{"id":2241,"date":"2020-09-15T14:57:11","date_gmt":"2020-09-15T14:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=2241"},"modified":"2020-09-15T14:57:11","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T14:57:11","slug":"niet-ban-ban-chat-va-muc-tieu-giac-ngo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/09\/15\/niet-ban-ban-chat-va-muc-tieu-giac-ngo\/","title":{"rendered":"Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n: b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;16\/10\/2009 04:45:00&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/author\/thichnhattu\/\">Th\u00edch Nh\u1eadt T\u1eeb<\/a>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 7707&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','12px')\"><\/a><a href=\"javascript:tsz('article_body','18px')\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/lucnhu_1_462767703.jpg\" alt=\"image\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hi\u1ec3u ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean hay ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3 trong \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c hay l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea1o trong L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o v.v\u2026 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng hay h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (anto dukkhassa) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n (akaaliko).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;I. KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M &#8220;NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>(<em>nibbaana \/\/ nirvaa.na<\/em>)[1] hay ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>dukkha-nirodha-ariya-sacca<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m linh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ngay \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n logic v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an l\u1ea1c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (<em>nibbaana&#8217;m parama&#8217;m sukha&#8217;m<\/em>),[2] m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t (<em>sabbadukkhapamocana&#8217;m<\/em>).[3] S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n hay ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>anto dukkhassa<\/em>).[4]&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i[5] th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>nirvaa.na<\/em>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>nibbaana&nbsp;<\/em>trong Pali, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef&nbsp;<em><strong>nis<\/strong>\/<strong>nir<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111inh&#8221; v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u0103n&nbsp;<em><strong>vaa<\/strong><\/em>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;r\u0129 ch\u1ea3y.&#8221; Do v\u1eady&nbsp;<em>nibbaana&nbsp;<\/em>\/&nbsp;<em>nirvaa.na<\/em>&nbsp;d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, hay tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t,&nbsp;<em>nibbaana \/\/ nirvaa.na<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1nh v\u00ed v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, do nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch (<em>abhava\/vibhava<\/em>). Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi si\u00eau nhi\u00ean hay thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean hay ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3 (<em>Brahman \/ aatman<\/em>) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n&nbsp;<em>\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Upani.sads<\/em>)<em>,&nbsp;<\/em>hay l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, hi\u1ec3u&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean hay ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3 trong&nbsp;<em>\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/em>&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c hay l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea1o trong L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o v.v\u2026 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng hay h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>anto dukkhassa<\/em>)[7] m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n (<em>akaaliko<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau (<em>vevacana<\/em>),[8] khi th\u00ec ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00fac th\u00ec mang t\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.[9] Trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n: h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o (<em>diipa<\/em>), hang \u0111\u1ed9ng (<em>le.na<\/em>),[10] n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a (<em>sara.na&#8217;m<\/em>),[11] b\u1edd b\u00ean kia.[12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>asoka&#8217;m<\/em>),[13] s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t (<em>khena&#8217;m<\/em>),[14] tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (<em>accuta&#8217;m pada&#8217;m<\/em>),[15] s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh (<em>santa&#8217;m<\/em>),[16] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t (<em>akutobhaya<\/em>),[17] s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (<em>paramaa santi<\/em>),[18] t\u1eeb m\u1eabn (<em>avyaapajjo<\/em>),[19] kh\u00f4ng giao \u0111\u1ed9ng (<em>acala&#8217;m<\/em>) tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc (<em>akuppa<\/em>),[20] kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n (<em>asa&#8217;mhiira&#8217;m<\/em>), b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng (<em>asa&#8217;mkuppa&#8217;m<\/em>),[21] nhu nhuy\u1ebfn (<em>nipuna&#8217;m<\/em>),[22] thanh t\u1ecbnh (<em>suddhi<\/em>),[23] s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (<em>aarogya<\/em>),[24] tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng (<em>siitibhuuto<\/em>);[25] v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>siva&#8217;m<\/em>),[26] s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (<em>nibbaana&#8217;m parama&#8217;m sukha&#8217;m<\/em>).[27]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>nibbaana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (<em>mutti<\/em>),[28] gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>vimutti<\/em>),[29] gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (<em>nibbaana&#8217;m sabbaganthappamocana&#8217;m<\/em>),[30] s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (<em>yogakkhema<\/em>),[31] c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh (<em>anta&#8217;m<\/em>),[32] thanh t\u1ecbnh (<em>suddhi<\/em>),[33] s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (<em>aasavaana&#8217;m khayo \/ khiinaasavo<\/em>),[34] ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (<em>kilesa-parinibbaana<\/em>),[35] s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (<em>akusalamuula<\/em>),[36] s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu (<em>bhavanirodho nibbaana&#8217;m<\/em>),[37] s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed (<em>jaatimara.nassa anta&#8217;m<\/em>),[38] gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (<em>asankili.t.tha<\/em>),[39] v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc (<em>anaalaya<\/em>),[40] v.v. . . Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (<em>aayatana&#8217;m<\/em>)[41] hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh,[42] ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (<em>sacca&#8217;m<\/em>),[43] hay ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t (<em>parana&#8217;m ariya sacca&#8217;m<\/em>),[44] v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (<em>loka-nirodha<\/em>).[45]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. C\u00c1C DI\u1ec4N T\u1ea2 PH\u1ee6 \u0110\u1ecaNH V\u1ec0 NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u00e2m \u00e1o, huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhakkhaya<\/em>), thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (<em>asa&#8217;mkhata<\/em>), s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (<em>nirodha<\/em>), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc (<em>viraaga<\/em>).[46]Trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: v\u00f4 sanh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb sanh (<em>ajaata<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0 hay tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0 (<em>ajaraa<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt (<em>abyaadhi&#8217;m<\/em>),[47] kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>asoka&#8217;m<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 u\u1ebf (<em>asankili.t.tha&#8217;m<\/em>),[48] b\u1ea5t t\u1eed (<em>amata<\/em>),[49] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh (<em>a-punabbhava<\/em>),[50] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh (<em>abhuuta<\/em>), v\u00f4 vi (<em>akata<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata<\/em>),[51] ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham luy\u1ebfn (<em>asesaviraaganirodha<\/em>),[52] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham (<em>aniccha<\/em>),[53] tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i (<em>akutobhaya<\/em>),[54] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n (<em>akhalita<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i (<em>nirupataapa<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y (<em>asambaadha<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng (<em>asapatta<\/em>), v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i (<em>abyaapajja<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>anaasava<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c (<em>nippapa~nca<\/em>),[55] ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>bhavanirodho nibbaana&#8217;m<\/em>),[56] ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a sanh v\u00e0 t\u1eed (<em>jaatimara.nassa anta&#8217;m<\/em>),[57] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (<em>asankili.t.tha<\/em>),[58] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc (<em>anaalaya<\/em>).[59] N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (<em>akusala muulaani<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean ba phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i (<em>raaga<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (<em>dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (<em>moha<\/em>), th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ba ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ea7y,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tham \u00e1i (<em>raagakkhaya<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (<em>dosakkhaya<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (<em>mohakkhaya<\/em>),[60] v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 [ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda] ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft&#8221; (<em>siitibhuuta<\/em>) hay an t\u1ecbnh (<em>nibbuta<\/em>).[61]&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaakkhayo<\/em>).[62]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>III. C\u00c1C GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH SAI V\u1ec0 NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea7n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t(<em>transcendentalism<\/em>). C\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u sai v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m G.R. Welbon,&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/em>[63]Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn (<em>annihilationalist interpretation of<\/em>&nbsp;<em>nibbaana<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>theo h\u01b0\u1edbng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn (<em>transcendental interpretation of<\/em>&nbsp;<em>nibbaana<\/em>)<em>.<\/em>&nbsp;L\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, trong khi l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i phi kinh nghi\u1ec7m, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn hay tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Upani.sadic<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Brahman<\/em>). C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m do kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 hai ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ef1c \u0111oan th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn (<em>sassatavaada<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn (<em>ucchedavaada<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 H. Oldenberg, &#8220;<em>Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Buddha: His Life, His Doctrine and His Order<\/em>) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1882. Theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Oldenberg, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 logic. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Poussin trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;<em>Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>The Way to Nirvaa.na<\/em>) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1917, cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t &#8220;<em>Nirvaa.na is annihilation<\/em>.&#8221;[64] Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Bigandet Burnouf v\u00e0 Paul Dahlke l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i &#8220;<em>absolute nihilism<\/em>.&#8221;[65] Th\u1ef1c ra, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u00ean l\u00e0 Yamaka c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7y Yamaka \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: &#8220;Ngay khi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1t b\u1ee5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>aasava<\/em>) s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft.&#8221;[66] \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho th\u1ea7y Yamaka r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi hay t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh (<em>pa~ncakkhandhaa<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m khi cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t sau khi ch\u1ebft.[67] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 b\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (<em>transempirical reality<\/em>). Theo h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu Nh\u01b0 Lai hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi hay bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>hoti<\/em>), phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>na hoti<\/em>), v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1eeba phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>hoti ca na hoti ca<\/em>) v\u00e0 phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu (<em>neva hoti na na hoti<\/em>),[68] th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i hay&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Ba h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 HT. Walpola Rahula (1959), gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 N. Dutt (1960) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 K. N. Jayatilleke (1963). HT. Rahula cho r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi &#8220;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em>&#8221; l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.&#8221;[69]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 N. Dutt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u00f3a cho&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<\/em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<em>&nbsp;do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau ch\u00ed. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<\/em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<em>ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng trong t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>paccatta&#8217;m veditabbo vi~n~nuuhi = pratyaatmyavedya<\/em>);&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>nippapa~nca<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>;&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.[70]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 K. N. Jayatilleke m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, khi \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt im l\u1eb7ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 &#8220;kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7 tri, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb b\u1edfi l\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh nghi\u1ec7m lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.[71]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh&nbsp;<em>\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/em>&nbsp;hay&nbsp;<em>V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111\u00e0<\/em>&nbsp;ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia Radhakrishnan,[72] c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u mang d\u1ea5p d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn (<em>sassadavaada<\/em>)<em>,<\/em>&nbsp;m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea1m b\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy k\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn hay cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (<em>akusalacitta-kkhaya<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>kilesa-kkhaya<\/em>); ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed5i sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1ed9&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>dukkha<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (<em>akusala cetasika<\/em>), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (<em>jiivitanirodha<\/em>), l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i!<strong>IV. C\u00c1CH GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0NKH\u00d4NG MANG T\u00cdNH SI\u00caU NHI\u00caN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m phi si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0o qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn, hay mang d\u1ea5p d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 R. E. A. Johansson (1969: 41-64) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 D. J. Kalupahana (1976: 82-9) c\u0169ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 phi si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 A. Tilakaratne (1993: 69-82) v\u00e0 Y. Karunadasa (1994: 1-14), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc cho l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng phi si\u00eau nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai hay v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n sau khi ch\u1ebft. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef<\/em>&nbsp;80-1 (<em>Udaana<\/em>) v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u01b0 V\u1eady<\/em>&nbsp;38 (<em>Itivuttaka<\/em>), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (<em>abyaakata<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 R. E. A. Johansson \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ed1n lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch mang t\u00ednh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 b\u00e1c ch\u00fang. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y. Johansson l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh nghi\u1ec7m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc. Johansson nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u00e2m \u00e1o c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>d\u00f9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>mang thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>Theo Johansson, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p cao c\u1ea5p. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u1edf kinh&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>80 (<em>Udaana<\/em>). M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7n l\u1eadn d\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (<em>sa~n~naavedayitanirodha, di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111inh<\/em>) v\u1edbi&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,<\/em>[73]ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kulupahana tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (<em>sa&#8217;msaara<\/em>).[74] Theo Kalupahana, c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau nhi\u00ean trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch.[75] \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy logic, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 E. Conze \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh.[76] Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 A. Tilakaratne cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu phi-si\u00eau-nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tin v\u00e0o t\u00ednh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahman), d\u00f9 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t m\u1ee7i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. Theo Tilakaratne, c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean hay&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u00d4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a si\u00eau nhi\u00ean ho\u00e1 c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n d\u1ee5.[77]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Y. Karunadasa, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, mang c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m si\u00eau nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3.[78] Karunadasa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8220;si\u00eau nhi\u00ean&#8221; trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (<em>loka<\/em>), hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,[79] hay nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd (<em>pa~ncakkhandhaa, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/em>), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean (<em>pa.ticca-samuppaada<\/em>).[80]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf x\u00e1c th\u00e2n, theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng (<em>sassatavaada<\/em>) hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t (<em>ucchedavaada<\/em>). M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>hoti<\/em>) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n si\u00eau h\u00ecnh b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u0169ng c\u00f2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>na hoti<\/em>), m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 (<em>ruupa<\/em>), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>hoti ca na hoti ca<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai (<em>neva hoti na na hoti<\/em>) c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hay t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 im l\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &#8220;c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng (<em>na upeti<\/em>),[81] b\u1eaft lu\u1eadn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nh\u01b0 Lai, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>na upalabbhati<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (<em>saccato thetato anupalabbhiyamaane<\/em>).[82]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V.&nbsp;<em>NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N&nbsp;<\/em>KHI C\u00d2N S\u1ed0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, trong l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sau khi ch\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i (<em>dhaatu<\/em>),[83] \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng (<em>kilesa-(pari)-nibbaana, h\u1eefu d\u01b0 y ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>)[84] hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sa-upaadi-sesa-nibbaana<\/em>\/&nbsp;<em>upaadi-sesa-(pari)-nibbaana<\/em>[85] v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>sau khi ch\u1ebft (<em>khandha-(pari)-nibbaana<\/em>)[86] hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>an-upadi-sesa-(pari)-nibbaana<\/em>.[87] Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ngay khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (<em>khiinaasavo<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>sammappa~n~naa vimutto<\/em>). \u1ede v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. Do c\u00f2n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i kinh nghi\u1ec7m qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, kh\u1ed5 hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch. \u1ede v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tham \u00e1i&nbsp;<em>(raaga),&nbsp;<\/em>s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<em>&nbsp;(dosa)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<em>&nbsp;(moha)<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. [88]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111ang c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng; n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb l\u00fac gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa.B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi hay t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.[89] Khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, do ho\u1ea1t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1edbi&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ngay l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i (<em>raaga<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (<em>dosa<\/em>), v\u00f4 minh (<em>moha<\/em>), v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ngay trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>nibbaana-patisa&#8217;myuttaaya kathaaya<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>80 (<em>Udaana<\/em>), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.[90]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef<\/em>&nbsp;v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>C\u00f3 (<em>atthi<\/em>) m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (<em>aayatana<\/em>) n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia hay c\u1ea3 hai; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn (<em>aagati&#8217;m<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111i (<em>gati&#8217;m<\/em>), kh\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (<em>.thiti&#8217;m<\/em>) v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t (<em>cuti&#8217;m<\/em>); kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u (<em>upapatti&#8217;m<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5.[91]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo quy lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hay duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3 n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong chu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy ngu\u1ed3n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c quan. Kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, v\u00f4 vi, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi &#8220;s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5&#8221; (<em>anto dukkhassa<\/em>), c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c, bao g\u1ed3m, b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (<em>mahaabhuuta-ruupa<\/em>), b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ec1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (<em>aruupaloka<\/em>), th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y (<em>loka<\/em>), th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia (<em>paraloka<\/em>), m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (<em>suriya<\/em>), v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng (<em>canda<\/em>), b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c (<em>conditioned and instrumental by inter-others<\/em>). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd hay nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (<em>aayatana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra b\u00ean tr\u00ean. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi &#8220;n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i&#8221; c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng, hay n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; n\u01a1i m\u00e0 sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng; v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an t\u0129nh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian (<em>akaaliko<\/em>) trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00ec&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (<em>ruupaloka<\/em>) n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0, \u0111\u1ea5t (<em>pa.thavi<\/em>), n\u01b0\u1edbc (<em>aapa<\/em>), l\u1eeda (<em>teja<\/em>) v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 (<em>vaaya<\/em>), c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc (<em>aruupaloka<\/em>), nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 (<em>AAkaasaana~ncaayatana<\/em>), th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 (<em>Vi~n~naa.na~ncaayatana<\/em>), v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 (<em>AAki~nca~n~naayatana<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 (<em>Nevasa~n~naanaasa~n~naayatana<\/em>). Khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>anto dukkhassa<\/em>) th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaakkhaya<\/em>), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y (<em>loka<\/em>) hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia (<em>paraloka<\/em>), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i, v.v. . . V\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i (<em>akutobhaya<\/em>).[92] N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c HT. W. Rahula tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng,&nbsp;<em>Nh\u1eefng G\u00ec Ph\u1eadt D\u1ea1y<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>What the Buddha Taught<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m khi cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tham \u00e1i.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu vi (<em>samkhata<\/em>), mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00fai do l\u1ea7n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng n\u00fai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft.[93]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n kinh th\u1ee9 hai trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>80m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (<em>v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t<em>&nbsp;ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>.\u0110\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh&nbsp;<em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c the<\/em>[94] [cu\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu] qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3.