{"id":1918,"date":"2020-09-12T19:25:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T19:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1918"},"modified":"2020-09-12T19:25:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-12T19:25:00","slug":"thap-nhi-nhan-duyen-piyadassi-maha-thera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/12\/thap-nhi-nhan-duyen-piyadassi-maha-thera\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean &#8211; Piyadassi Maha Thera"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;05\/11\/2010 11:01:00&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/author\/phamkimkhanh\/\">Piyadassi Maha Thera &#8211; Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch (1972)<\/a>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 6224&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/Thapnhinhanduyen_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','12px')\"><\/a><a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','18px')\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/Thapnhinhanduyen_files\/2009_10_buddha_576696777_991599838.jpg\" alt=\"image\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u01a1n l\u00fd v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u1ea5y, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 tan n\u1ed7i b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp nh\u01a1n sinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng. Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu n\u00e0o.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u00e1p &#8220;T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh&#8221; (Paticca &#8211; Samupp\u00e0da), hay Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1eeba s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1eeba th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d0\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p &#8220;T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh&#8221;, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng suy t\u01b0, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm t\u00f2i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd su\u00f4ng. H\u00e3y l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u thay! n\u00e0y A-Nan-\u00d0a (Ananda) [*], ph\u00e1p &#8220;T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh&#8221;, ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt th\u00e2m th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u di\u1ec7u. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y th\u1ebf gian t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 chim, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee5i tre r\u1eadm, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m l\u00e1t. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, di\u1ec7t vong v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&#8221;. &#8212; Mah\u00e0 Nid\u00e0na Sutta, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-H\u00e0m (Digha Nik\u00e0ya).<\/em><em>[*] \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ananda l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, hay n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt &#8211; v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1eefu gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu tri. N\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef hoa, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u hay t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>[1]<\/em>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed.&nbsp;<em>[2]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu ta qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t &#8220;Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean&#8221; t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho &#8220;Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean&#8221; \u1ea5y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gian, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo Aldous Huxley:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd h\u1ecd \u0111ang m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qui chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi n\u1eefa, d\u1ea7u \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o&#8230; Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u00e0ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&#8221;. &#8212; (Ends and Means &#8211; London &#8211; trang 14, 15)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t Th\u1ea7n Linh T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00ednh T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a \u1ea5y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Th\u1ea7n Linh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a To\u00e0n N\u0103ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng &#8220;\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a&#8221;, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ai n\u00eau l\u00ean th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a. &#8220;\u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n Linh&#8221; \u1ea5y b\u00f3p ngh\u1ebdn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch, d\u00f2 x\u00e9t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn xem c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau t\u1ea7m th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 &#8220;X&#8221; l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111em ta \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng? Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t (ekahetuka, \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n), hay kh\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n (ahetuka, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n): M\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Paticca-Samupp\u00e0da) v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (paccaya, duy\u00ean) trong s\u00e1ch Patth\u00e0na &#8211; Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Quan &#8211; quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sanh do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n (anekahetuka, \u0111a nh\u00e2n). Trong khi d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n. Nh\u00e2n sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn m\u00e3i m\u00e3i tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean (ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n), Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i d\u1eeba l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y d\u1eeba v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e2y d\u1eeba n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i d\u1eeba kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng &#8220;X&#8221; c\u00f3 cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u00f4ng b\u00e0, n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 t\u00e1m \u00f4ng b\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, ph\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1eadt g\u00ec, d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9t c\u00e1t \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d0i t\u00ecm kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd. \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (n\u00e0ma-r\u00f9pa).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh do tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t ch\u00fat th\u00ec gi\u1edd n\u00e0o n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean&#8221;. &#8212; (Bertrand Russell, &#8220;Why I am not a Christian&#8221;, London 1958 trang 4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thay v\u00ec &#8220;Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean&#8221;, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sanh do c\u00e1i kia t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gian n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 hay, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec trong v\u00f5 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng do c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n hay t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 B\u00e1 T\u01b0\u1edbc Samuel vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i chi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ee7i may. M\u1ed7i di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3; m\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 n\u1ea5y. Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf&#8221;. &#8212; (Belief and Action &#8211; Penguin Book, trang 16)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi &#8211; t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o &#8211; \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1edfi sanh, nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t (upp\u00e0da, thiti, bhanga, sanh, tr\u1ee5, di\u1ec7t) t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. H\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh ch\u01a1n l\u00fd n\u00e0y v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c A-La-H\u00e1n Assaji&nbsp;<em>[3]<\/em>, m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n trong l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Upatissa, v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t (Sar\u00ecputta),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 : &#8220;Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb T\u00f4n S\u01b0 ra sao? V\u1ecb T\u00f4n S\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Ye dhamm\u00e0 hetuppabhav\u00e0 tesam tathagato<br>Aha tesam ca yo nirodho evam v\u00e0di mah\u00e0samano&#8221;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sanh do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n,<br>Nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y, Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5,<br>V\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<br>&#8211; \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1i Sa M\u00f4n&#8221;. &#8212; (Mah\u00e0 Vagga)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t thuy\u1ebft T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh, hay Ph\u00e1t Sanh do \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, minh b\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecdn tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean li\u1ec1n sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Tr\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Khi b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua, Ng\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh trong canh \u0111\u1ea7u theo chi\u1ec1u kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p,<em>&nbsp;[4]<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;Khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ph\u00e1t sanh. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i V\u00f4 Minh, c\u00f3 H\u00e0nh. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 Th\u1ee9c v.v&#8230; \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0o canh gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh theo chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p,&nbsp;<em>[5]<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v.v&#8230; Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh v.v&#8230; V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh H\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong canh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh theo c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u, ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;Khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ph\u00e1t sanh. Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh v.v&#8230; Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u00e1t sanh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v.v&#8230; Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y&#8221;&nbsp;<em>[6]<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh, hay Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea1i sao \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong khi Ng\u00e0i V\u1eadn Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n&nbsp;<em>[7]<\/em>. Trong b\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng cho n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Sarnath, Benares Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i sao? C\u00e2u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf, hay b\u1ed1n ch\u01a1n l\u00fd: \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p &#8220;T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh&#8221;. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean &#8211; Paticca &#8211; Samupp\u00e0da &#8211; theo c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u, ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t (anuloma v\u00e0 patiloma) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo chi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sanh, ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh &#8211; Paticca-Samupp\u00e0da &#8211; bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh (bhava, h\u1eefu) hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (dukkha, \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh (dukkha-samudaya, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec). Suy theo chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y (dukkha-nirodha, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, t\u1ee9c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (dukkha-nirodha g\u00e0min\u00ec pait pad\u00e0, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 t\u01b0). V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong b\u1ed9 T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m (Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya) l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;V\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u, l\u00e0 Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111au kh\u1ed5?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 Minh ph\u00e1t sanh H\u00e0nh. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0nh, Th\u1ee9c. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee9c, Danh S\u1eafc. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Danh S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ecd \u00c1i. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c H\u1eefu, Sanh. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Sanh, L\u00e3o, T\u1eed, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ta th\u00e1n, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u00e2u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u00d0i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;V\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u, l\u00e0 Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t H\u00e0nh, Th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v.v&#8230; ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u00f3, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5&#8221;. &#8212; (Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m, 1, 176.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh &#8211; Paticca &#8211; Samupp\u00e0da c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong khi ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh, hay Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean, m\u00e0 lao m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1eafm khi c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh hay gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n su\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft n\u00ean l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh (Tipitaka) s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a minh gi\u00e1c (nana) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0) trong thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (Saddhamma). Xuy\u00ean qua gi\u00e1o l\u00fd &#8220;ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&#8221; li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, t\u1ee9c ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n tinh hoa trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Assaji \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong c\u00e2u &#8220;Ye dhamma&#8230;&#8221; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t oai l\u1ef1c Th\u1ea7n Linh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. D\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, &#8220;c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&#8221;. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ph\u00e1t sanh. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh. Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&#8230;&#8221; v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. S\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1t Sanh do \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u01a1n l\u00fd v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u1ea5y, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 tan n\u1ed7i b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp nh\u01a1n sinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng. Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Imasmin sati idam hoti &#8211; imassup\u00e0d\u00e0 idam uppa jjati,<br>Imasmin sati asati idam na hoti &#8211; Imassa nirdh\u00e0 idam nirujjhati.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho Sakuludayi (Trung A-H\u00e0m, Majjhima 11, 32).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta h\u00e3y tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh hay Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (Paticca Samupp\u00e0da).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. V\u00f4 Minh (Avijj\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0i\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Minh, Avijj\u00e0 (sanskrit l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>avidy\u00e0<\/em>). Moha, si m\u00ea, v\u00e0 ann\u00e0na kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri ki\u1ebfn, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Avijj\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 Minh (Avijj\u00e0) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf. \u00d0\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean, hay ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh. Do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 minh duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m, th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, xem \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Th\u1ea7n Linh T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 cho l\u00e0 th\u1eadt. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n (pancakkhandha) hay t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n, danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 Minh hay si m\u00ea, \u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean sanh ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o, d\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, hay vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh do V\u00f4 Minh. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y V\u00f4 Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng khoen \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i l\u00f2i t\u00f3i Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (Paticca-Samupp\u00e0da). Tuy nhi\u00ean, V\u00f4 Minh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, hay l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n hu\u1eddn c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n (bhava cakka, skt cakra, b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh). Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng chung l\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f2ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ebb loi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. Ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng hay \u0111\u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u quay cu\u1ed3ng. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tan bi\u1ebfn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sinh t\u1ed3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01a1 tr\u1ecdi, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n (suddha dhamm\u00e0 pavattanti).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady, V\u00f4 Minh, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, duy nh\u1ee9t, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, H\u00e0nh (Sankh\u00e0ra), ph\u00e1t sanh. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u01a1n m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 ba nh\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng nhau v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea5y nhau th\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh g\u1eafn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay ng\u1eafn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong ba nh\u00e1nh \u1ea5y b\u1ecb s\u1ee5m th\u00ec hai nh\u00e1nh kia c\u0169ng ng\u1ea3 nghi\u00eang. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean c\u0169ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea5y nhau b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. H\u00e0nh (Sankh\u00e0ra)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Avijj\u00e0 paccay\u00e0 sankh\u00e0r\u00e0&nbsp;<\/em>(skt samk\u00e0r\u00e0h), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 Minh, ph\u00e1t sanh H\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh. Danh t\u1eeb sankh\u00e0ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e2u &#8220;sabbe sankh\u00e0r\u00e0 anicc\u00e0&#8221; hay &#8220;anicc\u00e0 vata sankh\u00e0r\u00e0&#8221; (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng), danh t\u1eeb sankh\u00e0ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sanh sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Paticca-Samupp\u00e0da) sankh\u00e0ra ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (kusala-akusala kamma), bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, hay \u00fd m\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a bao h\u00e0m trong ph\u1ea1m ng\u1eef sankh\u00e0ra. V\u1eady ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh, hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u00fd, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p (kamma, skt karma).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 Minh (Avijj\u00e0) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00e1i d\u1ee5c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 V\u00f4 Minh \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 (Sankh\u00e0ra). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, do V\u00f4 Minh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1i sanh. V\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. \u00d0\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean ba ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean ba ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau: qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. H\u00e0nh trong s\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sanh v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u00e0n l\u1ea1c. H\u00e0nh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh x\u1ea5u, t\u1ee9c sanh v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Ta n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 H\u00e0nh (Sankh\u00e0ra) &#8211; h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n &#8211; \u0111\u1ec1u do V\u00f4 Minh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t sanh do V\u00f4 Minh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c (c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh trong tam gi\u1edbi: D\u1ee5c, S\u1eafc, v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc) c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c (Kaly\u00e0naputhujjana) \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp l\u01b0u (c\u00f9lasotapanna) ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ngay khi \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 A-La-H\u00e1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n (kusala) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 tri ki\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n si m\u00ea v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do si m\u00ea v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1t sanh v.v&#8230; m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Eddington n\u00f3i: n\u1ebfu&#8221; hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady&#8221; th\u00ec danh t\u1eeb &#8220;hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft&#8221; \u1eaft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu &#8220;c\u00f3 t\u00e2m d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf&#8221;&nbsp;<em>[8]<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p th\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, t\u1eebng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o v\u1eeba th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan, kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111em l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng hay c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m v\u00ec l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v.v&#8230; Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u, hay si\u00eau h\u00ecnh su\u00f4ng m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u00f2ng tham v\u00e0 si &#8211; \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m nhu\u1ea7n, trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 &#8211; th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed &#8211; v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng cho g\u00ec h\u1ebft l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 \u00c1i D\u1ee5c \u1edf b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea9n \u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e2u \u1ea9n trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, \u00eam d\u1ecbu v\u00e0 s\u00e2u k\u00edn, hay m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng trong s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 sau. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea9n \u00fd v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4 k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m Si \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hung b\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong s\u1ea1ch, t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t, d\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n sau khi h\u1ebft tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1i sanh x\u1ea5u, \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n do s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0n l\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi, hay c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n trong tam gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean, upanissaya) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c, V\u00f4 Minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd (sankh\u00e0ra) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Minh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f4 Minh, hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e3i m\u00e3i phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, sanh t\u1eed tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, tr\u1edf \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng am hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y m\u00e3i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ea b\u01b0\u1edbc lang thang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa x\u00f4i di\u1ec7u v\u1ee3i, c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai&#8230; Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e3 am t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf, khi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c duy\u00ean theo sinh t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa&#8221;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>[- Digha Nik\u00e0ya (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-H\u00e0m)- Mah\u00e0 Parinibb\u00e0na Sutta, (Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n),<br>&#8211; Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya (T\u1ea1p (A-H\u00e0m) c\u00e2u 430.<br>&#8211; Vinaya Pitaka (T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt) 1, 231.]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng (anusaya) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n \u0111au kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A-La-H\u00e1n, b\u1eadc To\u00e0n Thi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u00e3n ki\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0o t\u1eadn th\u00e2m cung b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1eadp t\u1eaft m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e1i d\u1ee5c do s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t che \u1edf tr\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng, tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t (Vipassan\u00e0) m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea5y. V\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi V\u00f4 Minh (Avijj\u00e0) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>III. Th\u1ee9c (Vinn\u00e0na)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sankh\u00e0ra paccay\u00e0 vinn\u00e0nam&nbsp;<\/em>(skt vijn\u00e0na), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u00e0nh trong ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee9c (Vinn\u00e0na, th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n, hay th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u1eady, Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (nid\u00e0na) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean hay v\u00f2ng khoen \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00f4 Minh (Avijj\u00e0) v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh (Sankh\u00e0r\u00e0) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho Th\u1ee9c (Vinn\u00e0na) trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sanh. Trong Kinh Mah\u00e0 Nid\u00e0na Sutta c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-H\u00e0m (D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya) ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao &#8220;m\u1ed9t khi V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 \u00c1i D\u1ee5c b\u1ecb t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0o thai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ta ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay Th\u1ea7n Linh T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, may r\u1ee7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vinn\u00e0na n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong lu\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m (citta santati) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng (bhava) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 patisandhi vinn\u00e0na, th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh, sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0o thai. T\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, ph\u00e1t sanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (patisandhiti \u00e0yatim uppatti). \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i hay n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i v\u00ec Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp v\u1eeba qua bhavantara patisandh\u00e0nato patisandh\u00ecti vuccati). L\u00e0m d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n c\u00e1i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, hay h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i. V\u1eady, ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp kia (bhavato bhavassa patisandh\u00e0nam patisandhi kicam). Th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n (patisandhi vinn\u00e0na) l\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (vip\u00e0ka vinn\u00e0na) trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t &#8220;ch\u00fang sanh t\u00e1i sanh&#8221;. T\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sanh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u00e0nh trong ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong Kinh \u00c0nenjasapp\u00e0ya (Trung A-H\u00e0m, 106) Th\u1ee9c Qu\u1ea3 (vip\u00e0ka vinn\u00e0na) n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t &#8220;th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n&#8221; &#8220;samvattanikam vinn\u00e0nam&#8221; kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (vip\u00e0ka) do nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n&#8221; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c hay t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t ch\u00e2u k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n. T\u00e2m hay th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, t\u00f9y th\u1ebf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc. M\u1ed7i n\u1ea5c t\u00e2m, hay ch\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ea5c t\u00e2m m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, lu\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3y tr\u00f4i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch, sinh t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m hay th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 &#8220;ch\u00fang sanh&#8221; n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gian h\u1eefu gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, &#8220;ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u khi h\u1ed9t tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, hay minh ch\u00e2u, trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9&#8221;. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y. Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo Kinh Mah\u00e0tanh\u00e0samkhaya Sutta, Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya (Trung A-H\u00e0m) 38:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t sanh (t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd thai). N\u1ebfu cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 h\u1ee3p nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecd thai c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed (gandhabba, ch\u00fang sanh \u0111i t\u00e1i sanh) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nhau trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecd thai c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed (gandhabba) th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 h\u1ee3p nhau nh\u1eb1m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecd thai c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng, do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y (gandhabba hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh, patisandhi vinn\u00e0na. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (cuti citta) thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba qua. T\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc sau khi ch\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec ch\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n&#8221; (patisandhi vinn\u00e0na). N\u1ea5c t\u00e2m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec n\u1ea5c t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n theo. Gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay n\u1ea5c t\u00e2m \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh trong b\u1ee5ng hay \u1edf l\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh (antar\u00e0bhava hay antar\u00e0bhavasatta). Ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n minh r\u1eb1ng &#8220;th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh&#8221; n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t &#8220;t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3&#8221;, m\u1ed9t &#8220;linh h\u1ed3n&#8221;, hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Ta&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 d\u1eef hay h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh. Kinh Mah\u00e0tanh\u00e0sankhaya Sutta c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c t\u00ean S\u00e0ti th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: &#8220;Theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, \u0111i th\u00eanh thang v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sanh (t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c)&#8221;. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u kh\u00e1c nghe v\u1eady c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u S\u00e0ti \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft th\u1ea7y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. &#8220;N\u00e0y \u00d0\u1ea1i Huynh S\u00e0ti, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ch\u1edb n\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sai l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec, n\u00e0y \u00d0\u1ea1i Huynh S\u00e0ti, b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1ea7y S\u00e0ti v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Ng\u00e0i cho g\u1ecdi \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c S\u00e0ti \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; N\u00e0y S\u00e0ti, c\u00f3 l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng con \u0111ang nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn nguy h\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u00fang v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng? Theo l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y, con n\u00f3i: theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; B\u1ea1ch H\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, theo con hi\u1ec3u, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; N\u00e0y S\u00e0ti, t\u00e2m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; B\u1ea1ch H\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0m cho ta n\u00f3i, th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m, nay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, mai \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kia, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh hay d\u1eef, cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c suy \u0111\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Nh\u01b0ng, h\u1ee1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3, ai l\u00e0m cho con hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? N\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed3ng si, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng Nh\u01b0 Lai h\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t? N\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3, h\u00f4m nay con l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sai l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a con, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh con, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0, n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng, v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn con nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i&#8221;. &#8212; (Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya, Trung A-H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 1, b\u00e0i s\u1ed1 38.