{"id":35260,"date":"2022-08-17T21:56:14","date_gmt":"2022-08-17T14:56:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=35260"},"modified":"2022-08-17T21:59:20","modified_gmt":"2022-08-17T14:59:20","slug":"chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\/","title":{"rendered":"CH\u00da GI\u1ea2I TI\u1ec2U T\u1ee4NG (KHUDDAKAP\u0100THA ATTHAKATH\u0100)- P1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35260\" class=\"elementor elementor-35260\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a446ee0 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-around elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a446ee0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7adcbaf\" data-id=\"7adcbaf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0635a5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0635a5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"29353\" class=\"elementor elementor-29353\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3841028 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-evenly elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3841028\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cda7d4\" data-id=\"4cda7d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d909715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-site-logo elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d909715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-site-logo.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ffcaa\" data-id=\"c0ffcaa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ae6892\" data-id=\"6ae6892\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b83997d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b83997d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<button onclick=\"history.back()\"><<<\/button>\n<button onclick=\"history.forward()\">>><\/button>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-394eb84 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"394eb84\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72f2d6a\" data-id=\"72f2d6a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f5aa12 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3f5aa12\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3042a04\" data-id=\"3042a04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7f6c79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7f6c79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"33009\" class=\"elementor elementor-33009\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e93922 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e93922\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3a8999\" data-id=\"b3a8999\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18dd785 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18dd785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>[<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-tap-1\/\">Ph\u1ea7n I- Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng<\/a>\u00a0 ]- [<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-phap-cu\/\">Ph\u1ea7n II- Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/a>\u00a0 ]-\u00a0 [<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/kinh-phat-tu-thuyet-tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya\/\">Ph\u1ea7n III- Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft<\/a>\u00a0 ]-\u00a0 [<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/kinh-phat-thuyet-nhu-vay-tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya\/\">Ph\u1ea7n IV- Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/a>\u00a0 ]- &#8211;\u00a0 [<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/kinh-tap-tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya\/\">Ph\u1ea7n V-Kinh t\u1eadp<\/a>\u00a0 ]-\u00a0 [\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-tap-ii-thien-cung-va-nga-quy\/\">Ph\u1ea7n VI-Thi\u00ean cung v\u00e0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7<\/a> ] &#8211;\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-tap-iii-truong-lao-tang-ni-ke\/\">[\u00a0<em><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o t\u0103ng k\u1ec7<\/strong><\/em><\/a><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em> \u00a0]\u00a0 &#8211; [ <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-truong-lao-ni-ke\/\">Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o ni k\u1ec7 ]<\/a>\u00a0 -[ <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-p4-nhung-cau-chuyen-tien-than-duc-phat\/\">B\u1ed5n sanh 1-100<\/a> ] &#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0 [<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-cau-chuyen-bon-sanh-p2\/\">B\u1ed5n sanh 101 \u0111\u1ebfn 263<\/a> ]\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0[ <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-cau-chuyen-tien-than-p3\/\">B\u1ed5n sanh 264-395] <\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 [ <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-cau-chuyen-tien-than-p4\/\">B\u1ed5n sanh 395-473<\/a> ]\u00a0 \u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 [ <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-cau-chuyen-tien-than-p5\/\">B\u1ed5n sanh\u00a0 474-540<\/a> ]\u00a0 \u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0[ <a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/tieu-bo-kinh-nikaya-p5-nhung-cau-chuyen-tien-than-duc-phat\/\">B\u1ed5n sanh- Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i<\/a> ]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0ee38e7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0ee38e7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c0e142\" data-id=\"7c0e142\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b1b26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45b1b26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"35254\" class=\"elementor elementor-35254\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6982fe3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6982fe3f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ed26310\" data-id=\"5ed26310\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3025afc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"3025afc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\" class=\"elementor-toggle-title\">Kinh Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng Nikaya<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8071\"><p>N\u1ed9i dung kinh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/p><ul><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-2\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">I. Tam Quy (Saranattaya)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-3\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">II. Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi (Dasasikkh\u00e0pada)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-4\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">III. Ba M\u01b0\u01a1i Hai Ph\u1ea7n (Dvattims\u00e0k\u00e0ra)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-5\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">IV. Nam T\u1eed H\u1ecfi \u00d0\u1ea1o (Kum\u00e0rapanha)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-6\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">V. Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec1m L\u00e0nh (Mangala Sutta)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-7\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">VI. Kinh Ch\u00e2u B\u00e1u (Ratana Sutta)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-8\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">VII. Kinh Ngo\u00e0i B\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng (Tirokudda Sutta)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-9\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">VIII. Kinh B\u1ea3o T\u00e0ng (Nidhikanda Sutta)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/21\/kinh-tieu-tung\/#ftoc-heading-10\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">IX. Kinh L\u00f2ng T\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0 Sutta)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/19\/kinh-tieu-tung-song-ngu-viet-anh\/\">Kinh ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng song ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t &#8211; Anh<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\" class=\"elementor-toggle-title\">Ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8072\"><header><h3>Contents<\/h3><\/header><p><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\/#ftoc-heading-1\">CH\u00da GI\u1ea2I TI\u1ec2U T\u1ee4NG (KHUDDAKAP\u0100THA ATTHAKATH\u0100)<\/a><\/p><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\/#ftoc-heading-2\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I\u00a0\u0110o\u1ea1n I \u2013 NH\u1eacP \u0110\u1ec0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\/#ftoc-heading-3\">CH\u01af\u01a0NG II\u00a0TH\u1eacP GI\u1edaI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\/#ftoc-heading-4\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III\u00a0BA M\u01af\u01a0I HAI TH\u1ec2<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p2\/#ftoc-heading-3\">\u00a0Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV NAM T\u1eec H\u1eceI \u0110\u1ea0O<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/17\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p2\/#ftoc-heading-4\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V KINH \u0110I\u1ec0M L\u00c0NH (Mangalasuttam)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/18\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p3\/#ftoc-heading-3\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI KINH CH\u00c2U B\u00c1U (Ratanasutta\u1e43)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/18\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p3\/#ftoc-heading-4\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII KINH NGO\u00c0I B\u1ee8C T\u01af\u1edcNG(Tiroku\u1e0d\u1e0dasuttam<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/18\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p4\/#ftoc-heading-3\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII KINH B\u1ea2O T\u00c0NG (Nidhikhandasuttam)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"ftwp-item\"><a class=\"ftwp-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/18\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p4\/#ftoc-heading-4\"><span class=\"ftwp-text\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX KINH T\u1eea T\u00c2M (Metta-suttam)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kinh Ti\\u1ec3u t\\u1ee5ng Nikaya\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>N\\u1ed9i dung kinh ti\\u1ebfng Vi\\u1ec7t<\\\/p><ul><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-2\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">I. Tam Quy (Saranattaya)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-3\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">II. Th\\u1eadp Gi\\u1edbi (Dasasikkh\\u00e0pada)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-4\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">III. Ba M\\u01b0\\u01a1i Hai Ph\\u1ea7n (Dvattims\\u00e0k\\u00e0ra)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-5\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">IV. Nam T\\u1eed H\\u1ecfi \\u00d0\\u1ea1o (Kum\\u00e0rapanha)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-6\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">V. Kinh \\u00d0i\\u1ec1m L\\u00e0nh (Mangala Sutta)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-7\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">VI. Kinh Ch\\u00e2u B\\u00e1u (Ratana Sutta)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-8\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">VII. Kinh Ngo\\u00e0i B\\u1ee9c T\\u01b0\\u1eddng (Tirokudda Sutta)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-9\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">VIII. Kinh B\\u1ea3o T\\u00e0ng (Nidhikanda Sutta)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/21\\\/kinh-tieu-tung\\\/#ftoc-heading-10\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">IX. Kinh L\\u00f2ng T\\u1eeb (Mett\\u00e0 Sutta)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/19\\\/kinh-tieu-tung-song-ngu-viet-anh\\\/\\\">Kinh ti\\u1ec3u t\\u1ee5ng song ng\\u1eef Vi\\u1ec7t &#8211; Anh<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ph\\u1ea7n gi\\u1ea3ng gi\\u1ea3i\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<header><h3>Contents<\\\/h3><\\\/header><p><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/17\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\\\/#ftoc-heading-1\\\">CH\\u00da GI\\u1ea2I TI\\u1ec2U T\\u1ee4NG (KHUDDAKAP\\u0100THA ATTHAKATH\\u0100)<\\\/a><\\\/p><ol><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/17\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\\\/#ftoc-heading-2\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng I\\u00a0\\u0110o\\u1ea1n I \\u2013 NH\\u1eacP \\u0110\\u1ec0<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/17\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\\\/#ftoc-heading-3\\\">CH\\u01af\\u01a0NG II\\u00a0TH\\u1eacP GI\\u1edaI<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/17\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p1\\\/#ftoc-heading-4\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng III\\u00a0BA M\\u01af\\u01a0I HAI TH\\u1ec2<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/17\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p2\\\/#ftoc-heading-3\\\">\\u00a0Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng IV NAM T\\u1eec H\\u1eceI \\u0110\\u1ea0O<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/17\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p2\\\/#ftoc-heading-4\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng V KINH \\u0110I\\u1ec0M L\\u00c0NH (Mangalasuttam)<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/18\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p3\\\/#ftoc-heading-3\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng VI KINH CH\\u00c2U B\\u00c1U (Ratanasutta\\u1e43)<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/18\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p3\\\/#ftoc-heading-4\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng VII KINH NGO\\u00c0I B\\u1ee8C T\\u01af\\u1edcNG(Tiroku\\u1e0d\\u1e0dasuttam<\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/18\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p4\\\/#ftoc-heading-3\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng VIII KINH B\\u1ea2O T\\u00c0NG (Nidhikhandasuttam)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ftwp-item\\\"><a class=\\\"ftwp-anchor\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/18\\\/chu-giai-tieu-tung-khuddakapatha-atthakatha-p4\\\/#ftoc-heading-4\\\"><span class=\\\"ftwp-text\\\">Ch\\u01b0\\u01a1ng IX KINH T\\u1eea T\\u00c2M (Metta-suttam)<\\\/span><\\\/a><\\\/li><\\\/ol>\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d7e8bfd\" data-id=\"d7e8bfd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ef33d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ef33d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>[01]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>CH\u00da GI\u1ea2I<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I&nbsp;<\/strong><strong style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">\u0110o\u1ea1n I &#8211; NH\u1eacP \u0110\u1ec0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.&nbsp;<\/strong>[<strong>11<\/strong>]&nbsp;<em>Con xin Quy y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (\u0110\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9), Con xin Quy y Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, Con xin Quy y T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0:&nbsp;<\/em>L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Quy y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 minh ho\u1ea1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (<em>p\u0101ramattha-jotik\u0101)&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>2.&nbsp;<em>Con xin k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 Tam B\u1ea3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<br>L\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh n\u00ean k\u00ednh l\u1ec5.<br>R\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4i d\u00f2ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<br>T\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn1\">[1]<\/a><em>&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7y cao si\u00eau<br>Cho d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cao si\u00eau v\u1eddi v\u1ee3i.<br>V\u1edbi t\u00e0i m\u1ecdn l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3,<br>M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb v\u00f4 t\u00e0i h\u00e8n k\u00e9m nh\u01b0 con.<br>\u0110\u00e2u d\u00e1m ki\u00eam k\u1ebb chuy\u1ec3n giao Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn2\">[2]<\/a><em><br>\u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<br>Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<br>V\u00e0 ch\u00fang con \u0111\u00e2u d\u00e1m qu\u00ean tr\u1ed9m ngh\u0129<br>Ch\u00edn lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn3\">[3]<\/a><em>&nbsp;Thi\u00ean Nh\u01a1n S\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<br>Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady con tr\u1ed9m kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng<br>k\u1ec7 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<br>L\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng cho con chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<br>r\u1ed3i c\u00f2n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0<br>Con nguy\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eafm<br>Ch\u1eb3ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi khen ti\u1ebfng ch\u00ea<br>Ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eaft b\u1ebb hay tr\u00e1ch m\u1eafng tha nh\u00e2n:<br>Ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u2018R\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4i ba d\u00f2ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, t\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y cao si\u00eau. Do v\u1eady t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>4. Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng&nbsp;<em>(Khuddak\u0101ni)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng (<em>Khuddaka-Nikaya<\/em>). C\u00f3 n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Kinh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9, Trung B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<br>T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng<br>N\u0103m b\u1ed9 Kinh n\u00e0y th\u1eadt cao si\u00eau kh\u00f4n v\u00ed<br>C\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf l\u1eabn \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1eddi Kinh<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>5. [<strong>12<\/strong>] Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m B\u1ed9 Kinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 34 kinh m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kinh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng Kinh (<em>Brahmajala<\/em>) l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh (<em>Digh\u0101-Nik\u0101ya),&nbsp;<\/em>152 kinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Kinh&nbsp;<em>M\u016blapariy\u0101ya&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Trung b\u1ed9 Kinh<em>&nbsp;(Majjhima- Nikaya), 7762&nbsp;<\/em>kinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Kinh&nbsp;<em>Oghatarana<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh (<em>Samyutta-Nikaya<\/em>), 9557 b\u00e0i Kinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Kinh&nbsp;<em>Cittapariy\u0101d\u0101nasutta<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng (<em>Khuddaka-Nikaya<\/em>) g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m trong b\u1ed1n B\u1ed9 Kinh tr\u00ean. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ee5ng (<em>Khuddakhapatha<\/em>) Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa (<em>Dhamapada<\/em>) Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Thuy\u1ebft (<em>Udana<\/em>) Nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft (<em>Itivuttaka<\/em>) v\u00e0 Kinh t\u1eadp (<em>Suttanipata<\/em>) Thi\u00ean Cung S\u1ef1 (V<em>im\u0101navatthu)&nbsp;<\/em>Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ec9 S\u1ef1 (<em>Petavatthu),&nbsp;<\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o T\u0103ng K\u1ec7&nbsp;<em>(Ther\u0101g\u0101tha)&nbsp;<\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Ni K\u1ec7 (<em>Therig\u0101th\u0101)&nbsp;<\/em>Kinh B\u1ed5n Sanh (<em>J\u0101taka)&nbsp;<\/em>Xi\u1ec3n Minh (<em>Niddisa)&nbsp;<\/em>V\u00f4 Ng\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1o (<em>Patisambhid\u0101magga)&nbsp;<\/em>Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Kinh<em>&nbsp;(Apad\u0101na),&nbsp;<\/em>Ph\u1eadt T\u00f4ng (<em>Buddhavamsa)&nbsp;<\/em>H\u1ea1nh T\u1ea1ng (<em>Cariy\u0101pitaka)&nbsp;<\/em>T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt&nbsp;<em>(Vinaya-Pitaka)<\/em>&nbsp;T\u1ea1ng Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (<em>Abhidhamma-Pitaka)<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn4\">[4]<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>6. T\u1ea1i sao ta l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng? V\u00ec tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ef1ng (home) r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh nh\u00e1nh Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf (<em>Dhamma)&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Kinh (Collection \u2013&nbsp;<em>Nikayas<\/em>) tr\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed theo ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p trong c\u1ea3 hai tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y theo \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0, \u201cH\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 Kinh n\u00e0o duy nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u01a1i k\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00fac sanh\u201d, (<em>S. iii. 152<\/em>) v\u00e0 theo nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi phi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201c<em>Ponikink\u0101yo Cikkhallikanik\u0101yo\u201d&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>7.&nbsp;<\/em>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i trong Kinh t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 kinh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00edn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Tam Quy, Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi, Ba M\u01b0\u01a1i Hai Th\u1ec3, Nam T\u1eed H\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1o, Kinh \u0110i\u1ec1m L\u00e0nh, Kinh Ch\u00e2u B\u00e1u, Kinh Ngo\u00e0i B\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng, Kinh B\u1ea3o T\u00e0ng, Kinh L\u00f2ng T\u1eeb. Nh\u01b0ng Kinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo nh\u01b0 \u2018L\u1ed1i \u0111i\u2019 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng Kinh T\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed9c Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o do d\u00f2ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do ch\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>8. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec [th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean] ch\u00ednh l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00ecm song ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t,<br>Nh\u01b0 Lai chu du h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed,<br>\u00d4i sanh kh\u1ed5 d\u00e0i d\u00e0i ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>[13]&nbsp;<em>\u00d4i v\u1ecb x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5y;<br>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng x\u00e2y ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o r\u00e1o tr\u1ecdi,<br>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n tay c\u0169ng theo nhau h\u01b0 n\u00e1t;<br>C\u1ea3 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2n d\u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u00e0n phai<br>T\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u00f4i gi\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc V\u00f4 Vi<br>V\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c.<br>(Dh. 153-4)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 c\u1eb7p k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y; nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 trong t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1t ra l\u1eddi&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn6\">[6]<\/a>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e2u ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i ra b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh<br>v\u1edbi c\u00e1c B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn7\">[7]<\/a><em>&nbsp;nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa<br>N\u1ed7i nghi ti\u00eau tan khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i.<br>M\u1ed7i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<br>(Vin.1, 2; Ud. 1)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110O\u1ea0N II &#8211; TAM QUY Y<br>(<em>Saranattayam)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>9. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ch\u00edn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Buddham saranam gacch\u0101mi. Dhammam saranam gacch\u0101mi. Sangham saranam gacch\u0101mi [Dutiyam pi&#8230;. Tatiyam pi&#8230;.gacch\u0101mi]&nbsp;<\/em>Con Quy Y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Con Quy Y Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Con Quy Y T\u0103ng. [l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai&#8230;.. l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba&#8230;&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>10. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Do ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao,<br>Ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tam Quy y n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n?r\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i sao<br>Ta th\u1ed1t l\u00ean l\u1eddi ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<br>M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3?<br>Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3i ra ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u1eaft h\u1eb3n t\u1ed1t.<br>\u0111\u00e2y ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd n\u00f3i<br>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa<br>\u2018\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u2019 \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u1edbi ch\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a\u2019<br>L\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m hay kh\u00f4ng, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<br>\u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m, ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i<br>C\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<br>C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i song h\u00e0nh.<br>L\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao<br>Ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang trong Kinh<br>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 Tam Quy c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<br>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n ng\u00f4n.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>11. Trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi: c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: (1) Ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tam Quy Y n\u00e0y? (2)Tam quy y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? (3) Tam quy y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 khi n\u00e0o? (4) T\u1ea1i sao [<strong>14<\/strong>] Tam quy y n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1? V\u00e0 (5) \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t ra ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u (xin \u0111\u1ecdc \u00a78) th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>12. (1)&nbsp;<em>Do ai c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1?&nbsp;<\/em>Tam quy y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecb ti\u00ean tri n\u00e0o hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>13. (2)&nbsp;<em>\u1ede t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u?&nbsp;<\/em>T\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh Benares (Ba La N\u1ea1i) l\u1ed9c uy\u1ec3n \u1edf Isipatana Ch\u1ee7 Ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ecda X\u1ee9.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>14.(3)&nbsp;<em>V\u00e0o khi n\u00e0o?&nbsp;<\/em>Khi c\u00f3 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111ang h\u0103ng say gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf gian v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i Yasa \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. (Xin \u0111\u1ecdc Vin. i. 20)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>15. (4)&nbsp;<em>T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady?&nbsp;<\/em>Nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 th\u1ecd c\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau: v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 th\u1ecd c\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng t\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean nh\u1eadn y c\u00e0 sa m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng, r\u1ed3i sau khi s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n \u00e1o m\u1eb7c nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t b\u00ean vai, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng hai tay x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f9i, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u2018\u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed xin quy y Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xin quy y Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xin quy y T\u0103ng\u201d\u2019 (<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 22)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>16.&nbsp;<em>T\u1ea1i sao \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean?&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3 Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c thi Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nam (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi) hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gia nh\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean trong Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng, su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m ch\u00edn chi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong Tam T\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>17. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o: \u2018K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u2018\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u2019, \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018quy y\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>\u201cBuddha\u201d (\u0110\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u0103m u\u1ea9n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n tri, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn9\">[9]<\/a>, theo nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cBuddha\u201d: ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n tri v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh.\u2019 (<em>Nd.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 143;&nbsp;<em>Ps.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 174). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cBuddha\u201d\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>18. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n c\u00e2u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. \u2018Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb khai ph\u00e1 (<em>bujjhit\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019&nbsp;<em>(buddha);&nbsp;<\/em>ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (<em>bodhet\u0101), ch\u00ednh v\u00ec&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1eady ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi \u2018Buddha\u2019: hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y? Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai ph\u00e1 (<em>bujjhit\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;ra ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (<em>buddha).&nbsp;<\/em>Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (<em>bodhet\u0101<\/em>) qua m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng To\u00e0n Tri, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua to\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111ang \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i [<strong>15<\/strong>] n\u1ea9y l\u1ed9c.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn10\">[10]<\/a>&nbsp;M\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb tuy\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn11\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham d\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ng\u00e0i tho\u00e1t v\u00f2ng si m\u00ea, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00ean th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, (m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn12\">[12]<\/a>&nbsp;ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra To\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9; ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u1ed5i (<em>abhuddhi)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. (<em>buddhi).