&nbsp;<em>Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>&nbsp;c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra. Tham \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c [ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>]. [95]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e3ng n\u1ebfu ta t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c cho \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Trong hai c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8220;kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3&#8221; c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u00e2n l\u00fd&#8221; l\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 cho&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>C\u00e2u th\u1ee9 ba x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u1ec7 tri ba ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8220;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n&#8221; trong c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi &#8220;c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec&#8221; (<em>nothingness<\/em>) hay &#8220;c\u00e1i phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&#8221; (<em>non-existence<\/em>), b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t. &#8220;Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec&#8221; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1ch chua &#8220;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc&#8221; hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed5 s\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>tham \u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00ed g\u00ec c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i tham \u00e1i kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac-c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 &#8220;n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (<em>v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>anatta<\/em>).&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch tham \u00e1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch ch\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea3.&#8221; N\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 th\u01b0) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au t\u1ee9c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>(ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 ba) n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i tham \u00e1i (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra (<em>ajaata&#8217;m<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh (<em>abhuuta&#8217;m<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o (<em>akata&#8217;m<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata&#8217;m<\/em>). N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, do v\u00ec t\u1eebng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a, n\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn.[96]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>dukkha<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c (<em>pa.ticca-samuppaada<\/em>), th\u00ec&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, l\u00e0 phi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata&#8217;m<\/em>). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 sanh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngo\u1ea1i di\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian (<em>akaaliko<\/em>) hay v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai. S\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (<em>the conditioned existents<\/em>) lu\u00f4n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi, v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi. S\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, lu\u00f4n trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o sanh kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sinh ra hay v\u00f4 sanh (<em>abhuuta&#8217;m<\/em>),&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, gi\u00e0 nua v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111i, nh\u01b0 bao nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u00ec, do \u0111\u00f3,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hay h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>H\u01a1n h\u1ebft, trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1eb7t m\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng (<em>akata<\/em>). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>.[97]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh phi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata<\/em>). \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh phi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata<\/em>) c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sanh ra, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ki\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00f4ng qua t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3-th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sau \u0111\u00e2y: (i)&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, (ii) N\u1ebfu&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd, (iii) do v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<em>.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 (i) nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 (ii) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 (iii) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 (i) v\u00e0 (ii). Trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb v\u00f4 sanh (<em>ajaata&#8217;m<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh (<em>abhuuta&#8217;m<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean (<em>akata&#8217;m<\/em>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata&#8217;m<\/em>), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. M\u1ed9t khi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111am m\u00ea. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111am m\u00ea, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i [trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i]. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi sau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5.[98]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo sau lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>trong \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edb\u98ec \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed5i li\u00ean nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, hay&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>N\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng &#8220;kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc&#8221; hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh (<em>tranquillity<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng \u0111am m\u00ea (<em>no-delight<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111i (<em>no-coming-and-going<\/em>) ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh (<em>dying-and-being-reborn<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eddi sau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang (<em>no-here-and-no-there-and-in-between<\/em>). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nhau trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (<em>ruupa-loka<\/em>) c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i mang t\u00ednh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ra \u0111i; th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 (<em>aruupaloka<\/em>) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n g\u00ec. Ch\u00ednh&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>anatta<\/em>) trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tham \u00e1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u00eam v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sanh (<em>ajaata<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh (<em>abhuuta<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c n\u00ean (<em>akata<\/em>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a, hay tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c (<em>asa&#8221;nkhata<\/em>). Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eb1m minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/em>&nbsp;\u0110au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft cho \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.&nbsp;<\/em>Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chu\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc an t\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111am m\u00ea kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1edf s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VI.&nbsp;<em>NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N&nbsp;<\/em>SAU KHI CH\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sau khi ch\u1ebft(<em>parammara.naa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>sau khi ch\u1ebft hay v\u00f4 d\u01b0 y&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh&nbsp;<em>Ph\u1eadt N\u00f3i Nh\u01b0 V\u1eady&nbsp;<\/em>38 (<em>Itivuttaka<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00f4 d\u01b0 y? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (<em>khiinaasavo<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. \u1ede v\u1ecb a-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,&nbsp;<em>trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham luy\u1ebfn n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00f4 d\u01b0 y.[99]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf th\u00e2n x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hay t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan (<em>vedayitaani<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 (<em>siitibhuutaani<\/em>). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y do s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi ba h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, j \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd (<em>dukkha-dukkhataa, kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5<\/em>)<em>, k&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111au kh\u1ed5 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (<em>vipari.naama-dukkhataa, ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/em>)<em>,&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 l \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m l\u00fd g\u00e2y ra (<em>sa&#8221;nkhaara-dukkhataa, h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/em>).[100] Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m l\u00fd g\u00e2y ra,[101] m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt mang l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u1eaft th\u1edf.[102]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, do b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaa<\/em>), ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc (<em>upaadaana<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (<em>avijjaa<\/em>), nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00fa v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0: &#8220;\u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sau khi ch\u1ebft (<em>parammara.naa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, Nh\u01b0 Lai hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n?&#8221; C\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"i\"><li>\u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n.<\/li><li>C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i hay kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i.<\/li><li>B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. L\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp n\u00f3i qua trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft.[103] \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn,[104] m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n nguy h\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng&nbsp;<em>\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn sau khi ch\u1ebft. L\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba xem ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean lu\u1eadn, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong b\u00e0i kinh d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 l\u1eeda[105] thu\u1ed9c Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh trung b\u00ecnh (<em>Majjhima-Nikaaya, Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/em>). B\u00e0i kinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Vacchagotta v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (<em>avyaakata \/\/ avyaak.rta<\/em>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00fang, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.[106] B\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, v\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, ch\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng). Hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ebf li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 (linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3). B\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft (<em>Hoti Tathaagato parammara.naa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft (<em>Na hoti Tathaagato parammara.naa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u1eeba t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft (<em>Hoti ca na ca hoti Tathaagato parammara.naa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Nh\u01b0 Lai ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft (<em>N\u2019eva hoti na na hoti Tathaagato parammara.naa<\/em>).[107]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u2018kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u2019 (<em>na upeti<\/em>) v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft.&#8221; Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>hoti<\/em>), hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>na hoti<\/em>), hay v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>hoti ca na hoti ca<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>neva hoti na na hoti<\/em>) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 trong tham \u00e1i, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u00f3, hay bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai, hay lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai.[108] \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 l\u00ean t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c tham \u00e1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec, ng\u00e0i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u00edch, v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 sao ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho Vacchagotta th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n n\u1ed7i kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo d\u1ea1ng &#8220;c\u00f3-ho\u1eb7c-kh\u00f4ng.&#8221; Vacchagotta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ecf ra b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Vacchagotta, v\u00ec ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng &#8220;gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i s\u00e2u k\u00edn, th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f3 l\u1ea3nh h\u1ed9i, an t\u1ecbnh, si\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi logic, huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.&#8221;[109] Vacchagotta th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tr\u00ed theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c.[110] Vacchagotta, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec3n trong logic c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed sau khi ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi logic n\u00e0y (<em>atakkaavacara<\/em>). \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2m \u00e1o, k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a logic, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 minh ho\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft (<em>nibbuto aggi<\/em>). Th\u00f4ng qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y minh ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Vacchagotta nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y l\u00ean do v\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u00e1p, d\u1ea7u, c\u1ee7i v.v. . . th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng truy ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y, nam hay b\u1eafc. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1i sanh) c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0:[111]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Vaccha, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (<em>ruupa<\/em>) theo \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ra Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y cao m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t ng\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00e0y Vaccha, Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 (<em>ruupa-sa&#8217;mkhaa-vimutto<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 Lai tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<em>&nbsp;(gambhiiro appameyyo duppariyogaaho)&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m. \u2018Kh\u1edfi l\u00ean,\u2019 \u2018kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean,\u2019 \u2018bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai,\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai\u2019 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e1, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t).[112]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ed1i \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh &#8220;ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft&#8221; n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u1eadp&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>Sutta-Nipaata<\/em>) nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1ecb c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc.&#8221;[113] Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sau khi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0: &#8220;Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>ananuvejjo<\/em>).&#8221;[114] S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng truy ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai l\u00e0 do Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 linh h\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, trong khi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd (<em>ruupa<\/em>) hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd (<em>naama<\/em>) hay bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai, hay trong s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh.[115] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>&nbsp;d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t d\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc [<em>naama-ruupa<\/em>]. . .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9 \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi sau, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi hay d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.[116]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh hay hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft qua n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 (t\u1ee9 c\u00fa: c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai) v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb logic c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hay d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd.[117] Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 &#8220;th\u00e2m \u00e1o, huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>gambhiiro appameyyo duppariyogaaho<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng,&#8221;[118] ngay \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn logic (<em>atakkaavacara<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (<em>pamaa.na\/\/pramaa.na<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua logic hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, song song v\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong&nbsp;<em>Kinh T\u1eadp&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>Sutta-Nipaata<\/em>) v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a logic v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng si\u00eau logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft: &#8220;Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec theo \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o m\u1edf (<em>sabbesu dhammesu samuuhatesu<\/em>), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o m\u1edf.&#8221;[119]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong&nbsp;<em>Anuraadha Sa&#8217;myutta<\/em>[120]thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;<em>kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/em>, b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 sau khi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh h\u1ecfi. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Anuraadha \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai sau khi ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1n t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u00ean d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. B\u1ecb v\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ti\u1ec3u ngu d\u1ed1t, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Anuraadha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n (kh\u1ed5), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Anuraadha \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 &#8220;c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.&#8221; \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, &#8220;Ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai qua ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i&#8221; (<em>saccato thetato anupalabbhiyamaane<\/em>),[121] \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Aruraadha \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, &#8220;Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai sau khi ch\u1ebft. . . S\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1n t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh.&#8221; \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;N\u00e0y Anuraadha, x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5.&#8221;[122] \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa t\u1eeb l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ngay l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sau khi ch\u1ebft, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c tham \u00e1i, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00ec khi ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 (<em>upaadaana<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb nh\u1ed5 l\u00ean t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 sau khi ch\u1ebft, c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7ng t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 trong khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh pham phu (<em>puthujjana<\/em>). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VII. TI\u1ebeP X\u00daC V\u00c0 C\u1ea2M GI\u00c1C TRONG NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>anto dukkhassa<\/em>).[123] Ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n. Sau khi ch\u1ebft, khi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd tan r\u00e3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi ba h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, j \u0111au kh\u1ed5 g\u00e2y ra t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c (<em>dukkha-dukkhataa, kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5<\/em>)<em>, k&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111au kh\u1ed5 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (<em>vipari.naama-dukkhataa, ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/em>)<em>,&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 l \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m l\u00fd (<em>sa&#8221;nkhaara-dukkhataa, h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/em>).[124]\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi cho tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m (<em>cetasika-dukkha<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.[125] S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaa<\/em>) (nh\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd), ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc (<em>upaadaana<\/em>), v\u00f4 minh (<em>moha<\/em>) (nh\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u1eafc x\u00edch nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (<em>akusalamuula<\/em>) (trong c\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 sau) g\u00e2y n\u00ean; do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham \u00e1i, ch\u1ea5m m\u1eafc, v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t sanh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng xung quanh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong&nbsp;<em>Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u01b0 V\u1eady&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>Itivuttaka<\/em>)<em>,<\/em>[126]v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 logic c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 do c\u00e1c c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i kinh nghi\u1ec7m qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha<\/em>), \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn (<em>dukkha<\/em>), d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu (<em>manaapa<\/em>) hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (<em>amanaapa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (<em>arahat<\/em>) v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu (<em>puthujjana<\/em>) trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.[127] Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong kinh&nbsp;<em>Madhupi.n.dika-sutta&nbsp;<\/em>thu\u1ed9c kinh&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9&nbsp;<\/em>bao g\u1ed3m (i) ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (<em>phassa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (m\u1eaft, tai, m\u1ee7i, l\u01b0\u1edfi, th\u00e2n), \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u00e2m thanh, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, v\u1eadt x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sanh (c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ea5y, nghe, ng\u1ee7i, n\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c), (ii) kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>vedanaa<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1edf khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Do s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft (th\u1ea5y) ph\u00e1t sanh. S\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p nhau (<em>sa&#8221;ngati<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (<em>phassa<\/em>). Do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>vedanaa<\/em>) ph\u00e1t sanh. C\u00e1i g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 (<em>vitakketi<\/em>). C\u00e1i g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. C\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 d\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 con m\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai. [T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (th\u1ecd), \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e1 (t\u01b0\u1edfng), v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m (h\u00e0nh) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft (th\u1ee9c)].[128]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (<em>dhammaa<\/em>) tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd (d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebd hay t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (c\u0103n), \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c quan (tr\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (th\u1ee9c) th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ta (<em>self-identification<\/em>). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1. C\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan ni\u1ec7m &#8220;trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 (= h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng) th\u1ea5y; trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghe; trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.&#8221;[129] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00f9, \u0111i\u1ebfc, hay ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan th\u1ea5y, nghe, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, bi\u1ebft. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham \u0111\u1eafm, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i, ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh, \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi sau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5.[130]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i, ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm th\u1ee7 (<em>upadhi<\/em>), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1c quan (<em>kaamuupadhi<\/em>), n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd (<em>khandhuupadhi<\/em>), \u0111am m\u00ea (<em>kilesuupadhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd (<em>abhisa&#8221;nkhaaruupadhiiti<\/em>).[131]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>vedanaa<\/em>), nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 (<em>kaayika-vedanaa<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m (<em>cetasika-vedanaa<\/em>).[132] Hai lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha-vedanaa<\/em>), c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>dukkha-vedanaa<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trung t\u00ednh (<em>adukkhamasukha-vedanaa<\/em>).[133] Trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m k\u1ebb t\u1ee5c, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng hay khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng tham d\u1ee5c hay khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tham d\u1ee5c (<em>raaga<\/em>) n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha-vedanaa<\/em>), khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch hay t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>dukkha-vedanaa<\/em>), v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 minh n\u1eb1m ngay c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trung t\u00ednh (<em>adukkhamasukha-vedanaa<\/em>).[134] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u1eb1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 (<em>aalaya \/ upaadaana<\/em>) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee1 h\u1eefu (<em>upadhi<\/em>), v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00eam, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111am m\u00ea, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, s\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i, hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i v.v. . . C\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trung t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u00e0 ngu mu\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tham d\u1ee5c (<em>raaga \/ lobha<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (<em>dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (<em>moha<\/em>) n\u1eb1m trong n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh. Ch\u00ednh trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng &#8220;c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c lu\u00f4n n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>whatsoever is experienced as a feeling is associated with suffering<\/em>).[135]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m k\u1ebb t\u1ee5c. M\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m t\u01b0 (<em>cetovasippatta<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan (<em>samaahit indriyo<\/em>),[136] b\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0 (<em>yoniso manasikaara, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/em>).