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh r\u00f5 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1eeba th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u v\u1eeba ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u1ee9t, th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u nh\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng khoen th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c, hay Th\u1ee9c N\u1ed1i Li\u1ec1n, vinn\u00e0na hay patisandhi vinn\u00e0na. Ch\u00ednh v\u00f2ng khoen n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IV. Danh s\u1eafc (N\u00e0ma-R\u00f9pa)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Vinn\u00e0na paccay\u00e0 n\u00e0ma-r\u00f9pam<\/em>&nbsp;(skt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eady), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh Danh S\u1eafc. Ch\u1eef N\u00e0ma \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika), hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Danh. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, Danh (N\u00e0ma) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba u\u1ea9n: Th\u1ecd (vedan\u00e0kkhandha, th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n), (sann\u00e0kkhandha t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n) v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh (sankh\u00e0rakkhandha, h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi &#8220;ch\u00fang sanh&#8221; (satta, skt. Sattva) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, hay n\u0103m nh\u00f3m (pancakkhandha) : S\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c (r\u00f9pa, vedan\u00e0, sann\u00e0, sankh\u00e0ra v\u00e0 vinn\u00e0na). N\u1ebfu Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u00ec Th\u1ecd, T\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9y, \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u1ed3ng di\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u1ea5y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee9c, Danh S\u1eafc (N\u00e0ma-R\u00f9pa) ph\u00e1t sanh th\u00ec S\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n Danh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vinn\u00e0na paccay\u00e0 n\u00e0ma-r\u00f9pam c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1t sanh ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9y (Th\u1ecd, T\u01b0\u1edfng, H\u00e0nh) h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh &#8220;Danh&#8221; c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thai b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e2m, hay th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c t\u00e2m s\u1edf (citta v\u00e0 cetasika) lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m. C\u1ea3 hai, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi (sahaj\u00e0ta paccaya) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V. L\u1ee5c c\u0103n (Sal\u00e0yatana)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u00e0ma-r\u00f9pam paccay\u00e0 sal\u00e0yatanam&nbsp;<\/em>(skt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eady), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Danh S\u1eafc, ph\u00e1t sanh L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, t\u1ee9c ng\u0169 c\u0103n (nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n) v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n (man\u00e0yatana). Man\u00e0yatan\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb chung bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c quan (nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c v.v&#8230;) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3 &#8220;trong l\u1ee5c c\u0103n n\u0103m l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v.v&#8230; c\u00f2n c\u0103n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Th\u1ee9c&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>[9]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee9c (vinn\u00e0na) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a V\u00f2ng Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ta l\u1ea1i nghe nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd c\u0103n, man\u00e0yatana, m\u1ed9t danh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Th\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y man\u00e0yatana ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m, hay th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i y h\u1ec7t trong hai kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh r\u1ed3i t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea1i cho lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m linh \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nho\u00e1ng trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i&#8221;&nbsp;<em>[10]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00ec c\u00f3 S\u1eafc (R\u00f9pa) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ng\u0169 quan, (nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n), v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00dd C\u0103n (Man\u00e0yatana), t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u0169 quan m\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VI. X\u00daC (Phassa)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sal\u00e0yatana paccay\u00e0 phasso<\/em>&nbsp;(skt sparsa), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i L\u1ee5c C\u0103n ph\u00e1t sanh X\u00fac. Trong c\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ee5c C\u0103n (s\u00e1u \u00e0yatanas) nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129 v.v&#8230; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u0103n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta (ajjh\u00e0ttika &#8211; \u00e0yatana). B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh), t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan: s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb, x\u00fac; v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00dd. S\u00e1u ngoai c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n (b\u00e0hira-\u00e0yatana). L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi L\u1ee5c C\u0103n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n (b\u00e0hira-\u00e0yatan). L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi L\u1ee5c C\u0103n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 n\u0103ng gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c C\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, ch\u1ec9 do Th\u1ee9c (Vinn\u00e0na) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh do m\u00e1t (nh\u00e3n) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc (s\u1eafc) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, m\u1eaft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y khi c\u00f3 tai (nh\u0129) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng (thinh), m\u0169i (t\u1ef7) v\u00e0 m\u00f9i (h\u01b0\u01a1ng) v.v&#8230; t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u00fd) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd (ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi m\u1eaft, h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 X\u00fac. Do X\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ecd, v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<em>[11]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng X\u00fac (Phassa) ph\u00e1t sanh do c\u1ea3 hai, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i L\u1ee5c C\u0103n ph\u00e1t sanh X\u00fac c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: nh\u00e3n th\u00fac p\u00e1ht sanh do m\u1eaft, nh\u0129 x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh do tai, t\u1ef7 x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh do m\u0169i, thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh do l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh do c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh do t\u00e2m, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VII. TH\u1ecc (Vedan\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Phassa paccay\u00e0 vedan\u00e0<\/em>&nbsp;(skt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 p\u00e0li), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i X\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ecd (Vedan\u00e0). C\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ecd, l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh do nh\u00e3n x\u00fac, Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh do nh\u0129 x\u00fac, Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh do t\u1ef7 x\u00fac, Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh dho thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac, Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh do th\u00e2n x\u00fac, Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh do \u00fd x\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ecd, hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (sukha, l\u1ea1c), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (dukkha, kh\u1ed5), ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 k\u00fd, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (adukkhamasukha upekkh\u00e0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (gi\u00e1c quan, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng), t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 X\u00fac. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd (Vedan\u00e0) c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng cho Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 X\u00fac. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a X\u00fac v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh hay d\u1eef, do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m cho Th\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, nghe m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh, h\u1eedi m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i, n\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb, s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, hay n\u1ea3y sanh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, hay Th\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ecd gi\u1ed1ng nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o Th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 g\u00e2y Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd v\u00f4 k\u00fd cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Th\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hay hai ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho ta m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o cho ta Th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c, trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n ho\u00e0n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v.v&#8230; Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u X\u00fac t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh ra sao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VIII. \u00c1I (Tanh\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Vedan\u00e0 paccay\u00e0 tanh\u00e0&nbsp;<\/em>(skt. trsn\u00e0), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh \u00c1i. \u00c1i, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n, kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb Th\u1ecd. \u00c1i (Tanh\u00e0) bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, tham \u00e1i, kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, \u01b0\u1edbc mong, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, ham mu\u1ed1n, n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng, b\u00e1m b\u00edu, luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, thi\u00ean v\u1ec1. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt, trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb tanh\u00e0 m\u00e0, theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu (bhavanetti, s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i). H\u1eefu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c dukkha, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, b\u0103n kho\u0103n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ecd m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 \u00c1i (Tanh\u00e0). Xuy\u00ean qua \u00c1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh. Nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu trong c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n r\u1ed1i reng. Do s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00c1i, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00c1i, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u00c1i, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u00c1i, ta t\u1ef1 th\u00e1o m\u1edf, t\u1ef1 g\u1ee1 r\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean quang \u0111\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady, \u00c1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00ednh \u00c1i l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang sanh &#8220;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i&#8221;, &#8220;sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i&#8221;, nay \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111i t\u00ecm d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ch\u1ea1y theo nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u00c1i (Tanh\u00e0) l\u00e0 k\u00e0ma-tanh\u00e0, \u00c1i duy\u00ean theo nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n, bhava-tanh\u00e0, \u00c1i duy\u00ean theo s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 vibhava-tanh\u00e0, \u00c1i duy\u00ean theo s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t.&nbsp;<em>[12]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u00c1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00c1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh. S\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c. V\u1eady, \u00c1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>[13]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi \u00c1i b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u00c1i d\u1ee5c sanh s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n. \u00c1i d\u1ee5c sanh lo s\u1ee3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u00e1i d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n, c\u00e0ng \u00edt lo s\u1ee3&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>[14]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c thu h\u00fat. Trong khi m\u01b0u t\u00ecm th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u1ea1y theo, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, t\u1ee9c L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u00edt khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p, n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, \u00fd. Trong khi m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t kh\u00e1t khao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n tham v\u1ecdng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e0y v\u00f2 x\u00f4 x\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf qu\u1eb1n qu\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u0103m c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng b\u00e1nh xe. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tha trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eaft d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;D\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t<br>M\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<br>B\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng<br>\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng m\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u&#8221;.<br>&#8212; (Sutta Nip\u00e0ta, c\u00e2u 61)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c t r\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho ta th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, ch\u1ec9 l\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh ng\u1ea7m h\u1ea1i ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, khi \u00c1i duy\u00ean theo nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c&#8221;, khi \u00c1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;\u00e1i duy\u00ean theo ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu&#8221;, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sassata ditthi, thuy\u1ebft v\u0129nh c\u1eedu (th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn). Khi \u00c1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n, sau ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng sau ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, sau khi ch\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01b0 v\u00f4, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;\u00e1i duy\u00ean theo s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t&#8221;, hay uccheda-ditthi, thuy\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t (\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c, hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c vui v\u00e0 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u00c1i ph\u00e1t sanh. \u00c1i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sanh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Trong c\u01a1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hay \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y v\u00e0 mong m\u1ecfi, n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an vui. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n, \u01b0\u01a1n y\u1ebfu, t\u1eadt nguy\u1ec1n &#8211; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 &#8211; khao kh\u00e1t (t\u1ee9c \u00c1i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui v\u1ebb, an to\u00e0n. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ebfm m\u00f9i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1edbt qua kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, c\u0169ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y v\u1eabn khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u00edch th\u00fa, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 th\u1ea3 \u0103n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u00e1m c\u1ecf m\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ea1y theo nh\u1eefng th\u00edch th\u00fa t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u00e2m d\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n. L\u00f2ng tham c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i &#8220;t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&#8221; \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t? Ng\u0169 quan v\u00e0 ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n \u0111ang b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. T\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, \u0111ang b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ed1 b\u00e1m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (panca up\u00e0d\u00e0nakkhandh\u00e0) \u0111ang b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. V\u00e0 &#8220;t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&#8221; \u0111ang b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1edfi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda n\u00e0o? B\u1edfi l\u1eeda tham \u00e1i, l\u1eeda s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u1eeda si m\u00ea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u00f2n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00ec l\u1eeda c\u00f2n ch\u00e1y. C\u00e0ng ch\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00ec l\u1eeda c\u00e0ng ch\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. \u00c1i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft tri t\u00fac. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u00e1y to \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, n\u1ebfu ta ch\u00e2m th\u00eam nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ch\u00e1y to th\u00eam n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft ng\u1eebng, khi c\u00f2n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c theo li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ta m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n (trong tam gi\u1edbi). C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111eo d\u00ednh theo ta \u0111\u1ec5n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u01a1n, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh (gotrabhu citta), t\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh. N\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00c1i (Tanh\u00e0) t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 &#8220;\u00e1i d\u1ee5c duy\u00ean theo ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n&#8221; v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00c1i n\u01a1i \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng l\u1ee5n t\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2y leo \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m nhu\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y khi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ta. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111eo d\u00ednh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5n tr\u00f2n quanh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 A La H\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 m\u1ecdi m\u1ea7m m\u00f3ng si m\u00ea. \u00c1i d\u1ee5c c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. Khao kh\u00e1t bao nhi\u00eau, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. S\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n l\u00e0 mo\u00edn n\u1ee3 m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. V\u1eady, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd r\u1eb1ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n ta v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 &#8220;x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 cho ta&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi hoan h\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Xuy\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, Nh\u01b0 Lai th\u00eanh thang \u0111i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y. Phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n thay, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<br>N\u00e0y h\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0! Ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng con c\u1ea5t n\u00e0h n\u1eefa. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 rui m\u00e8 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e3y. C\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2n d\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 tan.<br>T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t trng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 vi (Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n).<br>M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t&#8221;.<br>&#8212; Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u 153, 154.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IX. TH\u1ee6 (Up\u00e0d\u00e0na)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tanh\u00e0 paccay\u00e0 up\u00e0d\u00e0nam&nbsp;<\/em>(skt c\u0169ng v\u1eady), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i \u00c1i ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee7. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m s\u1edf) luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, b\u00e1m v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u00c1i \u1edf cao \u0111\u1ed9. V\u00ec Th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con nh\u1ed9ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1i k\u00e9n r\u1ed1i n\u00f9i m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ee7 (Up\u00e0d\u00e0na, s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m b\u00edu, \u0111eo n\u00edu) c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. B\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (k\u00e0mma-up\u00e0d\u00e0na);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. B\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (ditthi-up\u00e0d\u00e0na);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. B\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, c\u00fang t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i (s\u00eclabbata-up\u00e0d\u00e0na), tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. B\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (attav\u00e0 up\u00e0d\u00e0na).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, up\u00e0d\u00e0na l\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3, b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch (kama-up\u00e0d\u00e0na), trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3, b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (ditthi-up\u00e0d\u00e0na). Hai \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (s\u00eclabbata v\u00e0 attav\u00e0da) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m x\u00fac trong \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec (ditthi-up\u00e0d\u00e0na).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danh t\u1eeb k\u00e0ma trong k\u00e0ma-up\u00e0d\u00e0na bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c (kilesa k\u00e0ma), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c (vatthuk\u00e0ma). Khi l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t n\u00e0y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00e0ma-up\u00e0d\u00e0na. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m si c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt che l\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y. Ta c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u1ea5y th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ngoan c\u1ed1, \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ea1nh, c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t, Th\u1ee7 (up\u00e0d\u00e0na).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m (ditthi, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn (uccheda ditthi), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, sau ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn (sassata ditthi), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t quan ki\u1ebfn c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o linh h\u1ed3n, hay t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu (atta v\u00e0da up\u00e0d\u00e0na) l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ee9t, \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t nh\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n hay t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu. Trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sanh &#8211; di\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t &#8211; sanh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i in h\u1ec7t trong hai kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, trong ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ee9c T\u00f4n S\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (att\u00e0) d\u1ea7u \u1edf trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c) hay b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n (att\u00e0) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n&#8221;.<br><em>Sunnam idam attena v\u00e0 attaneiyena v\u00e0.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>X. H\u1eeeU (Bhava)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Up\u00e0d\u00e0na paccay\u00e0 bhavo<\/em>&nbsp;(skt c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t sanh H\u1eefu (Bhava). H\u1eefu c\u00f3 hai, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 hai ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh: ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (kamma-bhava), v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sanh xem nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (upapatti bhava). Kamma bhava, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch tr\u1eef. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n &#8220;t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&#8221;, Upapatti bhava l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&#8221;. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sanh trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf, xem nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. Ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn trong b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o: D\u1ee5c (k\u00e0ma bhava), S\u1eafc (r\u00f9pa bhava), hay V\u00f4 s\u1eafc (ar\u00f9pu bhava).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong c\u00e2u&nbsp;<em>avijj\u00e0 paccay\u00e0 sankh\u00e0r\u00e0,<\/em>&nbsp;t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh, ch\u1eef H\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (kamma, nghi\u1ec7p). N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i qua, v\u00ec kamma bhava, H\u1eefu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n? N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c &#8211; Ph\u00e1t Sanh, Paticca &#8211; Samupp\u00e0da, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ba ki\u1ebfp: qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u1ede c\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u1ea5y. Trong c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, up\u00e0d\u00e0na paccay\u00e0 bhavo, H\u1eefu l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Up\u00e0d\u00e0na paccay\u00e0 bhavo c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sanh xem nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>XI. SANH (J\u00e0ti)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bhava paccay\u00e0 j\u00e0ti<\/em>&nbsp;(skt c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u1eefu, Sanh kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eef Sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2m b\u1ed3n, hay c\u00e1i sanh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, ra em b\u00e9, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c) trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ngay l\u00fac th\u1ecd thai. Ch\u00ednh kamma bhava t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Sanh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c1i v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 (hay t\u00e1c \u00fd b\u00e1m b\u00edu) trong ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00c1i v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 (Tanh\u00e0 Up\u00e0d\u00e0na) trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c \u00fd (cetan\u00e0) ph\u00e2n chia, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang sanh cao hay th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang theo h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0o thai t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra&#8221; &#8212; (Majjhima 135).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ec9 xuy\u00ean qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u00fang sanh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i t\u1eeb x\u1ea5u ra t\u1ed1t, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00ednh ta \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. \u00d0\u00f4i khi ta c\u0169ng \u0111ang g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta gieo trong ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong v\u00f5 tr\u1ee5 b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i d\u00e0i d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, xuy\u00ean qua V\u00f4 Minh, \u00c1i D\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t xa gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gian ng\u00e0y nay? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m, duy nh\u1ee9t, \u0111\u1ee7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee7 bao qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ebf gian mu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng, \u0111ang bao quanh ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1i sanh. \u00d0\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: n\u1ebfu nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n hay m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o tan bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ti\u00eau. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tan bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ti\u00eau. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1eebng ch\u1eadp, t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafc, trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u00d0\u1ebfn l\u00fac ta ch\u1ebft n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Lu\u1ed3ng sinh l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m linh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e2m thanh, ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u, hay \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u00e1y th\u00e2u thanh, theo \u0111\u00fang b\u0103ng t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh t\u00e1i sanh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>[15]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang, hay chuy\u1ec3n qua, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n sinh linh h\u1ed3n. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111ang ch\u00e1y, m\u1ed3i l\u1eeda sang ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00e1c (\u0111ang t\u1eaft), c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ta \u0111em ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n sang, hay chuy\u1ec3n qua, c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n kia kh\u00f4ng? Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 hai ng\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p (kamma bhava) l\u00e0 &#8220;m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i theo h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&#8221;; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;L\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi mang theo ham mu\u1ed1n m\u1edbi. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i theo h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng theo h\u00ecnh. \u00d0\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u00f5 tr\u1ee5, trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong v\u00f5 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tan bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ti\u00eau, b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 do l\u00f2ng tham mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn tan ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t, b\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p (kamma). &#8212; (Paul Dahlke, Buddhist Essays, London, 1908, trang 115)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>XII. L\u00c3O v\u00e0 T\u1eec (Jar\u00e0arana)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>J\u00e0ti paccay\u00e0 jar\u00e0maranam<\/em>&nbsp;(skt c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Sanh, L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t. V\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed, ph\u00e1t sanh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ta th\u00e1n, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u00e2u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u00e3 c\u00f3 sanh t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sanh \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u1edf ph\u00e1p Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean chia l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Sanh ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i theo gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. \u00d0\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i theo sanh. V\u00e0 c\u1eb7p n\u00e0y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1ed1i nhau tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean m\u00e3i m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u quay cu\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafp x\u00e2y nh\u1eefng m\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb9p, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho ng\u00e0y mai. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia, gi\u1edd ph\u00fat ra \u0111i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n b\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00ec ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi V\u00f4 Minh, \u00c1i D\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 th\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang theo g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng, quay cu\u1ed3ng trong b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu, gi\u00e0y x\u00e9o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea3 t\u01a1i qu\u1eb1n qu\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u0103m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y. V\u1eady, h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gian, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau chung quanh ta, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u1eefu ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh sai bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t xa nhau, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hc\u1ec9 do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean hay may r\u1ee7i m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i lai hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00e2n th\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t trung gian \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu ph\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, hay v\u00e1i van m\u1ed9t nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt b\u00ed \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 mong nh\u1edd si\u00eau tho\u00e1t. Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em ai ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ch\u00ednh trong tay ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta. Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;<em>Kammav\u00e0din<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tin \u1edf l\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 attakamma, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y mai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng &#8211; thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n &#8211; t\u00e2m l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m s\u1edf) \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 do t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. N\u1ebfu ta ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd theo li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n theo ch\u01a1n con th\u00fa k\u00e9o xe.