&nbsp;<\/em>Buddha: \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean do cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb7t cho, [do anh ch\u1ecb, hay b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00e0 con ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn13\">[13]<\/a>&#8230; \u0111\u1eb7t cho]; h\u1ed3ng danh \u2018Buddha\u2019 Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t chung cu\u1ed9c, l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn14\">[14]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed to\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c, ngay t\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c [th\u00e2n c\u00e2y] gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.\u2019 (<em>Ps.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 174;&nbsp;<em>Nd.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 457f.) (c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>19. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, [s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 trung t\u00ednh] ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (<em>bujjhit\u0101 saccan\u012b ti buddho)\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi [kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p] l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o (hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft).&nbsp;<em>(avagant\u0101)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c)&nbsp;<em>(avagato)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u [theo nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch] \u2018ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 qua m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019&nbsp;<em>(bodhet\u0101 paj\u0101y\u0101 ti buddho)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch [n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p] m\u1ed9t \u2018ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o l\u00e1 c\u00e2y\u2019 (<em>pannasos\u0101 v\u0101t\u0101)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018l\u00e1 kh\u00f4\u2019 (<em>pannasis\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn15\">[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>20. D<\/em>o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng to\u00e0n tri ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. \u2019\u00dd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (<em>buddhi)&nbsp;<\/em>do c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra (<em>bujjhana)&nbsp;<\/em>to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p. \u2018Do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng To\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019: \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 do vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (<em>bodhana)&nbsp;<\/em>to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p. \u2018Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.\u2019: \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng do b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 cho ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3. \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea9y l\u1ed9c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9,\u2019(<em>visavit\u0101):&nbsp;<\/em>\u00dd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00ec \u0111ang ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y ra&nbsp;<em>(visavan\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn16\">[16]<\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em>r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u1edf r\u1ed9 ra nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i hoa sen v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm. \u2018\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c\u2019 v.v&#8230;: \u00fd mu\u1ed1n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 do ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh (<em>vibuddha)&nbsp;<\/em>do tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea5c m\u00ea ng\u1ee7 do lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean do b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c hay ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u00e2m.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn17\">[17]<\/a>&nbsp;\u201cNg\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 du h\u00e0nh theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u0110\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c\u2019 (<em>buddha)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh (<em>gata)&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh [c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi], v\u00ec [c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb]v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u2018h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh\u2019 (<em>gamma)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra\u2019 (<em>bujjhana),&nbsp;<\/em>gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111ang du h\u00e0nh\u2019&nbsp;<em>(gata)&nbsp;<\/em>khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&nbsp;<em>(gata)&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018To\u00e0n gi\u00e1c\u2019. [<strong>16<\/strong>] \u2018Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 do ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra.\u2019: t\u1eeb \u2018kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u2019d\u00f9ng theo th\u1ec3 trung dung (<em>buddhi)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng theo th\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean do t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u2019 (<em>buddhi bodho)&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019 (<em>buddha)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0i v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u2018kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u2019 (<em>buddhi),<\/em>&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ta n\u00f3i: \u2018mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i xanh\u2019 hay \u2018mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecf\u2019 v\u00ec v\u1ea3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u xanh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi&nbsp;<em>\u2018Buddha\u2019<\/em>: \u2018\u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng danh. . .\u2019 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 [\u1edf tr\u00ean] \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>\u2018Buddha\u2019<\/em>(\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 [n\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i]<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>\u2018Buddha\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u v\u0103n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>21. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb \u2018Quy Y\u2019, v.v&#8230;c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a (tr\u00fa \u1ea9n an to\u00e0n) \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta Quy Y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u01a1i c\u1eady nh\u1edd, vi\u1ec7c Quy Y ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi Quy Y ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng, n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, t\u00e1i sanh [n\u01a1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh] v\u00e0 Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t n\u01a1i h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Buddha); Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang sanh v\u01b0\u1ee3t sa m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o an \u1ee7i cho h\u1ecd; T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 (Sangha) c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc g\u1ed3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 to l\u1edbn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdn; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y n\u01a1i quy y (n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a) c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf Tam B\u1ea3o v\u1eady. Vi\u1ec7c Quy Y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn18\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp;T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (defilement) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 nh\u1ed5 s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng coi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd Quy Y v\u1edbi [\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng] \u0111\u00f3\u2019; \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e2u n\u00e0y l\u00e0: th\u00f4ng qua lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1n t\u00f4i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i\u2019. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u00e0i Tapassu v\u00e0 Bhalluka, v.v&#8230;, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2018 th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i Quy Y Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea7u mong \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i\u2019 (<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i.4), hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Maha Kassapa v.v&#8230;nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTh\u01b0a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. (<em>Ss.&nbsp;<\/em>Ii. 220) hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;<em>Brahm\u0101yu, v.v&#8230; nh<\/em>\u01b0 v\u1eady khi n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean Brahmayu \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i y c\u00e0 sa ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ec1 tr\u00ean vai, dang c\u00e1nh tay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean ba l\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed xin k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xin k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xin k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 Th<em>\u1ebf<\/em>&nbsp;T\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c\u201d\u2019 (<em>M .<\/em>i. 140), [<strong>17<\/strong>] hay t\u1ecf ra t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn cho [v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0] gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n sinh t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Vis<em>&nbsp;.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. iii. \u00a7\u00a7123tt\/tr. 115) hay th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch Quy Y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n quy y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 15). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch Quy y v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>22. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 d\u1ee9t, v.v&#8230;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018D\u00f9 d\u1ee9t hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 r\u00f5. \u201cl\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta ph\u1ea3i Quy Y ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>23. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quy Y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9t quy y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o hai c\u00e1ch: \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9t quy y v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft; lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9t quy y \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m thu\u1eadn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo quy tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh quy y. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u01a1i ho, vi\u1ec7c quy y b\u1ecb Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ea3 hai th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 tr\u00ed, nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 do di\u1ec5n ra b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh, v.v&#8230; nh\u01b0ng n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c quy y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, theo nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u2018H\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea9y ra, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tri ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\u2019 (<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>iii. 65;&nbsp;<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>o. 27). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef cho vi\u1ec7c quy y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c quy y. Khi \u0111\u1ee9t quy y \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n; khi \u0111\u1ee9t quy y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>24. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t, theo nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Ai quy y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<br>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh<br>V\u00e0 khi b\u1ecf th\u00e2n n\u00e0y<br>S\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean (<\/em>D.<em>&nbsp;ii. 255)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, k\u1ebb n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean [th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n] \u0111\u1ebfn quy y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, trong vi\u1ec7c quy y n\u00e0y h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e2m v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh; nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c [v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c] r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 [cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang] \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i dung \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 d\u1ee9t, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>25. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u2018\u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u2019, m\u1ed9t th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u&nbsp;<em>Buddham (thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch) saranam (<\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch)&nbsp;<em>gacch\u0101mi (<\/em>quy y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ec3 xin quy y) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt&nbsp;<em>(Buddham)<\/em>&nbsp;hay ch\u1ec9 Quy Y \u0111\u1ec3 xin quy y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i? V\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3. \u2013 T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? \u2013 V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u2018\u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn\u2019 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed5 t\u00fac t\u1eeb (c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch); v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u sau&nbsp;<em>ajam (\u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch) g\u0101mam<\/em>&nbsp;<em>(\u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch) neti (\u2018<\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn con d\u00ea\u2019).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn19\">[19]<\/a>&nbsp;V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau [<strong>18<\/strong>]&nbsp;<em>gacch\u2019eva pubbam disam gacchati pacchimam disam (<\/em>h\u1eafn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng, h\u1eafn \u0111i (\u0111\u1ebfn) h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y\u2019: S. I 122).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>26. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 trong t\u1eeb \u2018Buddham\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018sarana\u2019. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t trong hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 quy y (<em>Buddham saranam gato) v\u00ec h<\/em>i\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y Quy Y \u0111\u1ec3 quy y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu danh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u2018\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2018.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>27. Tuy nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u2018\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c quy y r\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch quy y t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019&nbsp;<em>(Dh.&nbsp;<\/em>192) ch\u0103ng? \u2013 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u, hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng [\u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng] trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i [v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u00fd] \u0111\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y: \u2018Vi\u1ec7c quy y n\u00e0y th\u1eadt an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn20\">[20]<\/a>&nbsp;n\u00e0o trong ph\u00e1p quy y c\u1ea3, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn quy y Tam B\u1ea3o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u2019; nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn21\">[21]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 xin n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd c\u1eeda Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Quy Y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>28. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Quy Y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp khi c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. \u2018khi \u0111\u1ebfn Quy Y, li\u1ec7u ta c\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5\u2019 (<em>D.&nbsp;<\/em>192) ch\u0103ng? \u2013 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00ec c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean [\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh] n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Quy Y Tam B\u1ea3o (\u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1eadt, Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap g\u00ec cho ta. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady [c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n minh n\u00e0y] kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n. Nh\u01b0 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u2018\u0111ang khi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, Ananda, c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh [th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng] t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i sanh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sanh kh\u1edfi. (<em>S.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 88) [ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec] c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u2018Khi \u0111\u1ebfn&#8230;.v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t\u2019 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta th\u1ea5y trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u2018khi \u0111\u1ebfn quy y n\u00e0y&#8230;.\u2019 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u2018Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd v\u00e0o oai \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c quy y \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c T\u0103ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i khi \u0111\u1ebfn quy y n\u00e0y, v\u00ec th\u1ea5y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>29. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u2018ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c quy y v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean; v\u00e0 [ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00e0y] ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Quy Y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi (ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quy Y, ta ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>gacchami&nbsp;<\/em>(c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018t\u00f4i Quy Y\u2019 vi\u1ec7c suy lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i. \u2013 [v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn qui y v\u1edbi, lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd (quy y) ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.: \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quy y (<em>Buddham saranam ti gacchami),&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ecdi v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho t\u00f4i, [<strong>19<\/strong>] v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Quy Y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1eady nh\u1edd ng\u00e0i, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0i n\u1eefa.\u2019 Ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra (<em>bujjhami)\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn22\">[22]<\/a>&nbsp;ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u2018du h\u00e0nh\u2019 (<em>gati&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u2018Quy Y\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u2019 ra n\u1eefa&nbsp;<em>(Buddhi).<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>30. Trong [tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3] ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam t\u1eeb \u2018nh\u01b0 l\u00e0\u2019 (<em>iti),&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u suy lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u1eefa (xin \u0111\u1ecdc \u00a729). Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>31. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: N\u1ebfu \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>iti&nbsp;<\/em>(\u2018nh\u01b0 l\u00e0\u2019) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn23\">[23]<\/a>&nbsp;v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u2018 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1eafc v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (<em>aniccam r\u016bpam aniccam r\u016bpan ti yathabh\u016btam paj\u0101n\u0101ti: S.&nbsp;<\/em>iii. 57); nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>iti&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf [lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. &#8211; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2u&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn24\">[24]<\/a>. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? &#8211; V\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a [t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>iti&nbsp;<\/em>(\u2018nh\u01b0 l\u00e0\u2019) \u0111\u00f3] kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>ye ca bhudhan ca dhamman ca sanghan ca sar\u0101nam gato (\u2018b<\/em>\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ebd Quy Y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0\u2019:&nbsp;<em>Dh.&nbsp;<\/em>190) ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>iti&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>iti&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o khi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>iti&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>32. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0&nbsp;<em>Anuj\u0101n\u0101mi bhikkhave imehi t\u012bhi s\u0101nagamanehi pabbajjam&nbsp;<\/em>(h\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 vi T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, ta cho ph\u00e9p [xu\u1ea5t gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch] Quy Y Tam B\u1ea3o\u2019n\u00e0y&nbsp;<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 22) \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u2018ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn\u2019, th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, \u2018vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i quy y (n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a) nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111i (\u00a729) th\u00ec v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a hay sao. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2u. \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? \u2013 V\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m; v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn25\">[25]<\/a>&nbsp;[lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a v\u1ebft nh\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>33. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y theo [\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ea1ch ra trong l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh] \u2018V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn song h\u00e0nh.\u2019 (\u00a710) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u2018Con Quy Y Ph\u1eadt\u2019 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hai c\u00e2u \u2018 con Quy Y Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018con Quy Y T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u2018 V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai t\u1eeb Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u1eddi v\u0103n. R\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>34. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi [l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0] \u201c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p\u201d (Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf\u2019 (Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p) l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang duy tr\u00ec (dharana) tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111ang l\u00fac ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh. V\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o (\u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef) (<em>vidh\u0101na) cho&nbsp;<\/em>vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ni\u1ec1m an \u1ee7i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Kinh Aggapasada; ta th\u1ea5y ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018H\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. (<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>ii. 34), [<strong>20<\/strong>] v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>35. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng (<em>sam\u016bha)&nbsp;<\/em>bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc B\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sa m\u00f4n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0. T\u1ea1i v\u00ec do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p (<em>sanghatatt\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft \u2018H\u1ee1i Ananda, nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ra l\u00e0m sao? C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y sau khi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, b\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, b\u1ed1n Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, b\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, n\u0103m quy\u1ec1n, n\u0103m l\u1ef1c, b\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o: con c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ee1i Ananda? ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u th\u00f4i, \u1ea5y v\u1eady m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? (<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>ii. 245) V\u00ec ch\u00ednh T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 n\u00e0y [hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i] th\u1ebf n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i Quy Y T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 Kinh g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u2018x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh l\u1ec5. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y (<em>M..&nbsp;<\/em>i. 37;&nbsp;<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 208). \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y khi c\u00f3 ai Quy Y T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 [hi\u1ec3u theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i] th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Quy Y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u1ee9t, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o qua h\u00e0nh vi k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i [c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi] th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ni do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o) hay \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb, hay ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt .<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>36. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n Quy Y v\u00e0 quy y l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u2018V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 song song \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>37. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn [c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng] \u2018ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ecf th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111ang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n\u2019 (\u00a710) T\u1eeb \u2018\u0110\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c\u2019 (\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 tam quy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u2018b\u1eadc t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh (xin xem&nbsp;<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>ii. 34); ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec [Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p] \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u0169ng do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y; v\u00e0 ta cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u2018T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u2018Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 s\u00fay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ch\u00fang sanh\u2019; v\u00e0 \u2018Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp theo ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn [Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p] xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp [Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p] nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch [ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o].\u2019\u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac [ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3] ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u2018l\u00fd do nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1ea1i sao [Tam B\u1ea3o] l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>38. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng: \u2018Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec Tam Quy y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u2019 (\u00a710). [<strong>21<\/strong>] Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng r\u1eb1m; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng r\u1ecdi xu\u1ed1ng; c\u00f2n T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh h\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng r\u1eb1m. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i do M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi xu\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng; Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (defilement) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3; c\u00f2n T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng [s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gieo tr\u1ed3ng] v\u00ec c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i h\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1ng m\u00e2y m\u01b0a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch, l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ng\u1ef1a n\u00f2i, Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u1ef1a n\u00f2i v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ng\u1ef1a n\u00f2i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00eam v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. C\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng dao ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn26\">[26]<\/a>&nbsp;nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee5c thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 cho si m\u00ea, c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee5c thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e3n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn27\">[27]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee5c thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng y \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e0i v\u00ec ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00fap b\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00f9y mi\u00ean phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea toa \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0, nh\u1eefng t\u00f9y mi\u00ean phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ea toa. C\u00f2n n\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ecfi; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con t\u00e0u. V\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edd b\u00ean kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eaby n\u00fai Hy-m\u00e3-l\u1ea1p-s\u01a1n; c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o m\u1ecdc la li\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111au y\u1ebfu v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i gi\u1ea7u sang, Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3 (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>D.