{"id":1873,"date":"2020-09-12T18:50:11","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T18:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1873"},"modified":"2020-09-12T18:50:11","modified_gmt":"2020-09-12T18:50:11","slug":"ban-ve-chu-khong-trong-phat-giao-nguyen-thuy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/12\/ban-ve-chu-khong-trong-phat-giao-nguyen-thuy\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Kh\u00f4ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;19\/04\/2014 00:58:00&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/author\/tieubinh\/\">SC. Th\u00edch N\u1eef Nhu\u1eadn B\u00ecnh<\/a>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 8812&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/BanvechuKhongtrongPhatgiaoNguyenthuy_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','12px')\"><\/a><a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','18px')\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/BanvechuKhongtrongPhatgiaoNguyenthuy_files\/buddha_statue_color443x386_294405530.jpg\" alt=\"image\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m th\u00fay, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;I. \u0110\u1eb6T V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>Nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c, tan r\u1ea5t nhanh sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o<\/em>\u201d. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i, tan nhanh sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ta, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ta v\u00e0 xung quanh ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o n\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9 \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, mong manh, t\u00ecm m\u00e3i, t\u00ecm ho\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0. V\u00ec theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt quay theo d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y c\u1ee7a sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u00e2m th\u00fay, th\u1eadt th\u00e2m th\u00fay bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang v\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi g\u00fat m\u1eafc, t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh l\u1ed1i \u0111i thanh th\u1ea3n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba do B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ecd (<em>N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna<\/em>) kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tu t\u1eadp khi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y theo th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t b\u1eadc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn. Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh trong v\u0103n t\u1ea1ng Nikaya v\u00e0 Agama. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n \u201c<em>H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i<\/em>\u201d, Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n \u201c<em>Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. CH\u1eee \u201cKH\u00d4NG\u201d TRONG PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d t\u1ee9c \u201c<em>S\u00f9nyat\u00e0<\/em>\u201d trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh c\u1ee7a P\u00e0li v\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh cho b\u00e0i Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long Th\u1ecd xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f9y theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng mang nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 P\u00e0li ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y mang nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, v\u1ee3 con, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u00e0i v\u00ec an tr\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean an tr\u00fa r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Trong&nbsp;<em>kinh Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;<\/em>theo v\u0103n b\u1ea3n P\u00e0li v\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>N\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, Ta nh\u1edd an tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nay an tr\u00fa r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u<\/em>\u201d<sup>[1]<\/sup>&nbsp; (<em>Su\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101vih\u0101ren\u0101ha\u1e41, \u0100nanda, etarahi bahula\u1e41 vihar\u0101m\u012bti<\/em>)<sup>[2]<\/sup>. V\u00e0 \u201c<em>N\u00e0y Anan, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ta n\u00f3i, Th\u1ea7y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 v\u00e0 nh\u1edb k\u1ef9. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ta ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u an tr\u00fa n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng<\/em>\u201d<sup>[3]<\/sup>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i b\u00e0i kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea5n, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ch\u00fang T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n t\u00e2m to\u00e0n \u00fd cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu t\u1eadp. T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t hay: \u201c<em>Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tu gia, th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tu ch\u1ee3, th\u1ee9 ba tu ch\u00f9a<\/em>\u201d. \u00dd c\u00e2u n\u00e0y th\u00ec tu \u1edf nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f3 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 tu \u1edf ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tu \u1edf ch\u00f9a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec ch\u00f9a l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m tu ni\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, l\u1ee3i danh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00fat t\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e0o m\u00f3ng kh\u1edfi, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng tu nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn n\u1ee3 tr\u1ea7n, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo ph\u1ea3i an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1eady. An tr\u00fa v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: \u201c<em>N\u00e0y Anan, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ed9c M\u1eabu n\u00e0y tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 voi, ng\u1ef1a, tr\u00e2u, d\u00ea, t\u00e0i v\u1eadt, l\u00faa, th\u00f3c, n\u00f4 t\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u1ef3 kheo. Cho n\u00ean, n\u00e0y Anan, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf trong gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, th\u00ec v\u00ec th\u1ebf ta th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng; n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3, th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3. N\u00e0y Anan, \u0111\u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt an tr\u00fa t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/em>\u201d<sup>[4]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang T\u1ef3 kheo ph\u1ea3i an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3. Nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ngay \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf. Xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m, xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, danh