{"id":21434,"date":"2022-05-05T23:10:51","date_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:10:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=21434"},"modified":"2022-05-05T23:11:29","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:11:29","slug":"phan-03-ton-giao-an-do-thoi-duc-phat-lich-su-phat-giao-an-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/05\/05\/phan-03-ton-giao-an-do-thoi-duc-phat-lich-su-phat-giao-an-do\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ea7n 03:\u00a0T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\u00a0th\u1eddi\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt &#8211; L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"21434\" class=\"elementor elementor-21434\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a80dd2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-between elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a80dd2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0257e0\" data-id=\"a0257e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cb0f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cb0f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"header\" data-elementor-id=\"18971\" class=\"elementor elementor-18971\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f779a9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-evenly elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f779a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edfc6c7\" data-id=\"edfc6c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-232b7b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-site-logo elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"232b7b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-site-logo.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f93d63\" data-id=\"7f93d63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57e19f8\" data-id=\"57e19f8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1a099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c1a099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<button onclick=\"history.back()\"><<<\/button>\n<button onclick=\"history.forward()\">>><\/button>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23b0126b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23b0126b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e23499a\" data-id=\"2e23499a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8ae6ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8ae6ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/p57a22825\/phan-3\">https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/p57a22825\/phan-3<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8<br>T\u1eeb th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;th\u1eddi k\u1ef3&nbsp;ti\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Hirakawa Akia &#8211; Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u00e2m d\u1ecbch<br><strong>&nbsp;Ph\u1ea7n 03:&nbsp;T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;sinh ra&nbsp;trong su\u1ed1t&nbsp;th\u1eddi k\u1ef3&nbsp;c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c&nbsp;trung t\u00e2m&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng&nbsp;vai tr\u00f2&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1&nbsp;ra kh\u1ecfi&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;t\u0103ng l\u1eef&nbsp;c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;chinh ph\u1ee5c&nbsp;trong kho\u1ea3ng&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;g\u1ea7n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c&nbsp;trung t\u00e2m&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp chi\u1ebfn binh.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan d\u1ea7n th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n&nbsp;Trung \u1ea4n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u1edf mi\u1ec1n&nbsp;Trung \u1ea4n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb&nbsp;chinh ph\u1ee5c&nbsp;b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Kausala \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc mi\u1ec1n&nbsp;Trung \u1ea4n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Sravasti v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Magadha n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda Nam khu v\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c&nbsp;s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng&nbsp;v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Rajagrha. Magadha&nbsp;cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&nbsp;th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean&nbsp;nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa l\u00e0m&nbsp;s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0u m\u1ee1. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;gi\u00e0u c\u00f3,&nbsp;th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.&nbsp;Th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c&nbsp;th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia&nbsp;r\u1ea5t&nbsp;gi\u00e0u c\u00f3&nbsp;ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u00e0o&nbsp;th\u1eddi k\u1ef3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n&nbsp;Trung \u1ea4n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i&nbsp;c\u0169 d\u1ea7n tan r\u00e3.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;tu s\u0129&nbsp;B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n&nbsp;m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;uy danh,&nbsp;th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1edd c\u00fang&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c&nbsp;h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn&nbsp;nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac&nbsp;ban \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;n\u1eeda. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&nbsp;Upanishad, \u0111\u1ed3ng&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a&nbsp;atman (<em>linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/em>) v\u00e0 brahman (<em>nguy\u00ean l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/em>). H\u1ecd c\u00f3 v\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi&nbsp;ni\u1ec1m tin&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ban \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;chuy\u00ean&nbsp;s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i&nbsp;c\u00e1c&nbsp;hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&nbsp;thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac&nbsp;v\u1edbi&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravidian v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;b\u1edfi&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mi\u1ec1n&nbsp;Trung \u1ea4n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;phong ph\u00fa&nbsp;v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp&nbsp;nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn&nbsp;tu s\u0129.&nbsp;Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i&nbsp;quan t\u00e2m&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eddi&nbsp;b\u1ecf nh\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1eeda v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;kh\u1ea5t s\u0129&nbsp;(<em>parivrajaka<\/em>), s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c&nbsp;t\u1eeb c\u00e1c&nbsp;gia ch\u1ee7&nbsp;trong khi t\u00e2m h\u1ecd th\u00ec lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd&nbsp;trong su\u1ed1t&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1eddi k\u1ef3&nbsp;c\u00f3 \u00edt th\u00fa&nbsp;vui ch\u01a1i&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed. Do&nbsp;v\u1eady m\u00e0&nbsp;nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;b\u1ecb v\u00e2y quanh b\u1edfi gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn v\u00e0&nbsp;bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;r\u1eddi xa cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i&nbsp;t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm&nbsp;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;trong&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0&nbsp;ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;cao qu\u00fd \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;gia nh\u1eadp&nbsp;v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 hai&nbsp;giai c\u1ea5p&nbsp;ch\u00ednh trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u1edf&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9:&nbsp;b\u00e0 la m\u00f4n&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n.