&nbsp;<\/em>iii 163) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n. [<strong>22<\/strong>] \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng d\u1ea5u k\u00edn; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kho b\u00e1u d\u1ea5u k\u00edn \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra kho b\u00e1u. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n ban t\u1eb7ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ta kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i; T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban an \u1ee7i; Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u an \u1ee7i; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ee7i v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng. C\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0ng trong m\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0ng trong m\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eafm cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f2n T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eafm trong n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec7m tho ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf ni\u1ec1m tin, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eafm c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec7 kim ho\u00e0n. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c; v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9c tin th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111eo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i k\u1ec7m do c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e1t ra, c\u00f2n T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u g\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia gia t\u00e0i; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 gia t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea7n gia t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9c tin, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n con c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e1 hoa sen \u0111ang n\u1edf; Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt do hoa \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra. V\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n ong \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y m\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Tam B\u1ea3o c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>39. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e2u k\u1ec7: \u201cB\u1edfi ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao.Ta th\u1ea5y Tam Quy y n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n?\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Tam quy y k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>-ooOoo-<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG II&nbsp;<\/strong><strong style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">TH\u1eacP GI\u1edaI<\/strong><\/h2><p><strong><em>(Dasasikh\u0101padam)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>1. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch Quy y. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tu luy\u1ec7n ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu luy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>2.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>[<strong>23<\/strong>]. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<br>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao?<br>\u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chia s\u1ebb<br>Ti\u1ebfp theo sau ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<br>Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi ng\u1edd<br>Do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<br>K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n c\u00e2u l\u1eabn \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00ean trong.<br>Ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t.<br>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi<br>Ti\u1ebfp theo sau, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec g\u1ed3m trong ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi<br>Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 sau<br>Nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3.<br>R\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m<br>C\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<br>l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u00e1t sanh<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn28\">[28]<\/a><em><br>th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eabn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<br>V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch.<br>B\u1eb1ng chi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<br>C\u1ea3 th\u1ecd c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<br>B\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<br>N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u sau c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ed3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<br>V\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i&nbsp;<em>S\u0101vatthi&nbsp;<\/em>trong c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng Jeta, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng gia Kapilavatthu sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ban cho Ng\u00e0i Rahula th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c Sa-m\u00f4n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft: \u2018V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Kapilavatthu nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi Savatthi, v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Savatthi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i C\u00e1nh R\u1eebng Jeta trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng gia Anathapindika. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y,&#8230;.[\u0110i\u1ec1u x\u1ea9y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi] c\u00e1c Sa-m\u00f4n ng\u00e0i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef?\u2019 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng, \u201cH\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c sa di m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc (th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c sa-di ph\u1ea3i tu luy\u1ec7n th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. [<strong>24<\/strong>] \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ta trao cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i: tr\u00e1nh xa s\u00e1t sanh (gi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u01a1i k\u1ec7)&#8230;tr\u00e1nh xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u. . . (<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 83-4)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>4. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y [l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya)] n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2y [l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u2018l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh\u2019 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng Kinh T\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed9c Tam T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n theo th\u1ec3 Kinh nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 tu luy\u1ec7n th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y\u2019 (<em>D.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 63) v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i [l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba n\u1eefa.] theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch: Quy Y [Tam B\u1ea3o] (Ch. I \u00a7\u00a77 v\u00e0 16)\u201d \u2018<em>Con xin th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc tr\u00e1nh xa s\u00e1t sanh&#8230; \u2019<\/em>Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u2018<em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta n\u00ean bi\u1ebft: do ai, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>5. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y hai \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nam l\u1eabn Sa-di th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi tu t\u1eadp c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ed9p \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e1m l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 [th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi] ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nam nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp h\u1ecd gi\u1eef Trai Gi\u1edbi (Uposatha Observance) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Sa-di. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2018nh\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho \u2018m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u2019 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>6. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u2018xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd v\u00ec s\u00e1t sanh. v.v&#8230;lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn29\">[29]<\/a>&nbsp;b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ra, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u00eang k\u1ef5. \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd do qui \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ra.\u2019 \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2018nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd\u2019, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd do qui \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>[1. P\u0101n\u0101tip\u0101t\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi<br>2. Adinn\u0101d\u0101n\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi<br>3. Abrahmacariy\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi<br>4. Mus\u0101v\u0101d\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi<br>5. Sur\u0101merayamajjappam\u0101datth\u0101na veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi.]<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>7. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>con xin th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc&#8230; (veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>8. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1eef c\u00fa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eb9p tan (nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t) m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro nguy hi\u1ec3m (<em>veram man\u0101ti<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn30\">[30]<\/a><em>)&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u00eang c\u1eef (<em>veram\u012b);&nbsp;<\/em>ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf r\u1ee7i ro nguy hi\u1ec3m, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3, v\u00e0 kh\u1eed tr\u1eeb \u0111i, t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft m\u1ed1i r\u1ee7i ro nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh xa kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro (<em>veramani);&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 theo hai c\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y [trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y] c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0,<em>&nbsp;veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam &amp; viraman\u012b-sikkhap\u0101dam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc (sikkhitabba<\/em>), nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tu h\u1ecdc (<em>sikkh\u0101),&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh (<em>pajjate)<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn31\">[31]<\/a>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 (<em>pada);&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sikkh\u0101ya padam = sikkh\u0101padam (<\/em>m\u1ed9t \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft) \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu h\u1ecdc; hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c tu h\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>(sikkha).&nbsp;<\/em>Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh xa l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u [d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean] t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tu h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>veraman\u012bsikkh\u0101padam,&nbsp;<\/em>hay, theo nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>viraman\u012bsikkh\u0101padam Con<\/em>&nbsp;ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (<em>samm\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;gi\u1edbi&nbsp;<em>(\u0101diy\u0101mi),<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 v\u1eady con th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng sai ph\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef cho kh\u00f4ng suy xuy\u1ec3n\u2019 (xin xem&nbsp;<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>iv. 56, tr\u00edch<em>&nbsp;Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>ch. i. \u00a7\u00a744-50\/tr. 51-3).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>9. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m:(<em>veraman\u012b)<\/em>&nbsp;t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa&nbsp;<em>(virati)&nbsp;<\/em>t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vis.<\/em>Ch<em>.&nbsp;<\/em>xiv 1. \u00a783\/tr. 452. [<strong>25<\/strong>] Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh si\u00eau th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch ngay v\u00e0o l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u2018Khi ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh xa s\u00e1t sanh, nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh, ki\u00eang c\u1eef, t\u00e1i ki\u00eang c\u1eef, tha m\u1ea1ng cho nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi &#8230;. (<em>Vbh,&nbsp;<\/em>285). Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u2018con th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u2019\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eadt th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean, ki\u00eang c\u1eef ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi.\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Tu h\u1ecdc:&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: tu h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi, tu h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tu h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ec7. (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. ix. n. 8 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Ps.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 46). Nh\u01b0ng trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ed1 \u00fd th\u00f4ng qua tu h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. v. \u00a7152 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y), nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, thi\u1ec1n jhana s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau \u2018ph\u00e1p tu h\u1ecdc?\u2019 Trong c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed, &#8230;\u1ede v\u00e0o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 x\u00fac n\u1ed5i l\u00ean,&#8230;[\u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1edbt qua xin xem&nbsp;<em>Dhs.<\/em>&nbsp;1]&#8230;c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt: nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc. . . th\u1ebf th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb tu ti\u1ebfn theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1i sanh, ly c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, ly c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t&#8230;thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m &#8230;c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt: nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc v\u1eady? Trong c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. . . c\u00e2u h\u00e0nh phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng&#8230; c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc v\u1eady? Trong c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tu ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n Jhana si\u00eau th\u1ebf d\u1eabn ta tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed&#8230;. l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt n\u1eefa: nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu h\u1ecdc (<em>Vbh<\/em>. 290-1). Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng [th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi] nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch tu h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c tu h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc; v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110ang khi ta tu ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh v\u1eady.\u2019 (<em>S.&nbsp;<\/em>v. 63) v.v&#8230;ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>10. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTi\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t v.v&#8230;ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng qua chi ph\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecd, c\u0103n, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa. Th\u00f4ng qua ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1eefa.\u2019 [<strong>26<\/strong>] v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>11.&nbsp;<em>S\u00e1t sanh,<\/em>&nbsp;tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean; v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u01a1i k\u1ec7 (sinh v\u1eadt) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng quy\u1ec1n, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh ra t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t [sinh v\u1eadt] khi ta bi\u1ebft sanh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u2018ta c\u1ed1 \u00fd gi\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c s\u00e1t sanh di\u1ec5n ra ngay t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u00f4n hay ng\u1eef m\u00f4n v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n di\u1ec5n ra\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>12.&nbsp;<em>L\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho:&nbsp;<\/em>\u2018\u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng cho\u2019 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu [nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n] c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, khi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00e1y n\u00e1y g\u00ec c\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, khi k\u1ebb n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u2018v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm l\u00e0m s\u1edf h\u1eefu cho m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra ngay t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u00f4n hay \u1edf c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea9u m\u00f4n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>13.&nbsp;<em>H\u00e0nh d\u00e2m (<\/em>phi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh;&nbsp;<em>abrahmacariya<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh cao nh\u1ea5t; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u00fd ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p. [S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd] di\u1ec5n ra n\u01a1i th\u00e2n m\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh vi giao c\u1ea5u bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0nh vi giao h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>14.&nbsp;<em>V\u1ecdng ng\u1eef:&nbsp;<\/em>\u2018n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i\u2019 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 che d\u1ea5u \u00fd ngh\u0129a [c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi] \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eafm l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, di\u1ec5n ra ngay t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u00f4n hay t\u1ea1i kh\u1ea9u m\u00f4n, di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t [h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i] h\u00e0nh vi th\u00e2n hay l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>15.&nbsp;<em>C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say<\/em>: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, r\u01b0\u1ee3u b\u00e1nh, r\u01b0\u1ee3u g\u1ea1o, r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 men, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 gia kh\u00e1c. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng hoa, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang m\u1eadt v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee5 gia. (<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>iv. 110). C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t say&nbsp;<em>(majja)&nbsp;<\/em>hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n&nbsp;<em>(madan\u012bya);&nbsp;<\/em>hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t g\u00ec t\u1ea1o g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n, u\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed (<em>matta)<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i (<em>pamatta)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t say. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn ta sao l\u00e3ng c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 (<em>pam\u0101datth\u0101da) ch\u00ednh<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng. Ta g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra h\u01b0 \u1ea3o m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i (<em>madappam\u0101da);&nbsp;<\/em>k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1i ta hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u2018c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn ta c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i\u2019 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u00fd u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang hay nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t say, c\u1ed1 \u00fd u\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra ngay t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u00f4n. (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. v. \u00a7153 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). [<strong>27<\/strong>] \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 n\u0103m gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>16. \u201cTh\u00f4ng qua t\u01b0\u1edbng, v.v&#8230;\u2019: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec sao? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1t sanh l\u00e0 do duy nh\u1ea5t chi ph\u1ed1i n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n hay do k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd v.v&#8230; chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e2y? hay do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111a ph\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y? v\u00e0 [gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p] n\u01a1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp)? Hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u0103ng? Th\u1ebf th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, n\u1ebfu do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh [s\u00e1t sanh] hay b\u1ea5t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t, hay m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, hay khi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n do m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tay m\u00ecnh gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft, hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn sanh m\u1ec7nh (m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu v\u1eady trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t sanh x\u1ea9y ra hay sao? Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, th\u1ebf th\u00ec khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u00e1t sanh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u00e1t sanh duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, hay khi nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb s\u00e1t sanh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ebft hai nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0, Devadatta, Yannadatta, Somadatta, v.v ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n&#8230;th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t Devadatta hay Yannadatta ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 Somaddatta, hay khi m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft do nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tay k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n, hay khi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u sinh m\u1ea1ng hay kh\u00f4ng \u2013 c\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u2013 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb hay \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i, v.v&#8230; nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn32\">[32]<\/a>&nbsp;r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ra sao, v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn33\">[33]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n [m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c] v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v.v&#8230; trong khi t\u00ednh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do t\u00ednh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd trong c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v.v&#8230; trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd trong c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong c\u1ea3 hai hay ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y; v\u00ec theo \u0111\u00f3, khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n do m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, do cung t\u00ean, gi\u00e1o m\u00e1c, v.v&#8230;hay b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m b\u1eaby, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t hay v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, hay b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 \u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t hay b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111a d\u1ea1ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n; v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c do m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt v\u1eady. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p suy lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua [quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, v.v..]<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>17. [<strong>28<\/strong>] \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019: trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p [v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t] th\u00ec s\u00e1t sanh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t [trong s\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9] b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1eafc x\u1ee9.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn34\">[34]<\/a>&nbsp;N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh v\u00ec n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean [ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00f3] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi: h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eady trong khi l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh khi ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y c\u1eafp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hai \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i x\u1ea9y ra r\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 do nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh [trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c] kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t [ch\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i]&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn35\">[35]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>18. \u2018B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u2019 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Sa-di th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, hay c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh khi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chung v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn36\">[36]<\/a>&nbsp;theo nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng khi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n [vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh] n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>19. \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n\u2019 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Sa-di, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng; v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Sa-m\u00f4n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>iii. 1 tt.) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn37\">[37]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i v\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0, khi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u0103m gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ngay sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u2018khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9t duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u201ccon th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 n\u0103m chi ph\u1ea7n\u201d th\u1ebf th\u00ec khi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m th\u00ec c\u1ea3 n\u0103m c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t n\u1ed1t. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra. &#8211; ; nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn38\">[38]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u vi ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>20. \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch.\u2019 Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t, th\u00ec gi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch \u00edt h\u01a1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p con v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch h\u01a1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u00f3c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u00f3c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n; v\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ngang b\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, [c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, sinh v\u1eadt]. Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v.v&#8230;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt [t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i] \u00edt khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch h\u01a1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n.; [<strong>29<\/strong>] v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ngang nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch s\u1ebd k\u00e9m h\u01a1n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0: \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u00edt Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (defilement) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea9y ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t sanh nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt, v.v&#8230;[t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch] c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i do d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i v\u00ec u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t say th\u00ec lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>21. \u2018B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\u2019: trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n: s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng tay, s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng ra l\u1ec7nh, s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng n\u00e9m g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1,s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>22. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u00e1t sanh \u2018b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u2019 V\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tay c\u1ee7a ta. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hay kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3. \u01a0 \u0111\u00e2y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi s\u00e1t sanh, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft [th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3] do c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. V\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00ec c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m hay sau \u0111\u00f3 do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 sau khi gi\u00e1ng c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u00e1t sanh, m\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m k\u00e8m theo v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1ng cho v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1t sanh do c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m th\u1ee9 hai g\u00e2y ra. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu sanh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft do c\u1ea3 hai c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1t sanh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. V\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7: c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>23. M\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh [\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra] th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u00e1t sanh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u2018ra tay gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u2019 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo s\u00e1u c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n.