{"id":1997,"date":"2020-09-13T20:24:17","date_gmt":"2020-09-13T20:24:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=1997"},"modified":"2020-09-13T20:24:17","modified_gmt":"2020-09-13T20:24:17","slug":"giai-thoat-va-tu-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/13\/giai-thoat-va-tu-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t V\u00e0 T\u1eeb \u00c1i"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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  03\/08\/2014 11:57:00 \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma, Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch vi\u1ec7t<\/a>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 3640          http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/giacngogiaithoat\/Giaithhoatvatuai_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef: <\/a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o khi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u1edfi. Khi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu. Khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc hay s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fa t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00f4m ch\u1eb7c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc tinh th\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRONG D\u1ea0NG TH\u1ee8C c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai, T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:298-306) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 10 lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o[1]<\/a>, 5 trong \u1ea5y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ed9n s\u1eed) v\u00e0 5 th\u1ee9 kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng quan ki\u1ebfn (ng\u0169 l\u1ee3i s\u1eed). Nh\u01b0ng trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i t\u00e2m[2]<\/a>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ea7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn quan ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y (ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ed9n s\u1eed). Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u00edt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn quan ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c: ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00f4ng minh. Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o quan ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m, vi\u1ec7c suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n cung c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb \u00e1i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e1c c\u1ea3m, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00f9 o\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1edbi d\u00ednh m\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tham mu\u1ed1n, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1ea5y. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o quan ki\u1ebfn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng minh, cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu cho nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o quan ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang l\u00e0. V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb, h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong Minh C\u00fa Lu\u1eadn<\/em>[3]<\/a>. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc, \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tham mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap g\u00ec cho s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m. Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1c c\u1ea3m, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00f9 o\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i d\u00ednh m\u1eafc. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1ec1 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb \u00e1i t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch v\u1edbi s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng trong phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o d\u00ednh m\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i si m\u00ea v\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng – tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng – l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i cho v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n  n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o khi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u1edfi. Khi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1  h\u1eefu. Khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc hay s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fa t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00f4m ch\u1eb7c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc tinh th\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/em>, Long Th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh (svabhava): “B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1eb3n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c”[4]<\/a>. Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1eb3n c\u00f3, thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t khi ch\u00fang ta tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan r\u1ea3 t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 \u00f4m ch\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng duy\u00ean sanh trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m  h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi ai \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00f9 h\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t – nh\u01b0ng 90% nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Tuy th\u1ebf, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea5y, cung c\u00e1ch v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u1ed3i th\u00ec T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:304-305) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, khi nh\u1eefng ai d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a si m\u00ea phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n qua th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00fd li\u00ean h\u1ec7 trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u00edch t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng khen. Nh\u1eefng ai ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c, ch\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, hay duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00edch t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng khen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:305-306) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1ed5 g\u1ed1c tham mu\u1ed1n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 – hay t\u00e2m b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1-. Trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con  – v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ” l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c [c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c]” – s\u1ebd c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1ebd cung \u1ee9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung hay c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 – (1) vi\u1ec5n ly ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, (2) th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, v\u00e0 (3) t\u00e2m b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 – b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i trong kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3. T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ngoai l\u1ec7 trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c “l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c [c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c]”. Ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, trong th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t – vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y hay nghe c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, hay ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i – c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 ai \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i, qua s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y, v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:315-325) ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o k\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 hai t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi si m\u00ea, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf) k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t si m\u00ea phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thu, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m sinh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. Chu k\u1ef3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 trong tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Trong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp (\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf) v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf). Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 h\u00e3y h\u1ecda v\u1ebd b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e0 ch\u00edn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, trong khi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eafc x\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u0169y ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eafc x\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft trong d\u00e2y x\u00edch duy\u00ean sanh. M\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u hai ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t[5]<\/a>. M\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00f4 minh trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft sai qu\u1ea5y, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c[6]<\/a>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean v\u00f4 minh trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh. C\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Lo\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, trong khi lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4  minh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai, nghi\u1ec7p, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd ch\u00ed. Trong m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba, th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi sau khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c. Khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba, T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (alaya) l\u1ea5y m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y, th\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n (hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c). Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh cho th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c Duy Th\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ebf. V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh cho tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. Khi m\u1ed9t B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c trung t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, mang theo nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt cho thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3”, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trung t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf  h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (\u00fd th\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 kho ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu (svabhava – t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh) v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “t\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n”, c\u00e1i “t\u00f4i” m\u1ec7nh danh. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “t\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n” n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1c quan (l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp). Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (x\u00fac). Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (th\u1ecd). T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng chi ti\u1ebft h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 tham mu\u1ed1n (\u00e1i), v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc (th\u1ee7). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tham mu\u1ed1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00ean trong; trong khi th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00ednh m\u1eafc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u01a1n. Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tham mu\u1ed1n. M\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n ra, mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (h\u1eefu). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft; giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai x\u1ea3y ra khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng trung \u1ea5m (bardo), t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh. Trong khi m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3  hai thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u1edf trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i. N\u00f3 qua r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, hay h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Hay qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tan r\u1ea3 (zhigpa) c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u1ea5y[7]<\/a>. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u0103n nguy\u00ean; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00f2n v\u1eb9n. R\u1ed3i th\u00ec, m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 sanh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai l\u00e0 gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean V\u00e0 T\u00e1i Sanh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean trong chu\u1ed7i duy\u00ean sanh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edfi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i? Cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh \u1ea5y, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111em t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, v\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a, th\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 10 trong m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh trong 100 l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i sanh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u1ee7a sanh, gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh, ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd ch\u00ed – nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi tham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p xa h\u01a1n v\u00ec th\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. H\u00f4m nay, t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta th\u1ee9c d\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd khi ch\u00fang ta l\u1eafng nghe gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi – m\u1ed7i nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u00f2ng 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:321) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng  h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd ch\u00ed phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea5u trong th\u1ee9c. \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m s\u1eb3n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh \u0111au kh\u1ed5, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3  v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fa. Qua s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 sanh, gi\u00e0, v\u00e0 v.v\u2026 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ti\u1ebfp theo sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng khen – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c – hay nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng khen – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i cao h\u01a1n – b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh trong th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m s\u1eb3n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac cho, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong chi ti\u1ebft, T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:323) d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi con ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lang thang trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh c\u01a1n m\u00ea v\u1edbi c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. H\u00e3y qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 con \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1eadp qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 sinh ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hay b\u1ecb nh\u1ed5 ti\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i. Khi tham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00fang, con s\u1ebd lang thang trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb a la h\u00e1n c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1eadp khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. M\u1ed9t khi con \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, con s\u1ebd xem phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec7t ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:323-324) sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh thu\u1ed9c ba n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 12 m\u1eafc x\u00edch n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u00e2m linh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Puchungwa d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng giai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean qua, \u2026 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean qua, \u2026 v\u00e0  s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf. Ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean qua, \u2026 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng hai s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u00e1i v\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn cho ch\u00fang sanh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai lang thang trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i qua c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong nguy\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng giai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ba n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Puchungwa v\u1ec1 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba R\u00e8n Luy\u1ec7n Cao C\u1ea5p (Tam V\u00f4 L\u1eadu H\u1ecdc)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:341-353) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ba r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i – r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (gi\u1edbi), thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed (tu\u1ec7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (si m\u00ea). \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xem \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu. Trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Tuy th\u1ebf, theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac trong ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c (ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a hai s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y trong ch\u1ed7 vi t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00e2m \u00e1o nh\u1ea5t[9]<\/a>. V\u1eady th\u00ec g\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, “t\u00f4i l\u00e0”. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “quan ki\u1ebfn ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n y\u1ebfu m\u1ec7nh” hay ” t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 5 u\u1ea9n”. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00e2n th\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i cho v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1eeb \u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 minh, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh[10]<\/a>. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 minh. \u0110\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng, hay v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh xem nh\u01b0 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 xem ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 minh xem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Do th\u1ebf, trong ba s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea5p, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 tuy th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, n\u01a1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u00e1ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trong s\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (vipashyana – qu\u00e1n) trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nhu nhuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n sinh kh\u1edfi tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u1ea5y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng tinh th\u1ea7n (shamatha-ch\u1ec9), n\u01a1i m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nhu nhuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. Trong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng sao l\u00e3ng b\u00ean trong. N\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c tri nh\u1eadn c\u1ea9n m\u1eadt, hay t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n. Tinh luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tam mu\u1ed9i t\u0129nh l\u1ef1.  Th\u1ebf n\u00ean qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u00fd v\u1ecb. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt). Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i sao l\u00e3ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng sao l\u00e3ng b\u00ean trong. Do v\u1eady, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea5p trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt), c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Ba s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea5p, tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u1edbi N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c L\u1edbn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (2:15) sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh cho t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0nh l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o; l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac: th\u1ea5y, nghe, nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf; v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o l\u1edbn \u0111\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc con trong l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con trong \u0111\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp trong \u1ea5y ngh\u0129, “\u00d4 th\u1eadt di\u1ec7u k\u1ef3! T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u”. H\u00e3y \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ed5 xe si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 con c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh cho ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0nh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1edf t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u0111i qua. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn L\u1ed1i S\u1ed1ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/em> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leo l\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9,
L\u00e0 th\u1ee9 xua tan m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7,
V\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt \u0111i t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m vui n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m vui kh\u00e1c –
Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u1ee5t ch\u00ed?[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p (\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u00e3 qu\u1ef7, s\u00fac sanh)
N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng,
V\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft:
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, con k\u00ednh l\u1ea1y!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, t\u00e2m b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, tinh th\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 hay bodhicitta, r\u1ed3i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y – \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh x\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m vui n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m vui kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng l\u00fac, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 lao ngay v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba. T\u00e2m Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn hai nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng: \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t Qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c. Nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u0111em l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i v\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00f3a ra \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec5n ly ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec5n ly, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng t\u00e1i sanh quanh qu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 lao v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i trong khi t\u1ea3ng l\u1edd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba. Khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh. T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng giai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi  ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI V\u00c0 \u0110\u00c1P<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: Th\u01b0a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n, xin h\u00e3y n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: N\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng “c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i” ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tuy th\u1ebf, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb bi y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, “N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, Th\u00e1nh Allah, bao nhi\u00eau, th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u1ebf b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt”. Trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 “b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang sanh” xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Nh\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra sau ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111i li\u1ec1n l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u1edf l\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, trong quan t\u00e0i. Tuy th\u1ebf, xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n danh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf, hay ngay c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng  ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt (hay t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o). Do l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 \u00fd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ai theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y qua t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, tuy th\u1ebf, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf Ki T\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y Ki T\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd sau c\u00f9ng duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, Ki T\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o hay Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea5y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ki T\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: Th\u01b0a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c – nh\u1ecf, v\u1eeba, v\u00e0 l\u1edbn – l\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea9m sinh, hay n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n, hay kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:139) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ba tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn (n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t) trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t; b\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t (s\u01a1 – hoan h\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecba) l\u00e0 m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt hay ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean b\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng  kinh lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng v\u1edbi b\u00e0 ta. T\u00f4i duy ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 rung chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v.v\u2026ngay c\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng  h\u1ee3p tri th\u1ee9c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00ednh m\u1eafc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, danh ti\u1ebfng, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, th\u1ebf th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t d\u00ednh m\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, th\u1ebf th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba. H\u00e3y th\u1ea9m tra cung c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 hay kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi nhau.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: N\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:118-120) n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng hay ni tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn lamrim hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf qu\u00e1 xa th\u00ec sao? M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y hay h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: \u0110i\u1ec1u  n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00f4i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Khi \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 Kadampa Dromdonpa s\u1eafp vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, ng\u00e0i n\u1eb1m v\u00e0 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean b\u1eafp v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Potowa, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Potowa qu\u1eb9t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft r\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Dromdonpa. Dromdonpa nh\u00ecn l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi, “T\u1ea1i sao con kh\u00f3c?” V\u00e0 Potowa n\u00f3i, “Cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a con. Con \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o con v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a con. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1ea7y s\u1eafp t\u1ecbch, con s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, v\u00ec th\u1ebf con bu\u1ed3n.” V\u00e0 Dromdonpa tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, “V\u00e2ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y con, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf \u0111i con n\u00ean l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd; qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u1ec1 th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u00e2m linh. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eef Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ec7 nguy\u1ec7n hay truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba, th\u1ebf th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u00e2m linh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, h\u00e0nh vi. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u01b0 x\u1eed, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u0103ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t hay hai l\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i  li\u1ec7u m\u1eadt t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean c\u1ea7n 12 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 xu\u1ea5t gia. Geshe Pabongka Rinpoche n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ngay khi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u1edf trong r\u1eebng, th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 “ch\u00fang sanh”. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa hay n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: Vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi L\u00ea l\u00e0 Francisco Varela l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang sanh bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n trong kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t amip, hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean sinh \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t con mu\u1ed7i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con r\u1ec7p gi\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c ng\u0169 r\u1ea5t y\u00ean b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con mu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: Trong x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eadp trung th\u1eddi gian, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed v\u00e0o con em ch\u00fang ta?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eeb l\u1edbp m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o[13]<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n. Ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean bi m\u1eabn .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: Th\u01b0a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ec9?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: M\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng  ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 trong th\u00ednh ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng? Hay m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u1ea1t ma t\u00e1i sanh hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00fa v\u1eadt, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef “l\u1ea1t ma” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef “guru”. Theo t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean n\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef “l\u1ea1t ma” kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng. “L\u1ea1t ma” th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y. K\u00e9m may m\u1eafn thay, trong x\u00e3  h\u1ed9i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1t ma gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1t ma nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng, khi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t “l\u1ea1t ma” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “tulku” (h\u00f3a th\u00e2n). M\u1ed9t tulku l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1t ma (m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tulku. Hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tulku nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1t ma, hay m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1t ma nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tulku. V\u00e0 d\u0129  nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea1t ma c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tulku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: Th\u01b0a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n trong quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: Trong H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn L\u1ed1i S\u1ed1ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/em> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb trau d\u1ed3i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00eam n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn bi m\u1eabn cho n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hay n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. N\u1ed5i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb n\u1ed5i \u0111au n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u1ed5i \u0111au ri\u00eang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t an. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i khi ch\u00fang ta cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta chia s\u1ebb n\u1ed5i \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trau d\u1ed3i l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eceI<\/strong>: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00c1P<\/strong>: T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb bi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecdc Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i g\u00ec. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t  h\u01a1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh hay Ph\u00e1p hay \u0110\u1ee9c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n “From Here to Enlightenment<\/em><\/a>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ea8n T\u00e2m L\u1ed9, Tuesday, June 24, 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e1i Tim C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Nh\u1eefng C\u00e2u H\u1ecfi L\u1edbn<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao qu\u00fd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c T\u1eadp Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd Ngh\u0129a C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eddi S\u1ed1ng Lo\u00e0i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (1:298-299) li\u1ec7t k\u00ea 10 th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0: tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, nghi (ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ed9n s\u1eed), th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 (ng\u0169 l\u1ee3i s\u1eed). C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn, Boin-Webb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba (3:206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1edfi v\u00ec ngay \u1edf tr\u00ean, trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn 10 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng quan ki\u1ebfn k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 si m\u00ea (v\u00f4 minh)\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ‘s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng” h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 Kadampa Puchungwa Shonu Gyaltsen (1041-1106) l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Dromdonpa, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Atisha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ng Kh\u00e1ch Ba v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> Lu\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i V\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, k\u1ec7 30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> Pabongka (1879-1941) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1t ma v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng uy \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o  trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma th\u1ee9 13. Ling Rinpoche v\u00e0 Trijang Rinpoche, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn Lamrim t\u1eeb Pabongka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> V\u00ec vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Kh\u1ecfi Gi\u00e1o \u0110i\u1ec1u: \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Cho To\u00e0n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a>  Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 v\u00e0 k\u1ec7 8.104-105 trong H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  03\/08\/2014 11:57:00 \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma, Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch vi\u1ec7t\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 3640          http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/giacngogiaithoat\/Giaithhoatvatuai_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:  Trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1998,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-1997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giac-ngo-giai-thoat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1997","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1997"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1997\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1999,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1997\/revisions\/1999"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1997"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1997"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1997"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=1997"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}