{"id":21446,"date":"2022-05-05T23:18:34","date_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:18:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=21446"},"modified":"2022-05-05T23:18:38","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:18:38","slug":"boi-canh-van-hoa-xa-hoi-ton-giao-tin-nguong-thoi-duc-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/05\/05\/boi-canh-van-hoa-xa-hoi-ton-giao-tin-nguong-thoi-duc-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hay b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. B\u1eafc l\u00e0 d\u00e3y Himalaya cao ng\u1ea5t t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y, quanh n\u0103m tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7. T\u00e2y B\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sa m\u1ea1c thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a. Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ti\u1ebfp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Malaysia,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand&#8230;t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-dac-trung-van-hoa\">1. \u0110\u1eb7c Tr\u01b0ng V\u0103n Ho\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u01afu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1edd con s\u00f4ng Ga\u1e45g\u0101 v\u00e0 con s\u00f4ng Indus c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, tr\u00fa ph\u00fa; n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1t t\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a; m\u00e0, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh c\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1eed gia n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Asoka, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Iran, Irak, Syrie&#8230; ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng tr\u0103m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravidien chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt quanh l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng Ga\u1e45g\u0101 v\u00e0 Indus \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5y b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m ng\u00e0n n\u0103m m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Babylon. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravidien tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng Aryan t\u1eeb T\u00e2y B\u1eafc tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng, x\u00e2m l\u0103ng v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, kho\u1ea3ng 1500 \u0111\u1ebfn 2000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo v\u1edbi g\u00f3t ng\u1ef1a vi\u1ec5n chinh, v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f5 l\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n sinh ho\u1ea1t&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 qua \u0111i, s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, pha tr\u1ed9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravidien c\u00f9ng h\u1eb1ng tr\u0103m t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c &#8211; tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p, l\u1ea5y kinh V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef) l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh v\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-ton-giao-tin-nguong\">2. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, T\u00edn Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 nhau, h\u1ecd th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng, th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n, th\u1ea7n n\u00fai non, th\u00fa v\u1eadt&nbsp;<em>(v\u1eadt t\u1ed5)&#8230;&nbsp;<\/em>ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t, th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3, th\u1ea7n m\u01b0a, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Song song v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian \u1ea5y, gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Aryan l\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin thi\u00eang li\u00eang, l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng. V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 c\u00f3 4 b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Rigveda:&nbsp;<\/strong>G\u1ed3m 1028 b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca, t\u1ebf t\u1ef1, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau; trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/li><li><strong>Yajuveda:&nbsp;<\/strong>N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh.<\/li><li><strong>Sam\u0101deva:&nbsp;<\/strong>G\u1ed3m 1549 b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf th\u00e2n Agi, th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda (C\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c B\u00e1i h\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o Ba T\u01b0).<\/li><li><strong>Atthadeva:&nbsp;<\/strong>G\u1ed3m 20 quy\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 731 b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca. N\u1ed9i dung l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201cm\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u01a1n ng\u00f4n\u201d,&nbsp;<\/em>khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ma qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u00e1ch tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 (D\u1ea5u t\u00edch m\u1eadt ch\u00fa, m\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-giai-cap-xa-hoi\">3. Giai C\u1ea5p X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p n\u00ean ph\u00e1t anh s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1- B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n&nbsp;<em>(p.Br\u0101hma\u1e47\u0101):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>lo vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang, qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u01b0 t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ebf c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c cho m\u00ecnh, kho\u00e1c h\u00e0o quang cho m\u00ecnh! Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p T\u0103ng l\u1eef, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ed t\u00f4n, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, cha sinh c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ef5&nbsp;<em>(p.Khattiya; s.K\u1e63triya):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh, chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1edbi b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng, giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. V\u1ec7-x\u00e1&nbsp;<em>(p.Vessa; s.Vai\u015bya):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>G\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n s\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ebb, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, canh t\u00e1c&#8230; H\u1ecd l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0103n, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng &#8211; v\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb &#8211; cho h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra t\u1eeb b\u1eafp v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la&nbsp;<em>(p.Sudda, S\u016bdra; s. \u015b\u016bdra):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>G\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: Nh\u01b0 khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c, t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n, n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd&nbsp;<em>\u201cb\u1ecb\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u00e2n, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Chi\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0-la&nbsp;<em>(p.Ca\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101la)&nbsp;<\/em>\u1edf t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 giai c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. H\u1ecd l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201cgiai c\u1ea5p\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n, h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t, s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c, b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00f3i r\u00e9t v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i coi khinh, r\u1ebb r\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Saky\u0101 Gotama xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, giai c\u1ea5p S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ef5 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u 4 t\u1eadp c\u1ea5p, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec gi\u1edbi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 sa s\u00fat, b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xin \u0103n! V\u00e0 th\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, giai c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb coi khinh, k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb; ri\u00eang gi\u1edbi Chi\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0-la th\u00ec s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i r\u00eca x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt ma\u1e47u c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n:&nbsp;<em>\u201cGi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ca\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101la kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec Ca\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101la kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u1ea7n m\u0103t tr\u0103ng&#8230; c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ed5 s\u01a1, qua s\u1ef1 giao thoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, gi\u1edbi Aryan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Indra, Varuna, Rudra&#8230; c\u00f3 v\u00f3c d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n Zeus v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Jupiter c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n qua th\u1eddi gian, h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 Upani\u1e63ads, sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI-VIII tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean &#8211; l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Br\u0101hman, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 3 v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o&nbsp;<em>(Br\u0101hm\u0101),&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1ea7n B\u1ea3o T\u1ed3n&nbsp;<em>(Vi\u1e63\u1e47u),&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n H\u1ee7y Di\u1ec7t&nbsp;<em>(\u015aiva)&nbsp;<\/em>&#8211; theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc: Sanh, tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-nhung-bo-phai-triet-hoc\">4. Nh\u1eefng B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"41\u00a0sau-bo-phai-triet-hoc-trong-truyen-thong\">4.1&nbsp;S\u00e1u b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 Upani\u1e63ads l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7- \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.1- Ph\u00e1i V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111\u00e0&nbsp;<em>(Ved\u0101nta):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 B\u0101dar\u0101ya\u1e47a. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 Upani\u1e63ads, l\u1ea5y Br\u0101hman l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 sinh v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. C\u00f2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, m\u1ed9t Atman&nbsp;<em>(ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u1eeb Br\u0101hman, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea7n do nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c v\u00e0 do si m\u00ea c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi n\u00e0o Atman \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh&nbsp;<em>l\u00e0-m\u1ed9t-v\u1edbi- Br\u0101hman,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh thanh t\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, bi\u1ebft tu t\u1eadp, bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, bi\u1ebft t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 th\u00ec Atman s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i (T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n. V\u00e0,&nbsp;<em>\u201cb\u1ea3n lai thanh t\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.2- Ph\u00e1i L\u00fd lu\u1eadn&nbsp;<em>(Ny\u0101ya):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t hay l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n sinh m\u00e0 l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 vui, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u00f4 minh, si m\u00ea d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eafm say, \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. Ai gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, h\u1ef7 x\u1ea3, v\u1ecb tha, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0, bi\u1ebft tu t\u1eadp th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n, l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ai \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, gian tham, b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n, ki\u00eau c\u0103ng th\u00ec t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho v\u00e0i tri\u1ebft gia sau n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf&nbsp;<em>\u201cng\u0169 \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn\u201d<\/em><em>&nbsp;(<\/em>L\u00e0 l\u1ed1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111i qua 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc: Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, suy \u0111o\u00e1n, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1. \u0110\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y.2. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i. 3. C\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u1ebfp l\u00f2. 4. \u0110\u1ed3i b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. 5. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y) m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 logic v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa&nbsp;<em>\u201ctam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn\u201d<\/em><em>&nbsp;\u2013 (<\/em>L\u00e0 l\u1ed1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111i qua 3 b\u01b0\u1edbc: \u0110\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1.&nbsp; C\u00f3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. 2. Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. 3. V\u1eady tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.) c\u1ee7a Aristote c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p. C\u00f2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t m\u00f9 m\u1edd. L\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0m sao, t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn hay ho n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt: Gautama&nbsp;<em>(Gotama).&nbsp;<\/em>Tri\u1ebft h\u1ec7 Ny\u0101ya, m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0, mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng. C\u00f2n sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec sao? Ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec ti\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u1ea9u v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhau, h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng vang, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n tr\u00ean lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1eddng! V\u00e0 ngay ch\u00ednh Ny\u0101ya nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, d\u00f9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn hay c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn quay, tham s\u00e2n si v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.3- Ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn&nbsp;<em>(Vai\u015be\u1e63ika):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, nh\u00e2n sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, thi\u00eang li\u00eang, cao c\u1ea3 chi ph\u1ed1i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ba nguy\u00ean l\u00fd: Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh quan th\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: Atman&nbsp;<em>(linh h\u1ed3n, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3),&nbsp;<\/em>\u00fd, m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c. V\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c n\u00ean ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sinh t\u1eed trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi. Mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i tu tr\u00ec kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fac l\u1ea1c t\u1ed1i cao, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>(Br\u0101hman).