<br>Kh\u00ed c\u1ee5, t\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<br>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e1u ki\u1ec3u \u2018m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh\u2019 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn<br>\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e1t sanh.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>[<strong>30<\/strong>] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra tay. Th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o ban s\u00e1ng, ban tr\u01b0a hay ban chi\u1ec1u. v.v&#8230;v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3, khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, v\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sinh l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn39\">[39]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng hay m\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng hay ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 v.v&#8230; \u2018v\u0169 kh\u00ed\u2019 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e2y ki\u1ebfm, cung t\u00ean, ng\u1ecdn gi\u00e1o v.v&#8230;\u2019T\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i&#8230;c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i hay c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n. \u2018Lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m, c\u1eaft, ch\u00e9m ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 \u2018c\u1ea1o l\u00f4ng\u2019 (l\u1ed9t da) (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>I 87) v.v&#8230; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ebft, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u1ec7nh s\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra l\u1ec7nh.: v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u1ec7nh: v\u00e0o l\u00fac ra l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i sau khi l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u2018th\u1eddi gian\u2019, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;24. \u2018M\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n,\u2019 khi \u2018\u0111\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u00e1t sanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng hay n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u00e2n x\u00e1c hay b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>25. \u2018B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2019 nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby [c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gai c\u00f3 t\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i d\u1eabm ph\u1ea3i, g\u00e0i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c g\u1ea7n ch\u1ed7 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, [s\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang] thu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, hay nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v.v&#8230; m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u00e1t sanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp hay h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi [c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3] hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi g\u00e0i b\u1eaby ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn40\">[40]<\/a>&nbsp;Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u0103ng l\u00ean do thu\u00ea ti\u1ec1n hay mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 thu\u00ea m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t san b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i h\u1ebft hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o l\u1ea5y g\u1ed1c l\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i do m\u01b0a san b\u1eb1ng hay l\u1ea7y l\u1ed9i sau khi m\u01b0a v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111i qua m\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u01a1n t\u00e9 hay b\u1ecb sa l\u1ea7y m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft th\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 thu\u00ea m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady(t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 thu\u00ea), hay t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng ra v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 thu\u00ea l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Ch\u1ec9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y c\u00e0i v\u00e0o n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e0i trong \u0111\u00f3 (t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gai c\u00f3 t\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c] \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i d\u1eb5m ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft v.v&#8230; nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o x\u1ea9y ra s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>26. [D\u00f9ng ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt] l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\u2019 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa, ma thu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>27. \u201cN\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\u2019 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m nh\u1ecdn ng\u00e0 voi, v.v&#8230; nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 ng\u00e0 voi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn41\">[41]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>28. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho)[<strong>31<\/strong>] nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2018b\u1eb1ng tay,\u2019 hay \u2018thi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui th\u00e0nh n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u01b0\u1edbp, r\u00ecnh, m\u01b0u m\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf kusa (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vin. v. 129);&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>29. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m (unchastity) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 do ch\u00ednh tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng do thi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.\u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>30. Th\u00f4ng qua chi ph\u1ea7n; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u00e1t sanh c\u00f3 n\u0103m chi nh\u01b0 sau: ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, [ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi ph\u1ea1m] bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh, t\u00e2m c\u1ed1 \u00fd s\u00e1t sanh, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u00e1t sanh, sinh v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>31.Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 5 chi nh\u01b0 sau: v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c [ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai ph\u1ea1m] bi\u1ebft v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u00e2m c\u1ed1 \u00fd tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>32. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m (unchastity) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n chi: C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u00e2m c\u1ed1 \u00fd d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c (ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi ph\u1ea1m) c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00e2n x\u00e1c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd trong h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>33. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: v\u00ec trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n chi: c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ee3i \u00fd x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>34.Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n u\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t say v\u00e0 khi ch\u1ea5t say \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111ang g\u00e2y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng.Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chi ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>35. \u2018B\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean do kh\u1edfi\u2019 s\u00e1t sanh, l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i. C\u00f3 ba ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: do th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd, do kh\u1ea9u c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd, v\u00e0 do th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd. H\u00e0nh d\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u2018ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u2019 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, v\u1edbi th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd. U\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn42\">[42]<\/a>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>36. \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecd\u2019 s\u00e1t sanh ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5. L\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong ba lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecd n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eady trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i. Hai lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u1edbi th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 th\u1ecd phi kh\u1ed5 phi l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>37.\u2019Th\u00f4ng qua c\u0103n\u2019: s\u00e1t sanh c\u00f3 si m\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u0103n [nguy\u00ean] [<strong>32<\/strong>] tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp v\u00e0 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tham lam v\u00e0 si m\u00ea l\u00e0m c\u0103n [nguy\u00ean]. Hai lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tham lam v\u00e0 si m\u00ea l\u00e0m c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>38. \u2018B\u1eb1ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019 s\u00e1t sanh, l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p; nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn43\">[43]<\/a>&nbsp;D\u1ec5 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng ru\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>39. \u2018B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh\u2019 (<em>virama):&nbsp;<\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n: Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec qua vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3? &#8211; Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. \u2013 Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh theo th\u00f3i quen th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eefa &#8211; c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eefa? \u2013 Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u (\u00a717) v\u1ec1 s\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (xin xem \u00a717). Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng, r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y c\u1eafp v\u00e0 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i; v\u00e0 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u00e1t sanh ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn44\">[44]<\/a>&nbsp;Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho l\u00e0 \u2018n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111ang khi nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i \u0111i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh b\u1ecf qua\u2019 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u2018\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u2019 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n l\u1eabn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; v\u00ec trong b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc, sau khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec7n \u2018c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 tranh?\u2019 khi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u2018nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c&#8230;\u2019 (ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh&#8230;nh\u01b0) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. (xin xem&nbsp;<em>Abhidhamma M\u0101tik\u0101 Triads&nbsp;<\/em>trong<em>&nbsp;Dhs.&nbsp;<\/em>tr. 2) K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i: \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00eang c\u1eef ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t sanh, v.v&#8230; \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, \u0111ang khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m,\u2019 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0: \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u [<strong>33<\/strong>] m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c.\u2019 Ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u2019; [ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i],<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n tu luy\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<br>l\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh,nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i<br>ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea5t T\u1eed<br>l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>40. \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\u2019to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra qu\u1ea3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu [c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh] v\u00e0 [trong nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu] n\u01a1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i ch\u00fat n\u00e0o trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u01a1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra thi\u1ebfu d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v.v&#8230; l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh vi s\u00e1t sanh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng y\u1ec3u th\u1ecd n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018(<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>iv. 247-8) \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea9y ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>41. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, th\u1ecd, c\u0103n, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, t\u1eeb th\u00e2n, t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb kh\u1ea9u c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecd phi kh\u1ed5 phi l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean ta c\u00f3 v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n l\u00e0m c\u0103n nguy\u00ean hay v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si, l\u00e0m c\u0103n nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>[C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng]c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111ang khi ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>42. [C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3] c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao chu vi t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, l\u00e0 t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed7 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh tao nh\u00e3, d\u1ec5 d\u1ea1y, tinh khi\u1ebft, can \u0111\u1ea3m, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i trong s\u00e1ng, b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf gian. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ly gi\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb9p, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft chia l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd, v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>43. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00faa ng\u00f4 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gia t\u0103ng , c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n do nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ecbch bi\u00ean, do tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i, ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129.[<strong>34<\/strong>] chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. viii) \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v.v.. xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>iii. 71, 78) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>44. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do ki\u00ean tr\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0: tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, v.v&#8230;c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 ngon, th\u1ee9c d\u1eady tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u01a1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u thai th\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi n\u1eef, hay v\u00f4 t\u00ednh, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ngay th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ecdi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng lo \u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chia l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>45. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 sau: trong s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, r\u0103ng m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m, kh\u00f4ng l\u00f9n qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng cao qu\u00e1, s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i khi \u0111\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i hoa sen tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1eafng nghe ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, mi\u1ec7ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u01b0\u01a1i h\u1ed3ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh hoa sen, kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed1i tr\u00ed, (h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n) kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i, v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn45\">[45]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>46. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: mau l\u1eb9 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y mai, kh\u00f4ng ngu d\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ng\u1ed1c ngh\u1ebfch, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch do ch\u1ea5t say, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng ghen t\u1ef5, lu\u00f4n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hung \u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u00e1m \u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng keo ki\u1ec7t, v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ngay th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, c\u00f3 t\u00e0m, c\u00f3 u\u00fd, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 kh\u00f4n ngoan, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4n ngoan trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, v.v&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh s\u00e1t sanh, v.v&#8230; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, th\u1ecd, c\u0103n, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>47. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ta \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh n\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra sao.V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, r\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i sao ta l\u1ea1i duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean, t\u1ea1i sao ta l\u1ea1i duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i trong Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>[6. Vik\u0101labhojan\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi<br>7. Naccag\u012btav\u0101ditavis\u016bkadassan\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi<br>8. M\u0101l\u0101gandhavilepanah\u0101ranamandananvibh\u016bsanatth\u0101n\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi.<br>9. Ucc\u0101sayanamah\u0101sayan\u0101 veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi.<br>10. J\u0101tar\u016bparajatapatiggahan veraman\u012b-sikkh\u0101padam sam\u0101diy\u0101mi.]<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>48. [Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean] nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc[<strong>35<\/strong>] \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>49. [\u2018Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019] gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1-h\u1ed9i-d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say m\u00e0 ra, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u x\u1ee9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc x\u1ee9 (\u00a717)c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady do \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>50. \u2018B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u2019: b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Sa-di hay c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nam, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (\u00a718)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>51. C\u00f2n n\u1eefa \u201cth\u00f4ng qua chi ph\u1ea7n\u2019: c\u0169ng v\u1eady, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u00e1t sanh v.v&#8230; (\u00a730-4), c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n chi: trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd gi\u1ea5c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd \u0111\u00fang gi\u1ea5c, th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ng\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n). (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 251) Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>52. [\u201cDo s\u1edf sanh\u201d], v\u00e0 c\u0169ng y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua s\u1edf sanh, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 g\u1ed3m hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, do th\u00e2n v\u00e0 do th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd.(\u00a736) Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0103n u\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>53. \u2018Qua c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd\u2019 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, qua c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, ta c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t trong ba lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd (\u00a736) c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>54. \u2018Qua c\u0103n nguy\u00ean\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham lam v\u00e0 si m\u00ea l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>55. \u2018Qua h\u00e0nh vi\u2019 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t sanh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi trong \u0111\u00f3 (\u00a738) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p hay kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u00e2n m\u00f4n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u m\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn46\">[46]<\/a>&nbsp;ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>56. \u2018Qua ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh.\u2019 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh, do ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa (\u00a739). C\u0169ng v\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng \u0103n sau ng\u1ecd (\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>57. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, qua th\u00e2n, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd, qua kh\u1ea9u, c\u1ed9ng \u00fd v\u00e0 qua th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea9u c\u1ed9ng \u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecd phi kh\u1ed5 phi l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u0103n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n (v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n 42-6). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u2018nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>58. \u2018V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\u2019 R\u1ed3i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.\u2019 (\u00a7 2)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>[<strong>36<\/strong>]&nbsp;<em>\u0102n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd (vik\u0101labhojana)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0103n khi qua ch\u00ednh ng\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eefa \u0103n n\u00e0y (<em>ghojana)&nbsp;<\/em>di\u1ec5n ra khi th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p (<em>anunn\u0101ata kala)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3tr\u00f4i qua (<em>Vitikhanta),<\/em>&nbsp;ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u0103n s\u00e1i gi\u1edd\u2019&nbsp;<em>ik\u0101labhojana).&nbsp;<\/em>Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0103n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>59.&nbsp;<em>Nh\u1ea9y m\u00faa, ca h\u00e1t, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u00faa r\u1ed1i (naccag\u012btav\u0101ditanvis\u016bkadassana):&nbsp;<\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea9y m\u00faa l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i khi\u00eau v\u0169 n\u00e0o; ca h\u00e1t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i ca h\u00e1t n\u00e0o. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i ca nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00f2 m\u00faa r\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u00faa r\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n r\u1ed1i hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ec t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (defilement). T\u1eeb gh\u00e9p&nbsp;<em>naccag\u012bta v\u0101ditavis\u016bka dass\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>nacca ca gita ca vadita ca visuka-dassana.&nbsp;<\/em>V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u2018tr\u00f2 m\u00faa r\u1ed1i\u2019 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng (Brahmajala); v\u00ec trong kinh \u0111\u00f3 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111ang khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ecb sa m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng no n\u00ea nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra th\u00edch \u0111i xem h\u00e1t r\u1ed1i \u2013 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1ea9y m\u00faa, ca h\u00e1t, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean s\u00e0n nh\u1ea9y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn47\">[47]<\/a>&nbsp;ch\u01a1i b\u00e0i ballad, ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c v\u1ed7 tay, ch\u01a1i ch\u1ee7m cho\u1eb9 (simbal), ch\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng, k\u1ecbch c\u00e2m, ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00ea, \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1eebu, ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i, ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i g\u00f5 tre, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i r\u1eeda x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5u voi, \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a, ch\u1ecdi tr\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00f2, \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00ea, \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1eebu, ch\u1ecdi g\u00e0, ch\u1ecdi c\u00fat, \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5u gay, ch\u1ecdi c\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eadt, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, di\u1ec5u binh, t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, thao di\u1ec5n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m (Gotama) \u0111\u1ec1u ki\u00eang tr\u00e1nh tham gia nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n n\u00e0y (D.&nbsp;<em>i. 6)<\/em>&nbsp;hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa: nh\u1ea9y m\u00faa, ca h\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n (visuka) nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea9y m\u00faa, ca h\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c&nbsp;<em>(naccag\u012btav\u0101ditavis\u016bk\u0101n) v\u00e0&nbsp;<\/em>xem bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n g\u1ed3m khi\u00eau v\u0169, ca h\u00e1t, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (<em>naccag\u012btav\u0101ditavis\u016bkadass\u0101).&nbsp;<\/em>Do v\u1eady[trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sau n\u00e0y] trong khi xem v\u00e0 nghe\u2019 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u2019V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 xem nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sai qu\u1ea5y.\u2019 (<em>A.&nbsp;<\/em>iv. 226) \u2018nh\u00ecn xem c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra n\u01a1i nh\u00e3n m\u00f4n, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady nghe c\u0169ng nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>60. L\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea9y ra n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y sau khi ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i do \u01b0\u1edbc ao mu\u1ed1n xem th\u00f4i th\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng, \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i hay \u0111ang n\u1eb1m m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, \u0111ang khi \u0111i v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, khi c\u00f3 Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (defilement) n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u. V\u00e0 ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, nh\u01b0ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>61. [37] Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;<em>\u0111eo v\u00f2ng hoa, trang \u0111i\u1ec3m thoa v\u1eadt k\u1ec7m v\u00e0 d\u1ed3i ph\u1ea5n (m\u0101l\u0101gandhavilepanagdh\u0101ranamanadanavibh\u016bsanatth\u0101n\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;ba t\u1eeb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng hoa (<em>m\u0101l\u0101<\/em>) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ba t\u1eeb \u2018b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u2018\u0111eo\u2019 (<em>dh\u0101rana).&nbsp;<\/em>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u00f2ng hoa (<em>m\u0101l\u0101<\/em>) l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i hoa n\u00e0o.&nbsp;<em>M\u00f9i n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa (vilepana)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thoa [nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u] nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u; v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00f9i k\u1ec7m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9t tan, kh\u00f3i nhang, v.v&#8230; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00f9i k\u1ec7m (<em>gandha).&nbsp;<\/em>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang \u0111i\u1ec3m<em>(mandala)<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0m duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng (<em>vibhusana).&nbsp;<\/em>Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0 khi n\u1ea9y sinh ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2ng c\u00fang nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn48\">[48]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>62.&nbsp;<em>Nh\u1eefng gh\u1ebf d\u00e0i qu\u00e1 cao (ucc\u0101sayana): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c chi\u1ec1u cao cho ph\u00e9p.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i cao&nbsp;<em>(mah\u0101sayana)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p d\u00f9ng [qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn49\">[49]<\/a>&nbsp;cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>63.&nbsp;<em>V\u00e0ng (j\u0101tarupa)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00ed (<em>suvanna). B\u1ea1c (rajata)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n&nbsp;<em>kah\u0101pana, hay c<\/em>\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n c\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>m\u0101saka&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i hay l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>m\u0101saka&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 hay lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n c\u1eafc&nbsp;<em>m\u0101saka&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng trong bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>j\u0101tar\u016bp\u0101jata. (c<\/em>h\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o).