v\u1ecdng, d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, T\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd th\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed do duy\u00ean l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch th\u00fa, h\u00e2n hoan, an tr\u00fa, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u00e1c \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n do duy\u00ean th\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n do duy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed do duy\u00ean l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri: Lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri: \u201cLo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed (ekattam) do duy\u00ean l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y xem c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri: \u201cC\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1eadt c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thanh t\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh<\/em>\u201d<sup>[5]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh thanh cao, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n m\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, ba t\u1ea5m y v\u00e0ng che th\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, s\u00e0n t\u1ecda ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u00edt thu\u1ed1c men \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i, s\u1eafc, danh, th\u1ef1c, th\u00f9y. So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng Ni kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi t\u00e2m hoan h\u1ef7 bao nhi\u00eau, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf bao nhi\u00eau, th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ba ng\u00f4i Tam b\u1ea3o bao nhi\u00eau, gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh bao nhi\u00eau, s\u01a1 t\u00e2m xu\u1ea5t gia m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m t\u01b0\u01a1ng chao th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169 quay \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 mua gh\u1ebf, mua ch\u1ee9c, ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3a s\u00e2n si, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh lung lay v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u01a1 t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh khi\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u1ea5m th\u00eda l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: \u201c<em>Nh\u1ea5t ni\u00ean Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n, nh\u1ecb ni\u00ean Ph\u1eadt th\u0103ng thi\u00ean, tam ni\u00ean b\u1ea5t ki\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt<\/em>\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ebf. \u0110au l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia l\u1ea1i nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t gia, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 h\u00f3a\u201d. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngoan sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u201c<em>Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1n th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/em>\u201d<sup>[6]<\/sup>. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia m\u1edbi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1edbi sanh ra, l\u00fac m\u1edbi hai b\u00e0n tay tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi d\u1ea1y: \u201c<em>Trong l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i L\u1ed9c M\u1eabu n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 voi, b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a, ng\u1ef1a c\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d<\/em><sup>[7]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u201c<em>&#8230;.c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y \u0100nanda, T\u1ef7 Kheo kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd th\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01a1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, do duy\u00ean l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng; t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch th\u00fa, h\u00e2n hoan, an tr\u00fa, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>\u201d<sup>[8]<\/sup>. L\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 khung c\u1ea3nh Gi\u00e0 lam thanh t\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 khu r\u1eebng thanh v\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n tu h\u00e0nh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u1ee3 con, cha m\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, danh v\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb,&#8230; T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m tu h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5y qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. T\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201c<em>N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 Kheo, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, T\u1ef7 Kheo \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn khu r\u1eebng, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, hay \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng (su\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101g\u0101ra-gato), ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0, l\u01b0ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/em>\u201d<sup>[9]<\/sup>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m th\u00fay, r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n trong&nbsp;<em>kinh Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>&nbsp;li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 an h\u01b0\u1edfng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n: \u201c<em>C\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o do duy\u00ean l\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ecba t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>\u201d<sup>[10]<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 Kinh Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n: Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u201c<em>v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9, ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed do v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>\u201d<sup>[11]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong&nbsp;<em>lu\u1eadn Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Visuddhimagga<\/em>), Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd (<em>Buddhaghosa<\/em>) vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u00eau \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c<em>M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1eef h\u00e0nh \u0111i trong sa m\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng mang theo n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, anh ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u00e0ng xa, anh ta tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y h\u00e2n hoan, vui s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u201d. K\u1ebb l\u1eef h\u00e0nh lang thang trong sa m\u1ea1c c\u00e0ng \u0111i c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1t, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u01a1n kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t khao v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1c tr\u00fa khi \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e0o thua v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eef th\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea7y h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng xa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Anan: \u201c<em>N\u00e0y Anan, nh\u1edd an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o (kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m) \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa vi\u00ean m\u00e3n nh\u1ea5t<\/em>\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng, ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng \u1edf&nbsp;<em>kinh Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>&nbsp;ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1eddi qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3, nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00fac \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Cho n\u00ean trong kinh m\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng: \u201c<em>Trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a L\u1ed9c m\u1eabu (Mig\u0101ra) n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 voi, b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 l\u1eeba c\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng ch\u00fang T\u1ef3-kheo y\u00ean t\u0129nh<\/em>\u201d<sup>[12]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Seyyath\u0101pi aya\u1e43. Mig\u0101ram\u0101tu p\u0101s\u0101do su\u00f1\u00f1o hatthigav\u0101ssava\u1e37avena, su\u00f1\u00f1o j\u0101tar\u016bparajatena, su\u00f1\u00f1o itthipurisasannip\u0101tena; atthi c\u201dev\u201d ida\u1e41 asu\u00f1\u00f1ata\u1e41 yadida\u1e41 bhikkhusa\u1e41gha\u1e41 pa\u1e6dicca ekatta\u1e41.)<sup>[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 trong&nbsp;<em>kinh \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 Kheo mu\u1ed1n an t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i: \u201c<em>Ly d\u1ee5c, ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa trong thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\u2026, th\u1ee9 hai\u2026, th\u1ee9 ba\u2026, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u2026. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, A-nan, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kheo v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 an \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng<\/em>\u201d<sup>[14]<\/sup>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn h\u1ebft nguy\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 sau: h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n an \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u201cly d\u1ee5c\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 xa l\u00eca hay d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c. Khi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec5m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd d\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi trong t\u00e2m. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c th\u00f4i, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m an l\u1ea1c v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00eca d\u1ee5c, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u1ea5y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ly d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ly c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>V\u00e0 n\u00e0y \u0100nanda, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o T\u1ef7 kheo an ch\u1ec9, an t\u1ecda, chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y \u0100nanda, T\u1ef7 kheo ly d\u1ee5c, ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c do ly d\u1ee5c sanh, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 t\u1ee9. Di\u1ec7t t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c do \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9, n\u1ed9i t\u0129nh nh\u1ee9t t\u00e2m&#8230; ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Tam thi\u1ec1n\u2026 ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y \u0100nanda, T\u1ef7 kheo an ch\u1ec9, an t\u1ecda, chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng&#8230; V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng\u2026 V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng\u2026&nbsp; V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>\u201d<sup>[15]<\/sup>, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ec3m ly, ly tham, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, an t\u1ecbnh, th\u1eafng tr\u00ed, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng. Trong&nbsp;<em>kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i ren, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201c<em>N\u00e0y \u0100nanda, c\u00f3 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, T\u1ef7 kheo c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ch\u00fang khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&#8230; \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh&#8230; \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Trong khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y an tr\u00fa, t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n n\u00e0o (<\/em><em>asmi\u1e43m\u0101no) (kh\u1edfi l\u00ean) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y \u0100nanda, T\u1ef7-kheo tu\u1ec7 tri nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cPh\u00e0m c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n (kh\u1edfi l\u00ean) n\u01a1i ta, ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u1ea5y<\/em>.\u201d&nbsp;<em>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y \u0100nanda, thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c Hi\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh, si\u00eau th\u1ebf, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u00c1c ma<\/em>\u201d<sup>[16]<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng, ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0 khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t sai l\u1ea7m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u00edch T\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1o, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn tu t\u1eadp v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Alara Kalama. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tu h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. V\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 7, t\u1ee9c V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tu ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi c\u0169ng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng tu t\u1eadp uy\u00ean th\u00e2m h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Uddaka Ramaputta. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 8, t\u1ee9c Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb \u0111ang c\u00f3, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7y Uddaka Ramaputta m\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ea3i t\u1eed v\u1eabn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ra \u0111i v\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa ch\u00ed mong c\u1ea7u. Tr\u1ea3i qua s\u00e1u n\u0103m tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, Ng\u00e0i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Trung \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh 49 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. M\u1edf m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i m\u1edbi cho ch\u00fang sanh, m\u1edf m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i m\u1edbi, r\u1ea5t ri\u00eang so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng tinh hoa t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 to\u00e0n m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp, tu ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;<em>\u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em>&nbsp;m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00ean an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng, ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp trong khi \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u0111i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u00e1i \u201cc\u00f3\u201d (t\u00e0i, s\u1eafc, danh, th\u1ef1c, th\u00f9y,&#8230;) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00e1o v\u1ea3i kh\u1ea5t s\u0129, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian lu\u00f4n \u0111i theo quy lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 v\u00e0 mong manh. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i \u0111i, sinh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t, h\u1ee3p r\u1ed3i tan. \u00d4n Nh\u01b0 H\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 nghe chua ch\u00e1t trong&nbsp;<em>Cung O\u00e1n Ng\u00e2m Kh\u00fac<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u201c<em>Tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0nh hanh qu\u00e1 ng\u00e1n,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ch\u01a1i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L\u00f2 c\u1eeb nung n\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B\u1ee9c tranh v\u00e2n c\u1ea9u v\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u201d. (C\u00e2u s\u1ed1 73 &#8211; 76)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u201c<em>Phong tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 s\u01a1n kh\u00ea,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hoa kia c\u1ecf n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tu\u1ed3ng huy\u1ec5n h\u00f3a kh\u00e9o b\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1ea5y,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ki\u1ebfp ph\u00f9 sinh tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111au<\/em>\u201d. (C\u00e2u 99 &#8211; 102)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 mong manh t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, khi nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng; c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 sinh ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian thay \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, ngay khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang T\u1ef3 kheo l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh h\u00e0ng T\u1ef3 kheo tinh t\u1ea5n tu h\u00e0nh, b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, sinh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t, di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i sinh. Trong&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>V\u00ed nh\u01b0, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ea3y mang theo \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t. Do nh\u00ecn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng. L\u00e0m sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1eafc g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i hay ngo\u1ea1i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c li\u1ec7t hay th\u1eafng, ho\u1eb7c xa hay g\u1ea7n, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc. Do v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo nh\u00ecn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc, s\u1eafc \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng. L\u00e0m sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng trong s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?&#8230;V\u00ed nh\u01b0, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, trong th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u1ea1, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00f3ng, m\u1ed9t r\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi rung \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t n\u00f3. Do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u00ecn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, n\u00ean r\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng&#8230; L\u00e0m sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng trong r\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/em>\u201d<sup>[17]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n 3.000 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111ang trong v\u00f2ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, sanh di\u1ec7t, di\u1ec7t sanh. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i l\u1eefng l\u1edd tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang T\u1ef3 kheo l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp. V\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng, ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u00f3 n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 mong manh, t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eb3ng ai ng\u1edd. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9 ng\u1ee1 r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1eadt ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eebng ph\u00fat t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta suy ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh c\u1eefu m\u00e3i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9m b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00ed cho th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. Ng\u1ee1 r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh c\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0o ai hay s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft th\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1edf d\u0129 th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u0103m u\u1ea9n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p n\u00ean c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c n\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n ta \u0111au kh\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t chia li, \u0111\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n ta th\u1ee9c tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00eam ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i cho tu\u1ed5i thanh xu\u00e2n \u0111i qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng. Ta kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ta v\u1eadt v\u00e3 khi xa ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh y\u00eau, khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m cho v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia tu h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c<em>Ta nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>\u201d<sup>[18]<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha d\u00e0nh cho con. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd khi c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7, \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i, tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, bao gi\u1edd Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hai v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ng\u1ed3i \u1edf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eed l\u1edbn trong t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00fang T\u1ef3 kheo. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 tri, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 tri n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. N\u1ebfu Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0m sao Ng\u00e0i \u00f4m tr\u1ecdn ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i l\u1edbn l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh nh\u01b0 con.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u00e0ng T\u1ef3 kheo ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p. \u201c<em>H\u00e3y qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, b\u1ecbnh t\u1eadt, thay \u0111\u1ed5i, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3&#8230;<\/em>\u201d. V\u00e0 d\u00f9 cho X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n mang t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian. T\u1ea5m th\u00e2n huy\u1ec5n m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh th\u00ec m\u00e3i c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i, soi s\u00e1ng cho bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0n sau. Qua \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i tam gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a sinh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Trong&nbsp;<em>T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>, t\u1eadp III \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta, ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0. C\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u2026, h\u00e0nh\u2026Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta, ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/em>\u201d<sup>[19]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(R\u016bpam bhikkhave anicca\u1e41, yad aniccam ta\u1e41 dukkha\u1e41 ya\u1e41 dukkha\u1e41 tadanatt\u0101, yad anatt\u0101 ta\u1e41 netam mama neso ham asmi na meso att\u0101 ti. Evam eta\u1e41 yathabh\u016bta\u1e41 sammappa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101ya da\u1e6d\u1e6dhabba\u1e41. Vedan\u0101, anicc\u0101 yad anicca\u1e41 ta\u1e41 dukkha\u1e41 yam dukkha\u1e41 tad anatt\u0101 Yad anatt\u0101 ta\u1e41 netam mama neso ham asmi na meso att\u0101tii Evam eta\u1e41 yath\u0101bh\u016bta\u1e41 sammappa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101ya da\u1e6d\u1e6dhabba\u1e41 Sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 anicc\u0101, Sa\u1e47kh\u0101r\u0101 anicc\u0101 Vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47am aniccam yad anicca\u1e41 ta\u1e41 dukkha\u1e41, ya\u1e41 dukkha\u1e41 tad anatt\u0101, Yad anatt\u0101 tam netam mama nesoham asmi na me so att\u0101 ti. Evam eta\u1e41 yath\u0101bh\u016bta\u1e41 sammappa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101ya da\u1e6d\u1e6dhabba\u1e41. Evam passa\u1e41, la, n\u0101param itthatt\u0101y\u0101ti paj\u0101n\u0101t\u012bti)<sup>[20]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u00ean m\u1edbi mong t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 ch\u1ea5p th\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sanh t\u1eed m\u1edf l\u1ed1i th\u00eanh thang, s\u00e1u n\u1ebbo lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong tam gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00ean d\u00f9ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ta, ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta. S\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cho r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. \u201c<em>Tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi! Tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi!\u201d \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n v\u00ec sao c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? N\u00e0y A-nan, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng<\/em>\u201d.<sup>[21]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(<em>Su\u00f1\u00f1o loko su\u00f1\u00f1o loko ti bhante vuccati. Kitt\u0101vata nu kho bhante su\u00f1\u00f1o loko ti vuccati ? Yasm\u0101 ca kho \u0100nanda su\u00f1\u00f1am attena v\u0101 attaniyena v\u0101. Tasm\u0101 su\u00f1\u00f1o loko ti vuccati<\/em>)<sup>[22]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn hay \u0111i tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do duy\u00ean. Duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p th\u00ec v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, duy\u00ean h\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ly tan, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 hay chia ly th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt\u201d hay Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u00d4ng Thales cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Anacimen l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 kh\u00ed, Heraclite th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 l\u1eeda, Pythagora th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1, Empedocle th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, Platon \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean, Aristote th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc,&#8230; v\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ri\u00eang Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n sinh quan. Danh t\u1eeb chung \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201c<em>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 sinh n\u00ean Nh\u01b0 Lai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/em>\u201d (<em>ye dhamma hetuppabhava tesam hetum tathagats \u2013 Assaji<\/em>). N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3, t\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong&nbsp;<em>kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua 12 chi ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>Do v\u00f4 minh (avidy\u0101) duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh (<\/em><em>sa\u1e41sk\u0101ras); h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c (vij\u00f1\u0101na); th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc (n\u0101ma-r\u016bpa); danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp (sad-ayatana); l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp duy\u00ean x\u00fac (sparsa), x\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ecd (vedan\u0101); th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00e1i (<\/em><em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101); \u00e1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7, th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu (up\u0101d\u0101na); h\u1eefu duy\u00ean sanh (bhava); sanh duy\u00ean gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft (j\u0101ti), s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n<\/em>\u201d<sup>[23]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Avijj\u0101paccay\u0101 bhikkhave sa\u1e47kh\u0101r\u0101, sa\u1e47kh\u0101r\u0101paccay\u0101 vi\u00f1\u00f1ana\u1e41, vi\u00f1\u00f1a\u1e47apaccay\u0101 n\u0101mar\u016bpa\u1e41, n\u0101mar\u016bpapaccay\u0101 sa\u1e37\u0101yatana\u1e41, sa\u1e37\u0101yatanapaccay\u0101 phasso, phassapaccay\u0101 vedan\u0101, vedan\u0101paccay\u0101 