch\u1ebft?&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: &#8211; \u201cV\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00e2n&nbsp;ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n&nbsp;l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c cao si\u00eau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;bao la. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;n\u1eefa hay c\u0169ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;khi m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t; c\u0169ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;ti\u00eau tan&nbsp;(tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;h\u01b0 v\u00f4) v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Robert Oppenheimer (54) m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia vi\u1ebft:&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cV\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;v\u1ecb tr\u00ed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 n\u1eb1m y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng, ta ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;&#8216;kh\u00f4ng&#8217;; n\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 theo&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng, ta ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;&#8216;kh\u00f4ng&#8217;; n\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng, ta ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;&#8216;kh\u00f4ng&#8217;; n\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3&nbsp;di \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng, ta ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;&#8216;kh\u00f4ng&#8217;.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p&nbsp;nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;sau khi ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;quen thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;theo&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;khoa h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>&nbsp;<strong>Nibbana&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><em><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This process of birth and death continues ad infinitum until this flux is transmuted, so to say, to Nibb\u00e0nadhatu, the ultimate goal of Buddhists.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Pali word Nibb\u00e0na is formed of Ni and V\u00e0na. Ni is a negative particle and V\u00e0na means lusting or craving. \u201cIt is called Nibb\u00e0na, in that it is a departure from the craving which is called V\u00e0na, lusting\u201d. Literally, Nibb\u00e0na means non-attachment.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It may also be defined as the extinction of lust, hatred and ignorance. \u201cThe whole world is in flames\u201d, says the Buddha. \u201cBy what fire is it kindled? By the fire of lust, hatred and ingnorance, by the fire of birth, old age, death, pain, lamentation, sorrow, grief and despair it is kindled\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It should not be understood that Nibb\u00e0na is a state of nothingness or annihilation owing to the fact that we cannot perceive it with our worldly knowledge. One cannot say that there exists no light just because the blind man does not see it. In that well known story, too, the fish arguing with his friend, the turtle, triumphantly concluded that there exists no land.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nibb\u00e0na of the Buddhists is neither a mere nothingness nor a state of annihilation, but what it is no words can adequately express. Nibb\u00e0na is a Dhamma which is \u201cunborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Hence it is eternal (Dhuva), desirable (Subha), and happy (Sukha).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In Nibb\u00e0na nothing is \u201ceternalised\u201d, nor is anything \u201cannihilated\u201d,besides suffering.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>According to the Books references are made to Nibb\u00e0na as Sop\u00e0disesa and Anup\u00e0disesa. These, in fact, are not two kinds of Nibb\u00e0na, but the one single Nibb\u00e0na, receiving its name according to the way it is experienced before and after death.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nibb\u00e0na is not situated in any place nor is it a sort of heaven where a transcendental ego resides. It is a state which is dependent upon this body itself. It is an attainment (Dhamma) which is within the reach of all. Nibb\u00e0na is a supramundane state attainable even in this present life. Buddhism does not state that this ultimate goal could be reached only in a life beyond. Here lies the chief difference between the Buddhist conception of Nibb\u00e0na and the non-Buddhist conception of an eternal heaven attainable only after death or a union with a God or Divine Essence in an after-life. When Nibb\u00e0na is realized in this life with the body remaining, it is called Sop\u00e0disesa Nibb\u00e0na-dh\u00e0tu. When an Arahat attains PariNibb\u00e0na, after the dissolution of his body, without any remainder of physical existence it is called Anup\u00e0disesa Nibb\u00e0na-dh\u00e0tu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;In the words of Sir Edwin Arnold &#8211;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cIf any teach Nirvana is to cease&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Say unto such they lie.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>If any teach Nirvana is to live&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Say unto such they err\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>From a metaphysical standpoint Nibb\u00e0na is deliverance from suffering. From a psychological standpoint Nibb\u00e0na is the eradication of egoism. From an ethical standpoint Nibb\u00e0na is the destruction of lust, hatred and ignorance.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Does the Arahat exist or not after death?&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Buddha replies &#8211; \u201cThe Arahat who has been released from the five aggregates is deep, immeasurable like the mighty ocean. To say that he is reborn would not fit the case. To say that he is neither reborn nor not reborn would not fit the case\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>One cannot say that an Arahat is reborn as all passions that condition rebirth are eradicated; nor can one say that the Arahat is annihilated for there is nothing to annihilate.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Robert Oppenheimer, a scientist, writes: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cIf we ask, for instance, whether the position of the electron remains the same, we must say \u201cno\u201d; if we ask whether the electron&#8217;s position changes with time, we must say \u201cno\u201d; if we ask whether the electron is at rest, we must say \u201cno\u201d; if we ask whether it is in motion, we must say \u201cno\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cThe Buddha has given such answers when interrogated as to the conditions of man&#8217;s self after death; but they are not familiar answers from the tradition of the 17th and 18th century science\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG&nbsp;D\u1eaaN \u0110\u1ebeN&nbsp;NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong><em>CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG&nbsp;D\u1eaaN \u0110\u1ebeN&nbsp;NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N<\/em><\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;(Nibb\u00e0na)?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn,&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy,&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef,&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng,&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p,&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n,&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0&nbsp;Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecbnh.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Trung \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong&nbsp;b\u00e0i k\u1ec7&nbsp;d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cCh\u1edb l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u00ean l\u00e0m&nbsp;vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u00fd&nbsp;trong s\u1ea1ch&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u1ea4y, l\u1eddi ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0&nbsp;b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;ti\u00ean d\u1eabn t\u1edbi&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0 g\u00e2y&nbsp;th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9&nbsp;ch\u00fang sanh&nbsp;n\u00e0o,&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;n\u00ean c\u00f3&nbsp;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;x\u00f3t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ngay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111ang b\u00f2 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt&nbsp;trong&nbsp;m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;c\u01b0 x\u1eed.&nbsp;Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;trong s\u1ea1ch. Kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c.&nbsp;Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba&nbsp;s\u1ef1 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u nguy h\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e2m tr\u00ed&nbsp;xao l\u00e3ng,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;n\u00ean&nbsp;ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc&nbsp;s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;tu h\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111i tr\u00ean&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.&nbsp;Vi ph\u1ea1m&nbsp;c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng duy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn tu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.&nbsp;Th\u1ecd tr\u00ec&nbsp;c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1&nbsp;v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9&nbsp;thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i&nbsp;tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, khi&nbsp;gi\u1eef g\u00ecn&nbsp;l\u1eddi n\u00f3i&nbsp;v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;xa h\u01a1n&nbsp;trong vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t&nbsp;l\u1ee5c c\u0103n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Khi&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc&nbsp;trong vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0&nbsp;l\u1ee5c c\u0103n,&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;tinh t\u1ea5n&nbsp;n\u00e0y&nbsp;th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;tu h\u00e0nh. R\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u00e3 s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201c\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;t\u1ea1i gia&nbsp;l\u00e0 s\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;tranh ch\u1ea5p,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3&nbsp;v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;L\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;m\u00ecnh&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tu s\u0129&nbsp;(T\u1ef3 Kheo), ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u1ea9n d\u1eadt&nbsp;m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo&nbsp;h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean gi\u00fap nhi\u1ec1u cho s\u1ef1&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u01b0 s\u0129&nbsp;v\u1eabn c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;(55). Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 ba,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u01b0 s\u0129&nbsp;s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng&nbsp;v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc&nbsp;tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;cao h\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m&nbsp;ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0 tu s\u1eeda t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh , giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 gi\u1eef&nbsp;t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5&nbsp;v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng cho t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c,&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;suy ngh\u0129&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c&nbsp;tham thi\u1ec1n&nbsp;kh\u00e1c nhau,&nbsp;t\u00f9y theo&nbsp;t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i&nbsp;c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.&nbsp;S\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n&nbsp;(\u0111\u1ebfm&nbsp;h\u01a1i th\u1edf) l\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n&nbsp;d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho&nbsp;t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh.&nbsp;T\u1eeb bi qu\u00e1n&nbsp;r\u1ea5t&nbsp;l\u1ee3i \u00edch&nbsp;v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o cho&nbsp;t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3&nbsp;an l\u1ea1c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Qu\u00e1n&nbsp;t\u1ee9 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m&nbsp;&#8211; T\u1eeb, Bi, H\u1ef7 v\u00e0 X\u1ea3 l\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sau khi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;quan s\u00e1t&nbsp;th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c&nbsp;tham thi\u1ec1n,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i&nbsp;th\u00edch h\u1ee3p&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi&nbsp;t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng&nbsp;ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn&nbsp;t\u1eadp trung&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;khi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n toan say m\u00ea v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u00edch th\u00fa&nbsp;v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e2m tr\u00ed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;L\u00fac \u1ea5y&nbsp;t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;(ng\u0169 c\u00e1i) nh\u01b0&nbsp;tham d\u1ee5c,&nbsp;s\u00e2n nhu\u1ebf&nbsp;(gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn),&nbsp;th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean&nbsp;(bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c, m\u00ea ng\u1ee7),&nbsp;tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i&nbsp;(xao \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;n\u01a1i t\u00e2m) v\u00e0&nbsp;nghi ng\u1edd&nbsp;(ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p). Nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;, khi&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e2m&nbsp;nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd&nbsp;c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m&nbsp;h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c&nbsp;v\u00f4 bi\u00ean&nbsp;trong&nbsp;Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecbnh,&nbsp;th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e2m&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;an tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;n\u0103m ph\u00e9p&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n Th\u00f4ng:&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e3n Th\u00f4ng,&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Nh\u0129 Th\u00f4ng,&nbsp;T\u00fac M\u1ea1ng Th\u00f4ng,&nbsp;Tha T\u00e2m Th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0&nbsp;Th\u1ea7n T\u00fac Th\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 cho r\u1eafng c\u00e1c&nbsp;th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9&nbsp;t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh&nbsp;gi\u1ea3&nbsp;l\u00fac \u1ea5y&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;thanh t\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n&nbsp;ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n&nbsp;n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;ham th\u00edch&nbsp;l\u1ea1c th\u00fa, v\u00ec nh\u1edd&nbsp;thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng&nbsp;d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng&nbsp;t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;kh\u1edfi&nbsp;tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i&nbsp;n\u01a1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>C\u1ea3 hai Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1eefu \u00edch trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng duy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3&nbsp;Tu\u1ec7 Minh&nbsp;S\u00e1t m\u1edbi gi\u00fap&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang&nbsp;nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb&nbsp;h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u1edbi&nbsp;t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5&nbsp;v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 lau ch\u00f9i,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;quan s\u00e1t&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o n\u01a1i n\u00e0o,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh&nbsp;Ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n&nbsp;(56) &#8211;&nbsp;V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0&nbsp;V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean&nbsp;n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.&nbsp;H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u1edf&nbsp;c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi&nbsp;hay&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i g\u00ec&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;\u0111au kh\u1ed5&nbsp;v\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o s\u1ef1&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au&nbsp;chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf&nbsp;th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Trong ba&nbsp;Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n&nbsp;n\u00e0y,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1i n\u00e0o&nbsp;th\u00edch h\u1ee3p&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0&nbsp;chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m&nbsp;khai tri\u1ec3n&nbsp;Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c&nbsp;theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u1ea5y&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y&nbsp;r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1&nbsp;huy ho\u00e0ng, ng\u00e0y m\u00e0&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba&nbsp;Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o:&nbsp;Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn, Nghi v\u00e0&nbsp;Gi\u1edbi C\u1ea5m Th\u1ee7 Ki\u1ebfn.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;n\u00e0y,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;Tu \u0110\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n&nbsp;(57) &#8211; l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a&nbsp;\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft c\u00e1c&nbsp;Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Do&nbsp;th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1edbi tho\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng,&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9&nbsp;nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0&nbsp;tu luy\u1ec7n&nbsp;Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c&nbsp;s\u00e2u xa&nbsp;h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb&nbsp;T\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 H\u00e0m&nbsp;(58) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m&nbsp;suy gi\u1ea3m&nbsp;th\u00eam hai&nbsp;Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o&nbsp;(Fetters) n\u1eefa l\u00e0&nbsp;Tham D\u1ee5c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;S\u00e2n Nhu\u1ebf.&nbsp;H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;T\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 H\u00e0m&nbsp;v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp n\u1eefa,&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;n\u1ebfu&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;ch\u01b0a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ebfn khi&nbsp;th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 ba hay&nbsp;A Na H\u00e0m&nbsp;(59),&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;m\u1edbi t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;hai&nbsp;Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o&nbsp;n\u00f3i&nbsp;tr\u00ean. K\u1ebb t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00e1c c\u1ecfi tr\u1eddi&nbsp;d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi&nbsp;n\u1eefa v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n&nbsp;ham mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui&nbsp;d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c. Sau khi&nbsp;di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9,&nbsp;h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3&nbsp;s\u1ebd&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;c\u00f5i T\u1ecbnh&nbsp;C\u01b0 Thi\u00ean (Suddhavasa), m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh&nbsp;tr\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean&nbsp;(Brahma)&nbsp;th\u00edch h\u1ee3p&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;khi Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>B\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u01a1n b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u1edfi&nbsp;th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3&nbsp;phi th\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng,&nbsp;quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;v\u00e1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng&nbsp;Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o&nbsp;c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Tham&nbsp;S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi, Tham&nbsp;V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi, M\u1ea1n,&nbsp;Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee7 Ki\u1ebfn&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;V\u00f4 Minh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n-\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xong,&nbsp;g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1u&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n&nbsp;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;vi\u00ean m\u00e3n&nbsp;th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nht r\u1eddi, d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi&nbsp;tham d\u1ee5c&nbsp;phii\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0&nbsp;\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n&nbsp;(Nibb\u00e0na) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;th\u1eddi&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9&nbsp;ngu\u1ed3n vui qua nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng sau \u0111\u00e2y:&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cThi\u1ec7n \u00fd v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;ph\u00e1t sinh do c\u00e1i t\u00e2m&nbsp;tu luy\u1ec7n,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng&nbsp;tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb hay gi\u00e0u sang\u201d<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc T.H. Huxley (60) \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf: &#8211; \u201cPh\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&nbsp;theo&nbsp;\u00fd ngh\u0129a&nbsp;t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;n\u01a1i&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 coi&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m tin&nbsp;v\u00e0o s\u1ef1&nbsp;b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn&nbsp;nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u&nbsp;sai l\u1ea7m.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf&nbsp;hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eebng n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1&nbsp;tinh t\u1ea5n&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, trong s\u1ef1&nbsp;tinh khi\u1ebft&nbsp;nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi&nbsp;ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd mong c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap t\u1eeb b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng&nbsp;k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;\u01b0u th\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>&nbsp;T<strong>he path to nibb\u00e0na<\/strong><\/em><em><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>How is Nibb\u00e0na to be attained?&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It is by following the Noble Eight-fold Path which consists of Right Understanding (Samm\u00e0-Ditthi), Right Thoughts (Samm\u00e0-Sankappa), Right Speech (Samm\u00e0-V\u00e0c\u00e0), Right Actions (Samm\u00e0-Kammanta), Right Livelihood (Samm\u00e0-\u00c0jiva), Right Effort (Samm\u00e0-V\u00e0y\u00e0ma), Right Mindfulness (Samm\u00e0-Sati) and Right Concentration (Samm\u00e0-Sam\u00e0dhi).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This unique Path constitutes Morality (Sila), Concentration (Sam\u00e0dhi),and Wisdom (Pann\u00e0).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Buddha summarises His Middle Way in the following beautiful little verse: &#8211;&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To refrain from all evil,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To do what is good,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To cleanse one&#8217;s mind,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This is the advice of all Buddhas.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Morality (Sila) is the first stage on this path to Nibb\u00e0na.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Without killing or causing injury to any living creature, he should be kind and compassionate towards all, even to the tiniest creature that crawls at his feet. Refraining from stealing, he should be upright and honest in all his dealings. Abstaining from sexual misconduct which debases the exalted nature of man, he should be pure. Shunning false speech, he should be truthful. Avoiding pernicious drinks that promote heedlessness, he should be sober and diligent.