&nbsp;<em>Th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn (patiggahama)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t [\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y] nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>64. C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng cao, hay v\u1edbi c\u1ea7n, t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9 cao,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn50\">[50]<\/a>. Thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng trung b\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. v.v&#8230;ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o do tham \u00e1i, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n; ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh khi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng cao c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u01a1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p khi ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh do t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed; ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n do t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1eabn. Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1eabn&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn51\">[51]<\/a>&nbsp;ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh cao c\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o.(boot).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>65. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y L\u1ed9 Tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong s\u00e1u \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e2u \u2018&nbsp;<em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao<\/em>\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc trong b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>-ooOoo-<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III&nbsp;<\/strong><strong style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">BA M\u01af\u01a0I HAI TH\u1ec2<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>l. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n g\u1ed3m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 trong th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, v.v&#8230; b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n trong th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 Ni\u1ec7m V\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n (<em>M.<\/em>&nbsp;Sutta 119);&nbsp;<em>Vis.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. viii). [<strong>38<\/strong>] Khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n nam t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thanh t\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn tu ti\u1ebfn t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u1eeb ra sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 sau\u2018n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u\u2019 khi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tu ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri ki\u1ebfn. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c tr\u00fa, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 minh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u1eady? \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m.\u2019(<em>.&nbsp;<\/em>I. 43). V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2018c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u\u2019 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a n\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. [Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t t\u1eed]. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ebfm th\u1eed &#8230; \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i&#8230; \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i&#8230;. h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i&#8230; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m ra sao\u2019 (<em>A.<\/em>&nbsp;i. 45).v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau \u2018H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u tu ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?&#8230; c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, h\u1ee1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp da b\u1ecdc th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 u\u1ebf nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ra nh\u01b0 sau: [<em>atthi imasmim k\u0101ye kes\u0101 lom\u0101 nakh\u0101 dant\u0101 taco mamsam nah\u0101ru atthi atthiminjam vakkam hadayam yakanam kilomakam pihakam papph\u0101sam antam antagunam udariyam kar\u012bsam pittam semham lohitam sedo medo assu vas\u0101 khelo singh\u0101nik\u0101 lasik\u0101 muttam)<\/em>&nbsp;trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da; th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadn; tim, gan, h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, ph\u1ed5i; ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0, ru\u1ed9t non, b\u1ee5ng, ph\u00e2n; m\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eddm , m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1eb7c; n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, m\u1ee1 l\u1ecfng, m\u1ee7, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn \u1edf kh\u1edbp, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u\u2019 (<em>M,&nbsp;<\/em>iii. 90) v\u00e0 [<em>matthake matthalungam<\/em>] \u2018n\u00e3o trong \u0111\u1ea7u\u2019&nbsp;<em>(<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ps.&nbsp;<em>6-7)<\/em>&nbsp;k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u2018n\u00e3o\u2019 trong \u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau.[trong \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y]. V\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n chi \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>2. Trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.&nbsp;<em>Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y,&nbsp;<\/em>n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau \u2018t\u1eeb g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn t\u00f3c tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0n da \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4 u\u1ebf&#8230;&nbsp;<em>Th\u00e2n:&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e2n ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018<em>th\u00e2n x\u00e1c\u2019<\/em>(<em>k\u0101ya<\/em>) v\u00ec th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4 u\u1ebf.\u2019 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gh\u00ea t\u1edfm (<em>Kucchita)&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, v.v&#8230;l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y. (<em>\u0101ya)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>2. T\u00f3c,&#8230; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e3o:&nbsp;<\/em>to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m t\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ec3 [c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh trong th\u00e2n]. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y: Trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00f3c, c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>4.[<strong>39<\/strong>] Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1eady? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u00ean, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00e0n da bao b\u1ecdc chung quanh, l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc, hay m\u1ed9t pha l\u00ea, hay b\u00ea-rin, hay d\u1ea7u l\u00f4 h\u1ed9i hay g\u1ed7 gi\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng hay ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e2y, long n\u00e3o, b\u1ed9t tan v.v&#8230;tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u00f4 u\u1ebf s\u1eb7c m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 g\u1ed3m t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>5. Hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u t\u1eadp ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn52\">[52]<\/a>&nbsp;[tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c].<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>6. [Khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n nam t\u1eed], v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 thanh t\u1ecbnh xong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh chia ra th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ed3m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. C\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, giai c\u1ea5p, [\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed] [gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda] m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, hay b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng hay tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t, l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vis.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. iii,.\u00a729\/tr. 89). Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y m\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, giai c\u1ea5p, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, danh ti\u1ebfng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt n\u00e0o. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i \u0111ang khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft b\u1ecf t\u00ednh h\u0103m h\u1edf t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt nh\u1ecf nhen&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn53\">[53]<\/a>&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c [ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf] do vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn54\">[54]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i. Theo c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn trong Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn55\">[55]<\/a>&nbsp;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd giao cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u2018Kinh\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018v\u1ea1ch d\u1ea5u\u2019&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn56\">[56]<\/a>&nbsp;hay do v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t hay v\u00e0i chi trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng chi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n sinh n\u00ean l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh [h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n sau khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m quen trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn [\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh] \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>7. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00ean n\u1eafm r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed [\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y] ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111ang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a; [<strong>40<\/strong>] ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed mu\u1ed1n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, [\u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i thi\u1ec1n chi \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft [th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, ch\u1ec9 ra] b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u00f5, v.v&#8230; gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh tham d\u1ee5c, v.v&#8230;v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh kh\u00ed n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>8. Khi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 [b\u1ea3n v\u0103n] \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Khi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>M\u1ed9t n\u01a1i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf m\u1edbi<br>m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<br>m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ao h\u1ed3, hay hoa l\u00e1 xum xu\u00ea<br>c\u00f3 hoa tr\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<br>n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1n r\u1eebng r\u00fa hay c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa<br>n\u01a1i ch\u00fang sanh c\u00e3i c\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n<br>n\u01a1i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh xa x\u00f4i, hay mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh<br>n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p hay thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n b\u1ea1n thi\u1ec1n.<br>\u0110\u00e2y m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u00f4n ngoan<br>C\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eadn cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u0103n ngh\u1ec9<br>C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n ma qu\u00e1i.<br>(Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o, Ch. iv. \u00a7 18, tr. 122-3)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed n\u00ean d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i c\u00f3 n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018V\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 n\u0103m chi l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u? \u0110\u00e2y h\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, (1) m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n [v\u1edbi n\u01a1i lui t\u1edbi kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c] v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n.(2) M\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u00edt lui t\u1edbi v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u00edt ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u1ed3n \u00e0o. (3) \u00cdt ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi con m\u00f2ng, ru\u1ed3i mu\u1ed7i, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 n\u1eafng g\u1eaft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y b\u00f2. (4) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng trong n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1o m\u1eb7c, c\u1ee7a \u0103n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed1c men \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. (5) \u1ede n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u cao ni\u00ean, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, am t\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh g\u00ecn gi\u1eef Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn57\">[57]<\/a>&nbsp;v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cL\u1ea1y Ng\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y? \u0110i\u1ec1u kia mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?\u201d Th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nghi ng\u1edd. H\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an t\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 n\u0103m chi \u0111\u00f3.\u2019 (<em>A.<\/em>&nbsp;v. 15)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>9. Khi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 [li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eefa \u0103n, v.v&#8230;] \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tham d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh trong vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed n\u00ean th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin c\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch suy ng\u1eabm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.[<strong>41<\/strong>] v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>10. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 32 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3y t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>C\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u1eabn nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m<br>th\u00f4ng qua m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<br>\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eabn ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi<br>ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi theo b\u1ea3y c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ho\u1eb7c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e9o&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn58\">[58]<\/a>&nbsp;t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: (1) tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n.(2) kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nhanh, (3) kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm, (4) n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, (5) v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, (6) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, (7) th\u00f4ng qua an ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (v.v..) v\u1edbi ba Kinh \u0111\u00e3 ghi\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu luy\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu ti\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>11. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u201cNh\u00f3m n\u0103m Da\u201d n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadn ngay \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u2018t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng,&#8230; v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 quen, t\u1ee5ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u2018da, r\u0103ng&#8230; v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. [Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5ng kinh n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc to nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Kinh v\u00e0 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u00e2m tu ti\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n. \u0110ang khi t\u00e2m tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>12. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n Nh\u00f3m n\u0103m v\u1ec1 Th\u1eadn c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trong v\u00f2ng n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng, sau khi c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong v\u00f2ng n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m n\u0103m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5i n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed9p c\u1ea3 \u2018b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o\u2019 [ngay sau \u2018ph\u00e2n\u2019] v\u00ec cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i [trong v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o = Patisambhidamagga], tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. (xin xem&nbsp;<em>M.<\/em>&nbsp;i. 185) \u2013 Nh\u00f3m n\u0103m n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng; sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m n\u0103m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u1ee5c m\u1ee1 b\u00e9o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m nh\u00f3m n\u0103m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m l\u1ee5c m\u1ee1 b\u00e9o \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>13. Tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n trong v\u00f2ng s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ti\u1ebfp theo sau v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft trung b\u00ecnh. [<strong>42<\/strong>] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ti\u1ebfn ngay sau khi \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft cao h\u01a1n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>14. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: Nh\u01b0ng ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v.v&#8230;? Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n g\u1ed3m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Nh\u00f3m n\u0103m Da. theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018Trong th\u00e2n n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 t\u00f3c &#8230; [r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 sau:]<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>15. (1) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u00f3 \u2018m\u00e0u \u0111en\u2019 hay c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u t\u00f3c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 qua h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0: \u2018d\u00e0i v\u00e0 tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1ea3i.\u2019. ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f3c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u2018V\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf t\u1eeb tr\u00ean m\u0169i tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01a1i th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1eeb m\u0169i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f3c theo \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau: t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf ngay ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean tr\u00ean da \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1n, ngay ph\u1ea7n g\u00f3c tai v\u00e0 ngay sau g\u00e1y. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ecdng c\u1ecf Kunta tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh hang ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u2018Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u1ecdng c\u1ecf kunta n\u00e0y ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf Kunta m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u00f3c kh\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft. \u2018Ch\u00fang ta xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ph\u1ea7n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt n\u01a1i da d\u1ea7u\u201d \u201cngay ph\u1ea7n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt n\u01a1i da \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u2018T\u00f3c th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u2019 V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u1eabn nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khai b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t, ch\u00ednh do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1eb7c m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u00fai n\u01a1i ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u2019&nbsp;<em>b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi:&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018T\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n da \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f3c, g\u0103m v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o l\u1edbp n\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n da \u0111\u00f3; m\u1ed7i s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 xung quanh c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018C\u00e1c s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t th\u1ec3, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u\u2019 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u theo m\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>16. (2) Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a&nbsp;<em>l\u00f4ng,&nbsp;<\/em>n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.&nbsp;<em>b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u0111en\u2019 hay theo nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.&nbsp;<em>Th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0: l\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y cung n\u1ecf\u2019 ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u2018 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y d\u1eeba cong \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn59\">[59]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>qua \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng,&nbsp;<\/em>ta th\u1ea5y l\u00f4ng \u2018trong hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019<em>&nbsp;\u201c\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 [43] kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m tr\u00ean l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec tr\u00ean to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ecf&nbsp;<em>dabba<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u00e2n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh m\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3,\u2019 th\u00ec b\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u1ecf&nbsp;<em>dabba&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u201cC\u1ecf&nbsp;<em>dabba&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn l\u00e0ng t\u00f4i\u2019 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d. Ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u2019 V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u1eabn nhau, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.[th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1] kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1eb7c m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u00fai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi: m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdc \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp n\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1&nbsp;<em>likkh\u0101;&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn60\">[60]<\/a>c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i da n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 xung quanh m\u1ed7i s\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u.\u2019 \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a da th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>17. (3) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>m\u00f3ng,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9y, v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n g\u0103m v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt\u2019 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00f3ng tay th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>madhuka&nbsp;<\/em>ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh v\u1ea9y c\u00e1\u2019; ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi hai h\u01b0\u1edbng,\u2019 v\u00e0 theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u2018ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n.\u2019 V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>madhuka&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u0169 con n\u00edt trong l\u00e0ng g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y s\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m v\u00e0o c\u00e2y x\u00e0o,\u2019 c\u0169ng v\u1eady m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 madhuka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta.\u2019 C\u0169ng v\u1eady m\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018ch\u00fang ta m\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n,\u2019 c\u1ea3 ng\u00f3n tay v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u00f3 m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n g\u0103m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta\u2019, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u1eabn nhau. M\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. . .\u2019ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0: \u2018ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ranh: ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1eafn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt ng\u00f3n tay ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecbt hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n da m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi qua gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u . v.v&#8230;\u2019 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n qua m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>18. (4) K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>r\u0103ng.<\/em>&nbsp;To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 r\u0103ng g\u1ed3m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai chi\u1ebfc cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 r\u0103ng. V\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a r\u0103ng \u2018g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng,\u2019 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i chai c\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u01b0a. [<strong>44<\/strong>] v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00fap hoa c\u1ed9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng hoa, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 h\u00e0m r\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch c\u0169 k\u1ef9. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p r\u0103ng \u1edf h\u00e0m tr\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 hai h\u00e0m, c\u00f3 t\u00e1m chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf b\u0103ng; k\u1ebf b\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng x\u1ebfp theo b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 t\u00e1m chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ebd l\u00e0m ba, ba ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf ba ch\u00e2n.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn61\">[61]<\/a>&nbsp;Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u0103ng t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfc m\u1ed9t: \u1edf h\u00e0m tr\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n xa r\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfc c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn, hai ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c toa xe g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau; k\u1ebf b\u00ean s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0 voi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00fap hoa nh\u00e0i (jasmine) Ti\u1ebfp theo ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfc \u1edf h\u00e0m tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfc \u1edf h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 hai h\u00e0m v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00e1m chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u1eeda c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t b\u00ed ng\u00f4.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 sau: R\u0103ng m\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u2019 V\u00e0 theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00ec nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng \u1edf tr\u00ean x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9a \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111ang khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u0103ng \u1edf h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean tr\u00ean. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1eafn l\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o b\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft\u2019 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn l\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o l\u1edbp tr\u00ean\u201d c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean t\u00f4i\u2019 l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean t\u00f4i ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady r\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn l\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m tr\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m tr\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay bi\u1ebft x\u00e9t duy\u1ec7t l\u1eabn nhau, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng n\u00e0y&#8230; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo c\u00e1ch&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 sau: \u1ede ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh: r\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u0103m v\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n r\u0103ng g\u0103m v\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m. \u01a0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 xung quanh m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau; nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230;\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u0103ng theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>19. (5) [<strong>45<\/strong>] ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>da.