{"id":1767,"date":"2020-09-11T13:57:09","date_gmt":"2020-09-11T13:57:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1767"},"modified":"2020-09-11T13:57:09","modified_gmt":"2020-09-11T13:57:09","slug":"long-tu-bi-toan-cau-co-the-dat-duoc-khong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/11\/long-tu-bi-toan-cau-co-the-dat-duoc-khong\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00f2ng T\u1eeb Bi To\u00e0n C\u1ea7u C\u00f3 Th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;20\/06\/2020 18:53:00&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/author\/tueuyen\/\">Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: Qu\u1ea3ng C\u01a1 \/ Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc \/ Friday, May 15, 2020<\/a>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 108&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/bi-tri-dung\/Longtubitoancaucothedatduockhong_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','12px')\"><\/a><a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','18px')\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/bi-tri-dung\/Longtubitoancaucothedatduockhong_files\/longtubi_147927432.jpg\" alt=\"image\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: Is Global Compassion Achievable? T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Paul Ekman v\u00e0 Eve Ekman Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: Qu\u1ea3ng C\u01a1 \/ Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc \/ Friday, May 15, 2020<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">01-&nbsp; T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">02-&nbsp; M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">03-&nbsp; Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">04-&nbsp; K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u00d2NG T\u1eea BI TO\u00c0N C\u1ea6U C\u00d3 TH\u1ec2 \u0110\u1ea0T \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C KH\u00d4NG?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Hai s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ai \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng, tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh) ho\u1eb7c xa (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai). G\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn; xa ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a:<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, bi m\u1eabn kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, bi m\u1eabn th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, bi m\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, bi m\u1eabn gia \u0111\u00ecnh, bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, bi m\u1eabn g\u1ea7n, bi m\u1eabn xa, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>*<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (Ekman, 2015). L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8) cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t cao \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111au kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u1ed8T LO\u1ea0I H\u00ccNH BI M\u1eaaN V\u00c0 \u0110AU KH\u1ed4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Matthieu Ricard (2015) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m lao Olympic nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m lao Olympic, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham lam, \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1edd \u01a1 l\u1edbn, li\u1ec7u l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb l\u1edbn l\u00ean m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed an \u1ee7i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh kh\u00ed, s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi m\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n fMRI (c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u1eed l\u00ed h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ea7n kinh) c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Do Th\u00e1i, Ki T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o , Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh (Fowers, 2015). Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tan v\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc trong c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc t\u00e2m linh, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m linh mang l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u0110\u1ecbnh Ngh\u0129a L\u00f2ng Bi M\u1eabn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201c<em>s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m \u0111au hay n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t mong mu\u1ed1n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3.\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;C\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y: s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (vui l\u00f2ng xem B\u1ea3ng 4.1). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a khung n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>B\u1ea3ng 4.1<\/strong><strong>M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/strong><strong>Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bi m\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/strong>Bi m\u1eabn th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m\/ G\u1ea7n,G\u0169iH\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi m\u1eabn\/ G\u1ea7n, R\u00f5 R\u00e0ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng<\/td><td>Xa c\u00e1ch, R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0110au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/td><td>Gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n &amp; xa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/td><td>G\u1ea7n &amp; xa, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/td><td>G\u1ea7n &amp; Xa, R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfu<\/td><td>R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0110au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0110au kh\u1ed5 tr\u00e0n lan<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111au kh\u1ed5 . Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m<\/em>. C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \/ ho\u1eb7c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng&nbsp;<em>c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m<\/em>. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m \u0111ang b\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m l\u00e0m cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed7i \u0111au th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi bi m\u1eabn, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bi m\u1eabn (<em>m\u1ed9t mong mu\u1ed1n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c khi tr\u1ebb c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cbi m\u1eabn,\u201d m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m cho&nbsp;<em>l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>. \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma th\u00edch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u1eadn s\u1eefa t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta (Dalai Lama, 1995). L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trung t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.&nbsp;<em>S\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/em>&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111ang quy\u00ean g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1, ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf). C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d (b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c trung t\u00e2m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn hai lo\u1ea1i bi m\u1eabn b\u1ed5 sung:&nbsp;th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5. L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m; n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng<\/em>.&nbsp;M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi m\u1eabn kh\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfu<\/em>. Bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfu hay&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng<\/em>&nbsp;<em>li\u00ean quan<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn bao tr\u00f9m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi m\u1eabn n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u0110\u1ecbnh Ngh\u0129a Kh\u1ed5 \u0110au<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bi m\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0&nbsp;<em>l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn g\u1ea7n<\/em>, l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>xa v\u1eddi<\/em>: ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn xa c\u00f3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: *&nbsp;<em>nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xa), ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0 *&nbsp;<em>s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hy sinh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn; bao g\u1ed3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n do c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5\u201d hay&nbsp;<em>\u0111au kh\u1ed5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 hai, \u201cho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5\u201d hay&nbsp;<em>\u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 xa v\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n (khao kh\u00e1t) ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n (\u00e1c c\u1ea3m), \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 ba, \u201ch\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5\u201d hay&nbsp;<em>\u0111au kh\u1ed5 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp<\/em>, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen tinh th\u1ea7n mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i.