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>These elementary principles of regulated behaviour are essential to one who treads the path to Nibb\u00e0na. Violation of them means the introduction of obstacles on the path which will obstruct his moral progress. Observance of them means steady and smooth progress along the path.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The spiritual pilgrim, disciplining thus his words and deeds, may advance a step further and try to control his senses.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>While he progresses slowly and steadily with regulated word and deed and restrained senses, the Kammic force of this striving aspirant may compel him to renounce worldly pleasures and adopt the ascetic life. To him then comes the idea that&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cA den of strife is household life,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;And filled with toil and need;&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;But free and high as the open sky&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Is the life the homeless lead\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It should not be understood that everyone is expected to lead the life of a Bhikkhu or a celibate life to achieve one&#8217;s goal. One&#8217;s spiritual progress is expedited by being a Bhikkhu although as a lay follower one can become an Arahat. After attaining the third stage of Sainthood, one leads a life of celibacy.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Securing a firm footing on the ground of morality, the progressing pilgrim then embarks upon the higher practice of Sam\u00e0dhi, the control and culture of the mind &#8211; the second stage on this Path.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sam\u00e0dhi- is the \u201cone-pointedness of the mind\u201d. It is the concentration of the mind on one object to the entire exclusion of all irrelevant matter.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>There are different subjects for meditation according to the temperaments of the individuals. Concentration on respiration is the easiest to gain the one-pointedness of the mind. Meditation on loving-kindness is very beneficial as it is conducive to mental peace and happiness.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Cultivation of the four sublime states &#8211; loving-kindness (Mett\u00e0), compassion (Karun\u00e0), sympathetic joy (Mudit\u00e0), and equanimity (Upekkh\u00e0) is highly commendable.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>After giving careful consideration to the subject for contemplation, he should choose the one most suited to his temperament. This being satisfactorily settled, he makes a persistent effort to focus his mind until he becomes so wholly absorbed and interested in it, that all other thoughts get ipso facto excluded from the mind. The five hindrances to progress &#8211; namely, sense-desire, hatred, sloth and torpor, restlessness and brooding and doubts are then temporarily inhibited. Eventually he gains ecstatic concentration and, to his indescribable joy, becomes enwrapt in Jhana, enjoying the calmness and serenity of a one-pointed-mind.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>When one gains this perfect one-pointedness of the mind it is possible for one to develop the five Supernormal Powers (Abhinn\u00e0): Divine Eye, (Dibbacakkhu), Divine Ear (Dibbasota), Reminiscence of past births (Pubbeniv\u00e0s\u00e0nussati Nana), Thought Reading (Paracitta Vij\u00e0nana), and different Psychic Powers (Iddhividha). It must not be understood that those supernormal powers are essential for Sainthood.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Though the mind is now purified there still lies dormant in him the tendency to give vent to his passions, for, by concentration, passions are lulled to sleep temporarily. They may rise to the surface at unexpected moments.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Both Discipline and Concentration are helpful to clear the Path of its obstacles but it is Insight (Vipassan\u00e0 Pann\u00e0) alone which enables one to see things as they truly are, and consequently reach the ultimate goal by completely annihilating the passions inhibited by Sama\u00e0dhi. This is the third and the final stage on the Path to Nibb\u00e0na.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>With his one-pointed mind which now resembles a polished mirror he looks at the world to get a correct view of life. Wherever he turns his eyes he sees nought but the Three Characteristics &#8211; Anicca (transiency),&nbsp;Dukkha (sorrow) and Anatta (soul-lessness) standing out in bold relief. He comprehends that life is constantly changing and all conditioned things are transient. Neither in heaven nor on earth does he find any genuine happiness, for every form of pleasure is a prelude to pain. What is transient is therefore painful, and where change and sorrow prevail, there cannot be a permanent immortal soul.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Whereupon, of these three characteristics, he chooses on that appeals to him most and intently keeps on developing Insight in that particular direction until that glorious day comes to him when he would realize Nibb\u00e0na for the first time in his life, having destroyed the three Fetters-self-illusion (Sak\u00e0ya-ditthi), doubts (Vicikicch\u00e0), indulgence in (wrongful) rites and ceremonies (Silabbatapar\u00e0m\u00e0sa).&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>At this stage he is called a Sot\u00e0panna (Stream-Winner) &#8211; one who has entered the stream that leads to Nibbana. As he has not eradicated all Fetters he is reborn seven times at the most.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Summoning up fresh courage, as a result of this glimpse of Nibb\u00e0na, the Aryan Pilgrim makes rapid progress and cultivation deeper Insight becomes a Sakad\u00e0g\u00e0mi &#8211; (Once Returner) &#8211; by weakening two more Fetter &#8211; namely, Sense-desire (K\u00e0mar\u00e0ga) and ill-will (Patigha). He is called Sakadagami because he is reborn on earth only once in case he does no attain Arahatship.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;It is in the third stage of Sainthood &#8211; An\u00e0g\u00e0mi (Never-Returner) that he completely discards the aforesaid two Fetters. Thereafter, he neither returns to this world nor does he seek birth in the celestial realms, since he has no more desire for sensual pleasures. After death he is reborn in the \u201cPure Abodes\u201d (Suddh\u00e0v\u00e0sa), a congenial Brahma plane, till he attains Arahatship.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Now the saintly pilgrim, encouraged by the unprecedented success of his endeavours, makes his final advance and destroying the remaining Fetters, namely, lust after life in Realms of Forms (Rup\u00e0r\u00e0ga) and Formless Realms (Arupar\u00e0ga), conceit (M\u00e0na), restlessness (Uddhacca), and ignorance (Avijj\u00e0) becomes a perfect Saint &#8211; an Arahat, a Worthy One.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Instantly he realizes that what was to be accomplished has been done, that a heavy burden of sorrow has been relinquished, that all forms of attachment have been totally annihilated, and that the Path to Nibb\u00e0na has been trodden. The Worthy-One now stands on heights more than celestial, far removed from the rebellious passions and defilements of the world, realizing the unutterable bliss of Nibb\u00e0na and like many an Arahat of old, uttering that paeon of joy:-&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cGoodwill and wisdom, mind by method trained,&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The highest conduct on good morals based,<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This maketh mortals pure, not rank or wealth\u201d.&nbsp;<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;As T.H. Huxley states &#8211; \u201cBuddhism is a system which knows no God in the western sense, which denies a soul to man, which counts the belief in immortality a blunder, which refuses any efficacy to prayer and sacrifice, which bids men look to nothing but their own efforts for salvation, which in its original purity knew nothing of vows of obedience and never sought the aid of the secular arm: yet spread over a considerable moiety of the world with marvellous rapidity &#8211; and is still the dominant creed of a large fraction of mankind.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH C\u1ee6A D\u1ecaCH GI\u1ea2&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u1ec1&nbsp;ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft&nbsp;t\u1eaft d\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, P l\u00e0 Pali (ti\u1ebfng Ba L\u1ef5); S l\u00e0 Sanskrit (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n) v\u00e0 Jap. l\u00e0 Japanese (Nh\u1eadt Ng\u1eef).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>1.&nbsp;TH\u00cdCH CA: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Sakiya (ti\u1ebfng Ba L\u1ef5). Sakya (Ph\u1ea1n) Shaka (Nh\u1eadt). T\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;Ca T\u1ef3 La V\u1ec7&nbsp;(Ba L\u1ef5: Kapilavatthu)&nbsp;ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, (nay l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Nepal) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>2. NEPAL: V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n nam \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u g\u1ea7n n\u00fai&nbsp;Hy M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p S\u01a1n&nbsp;(Himalayas) \u1edf v\u00f9ng&nbsp;bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4: Kathmandu&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>3. V\u00cdT-NU: Ti\u1ebfng Hin-\u0111i (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) l\u00e0 Vishnu. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t trong ba v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;(Hinduism); hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kia l\u00e0&nbsp;Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean&nbsp;(Brahma) v\u00e0 Si-Va (Shiva).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>4. SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN: Sinh ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1888 t\u1ea1i Tiruttani, ti\u1ec3u bang Andhra Pradesh (\u0111\u00f4ng nam&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). L\u00e0&nbsp;nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o&nbsp;d\u1ee5c ki\u00eam ch\u00ednh&nbsp;tr\u1ecb gia&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y tri\u1ebft t\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Calcutta,&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1921 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1931; gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Oxford (Anh Qu\u1ed1c) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1936 \u0111\u1ebfn 1952. \u00d4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Delhi (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) n\u0103m 1953 \u0111\u1ebfn 1962; v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1962 \u0111\u1ebfn 1967. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Madras (mi\u1ec1n nam \u1ea4n) ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, 2 cu\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1923-1927; Tri\u1ebft L\u00fd&nbsp;\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1924;&nbsp;T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;in n\u0103m 1939 v..v..<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>5. HERBERT GEORGE WELLS: Sinh n\u0103m 1866, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1946. L\u00e0 s\u1eed gia, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch&nbsp;x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u0103m 1893 \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m k\u00fd gi\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n khoa&nbsp;h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3&nbsp;t\u01b0\u1edfng: M\u00e1y&nbsp;Th\u1eddi Gian&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1895;&nbsp;Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;V\u00f4 H\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1897. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0&nbsp;L\u1ecbch S\u1eed&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i C\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1920.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>6.&nbsp;A LA H\u00c1N: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Arahat (Ba L\u1ef5), Arhat (Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef) hay Arakan (ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt). L\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb&nbsp;h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c,&nbsp;phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi&nbsp;sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>7.&nbsp;A NAN \u0110\u00c0: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Ananda (Ba L\u1ef5 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1n) hay Anan (Nh\u1eadt).