&nbsp;<\/em>Da che ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u00e1c r\u1ebfn d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn62\">[62]<\/a>&nbsp;kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. X\u00e9t theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, da c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng; ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi: v\u1edbi m\u1ea7u \u0111en hay h\u01a1i ng\u0103m \u0111en v.v&#8230; do ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 khi ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 do ch\u00e1y n\u1eafng, hay b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 v.v&#8230;\u2019 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018Da c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u01b0. Nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau\u2019 v\u00ec da bao b\u1ecdc ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 k\u00e9n con t\u1eb1m, da \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc gi\u1ea7y g\u1eafn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean; da \u1edf b\u1eafp ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u01a1m; da \u1edf b\u1eafp \u0111\u00f9i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bao b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00faa; da \u1edf m\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i l\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc; da \u1edf l\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng da s\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n. Ph\u1ea7n da \u1edf b\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng da s\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n lu\u00fdt t\u1ef3 b\u00e0 da ng\u1ef1c th\u00ec h\u01a1n k\u00e9m c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng; da ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1nh tay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng da s\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i bao \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u00ean; da tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u00f4p \u0111\u1ef1ng dao c\u1ea1o hay h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c, da tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng ch\u00eca kho\u00e1; da tr\u00ean c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc kh\u0103n qu\u00e0ng c\u1ed5; da tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7; da \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t. Thi\u1ec1n sinh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn da n\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 da, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec da m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc; r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n da ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n da ph\u1ee7 ph\u00eda sau c\u1ed5,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn63\">[63]<\/a>&nbsp;ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n da c\u00e1nh tay b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n sau, r\u1ed3i c\u00e1nh tay b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn sau c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn da tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i da tr\u00ean m\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn da ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau. [r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn da tr\u00ean ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady], r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n da n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 k\u00edn, da b\u1ee5ng, ng\u1ef1c; v\u00e0 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn da \u1edf h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n da m\u00f4i tr\u00ean. [<strong>46<\/strong>] Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3: \u2018da l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n bao b\u1ecdc to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi mi\u1ebfng da \u01b0\u1edbt. Ph\u1ea7n da \u01b0\u1edbt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec h\u1ebft, \u2018t\u00f4i bao b\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p.\u2019 Ngay c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018 da \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111ang bao b\u1ecdc t\u00f4i.\u2019 Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c S\u1eafc T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3n [g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i bao b\u1ecdc.\u2019 Ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc th\u00e2n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n S\u1eafc T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c da bao b\u1ecdc.\u2019 V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n da n\u00e0y. . . . \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201c\u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i u c\u00f3 ch\u00edn khi\u1ebfu<br>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n da l\u1ea1nh \u01b0\u1edbt ph\u1ee7 bao quanh.<br>V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 r\u00e1c r\u1ebfn \u1edf t\u1ee9 ph\u00eda<br>L\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i lan r\u1ed9ng.\u201d<br>(Miln. 74; Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. vi. \u00a7 93\/tr. 196)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a da b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt hay ph\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecbt g\u1eafn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ta c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 da theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>20. (6) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecbt. Th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ch\u00edn tr\u0103m mi\u1ebfng trong th\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&nbsp;<em>Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u201c<\/em>th\u1ecbt c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf\u201d gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i hoa&nbsp;<em>p\u0101libaddhaka\u2019.<\/em>Theo&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng&nbsp;<\/em>Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<em>&nbsp;\u2018<\/em>th\u1ecbt c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng; v\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a b\u1eafp ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1m \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u00fai \u0111an l\u00e1 d\u1eeba \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 \u2018th\u1ecbt c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00fap ch\u1ed3i&nbsp;<em>ketak\u012b&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u01b0a h\u00e9 n\u1edf.\u201d \u2013 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f9i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u00e1n b\u1ed9t l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p chanh; th\u1ecbt m\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ph\u1ea7n ch\u00f3p chi\u1ebfc l\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1nh; ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt l\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1ng th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t; ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt \u1edf hai b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn64\">[64]<\/a>&nbsp;l\u00ean khe h\u1edf tr\u00ean khung tre l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0, ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt \u1edf ng\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e9t \u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn65\">[65]<\/a>&nbsp;v\u00e0 treo r\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng; ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt tr\u00ean hai c\u00e1nh tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t to c\u1eaft h\u1ebft \u0111u\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ed9t h\u1ebft da.- c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc x\u00fac x\u00edch th\u1ecbt&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn66\">[66]<\/a>;<em>&nbsp;th<\/em>\u1ecbt \u1edf hai b\u00ean m\u00e1&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn67\">[67]<\/a>&nbsp;c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00e2y&nbsp;<em>karanja&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n tr\u00ean m\u00e1&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn68\">[68]<\/a>, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt m\u00e1 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1&nbsp;<em>nuhi<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn69\">[69]<\/a>-; ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt m\u0169i c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 cu\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng; th\u1ecbt \u1edf hai \u1ed5 m\u1eaft c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda qu\u1ea3 v\u1ea3i; th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t l\u00e0o l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbng.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn70\">[70]<\/a>&nbsp;[<strong>47<\/strong>] Khi \u1edbn khi \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec1n sinh ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbt, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt th\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng; v\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ecbt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt tinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i t\u1ea7m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ecbt qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 \u2018th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf hai b\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e9t l\u00ean v\u00e0o h\u01a1n ba tr\u0103m kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e9t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u1ea7y. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng v\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e9t l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng;\u2019 b\u1ee9t t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u1ea7y c\u0169ng v\u1eady th\u1ecbt g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00edn tr\u0103m mi\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft\u201d ba tr\u0103m kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i bao ph\u0169 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ba tr\u0103m kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e9t l\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng ch\u00edn tr\u0103m mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t chung v\u1edbi nhau. v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230;con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>l\u00e0 x\u00e1c s\u00fac v\u1eadt tr\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00edt th\u1ecbt<br>v\u1edbi ch\u00edn tr\u0103m mi\u1ebfng khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<br>Trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n d\u00f2i thi nhau r\u00fac r\u1ec9a<br>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng chia ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa.\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng hay b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 chung quanh c\u00f3 da bao b\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady.\u2019\u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ecbt v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>21. (7) Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>g\u00e2n,&nbsp;<\/em>g\u1ed3m t\u1edbi ch\u00edn tr\u0103m s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 (x\u01b0\u01a1ng) th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, g\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018tr\u1eafng,\u2019 C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 g\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eadt\u2019 \u2013 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u2018g\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng\u2019; v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ee7 t\u1eeb leo, c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc r\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1eaft l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y leo. C\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n lu\u00fdt do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sinhale s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc g\u00e2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n tr\u00ean mu b\u00e0n tay v\u00e0 mu b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00f3ng chim. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u [<strong>48<\/strong>] c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh ch\u00e9o l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i&nbsp;<em>duk\u016bla;&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb trong l\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111an l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. S\u1ed1 g\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1o gi\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean khung th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a g\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0: \u2018G\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 nh\u01b0 sau \u201cTrong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc g\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1ee3i to ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng\u2019 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi tai ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ph\u00eda sau m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean tr\u00e1i; r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1ee3i ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi tai tr\u00e1i ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ra ph\u00eda sau b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1ee3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 ch\u1ea1y sang ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau c\u1ed9t d\u00ednh v\u1edbi ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1ee3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i c\u1ed5 ch\u1ea1y sang ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau c\u1ed9t d\u00ednh v\u1edbi ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng\u2019 to\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n tay ph\u1ea3i, n\u0103m s\u1ee3i ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u0103m s\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh tay b\u00ean tr\u00e1i, v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n to n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u2018n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hay \u2018h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 .\u2019 Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a g\u00e2n theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0: \u2018G\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 da v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e2y leo m\u1ecdc l\u00ean ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y leo b\u00f2 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft; \u2018ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y leo c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u0169ng v\u1eady nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, \u2018ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u1ed9t ba tr\u0103m chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.\u201d c\u0169ng th\u1ebf ba tr\u0103m chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u201cch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u\u201d. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy x\u00e9t v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i do thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan l\u1eabn nhau. G\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Ch\u00edn tr\u0103m s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n b\u1ecdc quanh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<br>N\u01a1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi.<br>Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t chung l\u1ea1i<br>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y leo l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 ba tr\u0103m kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng hay t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u00e0 da v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt bao quanh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2n [<strong>49<\/strong>] b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>22. (8) Ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecf qua 32 x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd (\u00a718), c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 64 chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng tay trong ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 , 64 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2n. 64 x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt. Hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i \u1edf m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2n; hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n, hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng quy\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i; m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i; hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f4ng, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. 24 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn. 14 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ef1c; m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9c, hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5, hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea3 vai, hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh tay, hai \u0111\u00f4i x\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1nh tay&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn71\">[71]<\/a>, 7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5, hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m, m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u0169i; m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e1n, 9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd, v.v&#8230; Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018tr\u1eafng\u2019 v\u00e0 theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng: \u2018x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau;\u2019v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>kataka;&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t m\u00edt; nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u con c\u00f4ng.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn72\">[72]<\/a>&nbsp;X\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m c\u1ee7 t\u1eeb; x\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t c\u00e2y th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t; x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 hai tr\u00e1i banh nh\u1ecf \u00fap l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau; c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n, nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y que h\u00ecnh cung, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng to h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u01b0ng con r\u1eafn s\u0103n chu\u1ed9t.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn73\">[73]<\/a>&nbsp;teo l\u1ea1i do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh&nbsp;<em>khajj\u016brika&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f2n non,v\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c h\u1ebft.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn74\">[74]<\/a>&nbsp;V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf. C\u00f2n x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p xu\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn75\">[75]<\/a>. X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u00e1n r\u00ecu hay l\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdt s\u01a1 s\u00e0i&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn76\">[76]<\/a>. N\u01a1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3 que s\u1eaft nung \u0111\u1ecf&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn77\">[77]<\/a>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec7 kim ho\u00e0n\u2019 [<strong>50<\/strong>] v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i&nbsp;<em>punn\u0101ga&nbsp;<\/em>c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u. Hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn78\">[78]<\/a>&nbsp;l\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec7 g\u1ed1m. X\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eafn quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e9t t\u1edbi b\u1ea3y l\u1ed7. M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y than ch\u00ec, chi\u1ebfc n\u1ecd ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean chi\u1ebfc kia; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c ba ch\u1ed7 nh\u00f4 ra ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a. Trong s\u1ed1 24 chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc li\u1ec1m&nbsp;<em>sinhale&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn79\">[79]<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p c\u00e1nh g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng. \u2013 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng phi\u1ebfn g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc chi\u1ebfn xa c\u1ed5. C\u00f2n x\u01b0\u01a1ng tim&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn80\">[80]<\/a>c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u00eca b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u00e1n r\u00ecu b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i. Chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng n\u1eeda m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0ng sau c\u00e1nh tay (x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu vai) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u1eebu \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n cho l\u00e0 ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f2n h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sinhale th\u01b0\u1eddng hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. X\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 chu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfc chu\u00f4i c\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e1i to. X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y d\u1eeba sanh \u0111\u00f4i. X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y ch\u00ec d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. X\u01b0\u01a1ng mu b\u00e0n tay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m c\u1ee7 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea3i ra. X\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f3n tay ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf; ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t m\u00edt kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng h\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>kataka.&nbsp;<\/em>B\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn81\">[81]<\/a>&nbsp;m\u0103ng tre x\u00e2u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i que. Ph\u1ea7n x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec7 r\u00e8n d\u00ednh&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn82\">[82]<\/a>&nbsp;l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. X\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m tr\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con dao n\u1ea1o d\u1eeba. X\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ed7 m\u0169i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t non \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e9t b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9t. [<strong>51<\/strong>]. Ph\u1ea7n x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn83\">[83]<\/a>&nbsp;v\u1ecf x\u00f2 b\u1ecb b\u1ec3 \u00fap l\u1ea1i. X\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0nh tai (x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u0169m sau mang tai) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng dao c\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 h\u1edbt t\u00f3c. X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ed9t kh\u0103n x\u1ebfp c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng v\u1ecf b\u00e1nh \u0111ang tr\u00ean ch\u1ea3o b\u00e1nh s\u1eefa d\u00ea&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn84\">[84]<\/a>&nbsp;l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i. x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecfm \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 d\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n (nghi\u00eang sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u (chung l\u1ea1i) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng v\u1ecf tr\u00e1i b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 kh\u00e2u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ta. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ta th\u1ea5y b\u1eeba b\u00e3i n\u1eb1m la li\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5, c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu, x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i, x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i n\u0103m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng khuy\u1ec3n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng khuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n th\u00ec \u00f4m l\u1ea5y x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1, v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n&#8230; x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u00f4m l\u1ea5y x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00f2n tay. v.v&#8230; nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean, v.v&#8230; kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c (bi\u1ebft) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi\u2019 c\u0169ng v\u1eady nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u1ed1t. \u2018ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1a l\u00ean tr\u00ean g\u00ec \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ta.\u2019 C\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u201cch\u00fang ta \u1edf l\u00ean tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5; x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u201cch\u00fang ta \u1edf tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng v\u1eady nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0ng, b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u1ef1a l\u00ean tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft c\u00e1.\u2019&#8230; v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau. ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8230;. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng ba tr\u0103m kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00edn tr\u0103m s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n, tr\u00e9t l\u00ean v\u1edbi ch\u00edn tr\u0103m mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn85\">[85]<\/a>&nbsp;da, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1ea9m do h\u01a1i \u1ea9m ch\u1ea1y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, [to\u00e0n b\u1ed9] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1ea9m do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 99.000 l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 tr\u00fa \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c s\u00e2u b\u1ecd; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018th\u00e2n th\u1ec3\u2019 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea5y. M\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u0103ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau do nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i\u2019 [<strong>52<\/strong>] nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y [nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.] ng\u00e0i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng th\u1eadp l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau]<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<br>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n.<br>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00fac n\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0<br>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o.<br>Khi tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1<br>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc xe tu\u1ea5n m\u00e3<br>L\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o di chuy\u1ec3n,<br>T\u1ed5 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e2n tro ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean ph\u00e2n tro.<br>H\u1ebft m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1ng<br>L\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 r\u00e1c r\u1ebfn g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<br>\u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd x\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00e0n phai<br>V\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh tan r\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e0n<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn86\">[86]<\/a><em><br>H\u00ecnh dung t\u00fai x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u00fai x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<br>Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c th\u1ed1i tha g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc<br>L\u00e0m th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y<br>Ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 song.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018[m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i hay ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nhau; nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady. v.v&#8230; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a x\u01b0\u01a1ng theo m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>23. (9) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00e2y ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u \u201ctr\u1eafng\u201d. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tu\u1ef7 theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 sau: tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n x\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean trong. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u00ean trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed3i m\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xo\u1eafn qu\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn87\">[87]<\/a>&nbsp;\u1ed1ng tre. Ph\u1ea7n tu\u1ef7 c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed3i m\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f4i l\u00ean c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng tre; Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng theo&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 sau: t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed\u2019 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u00ean trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u1ed1ng tre, v.v&#8230;c\u1ee5c s\u1eeda \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018ch\u00fang ta n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong \u1ed1ng tre, v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng tre \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u1ee5c s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta,\u2019v.v&#8230; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u2018t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang t\u00f4i,\u2019 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1eabnnhau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 . . .con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau: tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng [<strong>53<\/strong>] v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ranh gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady v.v&#8230; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tu\u1ef7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>24. (10) Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1eadn: th\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai qu\u1ea3 [th\u1ecbt] n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u2018m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf x\u1eabm\u2019 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>p\u0101libhaddaka\u2019,&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau; th\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng c\u00e1c trai l\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01a1i &#8211; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 hai qu\u1ea3 so\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m.- \u2018v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ta th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai b\u00ean th\u1ecbt tim, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi hai s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p qu\u1ea3 so\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u2018t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m v\u1edbi nhau,\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00f9m so\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. \u2018hai qu\u1ea3 so\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.\u2019 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1i th\u1eadn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc\u2019 s\u1ee3i g\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201c qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i c\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 . . . m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 sau th\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v.. \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i th\u1eadn theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>25 (11) Ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>tim,&nbsp;<\/em>tr\u00e1i tim \u1edf b\u00ean trong s\u1eafc th\u00e2n , c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng c\u00e1nh hoa sen \u0111\u1ecf.\u2019 C\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00fap hoa sen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh hoa b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn88\">[88]<\/a>&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>punn\u0101ga&nbsp;<\/em>c\u1eaft \u0111i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u; ph\u1ea7n ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb5n nh\u1ee5i v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>kosatak\u012b<\/em>&nbsp;(qu\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1edbp =loofah-guord). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec tim n\u1edf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u00edt hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ec tim v\u1eabn m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ee5 hoa. Tr\u1eeb s\u1eafc trong \u0111\u00f3 tim ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd gi\u1edbi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn89\">[89]<\/a>&nbsp;Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;<em>pasata.