![\"image\"\/](\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nhancach-xahoi\/Phatgiaonguyenthuycongbangxahoi_files\/phat_hoc_606_627395949.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay th\u00e2n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u0110. Th\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Delhi<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y d\u00e3y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd sinh ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cao h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn 2.500 n\u0103m, khi \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n danh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gay go nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed xem h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Manu c\u1ee7a Hindu gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. LU\u1eacT MANU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00ean sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Hindu gi\u00e1o, hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 d\u00e2n. Hindu gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 ba b\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh kinh l\u00e0 V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, Upanisad v\u00e0 Ch\u00ed T\u00f4n Ca ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ba b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Hindu gi\u00e1o, b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Manu ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Manu c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m lu\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n bao qu\u00e1t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt g\u1ed3m 12 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi 2.385 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1.200 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do hai \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra, nh\u1eb1m \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lu\u1eadt Manu quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean mong mu\u1ed1n sau khi Ng\u00e0i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 V\u0169 Tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean To\u00e0n N\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng, c\u00e1nh tay, \u0111\u00f9i v\u00e0 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i<\/em>\u201d.[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u2013 NV) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp (th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0), ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn (c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed)<\/em>\u201d.[2]<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i – Vua quan (Kshatriya), \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean giao ph\u00f3 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, ban t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 c\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 c\u00fang t\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng sa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d.[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ec7 X\u00e1 \u2013 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n (Vaisya) ban cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c gia s\u00fac, ban cho qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng, tham gia c\u00fang t\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, vay ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai<\/em>\u201d.[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cM\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean ban cho \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La (Sudra) l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh cho ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean<\/em>\u201d.[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o! Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e9o b\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u01b0u \u00e1i trao cho qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia c\u00fang t\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang tr\u00ed \u00f3c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n N\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea5ng Chi\u1ebfu Kh\u1eafp ch\u1ec9 trao cho \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p giai t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cLu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p; ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Ph\u1ec7 X\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Ph\u1ec7 X\u00e1 v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n; c\u1ea3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em>\u201d.[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u0103m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La, cho d\u00f9 b\u1ecb mua hay kh\u00f4ng mua, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00ec anh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n\u201d.[7]<\/sup> Hay \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ee7a anh ta, ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho anh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/em>\u201d[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0 khi ra t\u00f2a, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa; \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n khai b\u00e1o th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt; \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o ph\u1ea1t l\u00faa, b\u00f2, ti\u1ec1n; c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La th\u00ec b\u1ecb r\u0103n \u0111e, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1.[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ti\u1ec1n, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn hai tr\u0103m n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 Ph\u1ec7 X\u00e1, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La d\u00e1m ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n.[10]<\/sup> Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kia s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sau: n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La ch\u01b0\u1edfi m\u1eafng, th\u00f3a m\u1ea1 ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kia th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee1i v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00f3i chung, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh trong lu\u1eadt Manu \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p, thi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt cho l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng: B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ghi trong lu\u1eadt Manu c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n a. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n b. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n d. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n e. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed.[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf hai qu\u1ed1c gia Yona v\u00e0 Kamboja ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vai tr\u00f2 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Hai giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb n\u1ebfu t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng, thu\u00ea l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng.[12]<\/sup> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong kinh Vasettha. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e0 c\u1ed7i, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, gia t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u00ecnh anh em v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n a) V\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n b) V\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n c) V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n d) V\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n e) V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSinh h\u1ecdc\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u00fd do v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi hai thanh ni\u00ean d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Vasettha v\u00e0 Bharadvaja r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng sinh d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cH\u00e3y xem lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u00eam, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecd sinh,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Do sanh, c\u00f3 d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e3y xem lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecd sinh,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Do sinh, c\u00f3 d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i v.v…<\/em>\u201d[14]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e0o, t\u00f3c tai m\u0169i l\u01b0\u1ee1i ch\u00e2n tay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, to h\u01a1n, tr\u1eafng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La? \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng con m\u00e8o kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n so v\u1edbi con b\u00f2, con c\u00e1, con heo. V\u00e0 trong c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y t\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p? L\u1ebd n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n khi t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sa v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u00e1c th\u00fa \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? M\u1ed9t khi qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p khi m\u1ea1ng chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00ean thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c? C\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfm l\u1eeda, t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u1eady th\u00ec hai ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng, th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n. V\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu.[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hai ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu ai thi\u1ec7n sinh t\u1eeb m\u1eabu h\u1ec7, ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7, huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng thanh t\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft nh\u01a1 n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t d\u00e8m pha n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecd sinh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em>\u201d.[16]<\/sup> Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, b\u1edfi trong lu\u1eadt Manu c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La kia m\u00e0. Nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh Asvaghosa \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00ec c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, th\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1eeb khi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f2n trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 cha l\u00e0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sinh ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em>\u201d.[17]<\/sup> Xa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean Ambattha v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 giai c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i tinh khi\u1ebft h\u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i kh\u00e1c khi v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00e0y Ambattha, ng\u01b0\u01a1i thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi. V\u00e0 khi ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i ki\u00eau m\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: N\u00e0y Ambattha, n\u1ebfu theo ph\u1ee5 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u1eddi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca (Sakya<\/em>) l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 con m\u1ed9t n\u1eef t\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0 vua Okkhala, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n trao v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed con b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 vua th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ecb t\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Hy M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p S\u01a1n. V\u1ecb s\u1ee3 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n n\u1eb1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi \u0111\u1ee9c vua bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u1ecb s\u1ee3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: Nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Sakya (c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f5i c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i), th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 Sakya. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vua Okkhala ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca. V\u1ecb vua \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef t\u1ef3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Disa, n\u1eef t\u1ef3 n\u00e0y h\u1ea1 sinh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con da \u0111en, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kanha, khi v\u1eeba m\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. Kanda ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Khahayana, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 con m\u1ed9t n\u1eef t\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca.[18]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Assalayana, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng mang thai, sinh con v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u00fa m\u1edbn. V\u1eady nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c?[19]<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cNgh\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee3 s\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0 \u00f4ng, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cCh\u00ednh do s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00ednh do s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi S\u00e1t \u0110\u1ebf L\u1ee3i,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng phu,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng th\u1ee3,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c.<\/em>\u201d[20]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c sanh ra, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd sinh ra t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n hay thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do sanh ra trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n m\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p b\u1edfi h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cL\u1ecbch S\u1eed\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong kinh tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Nhi\u00ean. Trong kinh Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n B\u1ed5n <\/em>(Agganna<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo kinh Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n B\u1ed5n<\/em>, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u khi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea7u l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 r\u0103n \u0111e v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn, th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p cho anh ta th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p vua ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p vua ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n n\u0103ng. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kinh Madhura <\/em>ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c.[21]<\/sup> T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Chi\u00ean Di\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ee9c Vua Madhura r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da hay \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0u da kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap g\u00ec cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p do Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean sinh ra trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, hai giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i cho nhau d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 kinh Assalayana m\u00f4 t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cTh\u01b0a v\u00e2ng, con c\u00f3 nghe. Trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 Yona, Kamboja, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai giai c\u1ea5p: ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb. Sau khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, sau khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d.[22]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00fai tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, hai b\u00e0n tay tr\u1eafng th\u00ec tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong kinh Gi\u00e1o Th\u1ecd Thi Ca La Vi\u1ec7t<\/em>[23]<\/sup>. Theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh qua s\u00e1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u00f5 cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean Thi Ca La Vi\u1ec7t: \u201cN\u00e0y Gia ch\u1ee7 t\u1eed, s\u00e1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 con. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1edb, lao c\u00f4ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Sa M\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/em>\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f2n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 theo \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n khi sinh ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong tay, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f4i khi, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ta c\u0169ng b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n N\u0103ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Trong kinh Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n B\u1ed5n <\/em>c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t khi kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, khi xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n xem h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i Cao nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i Cao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y \u0111i t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o, m\u00e0u da n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh thanh t\u1ecbnh hay nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cT\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c l\u00e0m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng ai thanh t\u1ecbnh ai<\/em>.