[137] \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0o. B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ec7 tri ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu\u1ec7 tri n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed5 hoa k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i.[138] B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>vedanaa<\/em>), s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>aya&#8217;m vedanaasamudayo<\/em>), nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>aya&#8217;m vedanaasamudayagaaminii<\/em>), s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>aya&#8217;m vedanaanirodho ti<\/em>), con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>aya&#8217;m vedanaanirodhagaaminii pa.tipadaati<\/em>), v\u1ecb nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>aya&#8217;m vedanaaya aadiinavoti<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>aya&#8217;m vedanaaya nissara.nanti<\/em>).[139] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (<em>sati<\/em>), t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (<em>sampaja~n~na<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>).[140]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m, do s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n tham \u00e1i (<em>ta&#8221;nhaa<\/em>), tham d\u1ee5c (<em>raaga<\/em>) ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc (<em>upaadaana<\/em>), c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed5 s\u1ea1ch t\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha<\/em>) hay \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn (<em>dukkha<\/em>), d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu (<em>manaapa<\/em>) hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (<em>amanaapa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3.[141] M\u1ed7i khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i, nh\u0103n m\u1eb7t, xoa \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eadp ng\u1ef1c hay than th\u1edf. B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m.[142] T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 \u1edf tham d\u1ee5c (<em>raaga<\/em>) v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaa<\/em>) trong b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t.&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.[143] S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, tham d\u1ee5c (<em>lobha \/ raaga<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (<em>dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (<em>moha<\/em>) d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t,[144] trong khi \u0111\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m (<em>a.t.thalokadhamma<\/em>) nh\u01b0: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>laabha<\/em>) v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t (<em>alaabha<\/em>); danh ti\u1ebfng (<em>yasa<\/em>) v\u00e0 tai ti\u1ebfng (<em>ayasa<\/em>); khen (<em>pasa&#8217;msaa<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u00ea (<em>nindaa<\/em>); h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha<\/em>) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (<em>dukkha<\/em>),[145] trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m hay tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n do c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ecb \u0111au nh\u1ee9c do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1 x\u01b0\u1edbc,[146] ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u00fac do \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau,[147] v.v. . . N\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 trong kinh&nbsp;<em>Dhaatuvibha&#8221;nga-sutta&nbsp;<\/em>thu\u1ed9c Trung B\u1ed9. Khi kinh nghi\u1ec7m qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, trung t\u00ednh, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (<em>saa aniccaa ti pajaanaati<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u00e1i n\u00e0y (<em>anajjhositaa ti pajaanaati<\/em>), c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c (<em>anabhinanditaati pajaanaati<\/em>). B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m (<em>visa&#8217;myutto na&#8217;m vedeti<\/em>). Khi kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n. Khi kinh nghi\u1ec7m qua m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang kinh qua. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u1ebd t\u1eaft l\u1ecbm \u0111i.[148] Trong b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, &#8220;khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n; khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t; khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trung t\u00ednh c\u0169ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t.&#8221;[149] Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m k\u1ebb t\u1ee5c (<em>puthujjana<\/em>). C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ho\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc qua \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 hoa sen (<em>pu.n.dariika<\/em>).[150] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hoa sen, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sanh ra t\u1eeb b\u00f9n nh\u01a1, l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u00f9n, v\u01b0\u01a1n m\u00ecnh l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng, r\u1ed3i to\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e1t; \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai hay b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sanh ra trong \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ed1ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00f4 u\u1ebf (<em>lokena anupalitto<\/em>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hay h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>Udana<\/em>), nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y: &#8220;N\u00e0y, Baahiya, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 sau: trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng) th\u1ea5y; trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghe; trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.&#8221;[151] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (<em>there is only mere factual experience without any value judgement<\/em>). N\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1c quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc khi c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5.[152]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 (<em>egocentricity<\/em>) s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc (<em>aalaya<\/em>) hay ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 (<em>upaadaana<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (<em>akusala-cetasika<\/em>), th\u00ec&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e1c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, lo \u00e2u hay s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf: &#8220;sau khi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00e2u s\u1ea7u, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>.&#8221;[153] Khi c\u00e1c \u00e2u s\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed5 s\u1ea1ch g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i: &#8220;S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cao nh\u1ea5t,&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>.&#8221;[154]&nbsp;<em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (<em>akusalamuula<\/em>). Khi&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaa<\/em>) s\u1ebd b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn: &#8220;Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u00e1c tham \u00e1i, s\u1ef1 ly tham v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t (<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n.&#8221;[155] Trong b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thi\u1ec7n (<em>kusalamuula<\/em>), nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t (<em>mettaa<\/em>), l\u00f2ng c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 (<em>karu.naa<\/em>), ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (<em>sati<\/em>), t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (<em>sampaja~n~na<\/em>), tu\u1ec7 tri s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0 (<em>yoniso manasikaara, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VIII. NH\u1eacN TH\u1ee8C TRONG NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u01b0 tham lam (<em>lobha \/ raaga<\/em>), s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (<em>dosa<\/em>), quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m (<em>di.t.thi<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (<em>moha<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng trong b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.[156] Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00f4ng quan b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 &#8220;b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n quan v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&#8221; (<em>virajam viitamala&#8217;m dhamma cukkhu&#8217;m upapaadi<\/em>),[157] v\u00e0 &#8220;s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, tu\u1ec7 tri, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng&#8221; (<em>cakkhu&#8217;m udapaadi ~naa.na&#8217;m udapaadi pa~n~naa udapaadi vijjaa udapaadi aaloko udapaadi<\/em>).[158] Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed (<em>nibbaanassa sacchikiriyaa ~naayassa adhigamo<\/em>),[159] m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn (<em>pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu<\/em>).[160] C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-<\/em>b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay tu\u1ec7 tri (<em>a~n~naa \/ ~naa.na<\/em>[161]<em>&nbsp;\/ ~naaya<\/em>[162]), ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n (<em>pari~n~naa<\/em>), ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay tu\u1ec7 tri cao c\u1ea5p (<em>abhi~n~naa<\/em>), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c (<em>vipassanaa<\/em>).[163] \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0 (<em>yathaabhuuta-dassana\/~naa.na<\/em>).[164] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng (<em>anicce aniccasa~n~naa<\/em>), nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n (<em>dukkhe dukkhasa~n~naa<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (<em>anatte anattasa~n~naa<\/em>).[165]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec5m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>) th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5.[166] Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t (<em>nirodha<\/em>) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 &#8220;l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu&#8221; c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc (<em>upaadaana<\/em>),[167] v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ghi r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu \u00fd th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>.[168] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa&nbsp;<\/em>\/&nbsp;<em>a~n~naa \/ ~naa.na \/ ~naa.nadassana<\/em>). Trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, th\u1ee9c (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>) v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9, t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt-l\u00fd (<em>naama-ruupa<\/em>).[169] Trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>asa.n.thite<\/em>)[170] ho\u1eb7c an ngh\u1ec9 (<em>vi~n~naa.na&#8217;m attham agamaa<\/em>),[171] c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9c (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>) th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>aasavehi cittaani vimucci&#8217;msu<\/em>). Khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c (<em>~naa.na<\/em>) hay tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t: &#8220;trong gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tu\u1ec7 tri sau \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sanh &#8220;ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&#8221; (<em>vimuttasmi&#8217;m vimuttamhiiti ~naana&#8217;m hoti<\/em>).&#8221;[172]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong kinh&nbsp;<em>Mahaa Vedalla Sutta<\/em>&nbsp;thu\u1ed9c&nbsp;<em>Trung B\u1ed9<\/em>,[173] khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, &#8220;c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>), ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7? V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang?&#8221; T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Saariputta) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 &#8220;ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh.&#8221; T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (<em>pari~n~neyya<\/em>), trong khi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vun tr\u1ed3ng (<em>bhaavetabba<\/em>).[174] Theo ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m (Buddhaghosa), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a \/ t\u01b0\u1edfng (<em>sa~n~naa<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>).[175] Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tu\u1ec7 tri cao c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n (<em>abhi~n~naa<\/em>), ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n (<em>pari~n~naa<\/em>), ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n quan (<em>~naa.na-dassana<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf u m\u00ea (<em>pahaa.na<\/em>).[176] Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0 (<em>yathaabhuuta-dassana<\/em>), m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>aasavakkhaya<\/em>)[177] v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (<em>bodhi<\/em>).[178]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh c\u1ee7a Trung B\u1ed9.[179] V\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n hay khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n (<em>bahiddhaa vi~n~naa.na&#8217;m avikkhitta&#8217;m avisa.ta&#8217;m<\/em>). C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n l\u00e0 do l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, nghe \u00e2m thanh b\u1eb1ng tai, ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee7i, n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1edfi, x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea1y theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c quan n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ch\u00fang tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (<em>ajjhatta&#8217;m asa.n.thita&#8217;m<\/em>). B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea1y theo b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (<em>ruupajjhaanaani<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang tr\u00f3i l\u1ea1i. B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u1eadt g\u00ec (<em>anupaadaaya na paritaseyya<\/em>). S\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 (<em>ruupa<\/em>), c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>vedanaa<\/em>), \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a (<em>sa~n~naa<\/em>), s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m (<em>sa&#8221;nkhaara<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (<em>vi~n~naa.na<\/em>) v\u1edbi ng\u00e3 (<em>attaa<\/em>), l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hay to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n ti\u00ednh n\u00e0y. B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh trong ng\u00e3 hay ng\u00e3 trong n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh. Do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mong c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 chi ph\u1ed1i. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i &#8220;\u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n&#8221; (<em>matta \/\/ maatra<\/em>) &#8220;trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y; trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghe; trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.