<\/em>[<strong>54<\/strong>] m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh tham d\u1ee5c th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f2n k\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh s\u00e2n h\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u0111en, ai c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh hay si m\u00ea m\u00e1u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda th\u1ecbt, ai c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh t\u1ea7m m\u00e1u m\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1ng s\u00fap \u0111\u1eadu l\u0103ng (lentil), c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edn th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u hoa&nbsp;<em>kanik\u0101ra (<\/em>m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng) v\u00e0 ai c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u trong tr\u1ebbo, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 pha l\u00ea, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng n\u1eefa.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00e1i tim theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 \u2018tim h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng;\u2019 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\u2019 tim n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai v\u00fa, b\u00ean trong th\u1ec3.\u2019 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thanh song gi\u1eefa hai c\u1eeda s\u1ed5&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn90\">[90]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa hai c\u1eeda s\u1ed5.\u201d C\u0169ng v\u1eady nh\u1eefng song c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thanh song n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1i tim c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf ch\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa hai v\u00fa.\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hai chi\u1ebfc v\u00fa ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u2018c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thanh song \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai ch\u00fang ta.\u2019 V\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau . Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00e1i tim b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>26. (12) Ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hai c\u1ee5c th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gan, n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018\u0111\u1ecf th\u1eabm\u2019 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh hoa sen tr\u1eafng\u2019. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gan c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u2018m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u00e2y&nbsp;<em>kovil\u0101ra&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p th\u00ec gan ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t to. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec gan c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn hai ba l\u00e1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gan theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gan n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, ph\u00eda b\u00ean trong hai v\u00fa. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee5c th\u1ecbt d\u00ednh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ea3o chi\u00ean; c\u1ee5c th\u1ecbt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc ch\u1ea3o chi\u00ean.\u2019 C\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfc ch\u1ea3o chi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c th\u1ecbt g\u1eafn v\u00e0o b\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u2019Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, gan c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018t\u00f4i \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a hai v\u00fa.\u2019 Ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i trong hai v\u00fa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 gan \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh.\u2019 V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u2018gan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nhau; nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>27 (13) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4,&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e2n x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che d\u1ea5u c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018tr\u1eafng\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>duk\u016bla (v\u1ea3i m\u00fat-lin).<\/em>&nbsp;Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 ho\u00e0nh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 to\u1ea1 l\u1ea1c. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 hai ph\u00eda. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 \u1edf g\u1ea7n tim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che khu\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m xung quanh tim v\u00e0 th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n che d\u1ea5u ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ecbt c\u00f3 l\u00e0m da che d\u1ea5u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh g\u00ec co ho\u00e0nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ebb trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ecbt bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018c\u00f3 th\u1ecbt bao b\u1ecdc quanh t\u00f4i.\u2019 C\u1ea3 th\u1ecbt c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u2018m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 bao quanh t\u00f4i.\u2019 C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c tim, th\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0m da n\u01a1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc trong t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady c\u1ea3 tim th\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0n da n\u01a1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u2018c\u00f3 ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 bao b\u1ecdc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau, th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 \u2018(ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt, tr\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u00e0n da v\u00e0 chung quanh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nhau. c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 qua m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>28. (14) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u2018h\u01a1i xanh\u2019 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7u hoa&nbsp;<em>niggundi&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 h\u00e9o.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u2018l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e0i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3y ng\u00f3n tay. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1c con.\u2019 Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec l\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e1ch n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 tim. V\u00e0 khi l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ed9t ra ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho th\u00f3c, c\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018 t\u00f4i n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho th\u00f3c.\u2019 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a kho th\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 l\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n b\u00ean t\u00f4i\u2019. V\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u201cT\u00f4i n\u1eb1m \u1edf g\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng\u2019 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean b\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u1ed1t \u2018 c\u00f3 l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ea1nh t\u00f4i\u2019 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230;..m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 [<strong>56<\/strong>]\u2019 l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. v.v&#8230; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>29. (15) Ti\u1ebfp theo ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c l\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i. L\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m hai ba mi\u1ebfng.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn91\">[91]<\/a>&nbsp;Theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00ec ph\u1ed5i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>undumbara&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn nh\u0169n. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5i theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ph\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh d\u1ea7y c\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ph\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng ng\u00f3i l\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 b\u1ec3 v\u1ee5n \u2013 v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebbo v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00ean trong, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u01a1m kh\u00f4, v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecb s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng. \u2018Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 sau\u2019 ph\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau: ph\u1ed5i n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e2n x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea7u v\u00fa, treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng v\u00e0 che ph\u1ee7 tim v\u00e0 gan. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 chim treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i treo b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 k\u1ef9\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ean trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 k\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ed5 chim \u0111ang treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng trong t\u00f4i\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady hai l\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang treo b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i b\u00ean trong gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea7u v\u00fa.\u2019 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hai b\u1ea7u v\u00fa b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft \u201chai l\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i \u0111ang treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng tr\u00ean t\u00f4i\u201d; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hai l\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f2n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady.\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5i theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>30. (16) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 d\u00e0i qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai gang tay n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m gang n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. V\u00e0 th\u1eaft l\u1ea1i \u1edf hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ch\u1ed7 th\u1eaft. Ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ea7u c\u00e1t c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4i.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn s\u0103n chu\u1ed9t v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cu\u1ed9n tr\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1ng nh\u00e0o b\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e1u\u2019 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ru\u1ed9t c\u00f3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u2018ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t b\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 tho\u00e1t ph\u00e2n ra ngo\u00e0i, (rectum) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n ra ngo\u00e0i. [<strong>57<\/strong>] v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c con r\u1eafn s\u0103n chu\u1ed9t b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e1u\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e1u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u2018m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c con r\u1eafn s\u0103n chu\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong t\u00f4i\u2019 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec h\u01a1n \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c.\u2019 B\u00ean trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng u ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong t\u00f4i.V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau. ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 . . . m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau \u2018ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0; nh\u01b0ng qua ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v.. \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0 ru\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>31. (17) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9t (non) c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ru\u1ed9t (gi\u00e0) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ec5&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn92\">[92]<\/a>&nbsp;hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.- m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9t non c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0&nbsp;<em>gomutta\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn93\">[93]<\/a><em>&#8211;&nbsp;<\/em>theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018ru\u1ed9t non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 v\u00e0 theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau \u2018n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t kh\u00fac ru\u1ed9t non. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y th\u1eebng lau ch\u00e2n may l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t th\u1eaft g\u00fat l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cho kh\u1ecfi tu\u1ed9t xu\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y. v.v&#8230;gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m l\u00e0m cho tay ch\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang k\u00e9o h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e2u s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eeda\u00a8 ch\u00e2n s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00e2u nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eeda ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau d\u00e2y th\u1eebng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y kh\u00e2u t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau\u2019 c\u0169ng v\u1eady ru\u1ed9t non c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9t ru\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t kh\u00fac\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u2018ru\u1ed9t non c\u1ed9t t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i\u2019 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 . . .m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1edbi ru\u1ed9t non, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady.v.v&#8230; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ru\u1ed9t non th\u00f4ng qua m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>32. (18) Ti\u1ebfp theo ta b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u2018v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o trong b\u1ee5ng\u2019 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t l\u1ecfng l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc v\u1ea3i l\u1ecdc\u2019 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed[<strong>58<\/strong>] n\u1eb1m trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y\/v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0ng ru\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00fai kh\u00ed c\u0103ng ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o khi ta v\u1eaft n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1eaft t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb5n nh\u1ee5i trong khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u00ean trong l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn94\">[94]<\/a>&nbsp;b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb v\u1ea5y b\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bao g\u00f3i l\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt th\u1eeba trong \u0111\u00f3. \u2013m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 m\u00edt b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i &#8211; . \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 gi\u00f2i b\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng trong x\u00f4n xao. C\u00f3 t\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd gi\u00f2i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u00f2i tr\u00f2n, gi\u00f2i l\u00e0m x\u01b0ng l\u00ean. Gi\u00f2i \u0111\u1ee5c th\u00e2n d\u1eeba. Gi\u00f2i c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng kim, gi\u00f2i ch\u1ec9 v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn95\">[95]<\/a>&nbsp;khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v.v&#8230;hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang nh\u1ea9y l\u00ean k\u00eau r\u00edt l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5m b\u1ed5 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a tim; v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng, v.v&#8230;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u1ed1t xu\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1edbi m\u1ecf gi\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean cao v\u00e0 b\u00f2 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed9p l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u1eeba nu\u1ed1t xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb, nh\u00e0 x\u00ed b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u00e3i tha ma c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn gi\u00f2i n\u00e0y. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u01b0a to v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1n theo v\u00e0o trong h\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e2n ngay c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng hoang v\u1eafng. \u2013 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i r\u00e1c r\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n th\u00fa v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1i, ph\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng da th\u1ed1i hay x\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, m\u00e1u, v.v&#8230;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn96\">[96]<\/a>&nbsp;tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi b\u00f9n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00f2i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u1ea1y men, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng l\u00ean. S\u00f9i b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 bong b\u00f3ng \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ed5i sang m\u1ea7u \u0111en. V\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u1ed1i um l\u00ean v\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f9i v\u1ecb t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, [d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7] s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng v.v&#8230; r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t ra do nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng gi\u00e3 nh\u00e1t ra v\u00e0 do b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng hoa quy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 v.v&#8230; v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nh\u00e3o&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn97\">[97]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>koleyya&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00f4n m\u1eeda c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c say n\u01a1i ch\u1ea5t m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gom l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean men v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, l\u00e0m s\u00f4i l\u00ean c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00f2i b\u1ecd kia, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 bong b\u00f3ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n chu\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i tha v\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00f4n m\u1eeda, [<strong>59<\/strong>] ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn98\">[98]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fat h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3.v.v&#8230; ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft am t\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Khi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n s\u1ebd chia ra th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: c\u00e1c gi\u00f2i b\u1ecd nh\u1eafm m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong d\u1ea1 d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00e1u, th\u1ecbt v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00f4n m\u1eeda c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong m\u00e1ng \u0103n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u2018t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u00e1ng \u0103n c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3.\u2019 C\u1ea3 c\u00e1i m\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201c ch\u1ea5t m\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong m\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong d\u1ea1 d\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 th\u1ed1i tha.\u2019\u2019 C\u1ea3 d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ee5ng t\u00f4i\u201d; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i&#8230; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nhau, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng; nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230;\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng theo m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>33. (19) K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn \u2018<em>ph\u00e2n\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>hay \u2018<em>\u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. Theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u2018c\u1ee9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng\u2019 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, \u2018h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 trong b\u1ee5ng\u2019 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u2018th\u00ec ph\u00e2n n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea1\u201d v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau \u2018 ph\u00e2n n\u1eb1m trong ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n (tr\u1ef1c tr\u00e0ng). Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i ru\u1ed9t non, \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa r\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m gang tay chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng tre; v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 cao ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, v.v&#8230; sau khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ninh nh\u1eeb l\u00ean do l\u1eeda n\u00f3ng trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ec1n m\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y phun n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea3y qua l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng xu\u1ed1ng ru\u1ed9t non, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb n\u00e9n l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t m\u1ea7u n\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed3i v\u00e0o trong \u1ed1ng tre. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed3i v\u00e0o trong \u1ed1ng tre v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft. \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng tre\u2019 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf \u1ed1ng tre c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018\u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t n\u00e2u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed3i v\u00e0o trong t\u00f4i.\u2019 C\u0169ng th\u1ebf ph\u00e2n [<strong>60<\/strong>] kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau ho\u00e1 th\u1ee9c \u0103n,\u2019 ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201c Ph\u00e2n \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u1ed1i\u201d v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0. . . m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau \u2018ph\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; nh\u01b0ng khi ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ta l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>34. (20) Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u00e3o n\u1eb1m trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1eafc th\u00e2n \u1edf b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p n\u00e3o. V\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng, l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng n\u1ea5m d\u00f9 \u2013 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn99\">[99]<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o \u2013 \u2018gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o\u2019. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec n\u00e3o n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng cao nh\u1ea5t.\u2019v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u2018n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n mi\u1ebfng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9t nh\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t chung v\u1edbi nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9t nh\u00e3o \u2013 hay m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u2018m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9t nh\u00e3o \u2013 hay c\u1ee5c s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong t\u00f4i\u2019 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u2018n\u00e3o \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong t\u00f4i\u2019 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau., ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t . . .con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e3o theo ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau \u201cn\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 n\u00e3o; nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady v.v&#8230;\u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e3o theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>35. (21) Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eadt c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u1eadt t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 m\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u2018m\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c&nbsp;<em>madhuka \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 m\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc hoa<em>&nbsp;\u0101kul\u012b&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn100\"><strong>[100]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u2019 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u2018m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1eadt theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau \u2018m\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n \u2018n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u trong v\u0169ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n da \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4 l\u1ea1i. L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u1eadt, khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 ra, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1eaft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1eaft cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ee9 chi run r\u1ea9y v\u00e0 ng\u1ee9a ng\u00e1y\u2019 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt nh\u01b0 sau [<strong>61<\/strong>] n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n gan gi\u1eefa tim v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00fai m\u1eadt, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t&nbsp;<em>kos\u0101tak\u012b (b\u1ea7u m\u01b0\u1edbp)&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf, lo\u1ea1i m\u1eadt n\u00e0y, khi b\u1ecb s\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u00ean d\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri v\u00e0 m\u1eafc c\u1edf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m, n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u loang tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c t\u00f4i \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y loang tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u2018D\u1ea7u loang tr\u00ean t\u00f4i\u201d c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, m\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp th\u00e2n x\u00e1c\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady th\u00e2n x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i m\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ea7n tr\u00ean t\u00f4i\u201d v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ch\u1ea3y trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00f4i n\u1eb1m trong v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a \u0111ang ch\u1ee9a trong t\u00f4i\u201d c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, m\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c;\u2019t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong t\u00fai m\u1eadt\u201dv\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00fai m\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u201cm\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong t\u00f4i\u201d v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thi\u1ebfu suy lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&#8230;.con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1eadt theo ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau \u201c m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eady.\u2019 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1eadt theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>36. (22) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>\u0111\u00e0m.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0110\u00e0m n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y, v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>m\u00e0u s\u1eafc,<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018tr\u1eafng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t tr\u00e1i v\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>kacchaka\u2019,&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng,<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u2018gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb; v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>, \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>v\u1ecb tr\u00ed&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00f3 \u201cn\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y,\u2019 v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt, v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u00e1ng xanh xanh n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch ra khi ta l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc que hay c\u00e2y roi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f2 khu\u1ea5y l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1edbp v\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ecfa lan ra. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ta d\u00f9ng b\u1eefa.v.v&#8230; khi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng v.v&#8230; r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i chia t\u00e1ch r\u1ed3i lan to\u1ea3 ra kh\u1eafp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1 d\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu, t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gh\u00ea t\u1edfm kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n th\u00fa v\u1eadt, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t \u0111inh nh\u1ecdt ch\u00edn m\u00f9i v\u1ee1 ra ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u00f9i tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0 th\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i khi b\u1ea1n \u1ee3 ra, mi\u1ec7ng s\u1eb7c m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft: b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111i ra n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec h\u01a1n v\u00ec m\u00f9i h\u01a1i k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n gh\u00ea t\u1edfm qu\u00e1,\u2019 [<strong>62<\/strong>] Nh\u01b0ng khi m\u00f9i ph\u00e2n h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u1eafp h\u1ed1 x\u00ed. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1ng h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf trong h\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf trong h\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u\u201d h\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u00e1ng h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i \u0111ang b\u00e1m tr\u00ean t\u00f4i,\u201d v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng hay bi\u1ebft. \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111ang b\u00e1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y.