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ec7 Vai\u015be\u1e63ika, th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp l\u00e0 Ka\u1e47\u0101da, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ef1c vi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. T\u1ea1i sao, c\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gian, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? R\u1ed3i khi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf si\u00eau n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.4- Ph\u00e1i Nh\u0129-m\u1ea1n-sai&nbsp;<em>(M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>H\u1ecd ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp&nbsp; s\u1ed1ng mai sau b\u1eb1ng hy sinh, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, ni\u1ec7m ch\u00fa ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ec7 M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: Jaimini, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1edb v\u1ea9n, ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa, b\u00ed thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i! N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t hay r\u1eb1ng: N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 hay ki\u00eau c\u0103ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n; c\u00e1i b\u1ea7u tham d\u1ee5c, b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay hu\u00eanh hoang m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee9c! \u00d4ng Jaimini d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111i th\u00f4i!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.5- Ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn&nbsp;<em>(S\u0101mkhya):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Kapila, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai&nbsp;<em>\u201cth\u1ef1c th\u1ec3\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 6 th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 15 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00fac nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 6 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 15 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u0103ng hoa, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi si\u00eau nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00fac b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 21 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m v\u1eadt th\u00ec t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfm, c\u1ecdng tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.6- Ph\u00e1i Du-gi\u00e0&nbsp;<em>(Yoga):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Pata\u00f1jali. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0: Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng gian d\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng tham lam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m th\u1ec3 ch\u00ed t\u00f4n&nbsp;<em>(Br\u0101hman),&nbsp;<\/em>h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00e1m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Yoga: \u0110i\u1ec1u v\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1eafp trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3; tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Yoga, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00e2n x\u00e1c; t\u1ecda th\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng; gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u h\u01a1i th\u1edf, n\u00edn th\u1edf; b\u1ebf t\u1ecfa gi\u00e1c quan&nbsp;<em>(\u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn ng\u0169 c\u0103n);&nbsp;<\/em>ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, c\u00f4ng \u00e1n; t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Yogi &#8211; t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Du- gi\u00e0. H\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, Atman m\u1edbi th\u0103ng hoa, th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Br\u0101hman th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n&nbsp; b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e1u ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn, r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"42\u00a0-sau-bo-phai-triet-hoc-ngoai-truyen-thong\">4.2&nbsp; S\u00e1u b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, trong kinh s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.1- P\u016bra\u1e47a-Kassapa&nbsp;<em>(ph\u00e1i Ph\u00fa-nan-\u0111\u00e0 Ca-di\u1ebfp):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 h\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>(akiriy\u0101di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi)&nbsp;<\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o g\u00ec. \u00c1c hay thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.2- Makkhali-Gos\u0101la&nbsp;<em>(ph\u00e1i M\u1ea1t-gi\u00e0-l\u00ea C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>(ahetukadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi).&nbsp;<\/em>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh t\u1ecbnh hay nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, h\u1ebft c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ai ai c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.3- Ajitakesa-Kambal\u012b&nbsp;<em>(ph\u00e1i A-di-\u0111a-k\u1ebf-x\u00e1 Kh\u00e2m-b\u00e0-la):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn, h\u01b0 v\u00f4 lu\u1eadn&nbsp;<em>(natthikadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi).&nbsp;<\/em>Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ebf t\u1ef1, hy sinh, nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, k\u1ebb t\u1ed1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Khi ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.4- Pakudha-Kacc\u0101yana&nbsp;<em>(ph\u00e1i B\u00e0-ph\u00f9-\u0111\u00e0 Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1: \u0110\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, sanh m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00ec t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i kia, ch\u1eb3ng do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Sinh t\u1eed c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 do t\u1ee5 t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.5- Sa\u00f1jaya-Bela\u1e6d\u1e6dhiputta&nbsp;<em>(ph\u00e1i T\u00e1n-nh\u1ea1-gia-t\u1ef3 La-l\u00ea-t\u1eed):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Thu\u1ed9c ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn. Th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi quanh co, tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, tr\u01b0\u1eddn u\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 con l\u01b0\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 l\u1eadp ng\u00f4n, h\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3 &#8211; g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri &#8211; n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>>> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.6- Niga\u1e47\u1e6dha-N\u0101taputta&nbsp;<em>(ph\u00e1i Ni-ki\u1ec1n-\u0111\u00e0 Nh\u00e3-\u0111\u1ec1-t\u1eed):&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;<em>\u201cv\u00f4 th\u1ea7n\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n linh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ed1i t\u00f4n, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecd tu t\u1eadp \u00e9p x\u00e1c, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;<em>\u201cb\u1ea3n-ng\u00e3-Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n s\u00e1ng l\u00e1ng, tinh anh, thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng do b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ecb v\u1ea5y b\u1ea9n, hoen \u1ed1, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, Yoga hay thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea3 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n lu\u00e2n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n: Minh \u0110\u1ee9c Tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2m \u1ea2nh (T\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u Gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c &#8211; S\u012blagu\u1e47a Bhikkhu) \u2013&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.luatminhkhue.vn\/lmk\/article\/Dao-tao\/Gio%CC%9B%CC%81i%20%C4%90u%CC%9B%CC%81c%20-%20Pha%CC%A3%CC%82t%20ho%CC%A3c%20tinh%20ye%CC%82%CC%81u.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc tinh y\u1ebfu<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hay b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. B\u1eafc l\u00e0 d\u00e3y Himalaya cao ng\u1ea5t t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y, quanh n\u0103m tuy\u1ebft\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21422,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,205,84],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-21446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cau-hoi-lich-su-phat-giao","category-cau-hoi-ve-cuoc-doi-duc-phat","category-lich-su-dao-phat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21446"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21447,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21446\/revisions\/21447"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21446"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=21446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}