&#8221;[180]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (<em>catuttha-jhaana<\/em>) thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (<em>ruupajjhaanaani<\/em>), c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 (i) b\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc (<em>aruupajjhaanaani<\/em>), (ii) n\u0103m th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (<em>pa~ncaabhi~n~naa<\/em>), v\u00e0 (iii) ba tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c (<em>tevijjaa, tam minh<\/em>) hay s\u00e1u tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c hay l\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng (<em>cha -abhi~n~naa<\/em>). S\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ba tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.[181] S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>aasavaana&#8217;m khya~n~naa.naaya citta&#8217;m abhininnaamesi&#8217;m<\/em>).[182] V\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00fang v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (<em>thus knowing and thus seeing<\/em>), t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c (<em>kaamaasavo<\/em>), c\u1ee7a t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>bhavaasavo<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh (<em>avijjaasavo<\/em>). Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tu\u1ec7 tri &#8220;\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&#8221; xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. B\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tu\u1ec7 tri &#8220;sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sanh t\u1eed n\u1eefa&#8221;[183] Tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>aasavakkhaya-~naa.na<\/em>) th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7 tri n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ba minh (<em>tevijjaa\/ tisso vijjaa\/\/ tisro-vidyaah<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba tu\u1ec7 tri hay ba minh l\u00e0 (i) tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9,&nbsp;<em>t\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>pubbenivaasaanussati-~naa.na-vijjaa \/\/ puurva-nivaasaa.nusm.rti-j~nana-saak.saatkriya-vidyaa<\/em>), (ii) tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 sanh v\u00e0 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh,&nbsp;<em>sanh t\u1eed tr\u00ed<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>cutuupapaata-~naa.na-vijjaa \/\/ cyuty-upapaada-j~nana-saak.saatkriya-vidyaa<\/em>), (iii) tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c,&nbsp;<em>l\u1eadu t\u1eadn th\u00f4ng&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>aasavakkhaya-~naa.na-vijjaa \/\/ aasarava-k.saya-j~nana-saak.saatkriya-vidyaa<\/em>). Ba tu\u1ec7 tri n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh n\u0103m th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (<em>pa~ncaabhi~n~naa<\/em>) trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n,[184] v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh kh\u00e1c,[185] th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (<em>cha -abhi~n~naa<\/em>). S\u00e1u th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m ba tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1eeba n\u00eau c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ba th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ba tu\u1ec7 tri) l\u00e0 (i) th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng (<em>iddhividhaa-~naa.na \/\/ .rddhividhi-j~naana&#8217;m<\/em>), (ii) thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng (<em>dibbasotadhaatu-~naa.na \/\/ divya-&#8216;srotra&#8217;m-j~naana&#8217;m<\/em>), (iii) tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng (<em>cetopariya~naa.na \/\/ paracitta-j~naana&#8217;m<\/em>), (iv) thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng (<em>dibbacakhhu-~naa.na \/\/ divya-cak.sus-j~naana&#8217;m<\/em>), (v) t\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng (<em>pubbenivaasaanussati \/\/ puurvanivaasaanusm.rti<\/em>), and (vi) l\u1eadu t\u1eadn th\u00f4ng (<em>AAsavakkhaya~naa.na \/\/ AAsravak&#8217;saya-j~naana&#8217;m<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i n\u00f4m na, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i &#8220;ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra sau l\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e1, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn logic, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y.&#8221;[186] N\u0103m th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tu\u1ec7 tri cao c\u1ea5p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian (<em>lokiya abhi~n~naa<\/em>), ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do vun b\u1ed3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh (<em>samaadhi<\/em>), trong khi th\u00f4ng sau c\u00f9ng, l\u1eadu t\u1eadn th\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tu\u1ec7 tri cao c\u1ea5p thu\u1ed9c si\u00eau th\u1ebf (<em>lokuttara abhi~n~naa<\/em>), ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n (<em>vipassanaa<\/em>) di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>aasavakkhaya<\/em>). Ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1eadu t\u1eadn th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t A-la-h\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng (<em>AAsavakkhaya~naa.na \/\/ AAsravak&#8217;saya-j~naana&#8217;m<\/em>) c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n (<em>ariya-magga<\/em>) hay con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng si\u00eau th\u1ebf (<em>lokuttara-magga<\/em>) c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (<em>AAsavakkhaya<\/em>), nh\u01b0 (i) l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c tham d\u1ee5c (<em>kaamaasavo \/\/ kaamaasrava<\/em>), (ii) l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (<em>bhavaasavo \/\/ bhavaasrava<\/em>), (iii) l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai (<em>di.t.thaasava \/\/ d.r.s.taasrava<\/em>), (iv) l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 minh (<em>avijjaasavo \/\/ avidyaasrava<\/em>),[187] l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: &#8220;Sau khi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (<em>ceto-vimutti&#8217;m<\/em>) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa-vimutti&#8217;m<\/em>), v\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.&#8221;[188]<strong>IX. NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N V\u00c0 TR\u1ea0NG TH\u00c1IKH\u00d4NG C\u00d2N C\u1ea2M GI\u00c1C V\u00c0 NH\u1eacN TH\u1ee8C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh (<em>sa~n~naavedayitanirodha,&nbsp;<\/em>hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>nirodha-samaapatti<\/em>), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (<em>sa~n~naavedayitanirodha<\/em>) trong \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef&nbsp;<\/em>80 (<em>Udaana<\/em>), trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>, trong khi b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaa<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n, trong khi trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, d\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian (<em>time-bound<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (<em>condition-bound<\/em>). L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tham \u00e1i (<em>ta.nhaa<\/em>),[189] trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, tham \u00e1i c\u00f2n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (<em>vedanaa<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (<em>sa~n~naa<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo r\u1eb1ng tham \u00e1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng khi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, tham \u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.[190] S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 (<em>kaayena sacchikara.niiyaa dhammaa<\/em>), trong khi&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (<em>sa~n~naavedayitanirodha<\/em>), kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha<\/em>), \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>dukkha<\/em>), d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu (<em>manaapa<\/em>) hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (<em>amanaapa<\/em>) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tan bi\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (<em>phassa<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i trong h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (<em>sati<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t ly c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i hay ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u00e0y, trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 &#8220;b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng&#8221; hay &#8220;kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng&#8221; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i v.v. . . ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (<em>sati<\/em>), t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (<em>sampaja~n~na<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (<em>pa~n~naa<\/em>) v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc (<em>aalaya<\/em>) hay ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc (<em>upaadaana<\/em>), trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng h\u1eb3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o v\u1ecb \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. An tr\u1ee5 trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. M\u1ecdi n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m d\u1ee9t. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ec1n, v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3, tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady chi\u1ebfc xe sanh t\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u0103n b\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y qua \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf&nbsp;<em>Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u01b0 V\u1eady<\/em>&nbsp;38 (<em>Itivuttaka<\/em>).[191] \u0110\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai hay c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (<em>sukha<\/em>), \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (<em>dukkha<\/em>), d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu (<em>manaapa<\/em>) hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (<em>amanaapa<\/em>) do c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, trong khi c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Do v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. Trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/em>, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00f4 d\u01b0&nbsp;<em>ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n&nbsp;<\/em>t\u1ea1i r\u1eebng Ta-la song th\u1ecd.[192]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<strong>S\u00c1CH THAM KH\u1ea2O CH\u1eccN L\u1eccC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c Pali v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Kinh Th\u00e1nh Pali (PTS), nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Collins, Steven. (1982).&nbsp;<em>Selfless Persons: Imaginary and Thought in Therav\u0081 da Buddhism.&nbsp;<\/em>London: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conze, Edward. (1962).&nbsp;<em>Buddhist Thought in India, Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy.<\/em>&nbsp;London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dutt, Nalinakasha<em>.&nbsp;<\/em>(1980).&nbsp;<em>The Spread of Buddhism and Buddhist Schools<\/em>. Delhi: Rajesh Publications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G.R. Welbon (1968).&nbsp;<em>The Buddhist Nirvana and Its Western Interpreters.&nbsp;<\/em>Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harvey, Peter. (1995).&nbsp;<em>The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism.<\/em>&nbsp;London: Curzon Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jayatilleke, K. (1980)<em>&nbsp;Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge.<\/em>&nbsp;Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jayatilleke, K. N. (1975).&nbsp;<em>The Massage of the Buddha,<\/em>&nbsp;ed. by N. Smart. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Johansson, Rune. E. A. (1969).&nbsp;<em>The Psychology of Nirvana<\/em>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Johansson, Rune. E. A. (1985).&nbsp;<em>The Dynamic Psychology of Early Buddhism.&nbsp;<\/em>London: Curzon Press, 1st Ed. 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, D. J, &amp; Weeraratne, W. G. (1987).&nbsp;<em>Buddhist Philosophy and Culture, Essays in honour of N. A. Jayawickrema<\/em>. Sri Lanka: Na Yayawickrema Felicitation Volume Committee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, D. J. (1995b)&nbsp;<em>Nagarjuna\u2019s Moral Philosophy and Sinhala Buddhism<\/em>. Sri Lanka: Karunarate &amp; Sons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, David J. (1975)&nbsp;<em>Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.<\/em>&nbsp;Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, David J. (1976).&nbsp;<em>Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Analysis.<\/em>&nbsp;Honolulu: An East-West Centre Book, the University Press of Hawaii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, David J. (1987)&nbsp;<em>The Principles of Buddhist Psychology.<\/em>&nbsp;Albany: The State University of New York.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, David J. (1994).&nbsp;<em>A History of Buddhist Philosophy, Continuities and Discontinuities.<\/em>&nbsp;Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1st Ed. 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalupahana, David J. (1995)&nbsp;<em>Ethics in Early Buddhism<\/em>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karunadasa, Y. (1989).&nbsp;<em>Buddhist Analysis of Matter<\/em>. Singapore: Buddhist Research Society, 1st Ed. 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poussin, L. de La Vall\u00e9e. (1982).&nbsp;<em>The Way to Nirvaa.na.<\/em>&nbsp;Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1st ed. 1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radhakrishnan, S. (1977).&nbsp;<em>Indian Philosophy,&nbsp;<\/em>2 vols. Bombay: Blackie and Sons Publishers, 1st Ed. 1927-1930.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rahula, Walpola. (1978).&nbsp;<em>What the Buddha Taught.&nbsp;<\/em>London: The Gordon Fraser Gallery, 1st ed. 1959.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sobti, H. Singh. (1985)&nbsp;<em>Nibbaana in Early Buddhism.<\/em>&nbsp;Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tilakaratne, Asanga. (1993)&nbsp;<em>Nirvana and Ineffability, A Study of the Buddhist Theory of Reality and Language.&nbsp;<\/em>Sri Lanka: The Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Kelaniya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Welbon, G. R. (1968).&nbsp;<em>The Buddhist Nirvana and Its Western Interpreters.&nbsp;<\/em>Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi pari-nibbaana v\u00e0 pari-nibbuta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong v\u00e0i ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;pari-nibbaana v\u00e0 pari-nibbuta&#8221; ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n sau khi ch\u1ebft. Xem gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: S. Collins (1998): 147-51, 193-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Dhp. 203.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] S. II. 278.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] Ud. p. 