{"id":18406,"date":"2022-04-17T09:47:26","date_gmt":"2022-04-17T02:47:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=18406"},"modified":"2022-04-17T09:47:27","modified_gmt":"2022-04-17T02:47:27","slug":"phong-van-ty-khuu-bodhi-nguoi-dich-kinh-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/04\/17\/phong-van-ty-khuu-bodhi-nguoi-dich-kinh-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Bodhi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Bodhi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

 PH\u1eceNG V\u1ea4N T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI, NG\u01af\u1edcI D\u1ecaCH KINH PH\u1eacT<\/strong>B\u00ecnh Anson d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Bodhi (Bhikkhu Bodhi) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u0101li nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Trung b\u1ed9 (Majjhima Nik\u0101ya) v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9 (Samyutta Nik\u0101-ya) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch tham chi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2006, chuy\u00ean san Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o “Inquiring Mind” th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: Do duy\u00ean c\u1edb g\u00ec S\u01b0 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Khi m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t gia, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u1edf v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y t\u1ea1i California trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef v\u0103n c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka v\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (Therav\u0101da) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972, t\u00f4i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Balangoda Ananda Maitreya, v\u00ec l\u00fac \u1ea5y ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Sri Lanka. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung v\u1edbi v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nyanaponika, ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (Buddhist Publication Society), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kandy. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, do ng\u00e0i ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1975, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Kandy v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Nyanaponika. Ng\u00e0i xem qua v\u00e0i b\u00e0i d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean t\u00f4i n\u00ean d\u1ecbch b\u00e0i kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng (Brahmajala Sutta, b\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng (The Discourse on the All-Embracing Net of View) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m cho “s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p” d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: S\u01b0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y theo h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p? V\u00e0 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y S\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1972, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i r\u1eddi Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111i sang ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c (anti-intellectual) \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh s\u00e1ch. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, trong khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i tu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y trong v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u1edf Th\u00e1i Lan ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n; duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m tinh t\u1ebf, n\u1eb1m ngay b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong s\u00e1ng, k\u00e8m theo v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a l\u00fd th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: S\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a S\u01b0?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac; nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 \u00fd mong mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i do nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n); ch\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec t\u00f4i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t cao h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp; nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1edf b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00edch truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 tuy \u00edt h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft \u00edt h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i do t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, theo t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. T\u00f4i e r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u1eefa, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb pha lo\u00e3ng, l\u1ea5n \u00e1p, v\u00e0 nu\u1ed1t tr\u1ecdn b\u1edfi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e2y quanh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh duy th\u1ea7n hay c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng chu\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: Xin S\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u00c2u M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp? Tu t\u1eadp c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mang nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ta s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 ri\u00eang t\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Theo t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00c2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hay v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c m\u1ed9t m\u1edb v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111em v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng sau v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p thu c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ta nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c trong t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m khi \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn, chi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a ta. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng “v\u0103n”, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, nghe v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 “t\u01b0”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Khi quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u00ean c\u1ed1. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00edn th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ta, “tu”, s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ta th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh an h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111em an vui \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho ta v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ngu\u1ed3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea9m tra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t qua tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u. Cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc kinh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch tr\u00edch l\u1ee5c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nyanatiloka, “Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n” (The Word of the Buddha). Ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i trang web “Truy c\u1eadp Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n” (Access to Insight, www.accesstoinsight.org); v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i “L\u00e0m b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n” (“Befriending the Suttas”) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng John Bullitt, ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean trang web. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u1eefng L\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt D\u1ea1y” (In the Buddha\u2019s Words), do t\u00f4i tr\u00edch l\u1ee5c t\u1eeb Kinh t\u1ea1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc Trung B\u1ed9 (Majjhima Nik\u0101ya). Trang web c\u1ee7a Tu vi\u1ec7n Bodhi (Bodhi Monastery, www.bodhimonastery.net) c\u00f3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kinh Trung b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, thu \u00e2m trong su\u1ed1t ba n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghe. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nghi\u00eam t\u00fac chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp: T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, ta g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1edbt qua to\u00e0n b\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft. Khi \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i kinh, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kinh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Khi ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecdc kinh, n\u00ean l\u1ea5y ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang theo t\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1ea1o th\u00eam ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ghi r\u00f5 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u2013 sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m hay v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u2013 ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i r\u00e1p h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh P\u0101li b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n chung cho m\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Nam t\u00f4ng hay nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n Minh s\u00e1t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd th\u1eadt t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u1ed9i r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby hay nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong b\u00e0i kinh X\u00e0 d\u1ee5 (kinh “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft r\u1eafn”, Trung b\u1ed9, 22). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, thay v\u00ec \u0111em ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 khoe t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft r\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng n\u1eafm \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111u\u00f4i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb con r\u1eafn quay \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i c\u1eafn, g\u00e2y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ta l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, d\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o “tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch” v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kinh v\u0103n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ta bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ghi l\u1ea1i trong kinh. Th\u1eadt ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u trong kinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u1eefa, qua ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin theo thuy\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ky-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p d\u00ednh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0o m\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Khi t\u00f4i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00fac c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v.v., v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a ta th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t cho t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh gi\u1ea3ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u1eafm. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i kinh Gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd Thi-ca-la-vi\u1ec7t (Sigalov\u0101da Sutta, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, 31), nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tan bi\u1ebfn. Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1ch l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1y s\u00e1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng”, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft cho b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i, cho v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v.v.; khi \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ee3t hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong t\u00e2m t\u00f4i, b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t “tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau th\u1ebf” cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 “tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf” v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi bao tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gian, mang s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, ngay t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc kinh v\u00e0 m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o, hay l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, tr\u0103ng sao, hoa l\u00e1, c\u1ecf c\u00e2y, s\u00f4ng n\u00fai, bi\u1ec3n h\u1ed3; b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a thay \u0111\u1ed5i; s\u01b0 t\u1eed, kh\u1ec9, voi, ng\u1ef1a; vua, quan v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129; ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n, y s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eb7c \u2013 danh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 khan, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean ta g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng r\u00f5, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd phai nh\u1ea1t trong t\u00e2m ta, ngay c\u1ea3 sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: Khi d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, S\u01b0 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. Vi th\u1ebf, khi chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, l\u00fac n\u00e0o ta c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hy sinh nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong ng\u1eef v\u0103n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sao cho su\u00f4ng s\u1ebb v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n khi ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ngay \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb P\u0101li \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb “sam\u0101dhi” (\u0111\u1ecbnh), ti\u1ebfng Anh d\u1ecbch l\u00e0: concentration – t\u1eadp trung; composure – an t\u0129nh; collectedness – t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, mental unification – h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, v.v. nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a sam\u0101dhi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt (v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb “sati” (ni\u1ec7m), ti\u1ebfng Anh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “mindfulness”, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb “sarati”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ghi nh\u1edb”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi trong ng\u1eef v\u0103n P\u0101li, sati v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1edb. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef “mindfulness”, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Ch\u1eef d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 hay, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1edb, \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb “satipatth\u0101na” th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “foundation of mindfulness” (ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec7m), nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thanh l\u1ecbch; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta hi\u1ec3u P\u0101li, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd, h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb sati + patth\u0101na (t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 sati + upatth\u0101na, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “establishment of mindfulness” (s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m). R\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu ta hi\u1ec3u kinh v\u0103n g\u1ed1c, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u, trong \u0111\u00f3, sati \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn upatth\u0101na, nh\u01b0 upatthitas-sati (ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp), m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00e0o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p sati v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn patth\u0101na. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c minh cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u1ecbch sati-patth\u0101na l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m – establishment of mindfulness”, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch “n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec7m, ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9”. Cho d\u00f9 t\u1eeb “ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 – foundation of mindfulness” nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thanh l\u1ecbch, \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: Khi S\u01b0 th\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o S\u01b0 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i khi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 xin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n Vipassana, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m, \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00e1c xa ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd \u00c2u M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ra ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ta trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Qua s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ta h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u00e2n th\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n an tr\u00fa trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1ea5y cho ta nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 n\u00e1o n\u1ee9c \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ea1c th\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. C\u00e0ng kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i \u0111au, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i thay, thay v\u00ec than van, tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c cho s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, theo quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p. L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1eefu vi, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng hoa cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. N\u1ebfu ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00f5i Ta-b\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (samsara), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o Ta-b\u00e0, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, qua ch\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ta t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ta ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (anicca), ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha), \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t chu to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta) c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p. V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, ta nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi. Do nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, x\u1ea3 ly ph\u00e1t sinh. Do x\u1ea3 ly, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ph\u00e1t sinh, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n. Th\u1eadt ra, lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a hai Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 Kh\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0110\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e2m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ebf; ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5 \u2013 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u2013 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e0n di\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebfn, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf khi n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft th\u00ednh ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, \u00edt ra, ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean; cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u00edch nghi h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh. Theo S\u01b0, t\u1ea1i sao nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng suy t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft ban s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t B\u1eadc Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t T\u1eeb bi, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd, thay v\u00ec nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 xin Ng\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y: -“T\u1ea1i sao trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong kinh v\u0103n h\u1eadu t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n (Jatakas), S\u1eed t\u00edch (Apad\u0101nas), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau?”