{"id":1906,"date":"2020-09-12T19:14:25","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T19:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1906"},"modified":"2020-09-12T19:14:25","modified_gmt":"2020-09-12T19:14:25","slug":"giao-ly-duyen-khoi-thich-hanh-binh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/12\/giao-ly-duyen-khoi-thich-hanh-binh\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi &#8211; Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;10\/04\/2012 21:49:00&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/author\/thichhanhbinh\/\">Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh<\/a>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 6598&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/Giaolyduyenkhoi_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','12px')\"><\/a><a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','18px')\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/Giaolyduyenkhoi_files\/Corbis_42_33458829_474630305.jpg\" alt=\"image\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (C\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh, n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (prat\u00b4tya-samutp?da) l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 (Bodhi), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf gian, t\u1eeb v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ra ngo\u00e0i qui lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahman) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cT\u1ef1 t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 th\u1ecd\u201d (m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu) \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u1ecb tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 minh (avidy?) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (P. pa\ufffd\ufffd?, S. pra-j\ufffda-paramit?) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u00f3. Do v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (Dv?da\u00a7?\u00bagaprat\u00b4tyasamutp?da) \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi chi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 chi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed, l\u00e0 chi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh? c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c l\u00e0 37 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang sinh, do v\u1eady h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd, ph\u00e1p 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Do v\u1eady, ph\u00e1i Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ee9t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u2018Tam th\u1ebf th\u1eadt h\u1eefu, ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu\u2019, l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3, cho n\u00ean ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n 4 duy\u00ean, nh\u1eb1m l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Do v\u1eady ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n 4 duy\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a 3 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.1 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u\u201d (Ariyapariyesanasuttam) trong \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d (Majjhima Nikaya) Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua 6 n\u0103m tu t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Alara Kalama v\u00e0 Uddaka Ramaputta. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng, trong th\u1eddi gian tu t\u1eadp n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n c\u00f2n x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecdc da, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i tu n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch xu\u1ea5t gia t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sinh, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Ni-li\u00ean-thi\u1ec1n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Ng\u00e0i ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 su\u1ed1t 49 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam t\u1ec9nh t\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam th\u1ee9 49 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch xu\u1ea5t gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt (Buddha).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf (Catv?ri-?ryasaty?ni), v\u00ec ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung n\u00f3i l\u00ean 4 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0: kh\u1ed5 (Du\u00fakha-satya), t\u1eadp (Samudaya-satya), di\u1ec7t (Nirodha-satya) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o(M?rga-satya). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch xu\u1ea5t gia t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (prat\u00b4tya-samutp?da), v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh 37 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 phi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t, \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u\u201d trong \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9 \u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c&#8221;Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y do Ta ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u00e2u k\u00edn&#8230; \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u01b0a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, kho\u00e1i \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, ham th\u00edch \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Idapacc\u00e0yata Paticcasamuppada (Y T\u00e1nh Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p)\u201d[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u1eeba d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Idapacc\u00e0yata Paticcasamuppada (Y T\u00e1nh Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p), \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. N\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ebf gian, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Qua \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. \u00dd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.2 \u00dd ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1eeba th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (prat\u00b4tya-samutp?da) l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kinh s\u1ed1: 292~299, 348~350 trong \u2018Kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u2019 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, qui lu\u1eadt, qui t\u1eafc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o&#8230;v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1i H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 (Sarv?stiv?din) c\u0169ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n (sad-hetavah) 4 duy\u00ean (catv\u0101rah pratyay\u0101h). Hai c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 :\u00b4C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh\u00b4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cha v\u00e0 con c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi con v\u1eeba ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cha li\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cha ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ra \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cha. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, do nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 do c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 con. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 con. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c con do cha m\u1eb9 sinh ra. C\u1ea3 hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u00f4t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o hay m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i theo. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, hai c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i : \u00b4C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng; c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t\u00b4, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qui lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u01a1m t\u1eeb g\u1ea1o, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8230;n\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u01a1m kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do v\u1eady, 4 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh qui lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o sinh di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ra ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.3 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf th\u1ebf gian. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd? V\u00ec n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh qui lu\u1eadt chung cho th\u1ebf gian, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u1edf th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u1edf th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00e1c \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p, Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u..\u201c[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u hay ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng tin m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. V\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. L\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu si d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb ngu cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0103n u\u1ed1ng. Do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 sai. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A h\u00e0m\u201d Kinh s\u1ed1 296, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cD\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian th\u00ec ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5, ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee5, ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c tri, th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eb3ng ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y, hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng: duy\u00ean sanh n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, \u01b0u, bi, kh\u1ed5, n\u00e3o&#8230; \u201d[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf gian, s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, sau khi Ng\u00e0i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u00fang sinh, n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p do Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u01b0 trong Kinh s\u1ed1 299 \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 do Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0m ra hay do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ra?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o T\u1ef3-kheo: \u201cPh\u00e1p duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do Ta t\u1ea1o ra, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian th\u00ec ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eb3ng ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, di\u1ec5n n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia kh\u1edfi. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh, \u2026 cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp thu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. Do v\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t,\u2026 cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u0169ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t.\u201d[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd chung cho th\u1ebf gian, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, d\u00f9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu ai l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.4 Ai th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, nh\u1edd gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, do v\u00ec bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1edd v\u1eady hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf. Do v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, do v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 cho n\u00ean sinh ra kh\u1ed5, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p hay l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, do v\u1eady, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh 37 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao trong Kinh A h\u00e0m hay Nikaya c\u00f3 c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Ai th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p; ai th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi&#8221;[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1eadt ra, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t x\u00e2u s\u1eafc, Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh; Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, cho n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1ecfi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngang qua tam t\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3: \u2019Ai th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt, ai th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1eadt ra l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y, xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u201cKinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng\u201c. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a, T\u1ef3 kheo Vakkali b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh n\u1eb7ng, s\u1eafp b\u1ecf th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ecbnh n\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i n\u1ed5i. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng? Vakkali tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed1i h\u00e2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng dung nhan \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. Cho n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cTh\u00f4i v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, n\u00e0y Vakkali, c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u00e2n h\u00f4i h\u00e1m n\u00e0y. N\u00e0y Vakkali, ai th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ta. Ai th\u1ea5y Ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p. N\u00e0y Vakkali, \u0111ang th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Ta. \u00d0ang th\u1ea5y Ta, l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p.\u201d[7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n cho Vakkali c\u00f3 2 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i: \u201cc\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i c\u00e1i th\u00e2n h\u00f4i h\u00e1m n\u00e0y\u201d. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng \u0103n, c\u0169ng u\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, c\u0169ng h\u00f4i th\u00fai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c\u2026 Th\u1ebf th\u00ec gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec sao? t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 ngu si, c\u00f2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, g\u1eb7p s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eafm s\u1eafc, g\u1eb7p chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00e1i l\u00f2ng sinh t\u00e2m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 ngu si m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e2u: \u201cAi th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ta. Ai th\u1ea5y Ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e2u n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh n\u00ean c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i qua h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i (ph\u00e1p) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng trong gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tuy hai m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n cung k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1y Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong \u201cKinh Kim Cang\u201d \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cNh\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u0129 s\u1eafc ki\u1ebfn ng\u00e3, d\u0129 \u00e2m thinh c\u1ea7u ng\u00e3, th\u1ecb n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5t n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn Nh\u01b0 Lai \u2014 N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ta qua h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u ta qua \u00e2m thanh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai.\u201d \u0110\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tin, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, n\u01a1i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9; n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9i, n\u01a1i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, n\u01a1i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt , c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.5 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 c\u00f2n mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean &#8211; \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao trong \u2018Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u\u2019 trong \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, r\u1ed3i Ta suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y do Ta ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u00e2u k\u00edn, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng, t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh, cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, si\u00eau l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, vi di\u1ec7u, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u. C\u00f2n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u01b0a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, kho\u00e1i \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, ham th\u00edch \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u01b0a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, kho\u00e1i \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, ham th\u00edch \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Idapacc\u00e0yata Paticcasamuppada (Y T\u00e1nh Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p); s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh, s\u1ef1 tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sanh y, \u00e1i di\u1ec7t, ly tham, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu nay Ta thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u Ta, th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eadt kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o cho Ta, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eadt b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh cho Ta!\u201d[8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u1eeba d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Idapacc\u00e0yata Paticcasamuppada (Y T\u00e1nh Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p), l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng do ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng : gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadm th\u00e2m vi di\u1ec7u, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ngang tr\u00e1i, do giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5[9]. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 do Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, do v\u1eady th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i do Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i giai c\u1ea5p. Ngang qua ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c 2 giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n v\u00e0 S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ee3i, hai giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, xem c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, Lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ec kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cho Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00efa Ng\u00e0i m\u1eb7c cho giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m giai c\u1ea5p 3 v\u00e0 4. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu nay Ta thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u Ta, th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eadt kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o cho Ta, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eadt b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh cho Ta\u201d. T\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean th\u1ec9nh Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea1i mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1 th\u00e2m tr\u1ea7m, th\u1eadt s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n xem \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung th\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n gian v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eddi cung th\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, do v\u1eady, giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9u Ng\u00e0i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap Ng\u00e0i m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ee3i sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La m\u00f4n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00fang b\u00e1i t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00f4 \u00edch. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. N\u1ed8I DUNG V\u00c0 \u00dd NGH\u0128A 12 NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (S. prat\u00b4tya-samutp?da, P. pa\u00cacca-samupp?da) l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qui lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i qui lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chung, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u sinh di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, do v\u1eady \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (Dv?da\u00a7?\u00bagaprat\u00b4tyasamutp?da) l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd n\u00e0y, \u2019Kinh \u0110a Gi\u1edbi\u2019 (Bahudh?tukasuttam) trong \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9&#8221; (Majjhima- Nik?ya) t\u1eadp 3, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y Ananda, T\u1ef3-kheo bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3; do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sanh, c\u00e1i kia sanh. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3; do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t, c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c, th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc, danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp duy\u00ean x\u00fac, x\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ecd, th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00e1i, \u00e1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7, th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu; h\u1eefu duy\u00ean sanh; do duy\u00ean sanh l\u00e3o t\u1eed, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o sanh kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Ananda, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, s\u1ef1 ly tham ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t; do c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t; do danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t; do l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, x\u00fac di\u1ec7t; do x\u00fac di\u1ec7t, th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t; do th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t, \u00e1i di\u1ec7t; do \u00e1i di\u1ec7t, th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t, do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t, h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t; do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t, sanh di\u1ec7t, do sanh di\u1ec7t, l\u00e3o t\u1eed, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Ananda, l\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: &#8220;T\u1ef3-kheo thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u1eeba tr\u00edch d\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e2u: \u201c c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3; do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t, c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t&#8221; l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb: Do (1) v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh, (2) h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c, (3) th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc, (4) danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, (5) l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp duy\u00ean x\u00fac, (6) x\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ecd, (7) th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00e1i, (8) \u00e1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7, (9) th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu; (10) h\u1eefu duy\u00ean sanh; (11) do duy\u00ean sanh (12) l\u00e3o t\u1eed, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb chi th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 12 l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed. L\u00e3o t\u1eed l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean l\u1ea5y l\u00e3o t\u1eed l\u00e0m chi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng chi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u1eeba d\u1eabn v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, do v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m&#8221; Kinh s\u1ed1: 298 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng chi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 chi V\u00f4 minh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cT\u1ee9c l\u00e0, duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh? N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft h\u1eadu t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n h\u1eadu t\u1ebf; ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft trong, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 trong l\u1eabn ngo\u00e0i; ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft b\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o; ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft T\u0103ng; ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft Kh\u1ed5, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft T\u1eadp, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft Di\u1ec7t, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1o; ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p sanh kh\u1edfi b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n; ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed9i, t\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp; ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9m, ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n; nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, ho\u1eb7c thanh t\u1ecbnh; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1u x\u00fac nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1c tri nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n, b\u1ecb si \u00e1m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 minh, t\u1ed1i m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 minh (S. avidy?) l\u00e0 chi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tuy nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng qua \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u: 1. kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf; 2. kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o; 3. kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf; 5. kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba ng\u00f4i Tam b\u1ea3o; 6. kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n&#8230;Do v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, do v\u1eady l\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 duy l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0 duy, ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng t\u01b0 duy l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy, cho n\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea7m, mi\u1ec7ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi sai l\u1ea7m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh ra \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh? C\u0169ng trong kinh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh? H\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh, mi\u1ec7ng h\u00e0nh, \u00fd h\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00e0nh (S. sa\u00b5sk?ra) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 2 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 : Th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh, kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n (c\u01a1 b\u1eafp) ; \u00fd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u00e0nh (S. sa\u00b5sk?ra) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o trong 2 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y? Th\u1eadt ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sa\u00b5sk?ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 cho \u00fd h\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng s\u1edf d\u0129 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec 2 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u00fd h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (S. vij\ufffd?na), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho th\u1ee9c sanh kh\u1edfi. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00f4 minh thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd, n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u00e0nh cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sa\u00b5 (c\u00f9ng nhau). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef h\u00e0nh trong 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c? Ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, t\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ee9c (S. vij\ufffd?na) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 3 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i, do duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a do c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 : (1) nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n (P.cakkkhu-vi\ufffd\ufffd?\u00f6a), (2) nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n(P.sota-vi\ufffd\ufffd?\u00f6a), (3) t\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n (P.Gh?na-vi\ufffd\ufffd?\u00f6a), (4) thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n (P.jivh?-vi\ufffd\ufffd?\u00f6a), (5) th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n (P.K?ya-vi\ufffd\ufffd?\u00f6a\u00b5), (6) \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n (vi\ufffd\ufffd\u00f6a\u00b5). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 6 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 6 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c? Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. S\u1edf d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 6 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, con m\u1eaft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho tai nghe ti\u1ebfng, c\u0169ng v\u1eady t\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u00fd th\u1ee9c (vi\ufffd\ufffd\u00f6a\u00b5) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p (dhamma), l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, \u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac. Hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a 5 tr\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3. Do v\u1eady kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9c trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi 5 c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 6 th\u1ee9c. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Danh s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc; th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 danh? Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n \u1ea5m v\u00f4 s\u1eafc: th\u1ecd \u1ea5m, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5m, h\u00e0nh \u1ea5m, th\u1ee9c \u1ea5m. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1eafc? Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u1eafc do b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. S\u1eafc n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi danh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danh s\u1eafc (S. n?ma-r\u00e8pa) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 4 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Th\u1eadt ra chi n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 2 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 danh (n?ma) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u00e8pa). N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o 5 u\u1ea9n (pa\ufffdca-skandha) m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec danh (n?ma) bao g\u1ed3m 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 : Th\u1ecd (Vedan?), t\u01b0\u1edfng (Sa\u00d7j\ufffd?), h\u00e0nh (Sa\u00d7sk?ra) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (Vij\ufffd?na) ; s\u1eafc (r\u00e8pa) l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n (r\u00e8pa-skandha) trong 5 u\u1ea9n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i : duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c do \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eaft d\u1eabn b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh, cho n\u00ean \u00fd d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u thai l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh 5 u\u1ea9n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u00e1u nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u00e1u nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9? S\u00e1u n\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9; nh\u00e3n nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n, \u00fd nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp (S. \u00b7ad-?yatana) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 5 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y 6 nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 6 n\u1ed9i x\u1ee9, l\u00e0 6 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c 6 ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 hay 6 tr\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan. 6 nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9 bao g\u1ed3m : (1) nh\u00e3n nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, (2) nh\u0129 nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, (3) t\u1ef7 nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, (4) thi\u1ec7t nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, (5) th\u00e2n nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, (6) \u00fd nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 6 c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 6 tr\u1ea7n: (1) m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, (2) \u00e2m thanh, (3) m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng, (4) v\u1ecb ngon ng\u1ecdt, (5) c\u1ea3m g\u00e1c t\u1eeb th\u00e2n, (6) ph\u00e1p (l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n 5 tr\u1ea7n). Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 6 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 x\u00fac, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean s\u00e1u nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 x\u00fac. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 x\u00fac? Ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1u x\u00fac th\u00e2n: nh\u00e3n x\u00fac th\u00e2n, nh\u0129 x\u00fac th\u00e2n, t\u1ef7 x\u00fac th\u00e2n, thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac th\u00e2n, th\u00e2n x\u00fac th\u00e2n, \u00fd x\u00fac th\u00e2n.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">X\u00fac (S. spar\u00a7a) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 6 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. X\u00fac ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n. X\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m 6 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau : (1) nh\u00e3n x\u00fac th\u00e2n, (2) nh\u0129 x\u00fac th\u00e2n, (3) t\u1ef7 x\u00fac th\u00e2n, (4) thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac th\u00e2n, (5) th\u00e2n x\u00fac th\u00e2n, (6) \u00fd x\u00fac th\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi 6 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi 6 tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00fac. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd. Chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean x\u00fac n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u1ecd? Ba th\u1ecd: th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, th\u1ecd vui, th\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eb3ng vui.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ecd (S. vedan?) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 7 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Th\u1ecd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 th\u1ecd : Kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd. Kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, nh\u01b0 g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f9, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a, cho n\u00ean sinh kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd ; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0a th\u00edch, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0 g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau, v\u1eadt \u01b0a th\u00edch, cho n\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ; ngo\u00e0i hai c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng vui c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n, khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng gh\u00e9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho n\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng vui c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n. Trong 3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u00e0y l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp duy\u00ean x\u00fac cho n\u00ean sinh th\u1ecd, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, v\u00ec th\u1ecd l\u1ea5y x\u00fac l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho n\u00ean sinh th\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady x\u00fac l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecd l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u00e1i, chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean th\u1ecd n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00e1i. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u00e1i? Ba \u00e1i: d\u1ee5c \u00e1i, s\u1eafc \u00e1i, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u00e1i.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c1i (S. t\u00a8\u00b7\u00f6?) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 8 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 : d\u1ee5c \u00e1i, s\u1eafc \u00e1i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u00e1i. D\u1ee5c \u00e1i l\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1eafm v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ; s\u1eafc \u00e1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc (r\u00e8pa), bao g\u1ed3m : m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u00e2m thinh, m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb ngon ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac; V\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1eafc (ar\u00e8pa) l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi duy\u00ean th\u1ecd n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00e1i, v\u00ec khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0a th\u00edch d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho n\u00ean \u00e1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd sinh \u00e1i. Ch\u00ednh do \u00e1i m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean \u00e1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ee7. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u1ee7? B\u1ed1n th\u1ee7: d\u1ee5c th\u1ee7, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7, ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn th\u1ee7.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ee7 (S. up?d?na) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 9 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 (up?d?na) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111i r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1eefa, c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u00ec n\u00edu n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 hay c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p. Th\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m 4 lo\u1ea1i : (1) d\u1ee5c th\u1ee7 (S,P. kamop?d?na), (2) ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 (S. d\u00a8t\u00b7\u00cay-up?d?na, P.di\u00ca\u00cahi-up?d?na), gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 (S. \u00a7\u00b4la-vratop?d?na, P.s\u00b4la-bhata- up?d?na), ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn th\u1ee7 (S. ?tma-vadop?d?na, P. Atta-vadup?d?na). D\u1ee5c th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edb 5 d\u1ee5c; Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u hay qui \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; Ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Do c\u00f3 \u00e1i cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ee7, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho n\u00ean sinh t\u00e2m c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u1ed1 tr\u00ec n\u00edu, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi tay m\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi do \u00e1i sinh th\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh do l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 sinh ra h\u1eefu. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1eefu. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1eefu? Ba h\u1eefu: d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu, s\u1eafc h\u1eefu, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1eefu (S. bh?va) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 10 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. H\u1eefu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu,. H\u1eefu c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i: (1) d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu, (2) s\u1eafc h\u1eefu, (3) v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu. D\u1ee5c h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c; s\u1eafc h\u1eefu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i s\u1eafc; V\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc. H\u1eefu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho sanh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean h\u1eefu n\u00ean c\u00f3 sanh. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 sanh? N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh kia n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00e2n kia, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, xu\u1ea5t sanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp x\u1ee9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sanh.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sanh (S. j?ti) l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 11 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Sanh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sanh, s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu (bh?va), v\u00ec c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 sanh kh\u1edfi l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sanh (j?ti). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u : do duy\u00ean h\u1eefu n\u00ean c\u00f3 sanh. Sanh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e3o t\u1eed. Chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDuy\u00ean sanh n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gi\u00e0? Nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f3i, da nh\u0103n, c\u00e1c c\u0103n suy s\u1ee5p, tay ch\u00e2n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, l\u01b0ng c\u00f2m, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00fai, r\u00ean r\u1ec9, h\u01a1i th\u1edf ng\u1eafn, m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc, ch\u1ed1ng g\u1eady \u0111i, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111en s\u1ea1m, tay ch\u00e2n n\u1ed5 ban \u0111\u1ed1m, l\u00fa l\u1eabn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e0. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft? L\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh kia n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00e2n kia ch\u1ebft \u0111i, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eddi, h\u01a1i \u1ea5m l\u00eca th\u00e2n, m\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i \u1ea5m th\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Ch\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ngh\u0129a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e3o t\u1eed (S. jar?mara\u00f6a) l\u00e0 chi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0 nua v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, cho n\u00ean chi th\u1ee9 12 l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed l\u1ea1i th\u00eam s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00f4 minh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh. Ngang qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 minh. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, ch\u00fang sinh c\u00f3 t\u00e1m mu\u00f4n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, do v\u1eady Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1m mu\u00f4n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh. Do v\u1eady n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 chi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a 12 chi, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh&#8230;.l\u00e3o t\u1eed s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o, l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t, th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t, danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t n\u00ean l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t n\u00ean x\u00fac di\u1ec7t, x\u00fac di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t, th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u00e1i di\u1ec7t, \u00e1i di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t, th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t, h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t n\u00ean sinh di\u1ec7t, sinh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean l\u00e3o t\u1eed s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n di\u1ec7t. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, do l\u00e3o t\u1eed s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00ean bi\u1ebft h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n&#8230;..do h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n cho n\u00ean bi\u1ebft v\u00f4 minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. C\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i sao sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n (sad-hetavah) v\u00e0 4 duy\u00ean (catv\u0101rah pratyay\u0101h) : 6 nh\u00e2n g\u1ed3m : (1) T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nh\u00e2n (samprayukta-hetu)\ufe54(2) C\u00e2u h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n (sahabh\u00e8-hetu)\ufe54(3) \u0110\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n (sabb?ga-hetu)\ufe54(4) Bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n (sarvatraga-hetu)\ufe54(5) D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n (vip?ka-hetu)\ufe54(6) N\u0103ng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n (k?ra\u00f6a-hetu). 