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;A Nan&nbsp;hay&nbsp;A Nan \u0110\u00e0,&nbsp;b\u00e0 con&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;l\u00e0 v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;theo h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn (l\u00e0m th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3)&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n&nbsp;trong h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3&nbsp;tr\u00ed nh\u1edb&nbsp;si\u00eau ph\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng) nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p&nbsp;th\u00e0nh Kinh&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng sau khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t,&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;A Nan&nbsp;m\u1edbi&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9&nbsp;(\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>8. \u01afU B\u00c0 L\u1ef4: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Up\u00e0li (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 Ba L\u1ef5) hay Upari (Nh\u1eadt).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u01afu B\u00e0 L\u1ef5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean&nbsp;l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 c\u1ea1o, v\u1ec1 sau&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;\u0111i tu, v\u00e0&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam&nbsp;tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi&nbsp;lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>9. VATTAG\u00c0MANI ABHAYA: Vua tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan&nbsp;v\u00e0o n\u0103m 100 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Theo&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan&nbsp;(Mahavamsa), \u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Tamil (t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n nam&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) qua x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i v\u00e0&nbsp;chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng&nbsp;th\u00e0nh Anur\u00e0dhapura (c\u1ef1u kinh&nbsp;\u0111\u00f4&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan) trong 14 n\u0103m. V\u1ec1 sau, vua Vattag\u00e0mani \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i giang s\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u1edf&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>10.&nbsp;T\u0102NG GI\u00c0: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Sangha (Ba L\u1ef5 v\u00e0&nbsp;Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef) hay Sogya (Nh\u1eadt). \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u1ec9&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia, m\u1ed9t&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o \u0110o\u00e0n&nbsp;do&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c&nbsp;ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng.&nbsp;T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0&nbsp;chi\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 ba trong&nbsp;Tam B\u1ea3o, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c&nbsp;gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;v\u00e0o th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>11.&nbsp;T\u1ef2 KHEO: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Bhikkhu (Ba L\u1ef5); Bhiksu (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Biku (Nh\u1eadt) c\u00f3&nbsp;ngh\u0129a \u0111en&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1ea5t s\u0129\u201d. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129&nbsp;h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia,&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;m\u1ecdi&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian, s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1eadt&nbsp;b\u1ed1 th\u00ed&nbsp;c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;t\u1ea1i gia; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;th\u1ecd tr\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7&nbsp;gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng theo l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>12.&nbsp;T\u1ef2 KHEO NI: Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Bhikkhuni (Ba L\u1ef5); Bhiksuni (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Bikuni (Nh\u1eadt). L\u00e0 n\u1eef&nbsp;tu h\u00e0nh&nbsp;kh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;Ni C\u00f4; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gia nh\u1eadp&nbsp;gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ecd tr\u00ec&nbsp;c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>13.&nbsp;X\u00c1 L\u1ee2I PH\u1ea4T: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef S\u00e0riputta (Ba L\u1ef5); S\u00e0riputra (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Sharihotsu (Nh\u1eadt). L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n&nbsp;v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i&nbsp;vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch&nbsp;trong khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>14.&nbsp;M\u1ee4C KI\u1ec0N LI\u00caN: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Moggall\u00e0na (Ba L\u1ef5); Maudgaly\u00e0yana (Ph\u1ea1n), hay Mokkenren (Nh\u1eadt).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9ng&nbsp;h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai trong s\u1ed1&nbsp;m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;theo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;theo&nbsp;l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p&nbsp;th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0i b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n&nbsp;s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n&nbsp;vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>15. AUTHUR SCHOPENHAUER:&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, sinh n\u0103m 1788 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1860. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u00fd ch\u00ed&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;bi quan&nbsp;y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf. T\u00e1c ph\u1eabm ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201cTh\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u00dd Ch\u00ed&nbsp;v\u00e0 T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1819.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>16. BARUCH SPINOZA:&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan, sinh n\u0103m 1632, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1677. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Descartes (1596-1650) v\u00e0&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 cao thuy\u1ebft phi\u1ebfm th\u1ea7n&nbsp;d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean&nbsp;l\u00fd tr\u00ed. T\u00e1c ph\u1eabm&nbsp;danh ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;H\u1ecdc, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1677.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>17. GEORGE BERKELEY: Sinh n\u0103m 1685, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1753. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 Nh\u0129 Lan; gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean&nbsp;m\u00f4n Th\u1ea7n&nbsp;H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Dublin n\u0103m 1721-1724. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u00e0&nbsp;duy t\u00e2m&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9a. T\u00e1c ph\u1eabm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3:&nbsp;H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;m\u1edbi v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u1ea2o T\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1709 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Ph\u00e2nTich xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1734.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>18. DAVID HUNE: Sinh n\u0103m 1711, t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1776. tri\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan, ch\u1ee7&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;ho\u00e0i nghi. B\u00fat gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Lu\u1eadn \u00c1n&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;B\u1ea3n Ch\u1ea5t Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1739-1740 v\u00e0&nbsp;L\u1ecbch S\u1eed&nbsp;Anh Qu\u1ed1c,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1754-1762 v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>19. HENRI LOUIS BERGSON:&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, sinh n\u0103m 1859, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1941. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;c\u00f3&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong&nbsp;th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900-1921.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Bergson&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:&nbsp;V\u1eadt Ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Tr\u00ed Nh\u1edb,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1896;&nbsp;Si\u00eau H\u00ecnh H\u1ecdc&nbsp;Nh\u1eadp M\u00f4n, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1903; S\u1ef1&nbsp;Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o, n\u0103m 1907. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1&nbsp;v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;n\u0103m 1928.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>20. WILLIAM JAMES: Sanh n\u0103m 1842, qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1910,&nbsp;nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa K\u1ef3. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 m\u00f4n&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&nbsp;t\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Harvard (Cambridge) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1881. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9a. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 b\u00fat gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a&nbsp;T\u00e2m L\u00fd&nbsp;H\u1ecdc, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1980; Ngh\u1ec9a L\u00fd c\u1ee7a&nbsp;S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1909 v\u00e0 M\u1ed9t V\u00e0i&nbsp;V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1911.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>21.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ee8C&nbsp;SILACARA:&nbsp;T\u1ee5c danh&nbsp;l\u00e0 J.P. Mc Kechnie.&nbsp;Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0&nbsp;ti\u00ean phong&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Sinh n\u0103m 1871 t\u1ea1i Hull (mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh) r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng qua sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng sang&nbsp;tu h\u1ecdc&nbsp;t\u1ea1i Rangoon (Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u00ean). N\u0103m 1906, \u00f4ng&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda&nbsp;U. Kumara \u1edf ch\u00f9a Kyundagon. N\u0103m 1925, v\u00ec&nbsp;s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe&nbsp;y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m,&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;Silacara&nbsp;ho\u00e0n t\u1ee5c,&nbsp;tr\u1edf v\u1ec1&nbsp;Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea9n tu t\u1ea1i Bury (t\u00e2y b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh)cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;ng\u00e0y \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1951. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1eabm c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:&nbsp;T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf,&nbsp;B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u00e0&nbsp;Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb&nbsp;v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>22.&nbsp;NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Nibbaba (Ba L\u1ef5), Nirvana (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n) hay Nehan (Nh\u1eadt). C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eadp t\u1eafc,&nbsp;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t,&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;kh\u1ecfi&nbsp;sanh t\u1eed&nbsp;v\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda&nbsp;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c&nbsp;sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;c\u0169ng&nbsp;ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;n\u00e0y th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n&nbsp;hay b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9&nbsp;(mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u1ecf th\u00eam v\u1ec1&nbsp;ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, xin \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 \u1edf sau).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>23. ALDOUS LENARD HUXLEY: Sanh n\u0103m 1894, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1963. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1eabm ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:&nbsp;Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi&nbsp;M\u1edbi L\u1ed9ng L\u1eaby,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1932; Tri\u1ebft L\u00fd&nbsp;V\u0129nh C\u1eefu&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng C\u1eeda Ng\u00f5 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Tri Gi\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1954.