&nbsp;B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n&nbsp;t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng&nbsp;cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;theo&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&nbsp;theo&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;c\u00e1c&nbsp;nghi th\u1ee9c&nbsp;t\u1ebf t\u1ef1. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd&nbsp;hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p&nbsp;nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a&nbsp;atman v\u00e0 brahman.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t&nbsp;B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n&nbsp;l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, anh ta ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;theo l\u00e0m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kinh&nbsp;V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0. Khi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd&nbsp;ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;tr\u1edf v\u1ec1&nbsp;nh\u00e0&nbsp;l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;gia ch\u1ee7. Khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 con trai&nbsp;qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u1ea9n c\u01b0&nbsp;trong r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 trong r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi du s\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong khi \u0111ang \u0111i&nbsp;du ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n&nbsp;hay \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u1ed9 Upanisad c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y&nbsp;t\u1eeb b\u1ecf&nbsp;gia \u0111\u00ecnh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111i theo&nbsp;cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;n\u00e0y trong khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;tr\u1ea3i qua&nbsp;nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi&nbsp;tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh&nbsp;m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n. Anh ta d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3&nbsp;qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u&nbsp;tham mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh,&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;du-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;kh\u1eaft nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t trong r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1i&nbsp;Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S\u00e1u v\u1ecb&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n&nbsp;n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng&nbsp;s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong&nbsp;kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;s\u00e1u v\u1ecb&nbsp;th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;(<em>ganin<\/em>) m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed.&nbsp;S\u00e1u v\u1ecb&nbsp;n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Purana Kasyapa, Maskarin Gosaliputra, Ajita Kesakambala, Kakuda Katyayana, Sanjayin Vairattiputra v\u00e0 Nirgantha Jnatiputra.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i&nbsp;quan t\u00e2m&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;sa m\u00f4n&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u00e0nh vi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o&nbsp;t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng&nbsp;l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c ra nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Purana ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o&nbsp;ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. \u00d4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, cho r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i&nbsp;s\u00e1t sanh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3&nbsp;th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft&nbsp;b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o&nbsp;tinh th\u1ea7n&nbsp;n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Maskarin Gosaliputra, \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Theo Gosaliputra, s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;trong&nbsp;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ajivakas (<em>Ajivikas<\/em>).&nbsp;Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef&nbsp;\u201cAjivika\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang&nbsp;kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n&nbsp;Trung Qu\u1ed1c&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201c\u0111\u1ea1o phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u1ea5u \u00e1c<\/em>\u201d (hsied-ming wai-tao);&nbsp;tuy nhi\u00ean&nbsp;theo&nbsp;thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;l\u00e0 \u201c<em>nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo&nbsp;c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng&nbsp;nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;Ajivika&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;l\u1ed1i tu&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua Asoka v\u00e0 trong&nbsp;<em>Artha-sastra<\/em>. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ajivika c\u00f2n&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau. Gosaliputra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp&nbsp;ra&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o, Mahavira v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u1ed1i tu&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Kakuda Kesakambala, gi\u1eef&nbsp;l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;duy v\u1eadt&nbsp;v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 gi\u00f3. Do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u00e0nh vi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.&nbsp;Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;duy v\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;duy tr\u00ec&nbsp;sau n\u00e0y b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Lokayata v\u00e0 Carvaka.<a href=\"https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/images\/file\/RgYoAALS2QgBAHdM\/kinh-mung-ngay-thanh-dao.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Kakuda Katyayana&nbsp;th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn&nbsp;c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au,&nbsp;h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac&nbsp;v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Do v\u00ec b\u1ea3y&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, Kakuda cho r\u1eb1ng khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft&nbsp;b\u1edfi dao, con dao ch\u1ec9&nbsp;\u0111i v\u00e0o&nbsp;kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i n\u00ean gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o.&nbsp;H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Kakuda v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;Vaisesika.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 Sanjayin Vairattiputra theo&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a&nbsp;ho\u00e0i nghi. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o&nbsp;nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh.&nbsp;Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;ho\u00e0i nghi&nbsp;r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&nbsp;d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;nghi ng\u1edd&nbsp;nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;v\u1ec1 logic. Hai v\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t&nbsp;(<em>Sariputra<\/em>) v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean&nbsp;(<em>Mahamaudgalyana<\/em>) c\u0169ng&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n&nbsp;t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 Nirgrantha Jnatiputra c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mahavira, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp&nbsp;ra&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i&nbsp;Ni ki\u1ec1n t\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u201c<em>Nirgrantha<\/em>\u201d ch\u1ec9 cho&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;kh\u1ecfi&nbsp;ki\u1ebft s\u1eed. Mahavira&nbsp;ban \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nirgrantha, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m&nbsp;tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c&nbsp;ki\u1ebft s\u1eed&nbsp;th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. B\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;tinh t\u1ea5n, Mahavira \u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;nh\u1eadn ra&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Jina (<em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1&nbsp;v\u00f4 minh<\/em>). Sau khi Mahavira ch\u1ebft,&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng tu&nbsp;K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o.&nbsp;Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i&nbsp;Nirgrantha t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc&nbsp;th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Mahavira. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec Parsva (<em>hay Pasa<\/em>), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Mahavira, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt&nbsp;l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;theo trong&nbsp;d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i&nbsp;truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;c\u1ee7a hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb&nbsp;s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp&nbsp;ra&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0 hai trong nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;Phi&nbsp;B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;n\u00e0y chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;chung v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb&nbsp;thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef.&nbsp;M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;l\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua&nbsp;b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tham mu\u1ed1n&nbsp;kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong&nbsp;th\u00e2n th\u1ec3&nbsp;v\u1eadt l\u00fd.&nbsp;V\u00ec v\u1eady&nbsp;m\u00e0&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m&nbsp;suy y\u1ebfu&nbsp;s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u00f2n mong mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t n\u0103m l\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ec7 nguy\u1ec7n&nbsp;l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 n\u00e0y&nbsp;ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i&nbsp;vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc. Qui t\u1eafc&nbsp;ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i&nbsp;nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;s\u1edf h\u1eefu&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Digambara ngay c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i&nbsp;b\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam tu theo&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p&nbsp;tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;trong&nbsp;t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng&nbsp;kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n&nbsp;m\u1ed9t&nbsp;b\u1ed9 kinh&nbsp;c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;b\u1ed9 kinh&nbsp;c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ardhamagadhi.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Giai \u0111oan quanh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m TCN \u1edf mi\u1ec1n&nbsp;Trung \u1ea4n&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0&nbsp;th\u1eddi k\u1ef3&nbsp;c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y phi&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0&nbsp;ch\u00fang ta&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;tranh lu\u1eadn&nbsp;b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0o&nbsp;th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c&nbsp;h\u00e0nh vi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c (<em>n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n&nbsp;qu\u1ea3<\/em>). N\u1ebfu&nbsp;h\u00e0nh vi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;t\u1ea1o ra&nbsp;\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;theo&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i&nbsp;t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u&nbsp;l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f2ng&nbsp;tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh hay&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n. C\u00e2u&nbsp;tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi&nbsp;n\u00e0y c\u00f3&nbsp;li\u00ean h\u1ec7&nbsp;g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y&nbsp;trong kinh&nbsp;V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0&nbsp;quanh&nbsp;th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;gi\u00e1o l\u00fd&nbsp;Upanisad v\u1ec1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh&nbsp;b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.&nbsp;Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef&nbsp;\u201c<em>samsara<\/em>\u201d ch\u1ec9 cho&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 Upanisad c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean&nbsp;trong nh\u1eefng&nbsp;b\u1ed9 kinh&nbsp;Upanisad \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;bi\u00ean t\u1eadp&nbsp;sau th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;sinh t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh&nbsp;c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c&nbsp;c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n&nbsp;c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t khi&nbsp;quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;t\u00e1i sinh&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh,&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;suy \u0111o\u00e1n&nbsp;m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch&nbsp;t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&nbsp;v\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&nbsp;hay&nbsp;linh h\u1ed3n&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3&nbsp;chu du&nbsp;trong v\u00f2ng&nbsp;lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i&nbsp;sinh t\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;tranh lu\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean&nbsp;\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u00f3 s\u1ef1&nbsp;li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt&nbsp;nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;c\u0169ng&nbsp;th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o&nbsp;nh\u01b0ng theo h\u1ecd m\u1ed7i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t\u201d (<em>danda<\/em>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c&nbsp;h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean&nbsp;li\u00ean quan&nbsp;t\u1edbi Ng\u00e3 hay&nbsp;th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&nbsp;(<em>atman, jiva; P.attan<\/em>)&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u thai&nbsp;th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed v\u00e0&nbsp;c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;(<em>loka<\/em>) m\u00e0 Ng\u00e3&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Trong&nbsp;kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng&nbsp;Pali (<em>Brahmajalasutta<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i hai&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c&nbsp;v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.