ta\u1e47h\u0101, ta\u1e47hapaccay\u0101 up\u0101d\u0101na\u1e41, up\u0101d\u0101nnpaccay\u0101 bhavo, bhavapaccay\u0101 j\u0101ti, j\u0101tipaccay\u0101 jar\u0101mara\u1e47a\u1e41 soka-parideva-dukkbadoiuanassup\u0101yas\u0101 sambhavanti. Evam etassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti. Aya\u1e41 vuccati bbikkhave samupp\u0101do)<sup>[24]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y 12 chi ph\u1ea7n duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc x\u00edch v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 sanh ra v\u00f4 minh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh kh\u1edfi. C\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc,&#8230; c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 do v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh, do h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, do c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, t\u1eeb danh s\u1eafc ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, r\u1ed3i x\u00fac, th\u1ecd, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu, sanh v\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, ch\u1ec9 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, r\u1ed3i ly tan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ta suy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a 12 chi ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean: N\u1ebfu \u201c<em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1eefu th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u00fac th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh<\/em>\u201d<sup>[25]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Do n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a chi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0: kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t do v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh th\u00ec n\u00ean ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1eefu, v\u00ec h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t chi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec k\u00e9o theo sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 trong 12 chi ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c 11 chi ph\u1ea7n kia bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u0101li, 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>Do \u0111\u00e2y sanh, kia sanh; do sanh \u0111\u00e2y, kia sanh; Do \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng sanh, kia kh\u00f4ng sanh; do di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2y, kia di\u1ec7t<\/em>\u201d.<sup>[26]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Iti imasmi\u1e41 sati ida\u1e41 hoti imassupp\u0101d\u0101 idam uppajjatill imasmi\u1e41 asati ida\u1e41 na hoti imassa nirodh\u0101 ida\u1e41 nirujjhati)<sup>[27]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, 12 chi ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh 12 m\u00f3c x\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong&nbsp;<em>kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, nay ta s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Do m\u1eaft duy\u00ean s\u1eafc kh\u1edfi nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c. Ba ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 x\u00fac. Do x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ecd. Do th\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00e1i. Do \u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u1eefu. Do h\u1eefu c\u00f3 sanh. Do sanh c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Do tai duy\u00ean \u00e2m thanh kh\u1edfi nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c\u2026, Do m\u0169i duy\u00ean h\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026, Do l\u01b0\u1ee1i duy\u00ean v\u1ecb\u2026, Do th\u00e2n duy\u00ean x\u00fac\u2026, Do \u00fd c\u0103n duy\u00ean ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n\u2026, Ba ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 x\u00fac. Do x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ecd. Do th\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00e1i. Do \u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u1eefu. Do h\u1eefu c\u00f3 sanh. Do sanh c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Do m\u1eaft duy\u00ean s\u1eafc\u2026 Do th\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00e1i. Do ly tham, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t kh\u00e1t \u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t. Do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t sanh di\u1ec7t. Do sanh di\u1ec7t gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d.<sup>[28]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Lokassa bhikkhave samudaya\u00f1ca atthagama\u00f1 ca desiss\u0101mi, ta\u1e41 su\u1e47\u0101tha, Katamo ca bhikkhave lokassa samudayo. Cakkhu\u00f1ca pa\u1e6dicca r\u016bpe ca uppajjati cakkhuvi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\u1e41, ti\u1e47\u1e47am sa\u1e47gati phasso, phassapaccay\u0101 vedan\u0101, vedan\u0101paccay\u0101 ta\u1e47h\u0101, ta\u1e47h\u0101paccay\u0101 up\u0101d\u0101na\u1e41, up\u0101d\u0101napaccay\u0101 bhavo, bhavapaccay\u0101 j\u0101ti, j\u0101tipaccay\u0101 jar\u0101mara\u1e47a\u1e41 sokaparidevadukkhadomanassup\u0101y\u0101s\u0101 sambhavanti ayam lokassa samudayo. Sota\u00f1 ca pa\u1e6dicca. Gh\u0101na\u00f1 ca pa\u1e6dicca. Jivha\u00f1 ca pa\u1e6dicca|. K\u0101ya\u00f1 ca pa\u1e6dicca. Mana\u00f1 ca pa\u1e6dicca dhamme ca uppajjati manovi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\u1e41, ti\u1e47\u1e47a\u1e41 sa\u1e47gatiphasso, phassapaccay\u0101 vedan\u0101, vedan\u0101paccay\u0101 ta\u1e47h\u0101, tanh\u0101paccay\u0101 up\u0101d\u0101na\u1e41 up\u0101d\u0101napaccay\u0101 bhavo, bhavapaccay\u0101 j\u0101ti j\u0101tipaccay\u0101 jar\u0101mara\u1e47a\u1e41 sokaparidevadukkhadomanassup\u0101y\u0101s\u0101 sambhavanti, aya\u1e41 kho bhikkhave lokaesa samudayo. Katamo ca bhikkhave lokassa atthagamo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cakkhu\u00f1ca pa\u1e6dicca r\u016bpe ca uppajjati cakkhuvi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101na\u1e41 ti\u1e47\u1e47a\u1e41 sa\u1e47gatiphasso phassapaccay\u0101 vedan\u0101 vedan\u0101paccay\u0101 \u1e6da\u1e47h\u0101 tass\u0101yeva ta\u1e47h\u0101ya asesavir\u0101ganirodh\u0101 up\u0101d\u0101nanirodho pe. Evam etassa kevalasaa dukkhakkhandhassa nirodho hoti. Aya\u1e41 kho bhikkhave lokassa atthagamotill)<sup>[29]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u201c<em>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d, cho n\u00ean \u201c<em>Do \u0111\u00e2y sanh, n\u00ean kia sanh<\/em>\u201d<sup>[30]<\/sup>. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u do th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 giai kh\u00f4ng, n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3. Li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean b\u1eadc th\u1ec1m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadm th\u00e2m, vi di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u2013 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Anan (<em>\u0100nanda<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>S\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi! Th\u1eadm th\u00e2m l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi! V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 k\u00e9n l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, cu\u1ed9n ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed1i ren, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ecf munja v\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u1ea5c lao xao, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111o\u1ea1 x\u1ee9, lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/em>\u201d<sup>[31]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Gambh\u012bro caya\u1e41 \u0100nanda paticca-samupp\u0101do gainbh\u012br\u0101vabh\u0101so ca. Etassa \u0100nanda dhammassa ananubodh\u0101 appa\u1e6divedh\u0101 evam aya\u1e41 paj\u0101 tant\u0101kulaka-j\u0101t\u0101 gul\u0101-gu\u1e47\u1e6dhika-j\u0101t\u0101 mu\u00f1ja-babbaja-bh\u016bt\u0101 ap\u0101ya\u1e41 duggati\u1e41 vinip\u0101ta\u1e41 sa\u1e41s\u0101ra\u1e41 nativattati)<sup>[32]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d (\u7a7a) v\u00e0 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (\u56e0 \u7de3 \u751f \u8d77), trong&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ec3u Ngh\u0129a Th\u00edch Kinh<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>C\u016bla Niddesa<\/em>) thu\u1ed9c Kinh t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do nh\u00e3n c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n n\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c sanh kh\u1edfi; nh\u0129 c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh n\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c sanh kh\u1edfi\u2026T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sanh kh\u1edfi th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1eeb s\u00e1u c\u0103n (<em>\u0101yatana<\/em>, \u8655) n\u00ean s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n (<em>phassa<\/em>, \u89f8) sanh kh\u1edfi, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u1ecd (<em>vedan\u0101<\/em>, \u53d7) sanh kh\u1edfi, t\u1eeb th\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u00e1i (<em>Tanha<\/em>, \u611b) sanh kh\u1edfi, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u1ee7 (<em>up\u00e0d\u00e0nac<\/em>, \u53d6) sanh kh\u1edfi, t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 h\u1eefu (<em>bhava<\/em>, \u6709) sanh kh\u1edfi\u2026 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p sanh kh\u1edfi theo 12 chi ph\u00e2n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam trong&nbsp;<em>kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/em>, s\u1ed1 335 c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c<em>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng? N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, khi m\u1eaft sanh th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ebfn; l\u00fac di\u1ec7t th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1eaft ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt sanh, sanh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t; c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. \u1ea4m n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i, \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, tr\u1eeb ph\u00e1p t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, \u00fd c\u0169ng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u1eeb ph\u00e1p t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1. Ph\u00e1p t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 m\u00ecnh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3i chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t, v\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn t\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t<\/em>\u201d<sup>[33]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu: \u201cKh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c,\u2026\u201d. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d khi qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p: V\u00ec \u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d (<em>Su\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101<\/em>, \u7a7a) l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: \u201c<em>Su\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101nupassan\u0101 ti anatt\u0101nupassan\u0101 va<\/em>\u201d<sup>[34]<\/sup>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p \u201c<em>\u2026 Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e3<\/em>\u201d. Cho n\u00ean, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>III. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m th\u00fay, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d tr\u1edf n\u00ean vi di\u1ec7u, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed9t b\u1eadc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam,&nbsp;<em>Kinh Trung A H\u00e0m<\/em>, t\u1eadp IV, kinh Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ed1 190, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>, t\u1eadp II, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9&nbsp;<\/em>II, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch,&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em>, s\u1ed1 121, NXB T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;III, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;<em>&nbsp;Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, s\u1ed1 122, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, NXB T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>, t\u1eadp 3, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/em>, kinh s\u1ed1 639, Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng d\u1ecbch,&nbsp; H\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a Gi\u00e1c d\u1ee5c Linh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. S\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211;&nbsp;<em>Edward Conze\u2019s Buddhist Thought in India<\/em>, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh \u2013 Qu\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 (d\u1ecbch),&nbsp;<em>L\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng Lu\u1eadn Trung Qu\u00e1n&nbsp;<\/em>(c\u1ee7a HT. \u1ea4n Thu\u1eadn), NXB Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Huy\u1ec1n Trang (d\u1ecbch),&nbsp;<em>\u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt \u0110a Kinh<\/em>, (T05, No. 0220, p. 687a-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u4e09 \u85cf \u9ce9 \u6469 \u7f85 \u4ec0 \u8b6f: \u300a\u91d1 \u525b \u822c \u82e5 \u6ce2 \u7f85 \u871c \u7d93\u300b\u53771\uff1a\u300c\u51e1 \u6240 \u6709 \u76f8\uff0c\u7686 \u662f \u865b \u5984\u3002\u82e5 \u898b \u8af8 \u76f8 \u975e \u76f8\uff0c\u5247 \u898b \u5982 \u4f86\u3002\u300d(\u0110CT, t\u1eadp 08, No. 235, tr. 749, a24-25).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Qu\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean (d\u1ecbch),&nbsp;<em>Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/em>, vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Shohei Ichimura,&nbsp;<em>Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Praj\u00f1\u0101 and \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101<\/em>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-\u300a\u822c \u82e5 \u6ce2 \u7f85 \u871c \u591a \u5fc3 \u7d93\u300b\u53771 (\u0110CT, t\u1eadp 08, no. 251, p. 848, c7-8)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Th\u00edch Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n (d\u1ecbch),&nbsp;<em>\u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n Kinh<\/em>, CBETA, T 12, no. 374, P. 516, b 16 \u2013 c2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-\u300a\u4e2d \u8ad6\u300b\u53774\u300824 \u89c0 \u56db \u8ae6 \u54c1\u3009(\u0110CT, T30, No. 1564, p. 33, b11-12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u,&nbsp;<em>H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i<\/em>, NXB T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p TP.HCM, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh,&nbsp;<em>Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>, NXB Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft,&nbsp;<em>Trung lu\u1eadn<\/em>, NXB. TP. HCM, 2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Tu\u1ec7 S\u0129,&nbsp;<em>Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/em>, NXB Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[1]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II (2012): 433.