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, n\u1ebfu ta n\u00f3i hay l\u00e0m v\u1edbi t\u00e2m trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac s\u1ebd theo ta nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng theo h\u00ecnh&#8221;.<br>&#8212; (Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u 1 v\u00e0 2)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb t\u1ed1t ra x\u1ea5u hay t\u1eeb x\u1ea5u ra t\u1ed1t. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bao quanh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf gian h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i. Gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi &#8211; n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i c\u1ea7m th\u00fa &#8211; ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb sanh ra kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong v\u00f2ng phong ph\u00fa d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng xa hoa th\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra v\u1edbi b\u1ea9m t\u00e1nh th\u00f4ng minh xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tinh th\u00e2n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cao si\u00eau, trong khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec m\u00ea m\u1edd ngu mu\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t t\u1ed1i t\u0103m. T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, trong khi \u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u01b0\u01a1n y\u1ebfu b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n, g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m x\u1ea5u x\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi xu\u00e2n xanh ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u, danh th\u01a1m ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t vang l\u1eebng, ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, ai c\u0169ng khen, trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ai m\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p th\u00edch \u1ee9ng.&nbsp;<em>[16]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u00e2m quan s\u00e1t, v\u00f4 t\u01b0 suy lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa kia h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i lai hay m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Ch\u00fang sanh g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<br>T\u00f9y theo h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 gieo.<br>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p thi\u1ec7n,<br>H\u00e0nh \u00e1c, g\u1eb7p \u00e1c.<br>H\u00e3y gieo h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng vun b\u1ed3i c\u00e2y,<br>S\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e1i l\u00e0nh&#8221;.<br>&#8212; (Samyutta 1, trg. 227 &#8211; The Kindred Sayings I, trg. 293)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i lai hay m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, ban b\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt kh\u00e1c nhau cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i v\u1ed3n v\u00e3 cho ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia l\u00e0m, ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<br>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t g\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u t\u1ea5t g\u1eb7p x\u1ea5u.<br>V\u1eady, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng,<br>Gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o sanh qu\u1ea3 n\u1ea5y&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed<br>Do l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1t<br>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ec vua, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e1ch r\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00eanh thang<br>V\u00ec nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd phi\u1ec1n tr\u00e1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh si\u00eau nh\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tr\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban b\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) va h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (kammavip\u00e0ka), hay \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o &#8211; t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c &#8211; th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 hay th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ecdi ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch trong ki\u1ebfp nh\u01a1n sinh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ebf hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh. Ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen, t\u1ea1o khung c\u1ea3nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, theo Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 Nigantha N\u00e0taputta, Makkhali-Gos\u00e0la v.v&#8230; ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m &#8211; d\u1ea7u th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c, th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, hay th\u1ecd v\u00f4 k\u00fd &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay nghi\u1ec7p, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. (Majjhima 101, Digh\u00e0 2 &#8211; Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong Anguttara I, 173). \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ng, b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch, c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (pubbekatahetu) v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ta. Do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ta trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi, r\u1edbt. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u00fd kia h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 ch\u1ea1y, v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1, t\u1ee9, ch\u1ecbu \u0111au, r\u1ed3i qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng? Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e8ue b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb, t\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. S\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n tan bi\u1ebfn khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. H\u1ed9t xo\u00e0i sanh ra c\u00e2y xo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e1i h\u1ed9t xo\u00e0i \u1ea5y ch\u00e1y ra tro th\u00ec \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt h\u1eefu vi (d\u1ea7u v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c hay h\u1eefu gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu tri) c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ta t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. V\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, hay \u0111\u1eadp tan b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u1ea5y. Nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 sau trong kinh Ratana Sutta (Sutta Nipata);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi [17] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sanh n\u1eefa,<br>T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m b\u00edu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<br>M\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t [18] c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ham mu\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<br>B\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n kia&#8221;. [19]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Paticca Samupp\u00e0da), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u00f2ng khoen, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u01a1i L\u00e3o T\u1eed, cho ta th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i ch\u1eb7t, ph\u1ea3i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i th\u00eanh thang trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00f4n h\u1ed3i, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y sng ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean \u1ea5y. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i B\u00e1nh Xe Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e2u Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n H\u00e0nh, Th\u1ee9c<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n Th\u1ee9c, Danh S\u1eafc ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n Danh S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n Th\u1ecd, \u00c1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n H\u1eefu, Sanh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,<br>&#8220;Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n Sanh, L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ta th\u00e1n, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u00e2u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t,.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>V\u1eady, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8212; (Anguttara Nikaya I, 176)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (pannatti). M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eady, trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u01a1n l\u00fd qui \u01b0\u1edbc (samuti sacca) ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, c\u1eb7p Sanh v\u00e0 L\u00e3o T\u1eed, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong V\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i c\u00f3 ba n\u1ea5c khoen n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n (sanhdhi). Gi\u1eefa H\u00e0nh (sankhara), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u00f4si c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c (Vinnana), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (hetu-phala, nh\u00e2n &#8211; qu\u1ea3). Th\u1ee9c, Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac, v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i do V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Do n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Th\u1ee9c, Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac, v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 H\u1eefu. Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa Th\u1ecd va \u00c1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (phala-het, qu\u1ea3 &#8211; nh\u00e2n). V\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u1eefu trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 Sanh v\u00e0 L\u00e3o T\u1eed trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa H\u1eefu v\u00e0 Sanh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n n\u1eefa. Ba n\u1ea5c khoen n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n n\u00e0y chia v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1ed3n l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n ch\u1eb7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1) V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh,<br>2)Th\u1ee9c, Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd,<br>3) \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu,<br>4) Sanh, L\u00e3o &#8211; T\u1eed .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;N\u0103m nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9,<br>V\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd qu\u1ea3 chia l\u00e0m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n.<br>N\u0103m nh\u00e2n \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<br>V\u00e0 n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn&#8221;.