&nbsp;M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch&nbsp;quan tr\u1ecdng&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c&nbsp;n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m thay \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c&nbsp;m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hay&nbsp;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;atman kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i&nbsp;\u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. Theo ngu\u1ed3n&nbsp;t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;K\u1ef3 na gi\u00e1o&nbsp;th\u00ec c\u00f3 363 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111ang tranh c\u00e3i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo&nbsp;ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a&nbsp;ho\u00e0i nghi&nbsp;v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Trong kinh Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;phi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra do \u00fd c\u1ee7a&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf&nbsp;(P.&nbsp;<em>issaranimmana-vada<\/em>), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef v\u1eefng&nbsp;l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i&nbsp;s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc do nghi\u1ec7p&nbsp;qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9&nbsp;(P.&nbsp;<em>pubbekatahetu<\/em>), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;x\u1ea3y ra b\u1edfi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i (P.&nbsp;<em>ahetu, apaccaya<\/em>).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 ba s\u1ef1&nbsp;l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i&nbsp;t\u1ef1 do&nbsp;\u00fd ch\u00ed&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3&nbsp;c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;c\u1ee7a&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; thay v\u00ec h\u1ecd&nbsp;thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng&nbsp;quy lu\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&nbsp;nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3&nbsp;v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ba&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nh\u1eefng&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;phi&nbsp;Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0&nbsp;h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o hai&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;parinama-vada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;duy tr\u00ec&nbsp;b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n&nbsp;ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Kakuda Katyayana, ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p&nbsp;nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1&nbsp;Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;ri\u00eang l\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec&nbsp;tranh lu\u1eadn&nbsp;r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c&nbsp;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.&nbsp;L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 arambha-vada. C\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh:&nbsp;thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;tu t\u1eadp&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;th\u00ec&nbsp;n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;th\u00f4ng qua&nbsp;t\u01b0 duy&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;th\u00ec&nbsp;c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c&nbsp;\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;c\u00e1c&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p&nbsp;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&nbsp;kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t&nbsp;v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;sai khi\u1ebfn&nbsp;t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u&nbsp;h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c&nbsp;m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat&nbsp;qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang&nbsp;nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&nbsp;quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;m\u1edbi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong&nbsp;th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm&nbsp;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0&nbsp;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm&nbsp;s\u1ef1&nbsp;Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i&nbsp;trong ch\u00ednh&nbsp;b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n&nbsp;m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0538f71 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0538f71\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0678359\" data-id=\"0678359\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcca0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcca0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"19045\" class=\"elementor elementor-19045\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f8b8b8e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f8b8b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-509c7c7\" data-id=\"509c7c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-611697d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"611697d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Online &#8211; Th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc 2022 : m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1ng webs , s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt , c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp. Ngo\u00e0i ra s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n tra c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/p57a22825\/phan-3 L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec&nbsp;PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O&nbsp;\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8T\u1eeb th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni&nbsp;cho \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;th\u1eddi k\u1ef3&nbsp;ti\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba&nbsp; Hirakawa Akia &#8211; Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u00e2m d\u1ecbch&nbsp;Ph\u1ea7n 03:&nbsp;T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&nbsp;\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9&nbsp;th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21422,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,205,84],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-21434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cau-hoi-lich-su-phat-giao","category-cau-hoi-ve-cuoc-doi-duc-phat","category-lich-su-dao-phat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21434"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21439,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21434\/revisions\/21439"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21434"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=21434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}