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0ng th\u00edch th\u00fa n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra hai gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: (i) Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean khai, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n: N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi th\u00eam v\u00e0o sau n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh. (ii) C\u00e1c k\u1ef3 K\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng A-la-h\u00e1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n: Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, v\u00ec trong kinh t\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia, c\u00e1c b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vua quan, \u0111\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tu s\u0129; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng ai \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u00ec \u1eaft h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cho n\u00ean, hai gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ra \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u01b0ng \u00fd \u2013 qua \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tranh \u0111ua nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 cao nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong kinh t\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba; cho n\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m (Buddhaghosa), tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t quan ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh \u2013 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Ph\u00e1p. S\u01b0 ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i? Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nhau hay kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: S\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u1edf Sri Lanka. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh kh\u00e1c (th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trung b\u1ed9 141, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng 12:31; T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng 22:3,4). Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1eaft h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n g\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u1eaft h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1i banh tuy\u1ebft l\u0103n tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng ra v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp tuy\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c c\u1ed5 b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Sri Lanka \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u2013 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u00edch l\u0169y qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f4m nay, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n chia T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng chung cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi h\u01a1n th\u00ec b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9) sau khi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 Therav\u0101da \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea7n kinh v\u0103n ghi l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kinh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 Therav\u0101da v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n chung cho c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean khai, m\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u1eaft h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m (v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y qua quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Therav\u0101da. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n v\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9: h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u1ed5 Therav\u0101da tri\u1ec3n khai, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu ta so s\u00e1nh v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 s\u00e0i; l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: C\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 phong c\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft, hay ch\u00fang mang theo c\u00e1c to\u00e1n th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, x\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1 v\u00e0 xa l\u1ed9 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang s\u01a1? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, theo t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Therav\u0101da ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, l\u00e0 xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh. M\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trung dung l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p d\u00ednh v\u00e0o ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf kinh v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh gi\u1ea3ng nguy\u00ean s\u01a1. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi b\u00e0i kinh gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* H\u1eceI: R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i kinh khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00f3 ghi r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi nghe c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, r\u1ea5t hoan h\u1ef7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd nghe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 suy ng\u1eabm!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI: Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5, ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe tr\u1edf n\u00ean “s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin.” Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kinh c\u0169ng ghi r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u00ednh ch\u00fang, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y hay nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Theo t\u00f4i, s\u1ef1 nhanh nh\u1eb9n th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t Ch\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 do ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ba-la-m\u1eadt (paramis), hay c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh cao qu\u00fd, trong nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4i tin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1i sinh, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng phu tu t\u1eadp qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, tinh t\u1ea5n, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u1eeb bi, x\u1ea3 ly, c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, v.v. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ba-la-m\u1eadt v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t khao s\u00e2u xa trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, mong \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t khao n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, c\u00e1c b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb \u2013 nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p t\u00e2m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t an s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong l\u00f2ng, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i b\u1ee9c r\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft khi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghe Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, th\u00f4 th\u00e1o hay vi t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9 toang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n v\u00f4 minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi hai ho\u1eb7c ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3a hoa sen tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3, ch\u1edd m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eebng n\u1edf. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc l\u00ean, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tia n\u1eafng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i khai m\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3a hoa sen trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 B\u00ecnh Anson d\u1ecbch
<\/strong><\/em> T\u00e2y \u00dac, th\u00e1ng 7-2006<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Bodhi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u1eadt  PH\u1eceNG V\u1ea4N T\u1ef2 KH\u01afU BODHI, NG\u01af\u1edcI D\u1ecaCH KINH PH\u1eacTB\u00ecnh Anson d\u1ecbch T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Bodhi (Bhikkhu Bodhi) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18407,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,207,104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-18406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cau-hoi-lich-su-phat-giao","category-cau-hoi-ve-kinh-sach","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18406"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18408,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18406\/revisions\/18408"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18406"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=18406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}