![\"image\"\/](\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/quantuong\/Quangioiphanbiet_files\/quangioiphanbiet_310919975.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nQu\u00e1n Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n chia ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n A. M\u1ede \u0110\u1ec0 30\/09\/2009 08:26:00 HT. Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Hoa\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 7712 http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/quantuong\/Quangioiphanbiet_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef: Qu\u00e1n Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n chia ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-2169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-quan-tuong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2169"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2171,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2169\/revisions\/2171"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2169"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2169"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2169"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=2169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi l\u1ecdt l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 sau khi ch\u1ebft n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ee9t, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn…T\u1eeb c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 sinh ra “ng\u00e3 \u00e1i”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i, hay d\u1ee1; ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n, cho “c\u00e1i ta” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n bao nhi\u00eau “c\u00e1i” kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ta hay tr\u00e1i \u00fd v\u1edbi ta.
Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch chia x\u1ebb, giam h\u00e3m trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i ta” ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, hay n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ebft, quay cu\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u00eau c\u1ee9ng, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00ec c\u00e1i ta ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u1ea5y.
Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i “Ta” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00e1i Ta \u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Trong s\u00e1u c\u0103n hay trong s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n, hay trong s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c? Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, chung ta ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Ng\u0169 \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n.
B CH\u00c1NH \u0110\u1ec0
I \u0110\u1ecaNH NGH\u0128A: QU\u00c1N GI\u1edaI PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T
Qu\u00e1n Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n chia ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n chia ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i: lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh, lo\u1ea1i m\u00f9i v\u1ecb v.v…Hay trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i…l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Gi\u1edbi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.
Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ta B\u00e0 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi (lo\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea1m vi). V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea1m vi, t\u1eebng gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t xem th\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, duy nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t.
II. PH\u00c2N GI\u1ea2I M\u01af\u1edcI T\u00c1M GI\u1edaI
M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ra ba lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn: S\u00e1u c\u0103n, s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c.
1. S\u00e1u c\u0103n C\u0103n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u1ea9y n\u1edf, ph\u00e1t sinh. S\u00e1u c\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: nh\u0103 c\u0103n, nh\u0129 c\u0103n, t\u1ef9 c\u0103n, thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, th\u00e2n c\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n.
a) Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hai con m\u1eaft, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt chung quanh.
b) Nh\u0129 c\u0103n: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hai l\u1ed7 tai, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t sinh cho s\u1ef1 nghe bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf chung quanh.
c) T\u1ef9 c\u0103n: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 m\u0169i, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho s\u1ef1 ng\u1eedi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f9i nh\u01b0 th\u01a1m, th\u00fai…\u1edf chung quanh.
d) Thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ebfm bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 chua, m\u1eb7n v.v…\u1edf ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh.
\u0111) Th\u00e2n c\u0103n: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 da bao b\u1ecdc th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh, c\u1ee9ng, m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt chung quanh.
N\u0103m c\u0103n nay l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng to t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1edd m\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7t ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i c\u0103n s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. N\u1ed9i can s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ra l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n: ph\u00f9 tr\u1ea7n c\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc c\u0103n. Ph\u00f9 tr\u1ea7n c\u0103n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4 ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ng\u00f2ai, nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2ng m\u1eaft, v\u00e0nh tai, l\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ecf v.v…C\u00f2n t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc c\u0103n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u1ea7n \u1ea9n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eady. Ph\u00f9 tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, tinh s\u1eafc l\u1ea1i t\u1ebf \u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu hai ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y r\u1eddi nhau, n\u0103m c\u0103n s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng.
e) \u00dd c\u0103n: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 n\u0103m c\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.
2. S\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n. Tr\u1ea7n, ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 b\u1ee5i. B\u1ee5i th\u00ec nh\u01a1 nh\u1edbp lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i l\u0103ng x\u0103ng, t\u1ee5 t\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng. Ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng, tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt chung quanh con ng\u01b0\u01a1i. S\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0: s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n, thanh tr\u1ea7n, h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n, v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n, x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n.
a) Thanh tr\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 s\u00e1u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
b) Thanh tr\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng do v\u1eadt h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t ra, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 tai nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
c) H\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 m\u00f9i do v\u1eadt h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ed1c l\u00ean, t\u1ecfa ra, v\u1eadt m\u00e0 m\u00f9i ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
d) V\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t trong v\u1eadt h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\u0111) X\u00fac tr\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u1ec1m, c\u1ee9ng, tr\u01a1n, nh\u00e1m…c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
e) Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb.. tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u0103m c\u0103n duy\u00ean, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00fd c\u0103n. M\u00e0u s\u1eafc ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng, \u00e2m vang…c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt qua n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan, v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u00fd c\u0103n duy\u00ean.
Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tho thi\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00e2y cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u:
S\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.
Nh\u00e3n tr\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u00e1y quay phim.
Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong cu\u1ed1n phim.
\u00dd c\u0103n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem h\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed1n phim chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lam m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ee9 hai sau \u0111\u00e2y:
Thanh tr\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129.
Nh\u0129 c\u0103n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m.
Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n b\u0103ng nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u00e2m.
\u00dd c\u0103n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ti\u1ebfng do c\u00e1i m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t ra.
3. S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c. th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n do s\u00e1u c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. N\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh). S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c l\u00e0: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef9 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c.
a) Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do nh\u00e3n c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh.
b) Nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do nh\u0129 c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t sinh.
c) T\u1ef9 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do t\u1ef9 c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh.
d) Thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t do thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1p sinh.
\u0111) Th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do th\u00e2n c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh.
e) \u00dd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n do \u00fd c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh.
Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00e2y cho d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn:
S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c thi th\u00ec v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7, n\u1eef c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gia ch\u00e1nh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi: M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 an\u01b0m h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 n\u0103m ng\u00e0nh:
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\\
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u00e2m thanh
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ecb
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 x\u00fac gi\u00e1c
N\u0103m h\u1ed9i hi\u00ean n\u00e0y sau khi l\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n r\u1ed3i, li\u1ec1n tr\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y thu g\u00f3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean, l\u00e0m t\u00f4ng k\u1ebft v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9n thi \u1ea5y. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u.
III. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P QU\u00c1N
Sau khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n. Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n: Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c; v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.
1. Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. V\u1eabn bi\u1ebft c\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft. C\u0103n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean” v\u1edbi c\u0103n. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u0103n ph\u00f9 tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc, n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt chung quanh trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.
N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi “ch\u1ebft”, m\u1edd m\u1ecbt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.
N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea7n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i. Ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4n d\u1ea1y kh\u00e9o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.
Th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, sung t\u00fac th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.
Ba th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y qu\u1eb9t, ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1m l\u1eeda. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.
M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh, c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1eadt h\u01b0\u0169 t\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, th\u00ec trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, do ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
2. Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ee9t. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng n\u1eefa, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t xem c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c n\u0103ng?
a) S\u00e1u c\u0103n l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 ch\u0103ng? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u c\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt, h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt da, x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb “khi tr\u1eafng r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1edf b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u”, th\u1eed xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, th\u1eed h\u1ecfi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec, ngo\u00e0i “n\u1eafm c\u1ecf kh\u00e2u xanh r\u00ec”?
Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u1edf s\u00e1u c\u0103n, th\u00ec ht\u1eed h\u1ecfi:
N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u1eaft, th\u00ec n\u0103m c\u0103n kia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u00e3. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u1edf n\u01a1i tai, th\u00ec n\u0103m c\u0103n kia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u00e3. L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u c\u0103n, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong s\u00e1u c\u0103n.
N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1u c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u c\u00e1i ng\u00e3. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: Do s\u00e1u c\u0103n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, th\u00ec v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 do nhi\u00e8u th\u1ee9 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p.
Do \u0111\u00f3, Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o “nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”.
b) S\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 c\u0103n? Tr\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ea5y. C\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c sinh t\u1ed3n, th\u00ec tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng, c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i.
Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed, “ng\u00e3” n\u1eb1m trong s\u1eafc, th\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1eafng, thay \u0111en. Nh\u01b0 hoa n\u1edf r\u1ed3i t\u00e0n, h\u1ebft ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00eam, b\u00e3i b\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1eddn d\u00e2u, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft.
V\u1eady “ng\u00e3” n\u1eb1m trong thanh ch\u0103ng? C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd. Thanh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng do v\u1eadt h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t ra, th\u00ec c\u0169ng do s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, thanh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi, th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, v\u1eadt sinh ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
Cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc, thanh c\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 tho\u1ea3ng qua, nh\u01b0 m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n s\u1eafc, thanh nhi\u1ec1u.
c) S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 c\u0103n? Nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft do c\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do c\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i nhau m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu chia ch\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o theo duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec th\u1ee9c s\u1ee1 d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2 duy\u00ean kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, sanh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ch\u00edn duy\u00ean sau \u0111\u00e2y:
Kh\u00f4ng: l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt.
Minh: l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi chi\u1ebfu b\u1edfi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, tr\u0103ng, sao, hay \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00f3m.
C\u0103n: l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c.
C\u1ea3nh: l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u0103n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
T\u00e1c \u00fd: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y.
Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t y: l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, hay th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u.
Nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ecbnh y: l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y hay l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c.