<br>&#8212; (Visuddhi Magga &#8211; Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o quy\u1ec3n II, tr.579)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng ghi nh\u1eadn V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 minh khao kh\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t b\u00e1m b\u00edu, v\u00e0 do b\u00e1m b\u00edu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh. V\u1eady, \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u1eefu c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3&#8221;. Do \u0111\u00f3 ta nosi r\u1eb1ng: &#8220;Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (t\u1ee9c H\u1eefu) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn (Si, t\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Minh), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef (t\u1ee9c H\u00e0nh), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i (t\u1ee9c \u00c1i), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t (t\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd (t\u1ee9c H\u1eefu). V\u1eady, n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean cho v\u00f2ng khoen th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (trong s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ghi trong s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u qua n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Th\u1ee9c, Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac, v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u1ea1o n\u0103m nh\u00e2n trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ghi c\u00f3 ba l\u00e0 \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u1eefu. &#8220;Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu, H\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t sanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi H\u1eefu, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m lu\u00f4n. V\u00e0 trong khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c1i v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7, V\u00f4 Minh c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sanh v\u1edbi \u00c1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 n\u0103m&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>[20]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c, Danh &#8211; S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd. Theo s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean, Sanh v\u00e0 L\u00e3o &#8211; T\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Sanh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Th\u1ecd, c\u00f2n L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2md d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng trong ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c &#8211; Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Paticca Samupp\u00e0da), ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng san &#8211; t\u1eed, t\u1eed &#8211; sanh, trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n, xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dhamma) \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u1edf nguy\u00ean nahan, t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, hay duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh (sabbe dhamm\u00e0 paticca-samupann\u00e0). V\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u h\u1ed3n (j\u0129v\u00e0tma, m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n vi t\u1ebf trong v\u00f5 tr\u1ee5), hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed3n (param\u00e0tma, v\u00f5 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ed3n). CH\u00ednh s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1eb1ng linh h\u1ed3n (\u00e0tma) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh, l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y (trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd carm h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 Lai tr\u00e1nh xa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u1ea5y v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y ch\u01a1n l\u00fd n\u1eb1m kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 hai. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: Do V\u00f4 Minh t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean, H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh Do H\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean, Th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh v.v&#8230; (xem c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4si \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t sanh&#8221;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<br>C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<br>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3y tr\u00f4i<br>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o k\u00e1hc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ch\u01a1n l\u00fd&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, hay T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a<br>Sanh ra v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, sanh t\u1eed tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean,<br>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3y tr\u00f4i,<br>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&#8221;.<br>&#8212; (Bhikkhu Nanamoli &#8211; The Path of Purification, tr.700)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c &#8211; Ph\u00e1t Sanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1eadn tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c &#8211; Ph\u00e1t Sanh, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng, c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 &#8220;t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed&#8221; th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1c qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng, thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Theo t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Dictionary of Philosophy, &#8220;Thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (fatalism) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a (determinism), nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc&#8221;. Theo t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Oxford English Dictionary, &#8220;\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i lai chi ph\u1ed1i \u00fd ch\u00ed&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o b\u00e1c b\u1ecf lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch, hay nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eeboi, hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra do m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh. \u1ede b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang chi ph\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd (cetana) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p (kamma). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra lu\u1eadt, hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i lai xen v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sanh do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nahan v\u00e0 duy\u00ean, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra do nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh &#8211; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u00d0\u1ecbnh M\u1ea1ng B\u1ea5t Di D\u1ecbch (niyati-v\u00e0da). Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng (adhicca-samuppanna).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n do l\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eb9m sau m\u00e0ng v\u00f4 minh, \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u00e1i d\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y. Nh\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, xin c\u00f3 v\u00e0i l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 &#8220;t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed&#8221;. \u00dd ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch &#8220;t\u1ecbnh&#8221;, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00dd ch\u00ed kh\u00f4n gph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, hay c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u00fd hc\u00ed ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi, trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m (hay t\u00e2m s\u1edf), n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t &#8220;\u00fd ch\u00ed&#8221; xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t &#8220;s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;\u00fd ch\u00ed&#8221; \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do hay kh\u00f4ng. \u00d0\u00fang th\u1ef1c ra, &#8220;\u00fd ch\u00ed&#8221; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh, ni\u1ec1m lo \u00e2u s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t hay tranh lu\u1eadn su\u00f4ng, hay v\u00f4 \u00edch du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao xa k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh &#8211; \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 &#8211; l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e0nh hoa t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p trong v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya, (T\u1ea1p A-H\u00e0m) 11, Anamatugga, trang 179.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Anguttara Nikaya (T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m) IV, 77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] A-La-H\u00e1n (Arahat) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi d\u00e2y tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara), \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 an t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma), Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] Canh \u0111\u1ea7u: 6 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn 10 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00eam &#8211; Canh gi\u1eefa: t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 gi\u1edd &#8211; Canh cu\u1ed1i : t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] Hai danh t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>anuloma<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>patiloma<\/em>&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;theo chi\u1ec1u xu\u00f4i&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c&#8221;. Tuy nhi\u00ean d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ee3 e kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i theo chi\u1ec1u xu\u00f4i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] Ud\u00e0na, trang 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7] Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n), Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya (T\u1ea1p A-H\u00e0m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8] The Philosophy of Physical Science. p. i. Cambridge University Press. 1939.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9] Nyanatiloka, Fundamentals of Buddhism (Colombo 1949) trang 67.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[10] C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 65.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[11] Madhupindika Sutta 18 v\u00e0 Mah\u00e0t\u00e0nhasankhaya Sutta 38, c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 Trung A H\u00e0m (Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[12] Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m. LVI, II. Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13] Digha Nikaya (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m), 22<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14] Dhammapada (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa) 216<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15] Tr\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft cho t\u1eadp ch\u00ed Ceylon Observer, th\u00e1ng 10, 1937, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 &#8220;What I Believe&#8221;&#8221;, c\u1ee7a B\u00e1c S\u0129 Cassius A. Pereira, v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Kassapa Thera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[16] Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya, i, trang 227. The Kindred Sayings I, trang 293<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17] Danh t\u1eeb &#8220;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;c\u00e1i m\u1edbi&#8221; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18] M\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[19] C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong kinh thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ng\u00e0y Ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111ang t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[20] Bhikkhu Nanamoli, The Path of Purification (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o), tr. 669. Colombo 1956.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean &nbsp;&nbsp;05\/11\/2010 11:01:00&nbsp;Piyadassi Maha Thera &#8211; Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch (1972)\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 6224&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/duyenkhoi\/Thapnhinhanduyen_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp; \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u01a1n l\u00fd v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u1ea5y, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[66],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1918","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duyen-khoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1918","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1918"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1918\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1920,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1918\/revisions\/1920"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1918"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1918"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1918"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1918"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}