{"id":21747,"date":"2022-05-07T21:38:17","date_gmt":"2022-05-07T14:38:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=21747"},"modified":"2022-05-07T21:38:31","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T14:38:31","slug":"su-hinh-thanh-cac-tinh-xa-tang-gia-thoi-duc-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/05\/07\/su-hinh-thanh-cac-tinh-xa-tang-gia-thoi-duc-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c\u00a0tinh x\u00e1 – T\u0102NG GI\u00c0\u00a0TH\u1edcI\u00a0\u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/a17994\/chuong-3-su-hinh-thanh-cac-tinh-xa<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0102NG GI\u00c0 TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT<\/strong>
Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n
Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft: “Ta s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i v\u00f4 minh bao ph\u1ee7. Ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thay v\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0 y sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1o, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian, g\u1eedi b\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb M\u00e2u-ni (Muni: t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 minh. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Cat\u00f9d\u00ecsa Bikkhusangha), Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n c\u0103n d\u1eb7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i “v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf. T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, sinh ho\u1ea1t T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng lang thang, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kho\u00e1c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ta x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lang thang, t\u1eeb tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1, m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tinh x\u00e1, m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lang thang v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n Sa-m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Sa-m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u1eebng nh\u00e0, g\u1eb7p t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 xin mi\u1ebfng c\u01a1m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed do l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0 con th\u00e2n th\u00edch; l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u01b0u sanh do l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao v\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng ham mu\u1ed1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf b\u1edbt t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, chia x\u1ebb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00fd thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec1n, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cao \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang truy t\u00ecm, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c Sa-m\u00f4n \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c quanh n\u0103m. M\u00f9a m\u01b0a th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t ba th\u00e1ng. C\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt, m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e0o \u1ea1t, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2ng l\u00ean cao, s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. R\u1eafn r\u1ebft c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng b\u00f2 l\u00fac nh\u00fac tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, b\u00ean l\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, hi\u00ean nh\u00e0, h\u00e8 ph\u1ed1, v.v. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng tr\u1ec7. N\u00f3i chung, m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, ch\u1eadm \u0111i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0ng h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd cho h\u1ebft m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 lang thang kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea9n tr\u00fa n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c \u1ea9n tr\u00fa ch\u1edd cho h\u1ebft m\u00f9a m\u01b0a n\u00e0y, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dhruvas\u00ecla, K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pajjusama, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vassa. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c an c\u01b0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 chung cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c “c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau” trong su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. C\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 “s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i” (Ekatra), hay “ch\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh” (Dhruvas\u00ecla). K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o th\u00ec cho ph\u00e9p v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y (Ac\u00e0ryopadhij\u00e0na) s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi nhau. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u0103ng – gi\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u01b0 Kinh ghi l\u00e0 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n an c\u01b0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m (Veluvana) c\u1ee7a vua Bimbis\u00e0ra, Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng lang thang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf trong r\u1eebng, trong \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1, trong c\u00e1c t\u00fap l\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e2m c\u01b0 (Arannakas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn khi gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00f4i thai v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c “n\u00ean l\u00e0m”, “kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m…” th\u00ec th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp quanh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nghe Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. V\u00e0 khi gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 xa x\u00f4i, v\u00ec ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecdp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a… n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m, c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ef7, l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhau… nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f9a an c\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c – do vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u T\u1ef3-kheo v\u1eabn \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea5t ht\u1ef1c trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a khi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n tu s\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea9n c\u01b0, g\u00e2y d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng hay trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang – th\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong m\u00f9a an c\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb an c\u01b0, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ec1u l\u00e0m tr\u00fa x\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ec1u \u1edf g\u1ea7n nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, c\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng x\u00e1 hay l\u1ec1u ri\u00eang trong m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb9, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7, tre, b\u00f9n, \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e1… C\u00e1c c\u0103n l\u1ec1u ri\u00eang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng d\u00e3y ph\u00f2ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng cao l\u00ean th\u00e0nh g\u00e1c m\u1ed9t hay hai t\u1ea7ng, lo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00c2vasa, \u1edf v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea, trong r\u1eebng. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00c2r\u00e0ma l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, khang trang, ti\u1ec7n nghi, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c trong m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, do c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n hay v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. C\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1 l\u1edbn, n\u1ed5i danh nh\u01b0 Veluvana (Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m), Jetavana (K\u1ef3 Vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c Th\u1eafng L\u00e2m) v.v… \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00c2r\u00e0ma v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c \u00c2vasa (tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n) hay \u00c2r\u00e0ma (tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1c tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u theo v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, ti\u1ec7n nghi h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo sau ba th\u00e1ng an c\u01b0, t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i n\u0103m sau l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 c\u0169 an c\u01b0, n\u01a1i qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu th\u00edch h\u1ee3p…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i \u00c2vasa hay \u00c2r\u00e0ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi (S\u00ecm\u00e0). Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng. Ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai lo\u1ea1i ranh gi\u1edbi (c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi): c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea5y m\u1ed1c trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 con s\u00f4ng, g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y l\u1edbn, t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1… r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed7i b\u1ec1 1 km n\u1ebfu khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda d\u00e2n ch\u00fang; ho\u1eb7c r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n hai km n\u1ebfu \u1edf trong r\u1eebng; ho\u1eb7c r\u00fat l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m m\u00e9t n\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m (nh\u01b0 th\u00fa d\u1eef). C\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdp T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0. N\u1ebfu tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c… th\u00ec c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m hai l\u1edbp; v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed7i b\u1ec1 g\u1ea7n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i km, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3-kheo ni, \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng hai km m\u1ed7i b\u1ec1). V\u00f2ng trong bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f9y theo c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hay h\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i dang hai c\u00e1nh tay ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf hai b\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 an c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo chung s\u1ed1ng (\u00c2v\u00e0sika). Mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng… th\u00ec t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1i \u0111a, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo sinh ho\u1ea1t theo t\u1eebng tr\u1ee9 x\u1ee9, ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1, T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-ly, T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 X\u00e1-v\u1ec7… S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb to, nh\u1ecf, ri\u00eang l\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Chi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 T\u0103ng, \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i lo s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t cho T\u1ef3-kheo m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec7n nghi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, ch\u1ed7 n\u1eb1m, m\u00e1i, v\u00e1ch… Do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7n h\u00e0n, s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c n\u00ean tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ebfp n\u00fac… V\u1ec1 sau, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cd\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed7i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n nghi h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c \u00c2vasa (tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh), do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb9, do c\u00e1c b\u00e0n tay kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (l\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo), d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u1eabn hay b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng hay b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u0169 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a n\u0103m sau. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i thay phi\u00ean nhau \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00f4ng coi; v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i sau m\u00f9a an c\u01b0. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c \u00c2r\u00e0ma (tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb) do c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, ti\u1ec7n nghi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u01a1\u00ec gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ed1 T\u1ef3-kheo m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00edt n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t cho m\u00f9a an c\u01b0. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau m\u00f9a an c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m n\u00e0y sang n\u0103m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tuy h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c \u00c2r\u00e0ma \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn s\u01a1 qua quang c\u1ea3nh tinh x\u00e1 Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m (Vekuvana) \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 do vua Bimbis\u00e0ra c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec r\u00f5: Vua \u0111\u00e3 xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c (\u00c2r\u00e0mika) v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb (\u00c2r\u00e0mika-pesaka) \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00f4ng coi, lo vi\u1ec7c cho tinh x\u00e1. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Pilinda-g\u00e0ma”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tinh x\u00e1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o: Veluvan\u00e0r\u00e0ma (Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m) \u1edf g\u1ea7n R\u00e0jagaha (V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1); Pubh\u00e0r\u00e0ma \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1; J\u00ecvak\u00e0rama \u1edf R\u00e0jagaha; Ambap\u00e0li-Vana \u1edf Vesali (T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly); Markathrada (H\u1eadu Tr\u1ea1ch) \u1edf g\u1ea7n Vesali; Udambari-K\u00e0r\u00e0ma (\u01afu-\u0111\u00e0m-b\u00e0-ly) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Paribb\u00e0ja K\u00e0r\u00e0ma \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Sappini, Kukkut\u00e0r\u00e0ma; Chosit\u00e0r\u00e0ma; Badarit\u00e0r\u00e0ma, P\u00e0v\u00e0rik\u00e0niavana; Ghosavati-\u00e0r\u00e0ma \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf Kosambi (Ki\u1ec1u-th\u01b0\u1edbng-di), Jetavan\u00e0r\u00e0ma (K\u1ef3-ho\u00e0n) \u1edf S\u00e0vatthi (X\u00e1-v\u1ec7), Nigrodh\u00e0r\u00e0ma (Ni-c\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0) \u1edf Kapilavatthu (Ca-t\u1ef3-la-v\u1ec7), Isipatana (L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n) \u1edf Baran\u00e0si (Ba-la-n\u1ea1i) v.v…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1 tr\u00ean, ba tinh x\u00e1 n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u t\u00edch, s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0: Jivak\u00e0r\u00e0ma, Jetavan\u00e0r\u00e0ma v\u00e0 Ghosit\u00e0r\u00e0ma. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169, \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ebft t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01a1 ph\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ba tinh x\u00e1 th\u1eddi danh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, d\u1ef1a theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Sukumar Dutt (Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India – G. Allen and Unwin LTD. London, 1962<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J\u00ecv\u00e0k\u00e0r\u00e0ma (Tinh x\u00e1 K\u1ef3-b\u1ea1t)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn xo\u00e0i \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh R\u00e0jagaha (V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1) c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Gradhrakuta kh\u00f4ng xa (\u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng lui t\u1edbi n\u00fai n\u00e0y khi Ng\u00e0i t\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u00e2ng tinh x\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 J\u00ecvaka, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u l\u1eebng danh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 J\u00ecvaka b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u00e0li trong c\u00e1c Kinh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9 (Theravada) v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit (Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef) thu\u1ed9c Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 (Sarvastivada). Mahavagga VIII (thu\u1ed9c Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y) k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng J\u00ecvaka v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 t\u00ean l\u00e0 S\u00e0lavati , b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf trong th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Abhaya l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111em v\u1ec1 nu\u00f4i (J\u00eckava c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “k\u1ebb c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng”, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd khi \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3m th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c, Abhaya \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf). Jik\u00e0va \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ea1i Takkasil\u00e0, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Th\u00e0ng t\u00e0i J\u00ecvaka tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1, r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i danh v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 y, r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u0103n s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t k\u00ednh m\u1ed9 Ng\u00e0i, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y y cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. T\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 tinh x\u00e1 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn xo\u00e0i r\u1ed9ng ( Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a J\u00ecvaka l\u00e0 con t\u01b0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u1edbi vua Bimbis\u00e0ra. Khi sinh J\u00ecvaka, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u1ecf, c\u00e0i k\u00edn r\u1ed3i g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn cho vua ,vua giao l\u1ea1i cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Abhaya, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con t\u01b0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vua, nu\u00f4i…).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh x\u00e1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i s\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng. Ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn n\u1eefa. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y ph\u00f2ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 hai b\u00ean, x\u1ebfp theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u ngang. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng. Chung quanh c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e2y b\u1ecdc. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u1edf g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e9 tr\u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111inh s\u1eaft, g\u1ea1ch nung, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00fa v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00f4. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi b\u00f9n, v\u00e0 m\u00e1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng tranh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jetavan\u00e0r\u00e0ma (Tinh x\u00e1 K\u1ef3 ho\u00e0n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tinh x\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi t\u00ean An\u00e0thapindika (C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed9c) l\u00e0 tinh x\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed5i danh nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn m\u00f9a an c\u01b0 (c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m m\u00f9a an c\u01b0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00fang tinh xa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 An\u00e0thapindika v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 t\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 (Setth\u00ec) th\u00e0nh S\u00e0vatthi (X\u00e1-v\u1ec7), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn R\u00e0jagaha c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh v\u1ee3, th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp s\u1eefa so\u1ea1n nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, lo ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng, h\u1ecfi ra th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb trai ph\u1ea1n c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kheo, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ng\u00e0i. Su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng tr\u1eb1n tr\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, \u00f4ng d\u1eady th\u1eadt s\u1edbm, khi tr\u1eddi ch\u01b0a s\u00e1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111i d\u1ea1o trong bu\u1ed5i ban mai l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 Ng\u00e0i, t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u00f4m sau \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed5 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 trai, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi. H\u00f4m sau, trong bu\u1ed5i c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ecd trai, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0vatthi (X\u00e1-v\u1ec7), n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u1edf, \u0111\u1ec3 an c\u01b0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a n\u0103m sau. L\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 S\u00e0vatthi, g\u1eb7p ai An\u00e0thapindika c\u0169ng k\u00eau l\u00ean: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, h\u00e3y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh x\u00e1, tu vi\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec9nh Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y” (Culla Vagga VI, 4,8 – Ti\u1ec3u Ph\u1ea9m). T\u1ea1i S\u00e0vatthi, \u00f4ng c\u1ee9 m\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 cho \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed Jeta (K\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0) l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n h\u1ecfi mua. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n khu v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f9a ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c cao. An\u00e0thapindika thu\u1eadn ngay v\u00e0 lo chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Jeta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1n khu v\u01b0\u1eddn. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quan v\u00e0 An\u00e0thapindika \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed thu\u1eadn cho vi\u1ec7c mua khu v\u01b0\u1eddn. \u00d4ng ch\u1edf t\u1eebng xe ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n giao \u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 c\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi xem \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00ec giao \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau ra \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c v\u00ec t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3, th\u00e1i t\u1eed b\u1ecf qua chi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean, hi\u1ebfn lu\u00f4n c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i (do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong Kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng ghi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Kinh, ph\u1ea7n Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 “t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed9c, c\u00e2y c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed K\u1ef3 – \u0111\u00e0 (C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed9c vi\u00ean, K\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0 th\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c K\u1ef3 th\u1ecd C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed9c vi\u00ean). Sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 cho x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t tinh x\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n nghi: \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ebfp, nh\u00e0 kho, nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh, ch\u1ed7 \u0111i d\u1ea1o, gi\u1ebfng l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean, gi\u1ebfng c\u00f3 n\u1eafp, b\u00e3i t\u1eafm, ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm, h\u1ed3…, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i,… (c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ghi trong Mah\u00e0 Vagga III, 5,6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jetavana v\u1eabn l\u00e0 tinh x\u00e1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, khi Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u00eam b\u00e1i Jetavana th\u00ec n\u01a1i n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tinh x\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u0169 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp chuy\u1ec7n v\u01a1\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u01b0 tu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Jetavana, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n r\u1ee5i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n hai tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1, m\u1ed7i tr\u1ee5 cao hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m m\u00e9t do vua Asoka (A-d\u1ee5c, tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb 264 – 227 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u1ed5ng ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a tinh x\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn th\u00eam l\u00e0 khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Jetavana, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed5i danh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec r\u1ea5t t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Mig\u00e0ram\u00e0t\u00e0 (L\u1ed9c M\u1eabu). Khi l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i S\u00e0vatthi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf t\u1ea1i Jetavana v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghosit\u00e0r\u00e0ma (Tinh x\u00e1 C\u00f9-s\u01b0-la)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tinh x\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u1edf t\u1ea1i Kosambi (Ki\u1ec1u-th\u01b0\u1edbng-di) do tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 Ghosita x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t. Ghosita c\u00f9ng hai b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Kukkuta v\u00e0 P\u00e0v\u00e0riya \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m nghe \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0vatthi, c\u1ea3 ba v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 xa x\u00f4i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ebfn Kosala, v\u00e0o S\u00e0vatthi \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghe Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t tinh x\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cdho gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u1ec9nh m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ebfn Kosambi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd tinh x\u00e1 do Ghosita x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kinh quan tr\u1ecdng. Tinh x\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y do qu\u00e2n Hung tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kosambi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1955-1956, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Allahabad c\u1eed G. R Sharma \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 do Vi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Kosambi (nay l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Allahabad) v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a tinh x\u00e1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c \u00c2vasa v\u00e0 \u00c2r\u00e0ma \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3-kheo \u1edf Av\u00e0sa hay \u00c2r\u00e0ma nay sang \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd chung s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau trong sinh ho\u1ea1t, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhau, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nhau, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tu ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 khi ti\u1ebfn sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u00ean T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Lena, t\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n hay h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Lena c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf ri\u00eang, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Layana, bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb L\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n. V\u1ec1 sau th\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u00c2vara, \u00c2r\u00e0ma, Lena l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i Lena nh\u01b0 Vih\u00e0ra, Addhaya, P\u00e0s\u00e0da, Hammiya, Guh\u00e0 … T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1u l\u1ee5p x\u1ee5p b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, tre, l\u00e1 trong r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh gi\u00f3 m\u01b0a, n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh, th\u00fa d\u1eef… trong m\u00f9a an c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3-kheo. Vih\u00e0ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng t\u00fap l\u1ec1u \u1edf g\u1ea7n nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo, \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u00c2vasa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n t\u1edbi. Vih\u00e0ra trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u00c2r\u00e0ma, v\u00ec trong b\u1ed9 Culla Vagga IV c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 \u1edf R\u00e0jagaha cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i Vih\u00e0ra ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Lena \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Vih\u00e0ra nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Addhaya, P\u00e0s\u00e0da, Hammiya, G\u00f9ha… th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: P\u00e0s\u00e0da ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7u; Hammiya c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 P\u00e0s\u00e0da nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng x\u00e2y nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u00e1p; Guh\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn hay \u0111\u00e1 ong… m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Vih\u00e0ra x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u1ea4n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng G\u00f9ha x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e1 ong \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 theo th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y l\u01b0u t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec d\u00f9 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t, h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh tu t\u1eadp, ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed do l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c tr\u1ebb trung, t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t. C\u00f2n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kheo trong Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, thanh cao, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y th\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong ph\u00e1p “T\u1ee9 y” m\u00e0 v\u1ecb H\u00f2a thu\u1ee3ng c\u0103n d\u1eb7n v\u1ecb t\u00e2n T\u1ef3-kheo trong l\u1ec5 th\u1ecd C\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi: d\u00f9ng y ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o, s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, ng\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh tr\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t T\u1ef3-kheo lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb t\u1edbi l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00fa trong nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e1i che nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m, d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t cho b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 y \u00e1o, th\u1ee9c \u0103n, ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ecd, d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u … trong tinh th\u1ea7n tri t\u00fac, \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, tran1h m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec7n nghi xa hoa. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“… Nh\u01b0 ta c\u1ea1o b\u1ecf r\u00e2u t\u00f3c, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o c\u00e0 sa. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00eca b\u1ecf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u t\u00f3c, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o c\u00e0 sa, r\u1eddi gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0.” (Trung A-h\u00e0m 38, 49, 90)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t gia c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft bao k\u1ebb t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng sang tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, thanh b\u1ea1ch: X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean, Da-x\u00e1, N\u1ea1i-tra-h\u00f2a-la (Ratthap\u00e0la), La-h\u1ea7u-la, \u0110\u1ea1i-ca-di\u1ebfp, A-nan, v. v… . Bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong r\u1eebng … Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n trong r\u1eebng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng thanh th\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Trong Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o T\u0103ng K\u1ec7 (Therag\u00e0th\u00e0), ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 ca ng\u1ee3i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u, tr\u00edch theo Kimura taiken (Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn<\/em> – d\u1ecbch theo H\u00e1n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea3o T\u00f4n):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng trong; lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p, l\u00f2ng ta l\u1eafng y\u00ean. T\u00e0n c\u00e2y t\u1ecfa b\u00f3ng. D\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i u\u1ed1n quanh, h\u01b0\u01a1u v\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1edfn nh\u01a1. “Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao m\u00e0u l\u00e0 non xanh bi\u1ebfc, l\u00f2ng ta th\u1ea5y vui.<\/p>

“M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u00eca nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t m\u01b0a thu, nh\u00ecn l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, ch\u1edbp d\u1eadt, s\u1ea5m r\u1ec1n.<\/p>

“M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00fa vui th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m vui c\u00f4 t\u1ecbch n\u00e0y.<\/p>

“Trong \u0111\u00eam khuya m\u01b0a r\u01a1i t\u1ea7m t\u00e3, n\u00fai r\u1eebng \u00e2m u, m\u00e3nh th\u00fa g\u1ea7m th\u00e9t.<\/p>

“M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00fa vui c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m vui t\u0129nh l\u1eb5ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>

“\u1ede trong r\u1eebng th\u1eb3m ho\u1eb7c trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00f2ng ta b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n. “Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 – Th\u00fa vui th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m vui an t\u0129nh n\u00e0y..” (Theragath\u00e0)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, mu\u1ed1n tu h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y, v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, thu\u1eadn theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, thanh b\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, do sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 cho v\u0103n minh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/a17994\/chuong-3-su-hinh-thanh-cac-tinh-xa T\u0102NG GI\u00c0 TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacTTh\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7nNh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ba S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1 Khi \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft: “Ta s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21725,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,205],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-21747","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cau-hoi-lich-su-phat-giao","category-cau-hoi-ve-cuoc-doi-duc-phat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21747","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21747"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21747\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21748,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21747\/revisions\/21748"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21725"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21747"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21747"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21747"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=21747"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}