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] D. I. 156, 167; S. II. 18, 34, 115; III. 163; IV. 141; M. III. 286.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] So s\u00e1nh A. I. 8: bhikkhu paniihitena cittena avijja&#8217;m bhecchati vijja&#8217;m uppaadessati nibbaana&#8217;m sacchikarissati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7] Ud. 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8] S. IV. 368-73 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea h\u01a1n 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0: c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, b\u1edd b\u00ean kia, s\u00e2u di\u1ec7u vi t\u1ebf, c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ef7 gi\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadt an l\u1ea1c, b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, ki\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng, an ngh\u1ec9, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn tham d\u1ee5c s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, ly tham \u00e1i, thanh t\u1ecbnh, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sau c\u00f9ng.&#8221; C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00e3i r\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c kinh D. I. 36; M. I. 163, 173; A. II. 247; It. 38-9; Sn. 1149; Ud. 80. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd, chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, trong khi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, do v\u00ec t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9] T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 R. E. A. Johansson, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nghi\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (1969: 106) v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[10] S. I. 125, S. IV. 371-2; M. I. 508-9; Dhp. 202-4, Ud. 10; Thag. 35.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[11] S. IV. 371-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[12] S. I. 48; S. IV. 174; It. 57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13] M I. 167; MLS I. 211.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14] It. 122; S. IV. 369-70.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15] Sn. 1086.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[16] S. IV. 370.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17] S. I. 192; A. II. 24; It. 122; Thag. 289, 510, 831, 912; Thiig. 135, 333.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18] It. 122.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[19] S. IV. 370.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[20] Thag. 264.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[21] Sn. 1149; M. I. 167.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[22] S. IV. 369.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[23] S. IV. 372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[24] M. I. 511; S. III. 32; Sn. 749, 788.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[25] It. 38.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[26] S. IV. 370.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dhp. 203-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[28] S. IV. 372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[29] S. III. 189.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[30] S. I. 210.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[31] M. I. 511.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[32] S. IV. 368.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[33] S. IV. 372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[34] It. 38.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[35] It. 38-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[36] S. IV. 359.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[37] S. II. 117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[38] Sn. 467.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[39] M. I. 173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[40] S. IV. 372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[41] Xem b\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong C\u1ea3m H\u1ee9ng Ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[42] Ud. 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[43] S. IV. 368.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[44] M. III. 245.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[45] S. I. 62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[46] Xem th\u00eam Walpola Rahula. (1978): 36f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[47] M. I. 167, 173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[48] M I. 167; MLS I. 211.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[49] S. II. 42-3, 57; M. II. 265.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[50] S. I. 174.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[51] Ud. 80-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[52] Ud. 33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[53] Sn. 707.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[54] A. II. 24; It. 122.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[55] Tr\u00edch theo R. E. A. Johansson. (1969): 45-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[56] S. II. 117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[57] Sn. 467.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[58] M. I. 173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[59] S. IV. 372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[60] S. IV. 251: &#8220;yo raagakkhayo dosakkhayo mohakkhayo ida&#8217;m vuccati nibbaana&#8217;m.&#8221; So s\u00e1nh S. I. 359; S. V. 9; A. V. 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[61] Vin. I. 8; Vin. II. 156. So s\u00e1nh S. I. 141.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[62] S. III. 190: Ta.nhakkhayo hi Raadha nibbaana&#8217;m. So s\u00e1nh S. IV. 368-72.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[63] G.R. Welbon (1968).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[64] L. V. Poussin (1982): &#8220;Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n khi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t&#8221; (It may therefore be safely maintained that Niravaa.na is annihilation) (p. 117); &#8220;R\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n &#8211; \u00edt nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00fang ta &#8211; nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng&#8221; (That Nirvaa.na is annihilation results-at least for us-but from the general principles of Buddhist philosophy and from clear statements&#8221; (p. 116).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[65] Tr\u00edch trong H. S. Sobti (1985): 133.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[66] S. III. 109-115.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[67] S. III. 110-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[68] M. I. 484-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[69] W. Rahula (1978): 35: The only reasonable reply to give to the question [what is nibbaana?] is that it can never be answered completely and satisfactorily in words, because human language is too poor to express the real nature of the Absolute Truth or Ultimate Reality which is Nirvaa.na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[70] N. Dutt (1980): 279; R. E. A. Johansson (1969): 44f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[71] K. N. Jayatilleke (1980): 476: not that there was something that the Buddha did not know, but that what he &#8216;knew&#8217; in the transcendental sense could not be conveyed in words because of the limitations of language and of empiricism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[72] S. Radhakrishnan (1977): 676ff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[73] R. E. A. Johansson (1969): 42-50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[74] D. J. Kalupahana (1976): 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[75] D. J. Kalupahana (1976): 82.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[76] D. J. Kalupahana (1976): 82; E. Conze (1962): 76f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[77] A. Tilakaratne (1993): 81. The experience of nirvana does not come out as a result of transcendending the ordinary reality of the world. Neither does it derive from a transcendent God, nor does it lead one to the Transcendent. The exclusion of these possibilities indicate that nirvana does not involve, in principle, the kind of non-verbalizable knowledge usually associated with the other forms of religious experience. This shows that the Buddhist religious experience can not be taken to subscribe to the ineffability thesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[78] Y. Karunadasa (1994): 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[79] Y. Karunadasa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (loka) v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 6 quan n\u0103m c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (the six-fold sphere of sense activity) (S. IV. 39). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo r\u1eb1ng danh hi\u1ec7u &#8220;th\u1ebf gian gi\u1ea3i&#8221; (loka-viduu) (D. III. 76; S. I. 62; A. II. 48) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;b\u1eadc tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan.&#8221; T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;lokanirodha,&#8221; and &#8220;lokanta&#8221; (A. II. 49) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi&#8221; c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. (1994: 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[80] Y. Karunadasa (1994): 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[81] M. I. 486.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[82] At S. III. 111-2, Saariputta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 b\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c Yamaka di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (t\u1ee9 c\u00fa).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[83] B\u1ea3n kinh \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 &#8220;dhaatu&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 &#8220;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.&#8221; F. L. Woodward \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Anh &#8220;conditions, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&#8221; (MNPC, II. 143) trong khi \u0111\u00f3 S. Collins l\u1ea1i th\u00edch d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 &#8220;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&#8221; (elements), (1998: 149).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[84] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[85] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[86] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[87] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[88] It. 38.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[89] M. I. 140; S. III. 109-115; S. IV. 383ff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[90] K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i: \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i sau khi ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[91] Ud. 80: Atthi bhikkhave tad aayatana&#8217;m, yattha neva pa\u1ec9havii na aapo na tejo na vaayo na aakaasaana~ncaayatana&#8217;m na vi~n~naa.naana~ncaayatana&#8217;m na aaki~nca~n~naayatana&#8217;m na nevasa~n~naanaasa~n~naayatana&#8217;m naaya&#8217;m loko na paraloka ubho candimasuuriyaa, tad aha&#8217;m bhikkhave neva aagati&#8217;m vadaami na gati&#8217;m na \u1ec9hiti&#8217;m na cuti&#8217;m na upapatti&#8217;m appati\u1ec9\u1ec9ha&#8217;m appavatta&#8217;m anaaramma.nam eva ta&#8217;m, esevanto dukkhassaati. Tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a R. E. A. Johansson (1969): 51 v\u1edbi v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[92] S. I. 192; A. II. 24; It. 122; Thag. 289, 510, 831, 912; Thiig. 135, 333.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[93] W. Rahula (1978): 40. It is incorrect to think that Nirvaa.na is the natural result of the extinction of craving. Nirvaa.na is not the result of anything. If it would be a result, then it would be an effect produced by a cause. It would be samkhata &#8216;produced&#8217; and &#8216;conditioned.&#8217; Nirvaa.na is neither cause nor effect. It is beyond cause and effect . . . The only thing you can do is to see it, to realize it. There is a path leading to the realization of Nirvaa.na. But Nirvaa.na is not the result of that path. You may get to the mountain along a path, but the mountain is not the result, not an effect of the path. You may see a light, but the light is not the result of your eyesight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[94] T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 anatta&#8217;m, thay v\u00ec ananta&#8217;m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u1ec1 kinh T\u0103ng Chi c\u1ee7a Woodward. S\u1ef1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3. Xem R. E. A. Johansson (1969): 53; S. Collins (1998): 166-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[95] Ud. 8: Duddasa&#8217;m anatta&#8217;m naama, na hi sacca&#8217;m sudassana&#8217;m; pa\u1ec9ividdhaa ta.nhaa, passato natthi ki~ncananti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[96] Ud. 80: Atthi bhikkhave ajaata&#8217;m abhuuta&#8217;m akata&#8217;m asa\u01a1khata&#8217;m, no ce ta&#8217;m bhikkhave abhavissa ajaata&#8217;m abhuuta&#8217;m akata&#8217;m asankhata&#8217;m, na yidha jaatassa bhuutassa katassa sankhatassa nissara.na&#8217;m pa~n~naayetha. Yasmaa ca kho bhikkhave atthi ajaata&#8217;m abhuuta&#8217;m akata&#8217;m asankhata&#8217;m, tasmaa jaatassa bhuutassa katassa sankhatassa nissara.na&#8217;m pa~n~naayati. \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf It. 37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[97] Dhp. 383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[98] Ud. 80: Nissitassa ca calita&#8217;m anissitassa calita&#8217;m natthi, calite asati passaddhi , passadhiyaa sati rati na hoti, ratiyaa asati aagatgati na hoti, aagati-gatiyaa asati cutuupapaato na hoti, cutuupapaate asati nevidha na hura&#8217;m na ubhayamantare, esevanto dukkhassaati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[99] It. 38. Ph\u1ea7n in nghi\u00eang do t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[100] D. III. 216; S. IV. 259; S. V. 56. So s\u00e1nh Cf. Vism. 499.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[101] S. II. 274.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[102] It. 38; S. III. 112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[103] Cf. D. I. 34, 55; M. I. 140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[104] Cf. S. III. 215-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[105] M. I. 484-8. M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y M. I. 426-32; M. II. 228-38; S. III. 213-24; 257ff.; S. IV. 374-403; Milin. 144ff. Ri\u00eang 14 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i dung, xem MK. XXVII, XXII and XXV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[106] M. I. 429-32, 488-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[107] M. I. 484-5; T\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf S. IV. 373-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[108] S. IV. 388, 390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[109] M. I. 487: ghambhiiro hayam . . . dhammo duddaso duranubodho santo pa.niito atakkaavacaro nipu.no pa.n\u5145avedaniiyo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[110] Ibid: so dujjaano a~n~nadi\u1ec9\u1ec9hikena, a~n~nakhantikena, a~n~narucikena, a~n~natrayogena, a~n~nathaacariyakena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[111] M. I. 487; M. III. 245; Sn. 232.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[112] M. I. 487-8. Tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a I. B. Horner, MLS. II. 166. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. C\u0169ng t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf S. IV. 376f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[113] Sn. 1074.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[114] M. I. 139-40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[115] S. I. 112; Sn. 1119; Dhp. 46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[116] S. I. 12. Tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a P. Harvey (1995): 230.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[117] Cf. S. III. 35.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[118] Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 \u1edf A. I. 266. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng (saagara). B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (i) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng dung ch\u1ee9a t\u1eed thi, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng dung ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, (ii) C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, (iii) C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sanh l\u1edbn, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1, v\u00e0 (iv) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ee3n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[119] Sn. 1076.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[120] S. IV. 379-83.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[121] Tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam S. III. 111-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[122] S. IV. 383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[123] Ud. p. 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[124] D. III. 216; S. IV. 259; S. V. 56. Cf. Vism. 499.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[125] Thag. 707.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[126] It. 38.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[127] Kalupahana (1994: 95-6) cho r\u1eb1ng: &#8220;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t&#8221; (there is no qualitative difference between the feeling of someone who is in bondage and someone who is freed). Nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m, khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: &#8220;trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan&#8221; (in the case of a person who has attained freedom, there is an absence of the greed, hatred, and confusion that are generally consequent upon sense experience) p. 96.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[128] M. I. 111-2: cakkhu~ncaavuso pa\u1ec9icca ruupe ca uppajjati cakkhuvi~n~naa.na&#8217;m ti.n.na&#8217;m sa\u01a1gati phasso, phassapaccayaa vedanaa, ya&#8217;m, vedeti ta&#8217;m sa~njaanaati, ya&#8217;m sa~njaanaati ta&#8217;m vitakketi, ya&#8217;m vitakkheti ta&#8217;m papa~nceti, ya&#8217;m papa~nceti tatonidaana&#8217;m purisa&#8217;m papa~ncasa~n~naasa\u01a1khaa samudaacaranti atiitaanaagata-paccupanannesu ruupesu. Xem th\u00eam b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh MLS. I. 145, D. J. Kalupahana (1987): 32, v\u00e0 EB. IV. 236.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[129] Ud. 8: tasmaatiha te Baahiya eva&#8217;m sikkhitabba&#8217;m: di\u1ec9\u1ec9he di\u1ec9\u1ec9hamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, sute sutamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, mute mutamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, vi~n~naate vi~n~naatamatta&#8217;m bhavissati. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u1edf S. IV. 72; KS. IV. 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[130] Ud. 80: Nissitassa ca calita&#8217;m anissitassa calita&#8217;m natthi, calite asati passaddhi , passadhiyaa sati rati na hoti, ratiyaa asati aagatgati na hoti, aagati-gatiyaa asati cutuupapaato na hoti, cutuupapaate asati nevidha na hura&#8217;m na ubhayamantare, esevanto dukkhassaati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[131] SnA. p. 30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[132] S. IV. 231.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[133] D. III. 216, 275; S. IV. 216, 331.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[134] S. IV. 205.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[135] S. IV. 216: ya&#8217;m ki~nci vedayita&#8217;m ta&#8217;m dukkhasminti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[136] A. II. 6, 36.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[137] S. V. 2-30; A. I. 11-31; It. 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[138] S. IV. 233.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[139] S. IV. 233.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[140] M. III. 124; A. IV. 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[141] It. 38. So s\u00e1nh S. IV. 209.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[142] S. IV. 209: So eka&#8217;m vedana&#8217;m vediyati kaayika&#8217;m na cetasika&#8217;m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[143] Sn. 739: vedanaana&#8217;m khayaa bhikkhu nicchaato parinibbuto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[144] S. V. 8: Yo kho . . . raagakkhayo dosakkhayo mohakkhayo ida&#8217;m vuccati amata&#8217;m (s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb tham s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[145] A. IV. 157; D. III. 260.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[146] Vin. II. 193.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[147] D. II. 127.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[148] M. III. 244-5. Cf. D. I. 46; D. II. 128; S. II. 83; A. II. 198.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[149] M. I. 303: Sukhaaya . . . vedanaaya raagaanusayo pahaatabbo, dukkhaaya vedanaaya pa\u1ec9ighaanusayo, adukkhamasukhaaya vedanaaya avijjaanusayo pahaataboo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[150] A. II. 37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[151] Ud. 8: tasmaatiha te Baahiya eva&#8217;m sikkhitabba&#8217;m: di\u1ec9\u1ec9he di\u1ec9\u1ec9hamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, sute sutamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, mute mutamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, vi~n~naate vi~n~naatamatta&#8217;m bhavissati. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf S. IV. 72; KS. IV. 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[152] Ud. 8; S. IV. 72-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[153] Sn. 593: sabbasoka&#8217;m atikkanto asoko hoti nibbuto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[154] It. 122: phu\u1ec9\u1ec9hassa paramaa santi nibbaana&#8217;m akutobhaya&#8217;m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[155] Ud. 3: sabbato tanhaana&#8217;m khayaa asesaviraaganirodho nibbaana&#8217;m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[156] Vbh. 373; Dhs. 1448.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[157] S. V. 423.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[158] S. V. 422-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[159] M. I. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[160] D. V. 422.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[161] Xem ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n M. I. 175: aasavakkhaya~naa.na, l\u1eadu t\u1eadn tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[162] Xem ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n M. I. 10: ~Naayassa adhigamaaya nibbaanassa sacchikiriyaaya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[163] D. III. 230; M. I. 10; S. III. 26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[164] S. V. 144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[165] A. II. 51-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[166] Sn. 734: vi~n~naa.nassa nirodhena natthi dukkhassa sambhavo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[167] Xem ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n M. III. 223; M. II. 265, v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c trong ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[168] Sn. 734: vi~n~naa.nuupasamaa bhikkhu nicchaato parinibbutoti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[169] D. II. 63.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[170] M. III. 223; S. II. 66.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[171] Ud. 93.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[172] S. IV. 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[173] M. I. 292.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[174] M. I. 293.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[175] Vism. 369-70.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[176] M. I. 293.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[177] D. I. 83-4; M. I. 175.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[178] S. IV. 231.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[179] M. III. 223-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[180] Ud. 8: tasmaatiha te Baahiya eva&#8217;m sikkhitabba&#8217;m: di\u1ec9\u1ec9he di\u1ec9\u1ec9hamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, sute sutamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, mute mutamatta&#8217;m bhavissati, vi~n~naate vi~n~naatamatta&#8217;m bhavissati. C\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf S. IV. 72; KS. IV. 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[181] D. III. 220, 275; M. II. 105; A. I. 163-5; A. V. 211.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[182] M. IV. 23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[183] M. IV. 23: Khii.naa jaati vusita&#8217;m brahmacariya&#8217;m kata&#8217;m karaniiya&#8217;m naapara&#8217;m itthattaayaati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[184] S. II. 216.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[185] D. III. 281; A. III. 280.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[186] EB. I. m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb abhi~n~naa: 97a. direct knowledge which has left behind the physical world of space and time, or perception, of ideation, of causality, of logical reasoning, and is, therefore, psychic in the fullest sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[187] D. III. 230, 276; M. I. 9; S. IV. 257; S. V. 59; Vbh. 373; Dhs. 1448.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[188] D. III. 281; A. III. 19: aasavaana&#8217;m khayaa anaasava&#8217;m cetovimutti&#8217;m pa~n~naavimutti&#8217;m di\u1ec9\u1ec9he va dhamme saya&#8217;m abhi~n~naa sacchikatvaa upasampajja viharati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[189] S. III. 190; Vin. I. 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[190] Trong m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed5i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, tham \u00e1i do c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (vedanaa paccayaa ta.nhaa), trong khi trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u, do ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t (vedanaanirodhaa ta.nhaanirodho).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[191] So s\u00e1nh S. IV. 209.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[192] D. II. 156.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/feed\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3182-niet-ban-ban-chat-va-muc-tieu-giac-ngo.rss\"><\/a>&nbsp;B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn&nbsp;(0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1:&nbsp;| \u0111ang hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">G\u1eedi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00ean b\u1ea1n:E-mail c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 website:Th\u00eam b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"javascript:;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/bbc_bold.png\" alt=\"Bold\" title=\"Bold\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"javascript:;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/bbc_italic.png\" alt=\"Italic\" title=\"Italic\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"javascript:;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/bbc_underline.png\" alt=\"Underline\" title=\"Underline\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"javascript:;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/bbc_quote.png\" alt=\"Quote\" title=\"Quote\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Xin h\u00e3y nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u1ea3nh sau:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ea2nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/imagecode.html\" alt=\"Captcha\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Code:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00ccNH LU\u1eacN B\u1eb0NG T\u00c0I KHO\u1ea2N FACEBOOK&nbsp;(0&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/comments.htmlC\u00e1c b\u00e0i m\u1edbi :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/29493-bai-tung-via-nhap-diet.html\">&nbsp;B\u00e0i T\u1ee5ng V\u00eda Nh\u1eadp Di\u1ec7t<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Tu\u1ec7 Qu\u00fd<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/28075-duc-phat-day-phap-niet-ban-tuc-khac.html\">&nbsp;\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt D\u1ea1y Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n T\u1ee9c Kh\u1eafc<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/18589-tu-ngu-phat-giao-niet-ban.html\">&nbsp;T\u1eeb Ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o: Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ti\u1ebfn<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/15807-quan-niet-ban-cau-4.html\">&nbsp;Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n C\u00e2u 4<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>TS Hu\u1ec7 D\u00e2n<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/15806-quan-niet-ban-cau-2.html\">&nbsp;Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n C\u00e2u 3<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>TS Hu\u1ec7 D\u00e2n<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/index.1.html\">Xem th\u00eam<\/a>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c :<a href=\"javascript:history.go(-1)\"><strong>[ Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3181-niet-ban-va-su-cham-dut-luan-hoi.html\">&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Th\u00edch Nh\u1eadt Tu\u1ec7<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3180-vo-nga-va-niet-ban.html\">&nbsp;V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Th\u00edch Hi\u1ec3n Ch\u00e1nh<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3179-tim-hieu-van-de-niet-ban-cua-phat-giao.html\">&nbsp;T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc C\u01b0\u01a1ng &#8211; NCS \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc KHXH &amp; NV<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3178-hanh-phuc-kho-dau-va-niet-ban.html\">&nbsp;H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac, Kh\u1ed5 \u0110au v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Venerable Ajahn Sumedho &#8211; M\u1ef9 Thanh d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3177-niet-ban.html\">&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>\u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3n (Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng)<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daophatngaynay.com\/vn\/phat-phap\/giao-phap\/niet-ban\/3176-niet-ban.html\">&nbsp;Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Th\u00edch Th\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;16\/10\/2009 04:45:00&nbsp;Th\u00edch Nh\u1eadt T\u1eeb\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc: 7707&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/dulieu\/giaophap\/nietban\/Nietban_banchatvamuctieugiacngo_files\/like.htmlC\u1ee1 ch\u1eef:&nbsp; 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