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>24. BERTRAND A.W. RUSSELL: Sinh n\u0103m 1872, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1970. Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;Anh Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1918 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00f9 v\u00ec&nbsp;l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;tranh \u0111\u1ea5u&nbsp;cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng&nbsp;tham gia&nbsp;phong tr\u00e0o&nbsp;ch\u1ed1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh&nbsp;Vi\u1ec7t Nam&nbsp;. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i&nbsp;v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;Nobel n\u0103m 1950. L\u00e0 b\u00fat gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1eabm: Tri\u1ebft L\u00fd To\u00e1n H\u1ecdc&nbsp;Nh\u1eadp M\u00f4n,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1919;&nbsp;H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Lu\u00e2n L\u00fd, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1929, v\u00e0&nbsp;T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc&nbsp;S\u1eed, in n\u0103m 1945.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>25. HYPATIA: Sinh n\u0103m 370. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1eef&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc&nbsp;danh ti\u1ebfng. B\u00e0 d\u1ea1y t\u00e2n&nbsp;tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;Platon t\u1ea1i Alexandria (Ai C\u1eadp). B\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng theo&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 415 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c&nbsp;n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n&nbsp;b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Alexandria.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>26. GIORDANO BRUNO: Sinh n\u0103m 1548, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1600. L\u00e0 nh\u00e0&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5&nbsp;h\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;\u00dd \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i&nbsp;theo thuy\u1ebft phi\u1ebfm th\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;Thi\u00ean V\u0103n&nbsp;H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Copernicus (1473-1543). \u00d4ng b\u1ecb t\u00f2a \u00e1n&nbsp;D\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1eaft t\u00f9 n\u0103m 1592 (v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i&nbsp;La M\u00e3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean d\u00e0n&nbsp;h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y 17-02-1600. Bruno \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;ca t\u1ee5ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0&nbsp;anh h\u00f9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft cho n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>27. SIHA (ti\u1ebfng Ba L\u1ef5): V\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh&nbsp;T\u1ef3 X\u00e1 Ly&nbsp;(th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Vajjis th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00d4ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0&nbsp;Ni Ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng sau \u00f4ng theo l\u00e0m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;28.&nbsp;NI KI\u1ec0N T\u1eec:Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn ch\u1eef Nigantha N\u00e0taputta (Ba L\u1ef5); Nirgrantha-Jn\u00e0tiputra (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Nikenshi (Nh\u1eadt). \u00d4ng sinh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, c\u00f3&nbsp;t\u00ean th\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0 Vardhamana. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u&nbsp;l\u1ee5c s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;v\u00e0 l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7,&nbsp;s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;K\u1ef3 Na&nbsp;th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;29.&nbsp;\u01afU B\u00c0 LY:&nbsp;Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 8 \u1edf tr\u00ean.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>30. TU NI \u0110\u00c0: Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Sunitta (Ba L\u1ef5). L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1&nbsp;(kinh \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;Ma Ki\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0, m\u1ed9t trong 16 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u1eddi x\u01b0a). Ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Tu Ni \u0110\u00e0 \u0111ang qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ea5y Ng\u00e0i&nbsp;t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n&nbsp;\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2m s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ee9ng&nbsp;d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o&nbsp;v\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;li\u1ec1n h\u1ecfi con c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;l\u00e0m&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ? Tu Ni \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ecf v\u1ebb&nbsp;vui m\u1eebng,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;b\u00e8n d\u1eaft \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00f9a d\u1ea1y cho&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;tu thi\u1ec1n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>31.&nbsp;\u01af\u01a0NG QU\u1eacT MA LA: Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Angulim\u00e0la (Ba L\u1ef5) hay \u00d2kutsumara (Nh\u1eadt), c\u00f3&nbsp;ngh\u0129a \u0111en&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f2ng hoa k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tay\u201d. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng&nbsp;ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed3i x\u00e2u ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t&nbsp;tr\u00e0ng hoa, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i l\u00ean&nbsp;\u00fd ngh\u0129a&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3. Sau khi&nbsp;s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 999 ng\u01b0\u1eddi,&nbsp;\u01af\u01a1ng Qu\u1eadt Ma La&nbsp;s\u1eafp s\u1eeda chu\u1ea9n&nbsp;b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 1000, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u00f9a \u00f4ng ta, th\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n ra&nbsp;h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;cho t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp. Sau n\u00e0y,&nbsp;\u01af\u01a1ng Qu\u1eadt Ma La&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea3 theo&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia, v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n&nbsp;tu h\u00e0nh&nbsp;r\u1ea5t&nbsp;tinh t\u1ea5n,&nbsp;thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>32. ALAVAKA (Ba L\u1ef5): T\u00ean con qu\u1ef9&nbsp;\u0103n th\u1ecbt&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>33.&nbsp;AM LA&nbsp;B\u00c0 L\u1ee2I&nbsp;(hay&nbsp;Am La&nbsp;N\u1eef): Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Ambap\u00e0li (Ba L\u1ef5); Amrap\u00e0li (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Amrabari (Nh\u1eadt). L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u1eef \u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;T\u1ef3 X\u00e1 Ly&nbsp;(Ba L\u1ef5: Vesali). Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n n\u01a1i v\u01b0\u1eddn xo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f4 li\u1ec1n cung th\u1ec9nh Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u01b0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0&nbsp;c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;trai T\u0103ng. H\u00f4m sau&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Am&nbsp;Ba B\u00e0 L\u1ee3i&nbsp;th\u1ecd trai. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4&nbsp;ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m&nbsp;d\u00e2ng c\u00fang h\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1eddn xo\u00e0i r\u00f4ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 cho&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;T\u0103ng ch\u00fang&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>34.&nbsp;MA HA&nbsp;BA XA BA \u0110\u1ec0: Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Mah\u00e0paj\u00e0pati (Ba L\u1ef5); Mah\u00e0praj\u00e0pati (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Makahajahadai (Nh\u1eadt). Em c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu&nbsp;Ma Gia, v\u1ee3 vua T\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea1m. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u00ec c\u00f9a&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a&nbsp;(\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt), \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng&nbsp;th\u00e1i t\u1eed&nbsp;sau khi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu&nbsp;Ma Gia&nbsp;t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;l\u00e0m&nbsp;T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean&nbsp;trong&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>35. KHEMA (Ba L\u1ef5): L\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u1ee3 vua&nbsp;T\u1ea7n B\u00e0&nbsp;Xa La (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c&nbsp;Ma Ki\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u0103m 543-491 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch). M\u00f4t h\u00f4m, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng ch\u00f9a, tai \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e0 nghe&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 xin&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;l\u00e0m&nbsp;t\u1ef3 kheo ni&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A La H\u00e1n.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>36.&nbsp;LI\u00caN HOA S\u1eaeC&nbsp;(Ba L\u1ef5: Uppalavann\u00e0): L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai v\u1ecb n\u1eef&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh&nbsp;X\u00e1 V\u1ec7&nbsp;(n\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u1eddi c\u1ed5). V\u1ec1 sau, b\u00e0 theo Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia&nbsp;l\u00e0m&nbsp;t\u1ef3 kheo ni,&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p&nbsp;th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>37.&nbsp;KI\u1ec0U T\u00c1T LA: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Kosala (Ba L\u1ef5), Kausal\u00e0 (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Ky\u00f2satsura-Koku (Nh\u1eadt). L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 16 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Oudh thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Uttar Pradesh, mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>38. A D\u1ee4C: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Asoka (Ba L\u1ef5); \u00c1soka (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Aiku-\u00d2 (Nh\u1eadt). L\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.&nbsp;Vua A D\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, cai tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u1eddi c\u1ed5&nbsp;v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng&nbsp;n\u0103m 273 \u0111\u1ebfn 232 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00fap&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;b\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1eafp&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam v\u00e0 t\u00e2y \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>39. ALBERT EINSTEIN, sinh n\u0103m 1879, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1955. Nh\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. Sinh t\u1ea1i Ulm, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 15 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng&nbsp;nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch&nbsp;Th\u1ee5y S\u0129. L\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Zurich (Th\u1ee5y S\u0129) n\u0103m 1909-1911,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Prague (Ti\u00eap Kh\u1eafc) n\u0103m 1911-1912;&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;B\u00e1 Linh (\u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c) n\u0103m 1914. N\u0103m 1933, \u00f4ng sang hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi l\u00e0m h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n&nbsp;Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u&nbsp;Ti\u1ebfn B\u1ed9&nbsp;t\u1ea1i Princeton (New Jersey). N\u0103m 1940, \u00f4ng&nbsp;nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9.&nbsp;Ti\u00ean sinh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i,&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;suy r\u1ed9ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1916. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;n\u0103m 1921.