4 duy\u00ean g\u1ed3m : (1) Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (hetu-pratyaya)\ufe54(2) \u0110\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean (samanantara-pratyaya)\ufe54(3) S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean (?lambana-pratyaya)\ufe54(4) T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean (adhipati-pratyaya). Thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n 4 duy\u00ean n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (S. prat\u00b4tya-samutp?da, P. pa\u00cacca-samupp?da), 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (Dv?da\u00a7?\u00bagaprat\u00b4tyasamutp?da) v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n (sad-hetavah) v\u00e0 4 duy\u00ean(catv\u0101rah pratyay\u0101h). Do v\u1eady, \u2018Ph\u1ea9m qu\u00e1n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u2019 trong \u201cTrung Lu\u1eadn\u201d (M\u00e8lamadhyamaka-k?rik?) \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd (N?g?rjuna) ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n 4 duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hay 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd. V\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Long Th\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao c\u0169ng trong lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u1edf \u2018Ph\u1ea9m Qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf\u2019 th\u1ee9 22 Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh ph\u00e1p,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb v\u00f4,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Di\u1ec7c vi th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 danh,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Di\u1ec7c th\u1ecb trung \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e2u : \u2018Ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh ph\u00e1p\u2019 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh. Ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 qui lu\u1eadt Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Long Th\u1ecd l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n 4 duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. L\u1edcI K\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (S. prat\u00b4tya- samutp?da, P. pa\u00cacca-samupp?da), ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t vi tr\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 s\u01a1n h\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1eeb \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u00f4 s\u01a1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e2m \u00e1o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y, do v\u1eady cho n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng do ai t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd kh\u00e1c, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra hay do k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ly t\u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p li\u1ec1n tan ra. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y mang hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u2018S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u00ec ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p \u2018c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u2019 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, cho n\u00ean sinh ra kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi hai n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 : Kh\u1ed5 do m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 loai kh\u1ed5 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xa v\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu th\u1eadt t\u1ebf. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (C\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh, n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. V\u00ec l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung, n\u00ean th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ; kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, mu\u1ed1n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 sinh, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u00fang di\u1ec7t th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd chuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u2018C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3\u2019, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft 6 nh\u00e2n 4 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taipei, ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11, n\u0103m 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KINH S\u00c1CH THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 3, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 3, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A h\u00e0m\u201d trong \u201cLinh S\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh\u201d t\u1eadp 5, H\u1ed9i V\u0103n H\u00f3a Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Linh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u9ad8\u6960\u9806\u6b21\u6717\u3002\u6728\u6751\u8ce2\u6cf0\u8457\uff0c\u9ad8\u89c0\u865c\u8b6f\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u54f2\u5b78\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u300b\u53f0\u7063\u5546\u52d91971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, \u2018Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u\u2019, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 1992, trang 374~375.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, \u2018\u0110\u1ea1i Kinh \u0110o\u1ea1n T\u1eadn \u00c1i\u2019, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, trang 581.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A h\u00e0m\u201d trong \u201cLinh S\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh\u201d t\u1eadp 5, H\u1ed9i V\u0103n H\u00f3a Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Linh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 2000, trang 953.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh T\u1ea1p A h\u00e0m\u201d trong \u201cLinh S\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh\u201d t\u1eadp 5, H\u1ed9i V\u0103n H\u00f3a Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Linh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 2000, trang 958~959.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] Xin tham kh\u1ea3o: Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh \u2018Ai th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, \u2018\u0110\u1ea1i Kinh V\u00ed D\u1ee5 D\u1ea5u Ch\u00e2n Voi\u2019, V.N.C.P.H.V.N \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, trang 422.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7] HT. th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 3, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 1993, trang 219.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8] HT. Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u201cKinh Trung B\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eadp 1, \u2018Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u\u2019, Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN\u1ea5n h\u00e0nh 1992, trang 374~375.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9] Tham kh\u1ea3o: \u9ad8\u6960\u9806\u6b21\u6717\u3002\u6728\u6751\u8ce2\u6cf0\u8457\uff0c\u9ad8\u89c0\u865c\u8b6f\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u54f2\u5b78\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u300b\u53f0\u7063\u5546\u52d91971\uff0cp.205~210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngu\u1ed3n: Tu\u1ec7 Ch\u1ee7ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;10\/04\/2012 21:49:00&nbsp;Th\u00edch H\u1ea1nh B\u00ecnh\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 6598&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/Giaolyduyenkhoi_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (C\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh, n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[66],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duyen-khoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1906"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1906\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1908,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1906\/revisions\/1908"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1906"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}