C\u0103n b\u1ea3n y: l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m.
Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed: b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh.
\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i ch\u00edn duy\u00ean tr\u00ean ra nh\u01b0 sau:
Khi m\u1eaft ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt \u1ea5y g\u1ea7n hay xa (kh\u00f4ng ), khi th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ban ng\u00e0y, hay ban \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 tr\u0103ng, sao, ho\u1eb7c pha \u0111\u00e8n (minh). S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y \u00e2y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb con m\u1eaft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 (c\u0103n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1eadt g\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y (c\u1ea3nh). tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac th\u1ea5y, ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ng\u00f3 r\u1ed3i (t\u00e1c \u00fd). T\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i do \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc (ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t y). \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, v\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ecbnh y). Th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 (c\u0103n b\u1ea3n y). Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i dung ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed. Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ra s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.
X\u00e9t t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i, t\u1eeb duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn duy\u00ean ch\u00f3t, nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea3y may g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 kia nh\u01b0 nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef9 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3; nh\u01b0ng \u00edt duy\u00ean h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m duy\u00ean (v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Minh: nghe kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng). C\u00f2n t\u1ef9, thi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3y duy\u00ean (v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 Minh v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng). \u00dd th\u1ee9c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m duy\u00eanm, l\u00e0: c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh, t\u00e1c \u00fd, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n y, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed.
Xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 s\u00e1u c\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n.
T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb c\u0103n th\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, g\u1ed3m trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt ng\u00e3. H\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00ec c\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng.
IV. HI\u1ec6U QU\u1ea2 C\u1ee6A PH\u00c1P QU\u00c1N GI\u1edaI PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T
Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 tan c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n manh gi\u00e1p. C\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn s\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, chia x\u1ebb, phanh phui cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea3y m\u00fan. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p s\u1ee1 d\u0129 ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u00fap v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a si m\u00ea. T\u1eeb nay ph\u00e1n qu\u00e1n gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n pha chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u1ea3 v\u00f2m tr\u1eddi u t\u1ed1i l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng tan bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0,\u1ea5y kh\u00f3i. Ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, th\u00ec ng\u00e3 \u00e1i, n\u00e3g m\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, do ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p m\u00e0 sanh. Nay ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t, th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u0169ng s\u1ebd h\u1ebft. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ebft th\u00ec an vui, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t.
R\u1ed3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 an vui, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t th\u00eam, c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 th\u00eam ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n, Tu \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m, A na h\u00e0m, A La H\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p \u1edf qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tam gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0m b\u1ef1c Thanh v\u0103n, Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c.
N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tu th\u00eam, \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00ecnh tu, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f3n tay ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, nh\u01b0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n trong l\u00fac \u0111au, n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ef1c “V\u00f4 tr\u00ed, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1eafc”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1.
C. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN
Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng, di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ,m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00fd, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 qu\u00fd h\u01a1n. Trong tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hai ba l\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef “n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng…”Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c oai, t\u00e1c qu\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1eeb mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n ki\u1ebfp, m\u1ed1i khi m\u1ed9t \u00edt, nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecf ngh\u00eau, v\u1ecf \u1ed1c b\u00e1m v\u00e0o m\u00f5m \u0111\u00e1. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n n\u0103m b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n, hay v\u00e0i ba ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u? C\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e2u ki\u1ebfp, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng phu tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian. L\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay ta \u0111ang tin t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00ed chu\u1ed9ng, c\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, b\u1ed7ng h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ph\u1ea3n d\u1ed1i, b\u1ecbt tai kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nghe, b\u1ecbt m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y. Ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn l\u1eafm, may ra m\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn gi\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ! C\u00e1i ng\u00e3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 lui v\u00e0o s\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t s\u00e2u k\u00edn nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0o “m\u1eadt khu” nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c hay n\u00f3i theo danh t\u1eeb Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u00e9n nh\u1eady, nh\u01b0 trong m\u1eadt khu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn con n\u00edt, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129; v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ed7i l\u00f9m c\u00e2y m\u1ed7i c\u00e0nh l\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i ng\u00e3. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n th\u1ee9c hay v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u1ed7i c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong khi ng\u1ee7, trong khi l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong khi m\u00ea s\u1ea3ng, trong khi s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong khi ch\u1ebft (theo th\u1ea7n0th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u thai). L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch (ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3) m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u0103m tr\u1eadn tr\u0103m th\u1eafng.
Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p khinh \u0111\u1ecbch. Ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. V\u00e0 trong khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn. V\u1edbi hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, d\u1eb9p tan c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 t\u00ean gi\u1eb7c nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u00ean gi\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: tham, s\u00e2n, si. Tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong tr\u1eadn gi\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"