&nbsp;T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch&nbsp;\u00dd Ngh\u0129a&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1923 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0&nbsp;Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ea1o&nbsp;V\u0169 Tr\u1ee5,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1932 v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>40.&nbsp;PH\u1eacT MINH: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Buddhaghosa (Ba L\u1ef5). L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3&nbsp;ki\u00eam&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Sinh kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m sau t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch g\u1ea7n Buddha Gaya (Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0&nbsp;Ca Gia) n\u01b0\u1edbc Magadha&nbsp;Ma Ki\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0&nbsp;(nay thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). V\u1ec1 sau, ng\u00e0i&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t gia, qua&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan&nbsp;kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 430, tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1&nbsp;(Mahavih\u00e0ra) \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Anur\u00e0dhapura,&nbsp;chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Minh&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o&nbsp;t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;T\u00edch Lan&nbsp;(Sinhalese) sang&nbsp;th\u00e1nh ng\u1eef&nbsp;Pali (Ba L\u1ef5), vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n&nbsp;Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;(Visuddhi-Magga) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;kh\u00e1c. L\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0,&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;tr\u1edf v\u1ec1&nbsp;x\u1ee9&nbsp;Ma Ki\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch&nbsp;\u1edf Gaya (ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;ng\u00e0y nay).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>41. PANINI: Nh\u00e0&nbsp;v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m&nbsp;h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef&nbsp;danh ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;th\u1eddi c\u1ed5&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3&nbsp;t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u&nbsp;l\u1ea1i ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng sinh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>42. HOMER: Thi s\u0129 Hy L\u1ea1p chuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;anh h\u00f9ng&nbsp;ca, s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng&nbsp;th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9 ho\u1eb7c 8 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Hai&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Iliad v\u00e0 Odyssey.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>43. PLATO:&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p, sinh n\u0103m 427 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 347 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T.L. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft&nbsp;Socrates (469-399 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T.L.) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;Aristotle (384-322 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T.L.). Plato theo h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Socrates \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 399 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Athens (Hy L\u1ea1p) \u0111i&nbsp;chu du&nbsp;sang Ai C\u1eadp (Egypt), \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng Cyrene (c\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh \u1edf b\u1eafc Phi Ch\u00e2u) v\u00e0 Sicily (nam&nbsp;\u00dd \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i). N\u0103m 387 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, Plato&nbsp;tr\u1edf v\u1ec1&nbsp;Athens, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng&nbsp;th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp&nbsp;H\u00e0n L\u00e2m Vi\u1ec7n&nbsp;Tri\u1ebft L\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a,&nbsp;Lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Bi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9&nbsp;(cho Socrates) v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>44. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: Sinh n\u0103m 1564, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1616. L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u00d4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0&nbsp;ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t&nbsp;s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n t\u1ea1i Stratford-upon Avon \u1edf Warwick-shire, mi\u1ec1n trung Anh qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1582, \u00f4ng&nbsp;l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u1edbi Ann Hathaway (1556-1623) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ba con. N\u0103n 1592, \u1ed0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (London), v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng tu\u1ed3ng v\u1eeba so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch. \u00d4ng so\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ecbch ph\u1eabm&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i&nbsp;th\u00e0nh Verona, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1594; Romeo v\u00e0 Juliet&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1595; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n th\u00e0nh Venice n\u0103m 1596 v\u00e0 B\u00e3o T\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1611 v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;45. BLAISE PASCAL: Sinh n\u0103m 1623, t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1662. L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tri\u1ebft gia&nbsp;ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf,&nbsp;ti\u00ean sinh&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3&nbsp;thi\u00ean t\u00e0i&nbsp;v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 16 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh m\u1eb7t n\u00f3n. N\u0103m 1642-1645, \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9nh, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1656; Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1670 v..v&#8230;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>46. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART: Sinh n\u0103m 1756, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1791. Nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c&nbsp;danh ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o. V\u1eeba l\u00ean b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i,&nbsp;ti\u00ean sinh&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1ecf ra&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3&nbsp;thi\u00ean t\u00e0i&nbsp;v\u1ec1 v\u0129 c\u1ea7m v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i phong&nbsp;c\u1ea7m. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1762-1766, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi&nbsp;th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y&nbsp;\u00e2m nh\u1ea1c&nbsp;t\u1ea1i Salzburg (mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o) cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y \u00f4ng&nbsp;l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1784. \u00d4ng so\u1ea1n h\u01a1n 600&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3: \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Figaro xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1786 v\u00e0 \u1ed0ng S\u00e1o Th\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1791 v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>47. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN: Sinh n\u0103m 1770, qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1827. Nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c&nbsp;danh ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, sinh t\u1ea1i Bonn. H\u1ecdc nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi&nbsp;th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5&nbsp;r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. V\u1ec1 sau, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Mozart (1756-1791). T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1792, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Vienna (n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o), chuy\u00ean&nbsp;tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n&nbsp;\u0111\u00e0n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c.&nbsp;Ti\u00ean sinh&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c&nbsp;ch\u00edn h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u: h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 1800), h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 ba (n\u0103m 1804), h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (1808) v\u00e0 h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn (n\u0103m 1824). V\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch, \u00f4ng&nbsp;s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c&nbsp;tu\u1ed3ng Fidelio n\u0103m 1805 v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>48. SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN: Sinh n\u0103m 1887, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1920. L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u0103m 1914, \u00f4ng sang Cambridge (Anh qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1818 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi l\u00e0m h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i&nbsp;Ho\u00e0ng Gia&nbsp;t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>49. DAVID HUME: Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 18 \u1edf tr\u00ean.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>50. HENRI LOUIS BERGSON: Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 19&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>51. JOHN BROADUS WATSON: Sinh n\u0103m 1878, qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1958.&nbsp;Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Hoa K\u1ef3, sinh t\u1ea1i Greenville, ti\u1ec3u bang South Carolina. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Johns Hopkins n\u0103m 1908 \u0111\u1ebfn 1920. nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u1ee7 Thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;H\u00e0nh Vi.&nbsp;T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch:&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c&nbsp;Lo\u00e0i V\u1eadt, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1903;&nbsp;T\u01b0 C\u00e1ch&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1914 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c&nbsp;T\u00e2m L\u00fd&nbsp;cho Tr\u1ebb Th\u01a1 v\u00e0&nbsp;Nhi \u0110\u1ed3ng&nbsp;n\u0103m 1928 v..v..&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>52. Xem \u201cTh\u1eafng&nbsp;Ph\u00e1p T\u1eadp&nbsp;Y\u1ebfu Lu\u1eadn\u201d, ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;D\u1eabn Nh\u1eadp, trang 12&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>53. EDWIN ARNOLD: Sinh n\u0103m 1832, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1904. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;King College \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (London), Anh qu\u1ed1c. Sau \u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Deccan \u1edf Bombay (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1856 \u0111\u1ebfn 1861.&nbsp;Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o \u201c\u0110i\u1ec7n T\u00edn H\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0y\u201d, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n&nbsp;t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1873 \u0111\u1ebfn 1901. \u00d4ng l\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;t\u1eadp th\u01a1&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;\u00c1nh S\u00e1ng \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u&nbsp;di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1879 v\u00e0&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;\u00c1nh S\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi&nbsp;n\u00f3i v\u1ec1&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1901.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>54. JULIUS ROBERT OPPENHEIMER: Sinh n\u0103m 1904, qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1967, nh\u00e0&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Harvard, Cambridge, MA n\u0103m 1925, sang&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;m\u00f4n&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;t\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Gottingen (\u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c), l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;ti\u1ebfn s\u0129&nbsp;(Ph. D.) n\u0103m 1927. \u00d4ng&nbsp;thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i Los Alamos, ti\u1ec3u bang New Mexico v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng&nbsp;N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;Nguy\u00ean T\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ea5p cho&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Fermi Enrico n\u0103m 1963. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Khoa H\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c&nbsp;Ph\u1ed5 Th\u00f4ng&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1954;&nbsp;T\u00e2m H\u1ed3n&nbsp;R\u1ed9ng M\u1edf&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1955, Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;suy ngh\u0129&nbsp;v\u1ec1 khoa H\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;V\u0103n H\u00f3a&nbsp;n\u0103m 1960.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>55.&nbsp;A LA H\u00c1N: Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 6 \u1edf tr\u00ean.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>56. BA&nbsp;PH\u00c1P \u1ea4N: Ba&nbsp;s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt&nbsp;(ch\u00e2n l\u00fd) m\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf&nbsp;th\u1ebf gian&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u: 1)&nbsp;V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, lu\u00f4n&nbsp;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i; 2) Kh\u1ed5 \u0110au, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1&nbsp;an l\u1ea1c&nbsp;v\u00e0 3)&nbsp;V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ng\u1ea3 hay c\u00e1i Ta&nbsp;ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>57.&nbsp;TU \u0110\u00c0 HO\u00c0N: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Sot\u00e0panna (Ba L\u1ef5); Srot\u00e0panna (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Shudaon (Nh\u1eadt):&nbsp;Ngh\u0129a \u0111en&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eadp L\u01b0u\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;Tu \u0110\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n&nbsp;b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ed1n&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3&nbsp;tr\u00ean&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>58.&nbsp;T\u01af \u0110\u00c0 H\u00c0M: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef Sakad\u00e0gami (Ba L\u1ef5); Sakrad\u00e0g\u00e0mi (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Ichirai-Ka (Nh\u1eadt). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1ea5t Lai\u201d hay c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i n\u00e0y&nbsp;m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n&nbsp;n\u1eefa m\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;qu\u1ea3&nbsp;T\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 H\u00e0m&nbsp;ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu&nbsp;m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh&nbsp;(lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i) n\u0169a. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai trong b\u1ed1n&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3&nbsp;tr\u00ean&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>59.&nbsp;A NA H\u00c0M: Danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef An\u00e0g\u00e0mi (Ba L\u1ef5); An\u00e0g\u00e0min (Ph\u1ea1n) hay Fugen-ka (Nh\u1eadt):&nbsp;Ngh\u0129a \u0111en&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u201cB\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0n\u201d hay \u201cB\u1ea5t Lai\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3&nbsp;A Na H\u00e0m&nbsp;s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u00e1i sanh&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi&nbsp;(th\u1ebf gian) n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1c sinh l\u00ean c\u00e1c&nbsp;c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi&nbsp;hay&nbsp;v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba trong b\u1ed1n&nbsp;Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3&nbsp;tr\u00ean&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>60. THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY: Sinh n\u0103m 1825, qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1895. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u00d4ng&nbsp;ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5&nbsp;trong ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n&nbsp;ho\u00e0ng gia&nbsp;Anh Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1846; gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u&nbsp;H\u1ea7m M\u00f5 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ho\u00e0ng gia&nbsp;Anh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1854 d\u1ebfn 1885; ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i&nbsp;Ho\u00e0ng Gia&nbsp;t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n n\u0103m 1883-1885. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;t\u00edch c\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Darwin; \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;c\u00e1c m\u00f4n c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt&nbsp;h\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt&nbsp;h\u1ecdc v..v..&nbsp;T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;ti\u00ean sinh&nbsp;g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Khoa H\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;V\u0103n H\u00f3a&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1881, S\u1ef1&nbsp;Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh&nbsp;n\u0103m 1893 v..v..<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;F<strong>oot notes of translator&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In the abbreviations used here, P stands for Pali; S for Sankrit and Jap. for Japanese words.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>1. SAKIYA (P), SAKYA (S), SHAKA (Jap.): The name of the tribe to which Buddha belonged. They lived in the ancient kingdom of Kapilavatthu (now in Nepal) during the 6th century B.C.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>2. NEPAL:Independent kingdom of South Asia in the Himalayas on northeast border of India. Capital: Kathmandu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>3. VISHNU (Hindi): One of the three Gods of Hinduism (the others being Brahma and Shiva).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>4. SRI RADHAKRISHNAN (1888-1975): Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888 in Tiruttani in Andhra Pradesh (Southeast India). Indian educator and politician. Professor of philosophy at the Calcutta University of India (1921-1962); professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University in England (1936-1952). He was Chancellor, University of Delhi (1953-1931) and President of India (1962-1967). He died in Madras (South India) on April 16, 1975. His works included India Philosophy, 2 Vols. (1923-1927); The Philosophy of Upanishad (1924); Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>5. WELL, HERBERT GEORGE (1866-1946): British historian, writer and social reformer. Taught science, journalist (1893). Wrote of fantastic scientific romances: The Time Machine (1895); The Invisible Man (1897) etc. His well-known work: Outline of History (1920).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>6. ARHAT (P), ARAHAT (S), ARAKAN (Jap.): The&nbsp;Worthy One. One who is free from all craving, defilements and rebirth.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>7. ANANDA (P and S), ANAN (Jap.): A cousin of the Buddha. One of the Buddha\u2019s ten great disciples. He was personal attendant to the Lord Buddha for more than twenty years. He was famed for his excellent memory and is said to have memorized the Buddha\u2019s sermons which were later recorded as Buddhist scriptures. Ananda is said to have attained enlightenment after the passing (death) of the Buddha.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>8. UP\u00c0LI (P and S), UPARI (Jap.): One of the Buddha\u2019s ten most eminent disciples. He was a barber, later became a monk and was very strict in his observance of the precepts<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>9. VATTAG\u00c0MANI ABHAYA: Became king of Sri Lanka in about 100 B.C. According to the Mahavamsa (Great History) he lost his throne to Tamil invaders (from South India) who rule in Anur\u00e0dhapura (ancient capital of Sri Lanka) for 14 years. Thereafter Vatt\u00e0gamani recovered his kingdom. It was during his reign that the Buddhist Canon and its commentaries were first reduced to writting in Sri Lanka.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>10. SANGHA (P and S), SOGYA (Jap.): An Assembly of Buddhist monks, the Monastic Order founded by the Buddha; the member of which are called Buddhist monks. It is the&nbsp;third member of the Triple Gem and the oldest monastic Community in the world.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>11. BHIKKHU (P), BHIKSU (S), BIKU (Jap.): Literally means \u201cbeggar\u201d. A religious mendicant, an almsman, one who was left home, renounced all possessions, depends on alms and gifts of lay disciples for living and has become a fully ordained monk in order to follow the way of the Buddha.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>12. BHIKKHUNI (P), BHIKSUNI (S), BIKUNI (Jap.): A female mendicant. A Buddhist nun who has entered into the Order of the Buddha and observes the precepts for nuns.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>13. S\u00c0RIPUTTA (P); S\u00c0RIPUTRA (S); SHARIHOTSU (Jap.): One of the two chief disciples of the Buddha. He was regarded as the most brilliant of the Buddha\u2019s disciples and died while the Buddha was still alive.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;14. MOGGALL\u00c0NA (P), MAUDGALY\u00c0YANA (S), MOKKENREN (Jap.): The second of ten chief disciples of the Buddha. He became a disciple of the Buddha after having been persuaded by his friend, S\u00e0riputra. He is said to have&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>15. SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (1788-1860): German philosopher. Chief expounder of the doctrine of the will and of pessimism. Among his works was \u201cWorld as Will and Ideas\u201d (1819)&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>16. SPINOZA, Baruch (1632-1677): Dutch philosopher. He studied chiefly the philosophy of Descartes (1596-1650) and was regarded as most eminent expounder of rational pantheism. His famous work is Ethics (1677).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>17. BERKELEY, George (1685-1753): Irish philosopher and bishop. Lecturer in divinity and Greek (1721-1724), University of Dublin (Ireland). Developed philosophy of inmaterialism and idealsim. Works included Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709), The Analyst (1734).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>18. HUME, David (1711-1776): Scottish philosopher and historian. Expounder of philosophical skepticism Author of A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740) and History of England (1754-1762) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>19. BERGSON, Henri Louis (1859-1941): French philosopher. One of the most influential thimkers of his time. Professor, College de France (1900-1921). Works included Mati\u00e8re et M\u00e9moire (1896), Introduction \u00e0 la M\u00e9taphysique (1903), L\u2019\u00c9volution Cr\u00e9atrice (1907). Awarded Nobel Prize for literature (1928).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>20. JAMES, William (1842-1910): American psychologist and philosopher. Professor of philosophy at Harvard University (Cambridge) from 1881. One of the founders of pragmatism. Author of The Principles of Psychology (1890); The Meaning of Truth (1909) and Some Problems of Philosophy (1911).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>21. BHIKKHU SILACARA Whose layname was J.P. Mc Kechnie: Pioneer British Buddhist monk. Born on 1871 in Hull (East England), then emigrated to United States. Later went to Rangoon (Burma). Ordained in 1906 by U. Kumara Thera at Kyundagon temple. In 1925, health broke, he disrobed, returned to United Kingdom and lived at Bury until his death (1951). His publications included The Four Noble Truths, The Noble Eightfold Path and Young People\u2019s Life of the Buddha etc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>22. NIBBANA (P), NIRVANA (S), NEHAN (Jap.): Extinction, to be extinguished; release from existence and cessation of becoming. Originally, the state of enlightenment attained by the Lord Buddha. It means the final goal of Buddhist aspiration where evil passions are extiguished, and the causes of rebirth are destroyed. One who has attained to this state is called an Arhat (P) or the Perfect One (for details, see chapter 10 of this book).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>23. HUXLEY, Aldous Leonard (1894-1963): One of the 20th century\u2019s foremost novelist. Important works included Brave New World (1932), The Perennial Philosophy (1945), Doors of Perceptions (1954) etc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>24. RUSSELL, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970): English mathematician and philosopher. Imprisioned for pacifist views (1918). Later years involved in protesting nuclear weapons and Vietnam war. He received the 1950 Nobel Prize for literature. Among his books were Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919); Marriage and Morals (1929) and History of Western Philosophy (1945).