\u201d[24]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, Nh\u01b0 Lai ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 Lai ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ea1y\u2026<\/em>\u201d[25]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hay trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: M\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cM\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 y ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00e0o c\u00f3 y ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1edd kh\u00e9o \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c m\u00ecnh,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c y ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/em>\u201d[26]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i, ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v.v… \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau. Theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, \u00fd t\u1ea1o;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00fd \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 xe, ch\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00e9o<\/em>\u201d.[27]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, \u00fd t\u1ea1o;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00fd thanh t\u1ecbnh,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n An l\u1ea1c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi h\u00ecnh<\/em>.\u201d[28]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong kinh Madhura<\/em> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c do ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra. Thi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sai kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o. \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1ec7 X\u00e1, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0 La t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00f3i hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham d\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, theo ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sanh Thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n hay \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, gia t\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00e0m sa m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 Ananda, Bhagu, Kimbila v\u00e0 Devadatta. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 h\u1edbt t\u00f3c ho\u00e0ng gia t\u00ean l\u00e0 Upali c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n gia nh\u1eadp T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho Upali xu\u1ea5t gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kia xu\u1ea5t gia. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec Upali xu\u1ea5t gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kia ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Upali m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1eef gi\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho gia nh\u1eadp Ni \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef3 kheo ni Punna \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo v\u00e0 t\u1ef3 kheo ni b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong kinh Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Thuy\u1ebft<\/em>, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi kinh, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1ed1n con s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t khi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n con s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cV\u00ed nh\u01b0, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0o, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, s\u00f4ng Yamun\u00e0, s\u00f4ng Aciracati, s\u00f4ng Sarabh\u00f9, s\u00f4ng Mahi, c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng \u1ea5y khi ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n, li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf t\u00ean h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y: S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ecb, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1, Th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0, sau khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, xu\u1ea5t gia trong Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 sau n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng Sa m\u00f4n Th\u00edch t\u1eed<\/em>\u201d.[29]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay th\u00e2n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Trong khi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n n\u0103ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c, do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ***<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/sup>. The Laws of Manu<\/em>, C.1. \u0111i\u1ec1u 87. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [2]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 88. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [3]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 89. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [4]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 90. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [5]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 91. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [6]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. C. III, \u0111i\u1ec1u 13. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [7]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. C. VIII, \u0111i\u1ec1u 113. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [8]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 114. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [9]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 88. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [10]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. \u0111i\u1ec1u 267. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [11]<\/sup>. Buddhism and the Race Question<\/em>, str.14, 15; G.P Malalakera and K.N.Jayatilleke. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [12]<\/sup>. TB. kinh Assalayana<\/em>, tr. 685.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [13]<\/sup>. Buddhism and The race question<\/em>, str. 53, 54; G.P. Malalasekara and K.N. Jayatilleke (Sinhala edition<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n [14]<\/sup>. TB. Kinh Vasettha, tr. 779. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [15]<\/sup>. T\u01af. tr. 359. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [16]<\/sup>. TB. Kinh Vasettha<\/em>, tr. 776. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [17]<\/sup>. Trd. Jayatilleke, 1992, tr. 44. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [18]<\/sup>. Tr.B. kinh Ambattha<\/em>, tr. 169. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [19]<\/sup>. TB. tr. 684.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [20]<\/sup>. S\u0111d. tr. 686. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [21]<\/sup>. TB. Kinh Madhura<\/em>, tr. 549. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [22]<\/sup>. TB. kinh Assalayana, tr. 685. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [23]<\/sup>. Tr.B. tr. 541. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [24]<\/sup>. PC. s\u1ed1 165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [25]<\/sup>. PC. s\u1ed1 276.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [26]<\/sup>. PC. s\u1ed1 160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [27]<\/sup>. PC. s\u1ed1 01. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [28]<\/sup>. PC. s\u1ed1 02. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [29]<\/sup>. TK. Kinh Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Thuy\u1ebft<\/em>, C. 5, Ph. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Sona, kinh s\u1ed1 51. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 13\/02\/2014 17:20:00 Th\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 3314 http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nhancach-xahoi\/Phatgiaonguyenthuycongbangxahoi_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay th\u00e2n\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2103,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-2102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nhan-cach-xa-hoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2102"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2104,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2102\/revisions\/2104"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2102"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=2102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\n\n\n