&nbsp;<em>L\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 n\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i bi m\u1eabn n\u00e0o h\u1ecd \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m tra ho\u1eb7c trau d\u1ed3i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn<\/em>&nbsp;<em>g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 xa<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3: \u0111au kh\u1ed5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i \u0111au th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>L\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1ee9 hai<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>&nbsp;lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, hay l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng? Bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh bi m\u1eabn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng? Lo\u1ea1i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca C\u1ee6A KHOA H\u1eccC T\u00c2M L\u00dd TRONG VI\u1ec6C TH\u00daC \u0110\u1ea8Y L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN TO\u00c0N C\u1ea6U<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xem x\u00e9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. N\u00f3i chung, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau khi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>T\u00e2m L\u00fd H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 L\u00f2ng Bi M\u1eabn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi m\u1eabn nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra tr\u1eeb khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra&nbsp;<em>ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/em>; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc k\u00e9t s\u1eaft r\u01a1i t\u1eeb c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u1eeb khi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bi m\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi can thi\u1ec7p hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng do \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac bi m\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro? Hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chung th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c? M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng r\u1ee7i ro b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u201ctrong nh\u00f3m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m,\u201d v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Sherif (1969) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9 tham d\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1i h\u00e8 c\u1ee7a l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u1edf tr\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng khung c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft. C\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 hung h\u0103ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thay \u0111\u1ed5i sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Samaritan<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Hai%20Hong\/AppData\/Local\/Microsoft\/Windows\/INetCache\/IE\/B1QJ6EMA\/L%C3%92NG%20T%E1%BB%AA%20BI%20TO%C3%80N%20C%E1%BA%A6U%20C%C3%93%20TH%E1%BB%82%20%C4%90%E1%BA%A0T%20%C4%90%C6%AF%E1%BB%A2C%20KH%C3%94NG.docx#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u00ean r\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ed9 nhanh qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang r\u00ean r\u1ec9, trong khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kristin Monroe (2004) \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng&nbsp;<em>bi m\u1eabn anh h\u00f9ng<\/em>, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. \u0110i\u1ec1u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Khoa H\u1ecdc V\u1ec1 C\u1ea3m X\u00fac V\u00e0 L\u00f2ng Bi M\u1eabn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0&nbsp;<em>s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5, c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ed9i dung l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, khinh b\u1ec9, ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa); trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5. C\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i \u0111au v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \/ n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, t\u1eeb gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi x\u1ea3y ra. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 manh m\u1ed1i t\u1eeb khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi n\u00f3i. B\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o r\u00e1ch r\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, \u0111i kh\u1eadp khi\u1ec5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00fang ta b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t hay gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn xa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i \u1edf xa v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn g\u1ea7n &nbsp;\u2014 nh\u1eadn ra khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 khi ai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. C\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekman (1999) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf&nbsp;<em>d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/em>, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n hay chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Lazarus \u201cg\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i,\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t g\u00e2y ra n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o nhau. D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00f2 x\u00e9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac; nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2014 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua gien c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9. B\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5:&nbsp;B\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i \u0111i qua v\u1edbi c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 quay xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh ph\u00e1t ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a anh trai b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ung th\u01b0 n\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t trong \u0111\u00e1m tang c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft anh trai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o v\u1edbi b\u00e0i h\u00e1t. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Hai b\u1ea1n \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con ph\u1ed1, nghe c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng do qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a LeDoux v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000) r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 qua, m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i khi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 qua. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m; m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Th\u1ea5u C\u1ea3m v\u00e0 Bi M\u1eabn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 xa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc James Decety \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Halpern: \u201cC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ai. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m\u201d. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(1) C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(2) th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; v\u00e0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(3) th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ho\u1eb7c quan t\u00e2m, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>T\u00e2m L\u00fd H\u1ecdc Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a V\u00e0 L\u00f2ng Bi M\u1eabn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ecb tha v\u00e0 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n. \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng\u201d ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u01a1i ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Trong l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p hay ho\u00e0n v\u1ed1n . Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u01b0u \u00e1i b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t (Simpson &amp; Willer, 2008). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ed5 sung li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng. Trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, n\u01a1i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat; tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho mong mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Ekman, 2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 ba h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i sau khi tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi m\u1eabn (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac bi m\u1eabn, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ekman (2015) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui bi m\u1eabn (compassion joy &#8211; CJ), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 theo hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.&nbsp;Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra do \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi m\u1eabn. V\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ee9 ba&nbsp;l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao trong c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi m\u1eabn n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967 v\u00e0 1968, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y (Paul Ekman) \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u1edf v\u00f9ng Cao nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng Nam c\u1ee7a New Guinea \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Paul nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i), \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00edt h\u01a1n 200 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y; m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng nhau n\u1ea5u \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0103n c\u00f9ng nhau. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 khi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paul \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1, trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 11\/9, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;<em>gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t<\/em>. Trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea1c quan h\u01a1n n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i sao l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00f3? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn? Hay n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc c\u0169ng s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gien d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng di truy\u1ec1n, n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac bi m\u1eabn g\u1ea7n, \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn xa v\u1eddi. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xa) s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem li\u1ec7u l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. V\u00e0, n\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ai tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 ai kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong bao l\u00e2u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghi ch\u00fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><em>Linh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ai \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m vui bi m\u1eabn (compassionate joy \u2013CJ) m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ea8n T\u00e2m L\u1ed9, Friday, June 19, 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;20\/06\/2020 18:53:00&nbsp;Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: Qu\u1ea3ng C\u01a1 \/ Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc \/ Friday, May 15, 2020\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 108&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/bi-tri-dung\/Longtubitoancaucothedatduockhong_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp; Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: Is Global Compassion Achievable? T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Paul Ekman\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1768,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bi-tri-dung"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1767"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1769,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1767\/revisions\/1769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1767"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}