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[2]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>M<\/em>, III, trang 104.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[3]<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam,&nbsp;<em>Kinh Trung A H\u00e0m<\/em>, t\u1eadp IV (1992): 226.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[4]<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam,&nbsp;<em>Kinh Trung A H\u00e0m<\/em>, t\u1eadp IV (1992): 226.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[5]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em>, s\u1ed1 121 (2012): 434.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[6]<\/sup>. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u,&nbsp;<em>H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i<\/em>&nbsp;(2012):173.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[7]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em>, s\u1ed1 121 (2012): 433&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[8]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em>, s\u1ed1 121 (2012): 433.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[9]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;III (2001): 291- 293.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[10]<\/sup>. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch,&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;III, (Ti\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng kinh), s\u1ed1 121.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[11]<\/sup>. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u,&nbsp;<em>H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i<\/em>&nbsp;(2012): 174.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[12]<\/sup>. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch,&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;III, (Ti\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng kinh), s\u1ed1 121.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[13]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Majjhima-Nik\u0101ya<\/em>, III, s\u1ed1 121.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[14]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, s\u1ed1 122 (2012): 440 &#8211; 441.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[15]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, s\u1ed1 122 (2012): 441.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[16]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<em>Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, s\u1ed1 122 (2012): 444.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[17]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>, t\u1eadp 3 (1993): 252 &#8211; 253.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[18]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/em>, kinh s\u1ed1 639 (2000): 335.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[19]<\/sup>. BKS, III, I.&nbsp;<em>T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng U\u1ea9n<\/em>, I. Ph\u1ea9m Nakulapita, IV. C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr. 21.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[20]<\/sup>.<em>&nbsp;S<\/em>, III, trang 22.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[21]<\/sup>. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch,&nbsp;<em>T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>&nbsp;IV, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng s\u00e1u x\u1ee9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[22]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Sa\u1e43yutta Nik\u0101ya<\/em>&nbsp;V.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[23]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>BKS<\/em>, II, tr. 2; IV, 53-4; DB, II, tr. 52.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[24]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>S<\/em>, II, tr. 1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[25]<\/sup>. Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi, http:\/\/www.google.com.vn\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;ved=0CDYQFjAC&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbu.edu.vn%2Fapplication%2Fuploads%2Fsubjects%2Fmedia%2520khoa2-hk1%2FPhat%2520hoc%2520khai%2520luan%2Fpractiya.sam.doc&amp;ei=1SqzUa_pGYiuiAfJmYDYCw&amp;usg=AFQjCNFrCH709dD9pD1djCeV31RBmWyGGg&amp;sig2=yShmNGz64ZO41HJyBkYdUA&amp;bvm=bv.47534661,d.aGc,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[26]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>KS<\/em>, II, tr. 23.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[27]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>S<\/em>, II, tr. 28.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[28]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>BKS<\/em>, IV, I.&nbsp;<em>T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng s\u00e1u x\u1ee9<\/em>&nbsp;(d), 107. IV. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr. 53-4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[29]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>S<\/em>, IV, tr. 87.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[30]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>MLS<\/em>, III, tr. 151-2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[31]<\/sup>. DB, II, s\u1ed1 15.&nbsp;<em>Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i duy\u00ean<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Mahanidana sutta<\/em>), tr. 50-51.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[32]<\/sup>. D, II, tr. 55.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[33]<\/sup>.&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/em>, kinh s\u1ed1 335 (2000): 995 \u2013 996.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[34]<\/sup>. Vi, II, tr. 695.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;19\/04\/2014 00:58:00&nbsp;SC. Th\u00edch N\u1eef Nhu\u1eadn B\u00ecnh\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 8812&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/BanvechuKhongtrongPhatgiaoNguyenthuy_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp; Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1874,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[66],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duyen-khoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1873"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1873\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1875,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1873\/revisions\/1875"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1873"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}