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>25. HYPATIA (370-415): One of the most famous women philosophers and mathematicians. Taught Neo-Platonic philosophy at Alexandria (Egypt). She was murdered in 415 by a Chistian mob in an Alexandria riot.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>26. BRUNO, Giordano (1548-1600): Italian pantheist philosopher and cosmologist who taught the plurality of inhabited worlds and the truth of the Copernican (1473-1543) hypothesis. Arrested by Inquisition (1592) and burned at the stake for hesersy on 17-02-1600. He became renowned as martyr to science.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>27. SIHA (P): A general of Vesali (a chief city of the Vajji tribes during the Buddha\u2019s time).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>He was a follower of the Nigantha N\u00e0taputta, but later became the disciple of the Buddha as he found that His teachings was really the truth.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>28. NIGANTHA N\u00c0TAPUTTA (P), NIRGRANTHA JN\u00c0TIPUTRA (S), NIKENSHI (Jap.): He was born in the 6th century B.C., his real name was Vardhamana. One of the six non-Buddhist teachers and founder of the Jain religion during the Buddha\u2019s time.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>29. UPALI: See note No. 8 above&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>30. SUNITA (P): He was a road-sweeper in Rajagaha (capital of Magadha \u2013 One of the sixteen kingdoms of ancient India). One day, the Buddha visited him while he was sweeping the street. Seeing the Buddha, he was filled with fear and against the wall. The Buddha approached him and asked if he would like to be a monk. He expressed great joy, then the Buddha took Sunita to the monastery and taught him the practice of meditation, by which he attained enlightenment and became a Worthy One.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>31. ANGULAMALA (P), \u00d2KUTSUMARA (Jap): Literally means \u201cgarland of fingers\u201d, a notorious murderer who lived during the Buddha\u2019s time. He had taken a vow that he would kill 1,000 persons. He used to put the fingers of the mudered persons in his garland. Hence his name. He killed 999 persons. When he was about to kill the thousandth \u2013 his own mother, he was converted by the Buddha, and later he became a pious Buddhist monk.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>32. ALAVAKA (P): A ferocious demon who feasted on human flesh. Later, he was converted by the Buddha and became His devotee.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>33. AMBAP\u00c0LI (P), AMRAP\u00c0LI (S), ANRABARI (Jap): A courtesan of Vesali (P) hearing of the Buddha\u2019s arrival at her mango grove. She approached the Buddha and invited him and his disciples for a meal on the following day. As invited, the Buddha had his meal at Ambapali\u2019s residence. After the meal, Ambapali offered her spacious mango grove to the Buddha and his disciples.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>34. PAJAPATI GOTAMI or MAH\u00c0J\u00c0PATI (P), MAH\u00c0PRAJ\u00c0PATI (S), MAKAHAJAHADAI (Jap.): The younger sister of Mahamaya who married king Suddhodana. The aunt of prince Siddhattha (later became the Buddha). She brought up Siddhattha after her sister (Mahamaya) died. She was the frist Buddhist nun (Bhikkhuni) in Buddhism&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>35. KHEMA (P): She was the beautiful consort of king Bimbisara (ruling Magadha kingdom in 543-491 B.C). One day, she paid a casual visit to the monastery where she was preached by the Buddha. Later, Khema entered the Order, became a Buddhist nun and attained enlightenment.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>36. UPPALAVANN\u00c0 (P): One of the two chief women disciples of the Buddha, was the daughter of a banker at Savatthi (ancient India). Later, she was ordained a nun, attained enlightenment and possessed of supernormal powers.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>37. KOSALA (P), KAUSALA2 (S),&nbsp;KYOSATSURA-KOKU (Jap): One of the sixteen countries in ancient India during the Buddha\u2019s lifetime, the present Oudh district of Uttar Pradesh state in north India.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>38. ASOKA (P), \u00c1SOKA (S), AIKU- \u00d2 (Jap.): A devout Buddhist monarch of the third century B.C. who unified most of ancient India under his rule (from 273 to 232 B.C.) and spread Buddhism throughout India, southeast Asia and some area of western Asia.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>39. EINSTEIN, ALBERT (1879-1955): American physicist, born in Ulm, Germany. Naturalized Swiss at the age of 15. Professor, Zurich University of Switzeland (1909-1911); Prague of Czechoslovakia (1911-1912) and Berlin of Germany (1914). He went to United States (1933); member, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey (1933-1955), became naturalized American citizen (1940). The author of the Theory of Relativity publishing account of general theory of relativity (1916). Awarded 1921 Nobel prize for physics. he wrote The Meaning of Relativity (1923); Buiders of the Universe (1932) etc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>40. BUDDHAGHOSA (P): a great Buddhist scholar, commentator and wirter. Born in early 5th century A.D. near Buddha Gaya in Magadha (now in Bihar state of northeast India). Later, he was ordained and travelled to Sri Lanka about 430 and stayed at Mahavihara (great monastery) at Anur\u00e0dhapura where he spent most of his life in studying and writing. He translated Buddhist tesxts from Sinhalese into Pali and wrote Visuddhi Magga and other works. He returned to Magadha at the end of his life and died in Gaya (now in Bihar state of northeast India).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>41. PANINI: A famed Sanskrit grammarian from ancient India. He is said to have been born in the 7th century B.C. But, other sources mentioned that he was born in the 4th century B.C.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>42.&nbsp;HOMER: Greek epic poet of the 9th or 8th century B.C. Author of the Iliad and Odyssey.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;43. PLATO: Greek philosopher (427-347 B.C.). A pupil of Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and teacher of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). He studied with Socrates until 399 B.C., then left Athens, travelled in Egypt, Cyrene (ancient city of north Africa) and Sicily (Italy). Returned to Athens (387 B.C.) and there founded his School of Philosophy known as the Academy. His works included Republic, Laws, Apology (of Socrates) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>44. SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616): Famous English dramatist and poet. Born and educated at Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire (central England). In 1582, he married Ann Hathaway (1556-1623) and they had three children. In 1592, he established in London as actor and playwright. He wrote many plays included: The Two Gentlement of Verona (1594); Romeo and Juliet (1595); The Merchant of Venice (1596) and The Tempest (1611) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>45. PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662): French mathematician, physicist and philosopher. Mathematical prodigy as a child. Completed treatise on conic at the age of sixteen. Invented a mechanical calculator (1642-1645). His works included Provinciales (1656); Pens\u00e9es (1670) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;46. MOZART,Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791): Famous Austrian composer. At the age of four, he was a child prodigy of the violin and organ; toured leading capitals of Europe with his father (1762-1766) and taught at Salzburg (west Austria) until his marriage (1784). He composed over 600 works included The Marriage of Figaro (1786) and The Magic Flute (1791) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;47. BEETHOVEN, Ludwig Van (1770-1827): Famous German composer, born in Bonn. Received early musical education from his father. Later, he studied with Mozart (1756-1791). Resident in Vienna (Austria) from 1792 as pianist and composer. Works included nine symphonies: First (1800), third (1804), fifth (1808) and ninth (1824). Music for theater including Opera Fidelio (1805) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>48. RAMANUJAN,Srinivasa (1887-1920): Famous Indian mathematician. He went to Cambridge (England) in 1914 where he engaged in research. He was elected to the Royal Society (1918).&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>49. HUME, David: See again Note No. 18&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>50. BETGSON, Henri Louis: See again Note No. 19.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>51. WATSON, John Broadus (1878-1958): American psychologist, born in Greenville, South Carolina. Professor, John Hopkins University (1908-1920); a leading exponent and popularized of Behaviourism. Wrote Animal Education (1903); Behaviour (1914) and Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>52. See \u201cCompendium of Philosophy\u201d, Introduction, p.12<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>53. ARNOLD, Edwin (1832-1904): English poet and journalist. He was educated at King\u2019s College, London. Principal, Deccan College, Bombay, India (1856-1861). Editor of Daily Telegraphy, London (1873-1901). Author of poem The Light of Asia on life and teaching of Buddha (1879) and The Light of the World on Christian theme (1901) etc.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>54. OPPENHEIMER, Julius Robert (1904-1967): American physicist, graduated from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (1925) and studied physics at Gottingen in Germany (Ph.D. 1927). He established and administered the laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico which the first atomic bombs were made (1945); received Enrico Fermi Award of Atomic Energy Commission (1963). He wrote Science and Common Understanding (1954); The Open Mind (1955) and Some Reflections on Science and Culture (1960).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>55. ARHAT: See Note No. 6 above.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>56. THREE SIGNS OF BEING (THREE CHARACTERISTICS): The three great truth taught by the Buddha: All things and phenomena in this world are 1) Everlasting change; 2) Suffering or imperfection and 3) Non-Ego or no-self&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>57. SOT\u00c0PANNA (P), SROT\u00c0PANNA (S), SHUDAON (JAP.): \u201cEntrance into the Stream\u201d. He who has entered the stream of sanctification. The first of the Four Stages on the Path to liberation and enlightenment.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>58. SAKAD\u00c0GAMI (P), SAKRAD\u00c0G\u00c0MI (S), ICHIRAI-KA (Jap.): \u201cA Once Returner\u201d. He who will return once only to this world before attaining liberation. The attainment of this stage in which there is only one more rebirth. The second of the four stages on the Path to liberation and enlightenment.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>59. AN\u00c0G\u1ea2MI (P), AN\u00c0G\u00c0MIN (S), FUGEN-KA (Jap.): \u201cNon Returning\u201d. Once having achieved this stage, he will never again return to the world of desire. Such a person will be born in the higher material or non-material worlds. The third of the four stages on the Path to liberation and enlightenment.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>60. HUXLEY, Thomas Henry (1825-1895): English biologist. Entered Royal Navy medical service (1846). Lecturer, Royal School of Mines (1854-1885); president, Royal Society, London (1883-1885). He is best known for his support of Darwin\u2019s theory of Evolution. Most of his own contribution to palaeontology, zoology and botany etc. Author of Science and Culture (1881) and Evolution and Ethics (1893) etc.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;Y\u1ebeU L\u01af\u1ee2C Nguy\u00ean T\u00e1c: BUDDHISM IN A NUTSHELLNarada TheraHT. Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Ch\u01a1n d\u1ecbchNh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/p22a7901\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc Link t\u1ea3i s\u00e1ch PDF : https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/SWr4iMNG2AgQANgu\/phat-giao-yeu-luoc-song-ngu-viet-anh.pdf \u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT \u0110\u1ee8C\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16905,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-16904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tai-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16904"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16909,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16904\/revisions\/16909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16904"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16904"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16904"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=16904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}