{"id":1698,"date":"2020-09-08T19:59:56","date_gmt":"2020-09-08T19:59:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1698"},"modified":"2020-09-09T09:48:36","modified_gmt":"2020-09-09T09:48:36","slug":"10-tong-phai-phat-giao-trung-quoc-cau-xa-tong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/08\/10-tong-phai-phat-giao-trung-quoc-cau-xa-tong\/","title":{"rendered":"10 T\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c – C\u00e2u X\u00e1 T\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ede Trung C\u00e2u X\u00e1 T\u00f4ng
(Hay H\u1eefu T\u00f4ng)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI L\u1eacP T\u00d4NG  <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4ng n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa (Mahavibhasacastra) m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n sang T\u00e0u r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea7y, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Trung Hoa. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111i th\u1ec9nh kinh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, \u0111em d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Ph\u1ed5 Quang d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra b\u1ed9 \u201cC\u00e2u X\u00e1 thu\u1eadt k\u00fd\u201d, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 \u201cC\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn s\u1edb\u201d th\u00ec C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edf Trung Hoa. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX) th\u00ec t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00e1c, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. T\u00d4NG CH\u1ec8 V\u00c0 GI\u00c1O L\u00dd C\u0102N B\u1ea2N<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. T\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9:<\/em> T\u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1eadt ng\u00e3, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i thay, s\u1ed1ng hay ch\u1ebft. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. \u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u00d0i\u1ec3m sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu, trong khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng. Ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 th\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh ra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan:<\/em> C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu ra l\u00e0m h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p. H\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 sinh di\u1ec7t, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn. V\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng sinh di\u1ec7t, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd th\u1ec3.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 72 m\u00f3n, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 m\u00f3n, c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 75 m\u00f3n, hay 75 ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U V\u1ec0 75 PH\u00c1P<\/strong>

\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eebng ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p:<\/em> Ph\u00e0m c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0 n\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. Trong 11 m\u00f3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u0103n v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i n\u1eefa; c\u00f2n m\u00f3n th\u1ee9 11 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. V\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra ngo\u00e0i (ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n), n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd c\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m ph\u00e1p:<\/em> C\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vua c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ba t\u00ean: T\u00e2m, \u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec: \u201cnh\u00f3m g\u00f3p c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ra g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m; ngh\u0129 ng\u1ee3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p:<\/em> L\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p s\u1edf h\u1eefu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n sai s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua, hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p:<\/em> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng. Khi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p. \u201cC\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, \u201cc\u00e1i n\u1ed7i vui m\u1eebng\u201d khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p hay t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p:<\/em> Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng sinh di\u1ec7t, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i.V\u00f4 vi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba ph\u00e1p l\u00e0: Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi, Phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 chia ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn l\u00e0: h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sinh, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t, n\u00fai s\u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian, th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 chung, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac chung c\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4i. Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kia ho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed5i cho nhau. Tuy th\u1ebf, ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb khi sinh th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea3i qua b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng) g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n hai tr\u0103m t\u00e1m ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m (1.280.000.000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n ti\u1ec3u thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n trung thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m (1.000×1.000×1.000) m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n tri\u1ec7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf (nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y). Nh\u01b0ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; cho n\u00ean trong kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i l\u00e0: th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng vi tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t b\u1ee5i) hay th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 chia l\u00e0m ba t\u1eebng b\u1eadc cao th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tam gi\u1edbi, hay ba c\u00f5i l\u00e0: d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a xa l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5c.<\/em> Trong d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0 thi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n, a tu la, s\u00fac sinh, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5c.<\/em> C\u00f5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n b\u1eadc l\u00e0: Ly sinh h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba, \u00d0\u1ecbnh sinh h\u1ef7 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, Ly h\u1ef7 di\u1ec7u l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 X\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc.<\/em> C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh sinh trong c\u00f5i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n t\u1eebng b\u1eadc cao th\u1ea5p, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean: Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Nh\u00e2n sinh quan:<\/em> Ch\u00fang sinh n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3? V\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng, th\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh s\u1edf d\u0129 b\u1ecb xoay chuy\u1ec3n trong v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, l\u00e0 do \u201cnghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3m duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, do t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c? Ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00ea m\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, m\u00ea v\u1ecdng. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: b\u1ed5n ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 t\u00f9y ho\u1eb7c. B\u1ed5n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m c\u1ed9i g\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0 tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, nghi, \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn. T\u00f9y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00ea l\u1ea7m d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ed5n ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u00e1u b\u1ed5n ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, th\u00ec n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u: tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, nghi, v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t, \u0103n s\u00e2u g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ed9n s\u1eed (s\u1eed l\u00e0 sai s\u1eed, x\u00fai s\u1eed; nh\u1eefng ho\u1eb7c n\u00e0y sai khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, s\u00e2u k\u00edn lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang sinh c\u1ee9 lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n trong ch\u1ed7 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9n s\u1eed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn, v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3 lanh l\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n s\u00e2u g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i s\u1eed. \u00c1c ki\u1ebfn hay l\u1ee3i s\u1eed g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 n\u0103m th\u1ee9 l\u00e0: Th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, Bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn, T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn:<\/em> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i th\u00e2n do ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn:<\/em> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i th\u00e2n n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec c\u1ea3 (\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn) hay tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i th\u00e2n n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, linh h\u1ed3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i (th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn). Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p \u1ea5y l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n l\u00fd trung \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn:<\/em> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 t\u00e0 b\u1eady v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7:<\/em> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p ch\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu theo \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec3n th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7:<\/em> l\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean sai s\u1eed, ch\u00fang sinh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 cho nhau v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang sinh ph\u1ea3i xoay v\u1ea7n m\u00e3i trong sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ba th\u1ee9: \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m; ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i n\u0103ng; th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ba t\u00ednh l\u00e0: l\u00e0nh, d\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eef). Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o l\u00e0nh, nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef th\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o d\u1eef. C\u00f2n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 k\u00fd th\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng d\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef<\/em> l\u00e0: gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t, n\u00f3i th\u00eau d\u1ec7t, n\u00f3i chia r\u1ebd, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, tham lam, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, si m\u00ea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh<\/em> l\u00e0: kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00eau d\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chia r\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng tham lam, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng si m\u00ea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef c\u00f3 mau v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 khi hai ba \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1edbi th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh; hai l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1ea5y theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5, trong \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang sinh \u0111ang l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p, tr\u00f4i l\u0103n, s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec sinh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec y\u00eau nhau m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00eca, gh\u00e9t nhau m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chung s\u1ed1ng, mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1ebbo. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec tai tr\u1eddi, n\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc: b\u00e3o, l\u1ee5t, chi\u1ebfn tranh, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp v.v… Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00ea m\u1edd, t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n m\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9ng huy\u1ec5n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1eadt ng\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e2u c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh chi ph\u1ed1i l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P TU H\u00c0NH<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf  <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i tu theo ph\u00e1p \u201cT\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf\u201d. T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n l\u1ebd ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh m\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9, t\u1eeb c\u00f5i Ta b\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh th\u1ea5y c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong c\u00f5i Ta b\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c sau khi ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u01a1 lanh l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu theo ph\u00e1p Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp theo nhau, l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang sinh ph\u1ea3i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i xoay v\u1ea7n trong bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. M\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u1ea5y l\u00e0: v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ecd, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu, sinh, l\u00e3o t\u1eed. M\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u00f2ng x\u00edch n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i x\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng x\u00edch th\u00ec chu\u1ed7i x\u00edch \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecdan. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, th\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1i\u201d. \u00c1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i. V\u00ec luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 cho m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i \u201cth\u1ee7\u201d sinh ra \u201ch\u1eefu\u201d. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n. V\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201c\u00e1i\u201d, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ch\u1eefu\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ch\u1eefu\u201d th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201csinh\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201csinh\u201d th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cl\u00e3o t\u1eed\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. QU\u1ea2 V\u1eca TU CH\u1ee8NG<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu theo ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/em>, n\u1ebfu mau l\u1eafm th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua ba \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u1eadm, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua 60 ki\u1ebfp, m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A la h\u00e1n, l\u00e0 c\u00f5i cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng Thanh v\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n<\/em>, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadp l\u01b0u, hay D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng Th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m<\/em>, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t lai, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u thai v\u00e0o c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 tu h\u00e0nh cho r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n xa r\u1eddi c\u00f5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A na h\u00e0m<\/em>, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t-lai, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u thai v\u00e0o c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa. H\u1ebft b\u1eadc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A la h\u00e1n<\/em>, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u1ee8ng c\u00fang hay V\u00f4 sinh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ea l\u1ea7m trong c\u00f5i S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ba c\u00f5i, h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n. B\u1eadc n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc V\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p g\u00ec n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i tu Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tu theo l\u1ed1i qu\u00e1n 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chia ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc, ch\u1eb3ng qua khi \u0111ang tu h\u00e0nh th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c. C\u00f2n khi tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, d\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i m\u00ea l\u1ea7m, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i vui gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong c\u1ea3nh Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c qu\u1ea3. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00edch Chi Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c tha. T\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c, th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo c\u0103n c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh: v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1 lanh l\u1ee3i th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n; v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1 ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua 100 ki\u1ebfp tu h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong chi ti\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y xem b\u00e0i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Trung Hoa, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu luy\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y c\u0103n c\u01a1 m\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu luy\u1ec7n, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ede Trung C\u00e2u X\u00e1 T\u00f4ng(Hay H\u1eefu T\u00f4ng) I. DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI L\u1eacP T\u00d4NG   T\u00f4ng n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u1ed9\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1446,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112],"tags":[114],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phap-mon","tag-10-tong-phai-pg-trung-quoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1698"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1699,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1698\/revisions\/1699"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1446"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1698"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}