\u201d K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u1ed1t, \u201cC\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i \u0111ang b\u00e1m tr\u00ean t\u00f4i\u201d; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 . . .m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 theo&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh,<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018\u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u,v.v&#8230; \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>37. (23) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn<em>&nbsp;m\u1ee7,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ee7 c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>m\u00e0u s\u1eafc,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ee7 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u2018t\u00e1n l\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea9y tr\u1eafng,\u2019 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018m\u1ee7 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u01a1i m\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb\u2019 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng,<\/em>&nbsp;ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ee7 \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1)\u2019 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed&nbsp;<\/em>\u2018m\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ta; n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u00e1u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ed1i tha tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea5p t\u00e9 do \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, d\u1eabm ph\u1ea3i gai, b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng do l\u1eeda g\u00e2y ra.v.v&#8230; ho\u1eb7c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ung nh\u1ecdt ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m ung nh\u1ecdt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee7 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft dao hay r\u00ecu ch\u00e9m tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00f4i (ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee7) \u0111ang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e2y ngay \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e2y\u2019 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefug v\u1ebft b\u1eb1m v\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee7 (g\u00f4m) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u201d C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eady, m\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111ang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e2y kia do v\u1ea5p ch\u00e2n, nh\u1ea7m ph\u1ea3i gai v.v&#8230; hay n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 ung nh\u1ecdt hay n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m ung nh\u1ecdt n\u1ed5i l\u00ean.\u2019 C\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018M\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u00f4i\u2019; do \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ee7&nbsp;<em>theo ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>, \u2018m\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ee7. M\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nhau: nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ee7 theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>38. (24) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a&nbsp;<em>m\u00e1u,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u00e1u c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai th\u1ee9: m\u00e1u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u00e1u di chuy\u1ec3n, v\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;m\u00e0u s\u1eafc,<\/em>&nbsp;m\u00e1u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i dung d\u1ecbch s\u1eefa n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i, [<strong>63<\/strong>] trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e1u di chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u dung d\u1ecbch s\u1eeda trong s\u00e1ng\u2019 v\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018m\u00e1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e1u \u0111ang t\u00edch t\u1ee5 hay di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn.\u2019v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>&nbsp;m\u00e1u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f2n m\u00e1u di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ea1). V\u00e0&nbsp;<em>v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed,<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt l\u1ed9 ra n\u01a1i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng tay, m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n da kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng, m\u00e1u di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u00e1u b\u00e1m v\u00e0o (m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn101\">[101]<\/a>&nbsp;th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ta nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e1u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi gan kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 do tim b\u01a1m kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho tim, th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbt, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt th\u1eadn, tim v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i v.v&#8230; th\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh (b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9) l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t v.v&#8230;d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi.\u2019 K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201ctrong t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t v.v&#8230;ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u201cchi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbt x\u0169ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201cm\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi gan v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt th\u1eadn, tim.v.v&#8230;ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi gan c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u201cm\u00e1u \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong t\u00f4i\u201d \u2019c\u1ea3 tim th\u1eadn, v.v&#8230; kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u2018m\u00e1u \u0111ang khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t.\u2019 V\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e1u theo&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 \u2018m\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u00e1u, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e1u b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>39. (25) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>M\u1ed3 H\u00f4i.<\/em>&nbsp;M\u1ed3 h\u00f4i n\u1eb1m trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;m\u00e0u s\u1eafc<\/em>, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u d\u1ea7u v\u1eebng trong su\u1ed1t\u2019 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng,<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u01a1i m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i to\u00e1t ra.\u2019v\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>&nbsp;ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i to\u00e1t ra theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019(th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1) v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/em>, \u2018m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng to\u00e1t ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u; khi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean do g\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, hay c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v.v&#8230; th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e1t ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt ngay l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c, l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m hoa sen ta c\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, \u2018c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u hay l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n da tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u01a1 th\u1ec3: [<strong>64<\/strong>] v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 Ti\u1ec1n B\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201cNh\u1eefng thi\u1ec1n sinh n\u00e0o tu ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 to\u00e1t ra l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh.\u201d V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh gi\u1ecdt t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n c\u00e2y hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e2n hoa sen n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111ang r\u1ec9 ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt th\u00e2n c\u00e2y hu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u00e2n sen n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 \u1edf ch\u00f9m th\u00e2n n\u1ee5 hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang r\u1ec9 ra n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m th\u00e2n n\u1ee5 hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1ecb c\u1eaft\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u2018m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i \u0111ang r\u1ec9 ra n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\u201d v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0&#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230;v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>40. (26) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1eb7c,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ee1 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp da v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt. V\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>m\u00e0u s\u1eafc,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ee1 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea7u c\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eaft l\u00e1c m\u1ecfng, v\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ee1 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ee1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec m\u1ee1 tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 da v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>duk\u016bla&nbsp;<\/em>(v\u1ea3i musilin) m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u1ec7. C\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ee1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i&nbsp;<em>duk\u016bla&nbsp;<\/em>nhu\u1ed9m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u1ec7, bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt ch\u00e2n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f9i, th\u1ecbt l\u01b0ng, th\u1ecbt x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, th\u1ecbt che ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>&nbsp;m\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 sau \u2018ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ee1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n theo c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019(th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1) v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u2018m\u1ee1 tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 bao b\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ecbt ch\u00e2n, v.v&#8230; n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m. V\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 m\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n\u201d nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee1 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u ta \u0103n v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn102\">[102]<\/a>ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m d\u1ea7u th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a m\u1ee1. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ebb nhu\u1ed9m v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t m\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebf b\u00ean ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt m\u1eadt.\u2019 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt m\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra. \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ec3 ngay b\u00ean mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ebb nhu\u1ed9m m\u1ea7u ngh\u1ec7.\u2019 C\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft. \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebf b\u00ean ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt n\u01a1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, hay tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f9i\u2019 v.v&#8230; Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018m\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebf b\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan suy t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230;. m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0 sau, \u2018m\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n da. V\u00e0 bao quanh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; [<strong>65<\/strong>] c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>41. (27) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft,&nbsp;<\/em>n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u v\u1eebng (m\u00e8 = sesam oil), v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng lu\u00f4n trong h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong t\u00fai m\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u00fang sanh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui v\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi to ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u1ea3y ra, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 , kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c v\u00e0 than v\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 ta \u0103n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c khi m\u1eaft b\u1ecb kh\u00f3i, b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v.v&#8230; \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, ta th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u1ea3y ra do ni\u1ec1m vui, n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ta d\u00f9ng, ho\u1eb7c do kh\u00f3i, b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n bay v\u00e0o m\u1eaft. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 Ti\u1ec1n B\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng, \u201cKhi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n sinh tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft n\u00ean ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft khi tr\u00e0n ra \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft.\u2019 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u00ean trong qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t non c\u1eaft b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t non c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t.\u2019 th\u00ec ru\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t non c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb c\u1eaft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018 C\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf trong t\u00f4i\u201d C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, \u2018Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng \u1edf trong h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft,\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady h\u1ed9c m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7y ra trong ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nhau\u201d; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>42. (28) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n,&nbsp;<\/em>hay m\u1edf l\u1ecfng m\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n ch\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ee1 l\u00e0 do m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u2018m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ee1 r\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh gi\u1ecdt tr\u00ean ch\u00e1o d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed1m.\u2019 V\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng,&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ee1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ee1 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb\u201d v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019(th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1) v\u00e0 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>v\u1ecb tr\u00ed&nbsp;<\/em>ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay, \u1edf l\u01b0ng b\u00e0n tay, n\u01a1i l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, \u1edf mu b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i, tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u1edf hai b\u1ea3 vai n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ee1 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecfng ra n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i khi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean do s\u1ee9c l\u1eeda n\u00f3ng, do m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, hay th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ee1 tan ra v\u00e0 to\u00e1t ra t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn103\">[103]<\/a>&nbsp;m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eafm n\u00f3ng. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00e0m s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecfng \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng ra tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eafm n\u00f3ng,[<strong>66<\/strong>] l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111ang lan r\u1ed9ng ra tr\u00ean l\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eafm.\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0m s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecfng \u0111ang lan to\u1ea3 tr\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u201d C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111ang lan to\u1ea3 tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay v.v&#8230; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay, v.v&#8230; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u2018c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u tr\u01a1n \u0111ang lan t\u1ecf tr\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201d. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0, \u201cch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230;\u2019 \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u00ean theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>43. (29) Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a&nbsp;<em>n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng,<\/em>&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y n\u1eb1m trong mi\u1ec7ng. Theo<em>&nbsp;m\u00e0u s\u1eafc,<\/em>&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng, l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt (bia), theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n. \u2013 theo&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng n\u1eb1m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019, c\u00f2n theo&nbsp;<em>v\u1ecb tr\u00ed,<\/em>&nbsp;n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i sau khi ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean m\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng trong \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o hay nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u00f3 hay \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u00f3ng hay \u0111\u1eafng, cay hay m\u1eb7n, ho\u1eb7c chua \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng hay ngay c\u1ea3 khi l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c khi s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o g\u00ec, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng to\u00e1t ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean m\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Ngay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng, c\u00f2n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u00e0y h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1t luau, h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ta b\u1ecf v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng nhai. Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00fac ra \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1edd c\u00e1t b\u00ean s\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00fac ra \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1edd c\u00e1t b\u00ean s\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1, hay ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u2018 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00f4i\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u2018T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u01b0\u1ee1i, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean m\u00e1.\u201d B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng hay bi\u1ebft \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean t\u00f4i r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y ra hai b\u00ean m\u00e1\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&#8230; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng theo c\u00e1ch&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh&nbsp;<\/em>t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018N\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>44. (30) [<strong>67<\/strong>] Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a&nbsp;<em>n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u \u2018tr\u1eafng\u2019 nh\u01b0 m\u1ea7u c\u01a1m d\u1eeba th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t c\u00f2n non\u2019 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, &#8211; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y m\u00eda non \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i \u2013 \u2018theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean.\u2019 V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i \u2018l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 m\u0169i. V\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 sen, l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gai ch\u00e2m v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eebng ch\u00fat m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt. C\u0169ng v\u1eady khi ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f3c hay ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra do \u0103n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, hay do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec n\u00e3o trong \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng trong v\u00f2m mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 m\u0169i v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c s\u1eeda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 trong chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn104\">[104]<\/a>&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai\u201d c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201cc\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00f4i,\u201dc\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i.\u201d C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 m\u0169i kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i \u0111ang \u1edf trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d; v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 x\u00e9t duy\u1ec7t l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&#8230; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v&#8230; \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>45. (31) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn \u1edf kh\u1edbp hay n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eddn,&nbsp;<\/em>n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 r\u00e1c r\u1ebfn nh\u1ea7y nh\u1ee5a n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y<em>&nbsp;kanik\u0101ra,&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3.\u2019 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>, th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1\u201d v\u00e0 v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o th\u00ec khi ta \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean, ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng, di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi lui c\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng, du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng ra, x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ecdt k\u1eb9t. V\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng b\u00fang ng\u00f3n tay v\u1eady. [<strong>68<\/strong>] Khi ta \u0111i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ba d\u1eadm, phong gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 chi tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp c\u00f3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o trong kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00eau c\u1ecdt k\u1eb9t khi ta \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean, ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng, v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi ta \u0111i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa v\u00e0i ba d\u1eadm, phong gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n h\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n cho tr\u1ee5c xe\u201d v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u1ee5c xe c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201cc\u00f3 d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n cho t\u00f4i\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201cc\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\u201d; v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&#8230;. con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>46 (32) Ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 , v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>m\u00e0u s\u1eafc,&nbsp;<\/em>n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u2018m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eadu xanh ng\u00e2m n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i\u201d v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/em>, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u2018gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fap ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng. V\u1ec1<em>&nbsp;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>, ta th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea1\u2019 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>v\u1ecb tr\u00ed&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong b\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 l\u1ed7&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn105\">[105]<\/a>&nbsp;t\u1ed5 ong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e2n, dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111i n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 khi b\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb h\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fap ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fap ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng\u201d; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201cdung d\u1ecbch trong b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong tr\u00ean t\u00f4i,\u201d C\u0169ng v\u1eady n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf trong b\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1i\u201d c\u00f2n b\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, \u201c c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u \u1edf trong t\u00f4i.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t duy\u1ec7t l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8230;m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp;<em>ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh,<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong b\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1i, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh [<strong>69<\/strong>] theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>47. Sau khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1t s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tu ti\u1ebfn (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean, t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn106\">[106]<\/a>&nbsp;th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 con m\u1eaft tinh \u0111\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng hoa c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai m\u00e0u s\u1eafc k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n sinh n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u0111ang khi thi\u1ec1n sinh tu thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u2018Trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u\u2019 th\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Khi thi\u1ec1n sinh tu thi\u1ec1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u00ec ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t chung l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn107\">[107]<\/a>&nbsp;duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>48. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf \u0111i, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, s\u00fac sanh v.v&#8230;khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft thi\u1ec1n sinh h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n x\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng&#8230;. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n sinh \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>49.[\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean] th\u1ebf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1eefa? \u2013 Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tu ti\u1ebfn, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u2018tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u2019 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u01a1i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n [c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta d\u00f9ng ni\u1ec7m] m\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng lui t\u1edbi v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 ghi kh\u1eafc n\u01a1i t\u00e2m kh\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i [\u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng] \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u01a1i \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3.\u2019 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, [c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0] ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ef7 m\u1ef7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o\u2019 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tu ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phai m\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>50. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, [<strong>70<\/strong>] ta n\u00ean tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u01b0\u1eddi K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean (\u00a710) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch (1) tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. (2) kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nhanh, (3) kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, (4) tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn108\">[108]<\/a>&nbsp;c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, (5) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, (6) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. (7) nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t. [v.v&#8230;]&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn109\">[109]<\/a>&nbsp;v\u00e0 (8-10) l\u00e0 ba b\u00e0i kinh. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u00fd (1) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u2018tu luy\u1ec7n\u2019 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng (2) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p \u2018tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y\u2019. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m (4) \u2018ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1m t\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y) (5) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u2018v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>51. (1) \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n v.v&#8230;? ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau: sau khi t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, k\u1ebb n\u00e0o tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o l\u00f4ng, ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u00f3ng tay m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn r\u0103ng; v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o tr\u00e8o l\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thang c\u00f3 t\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai b\u1eadc [l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc thang n\u00e0y]kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn110\">[110]<\/a>&nbsp;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u00e9 xu\u1ed1ng thang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e8o l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00e9 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch tu ti\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>52. (2) C\u0169ng th\u1ebf khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u00fd theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u2018t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng,\u2019 \u0111\u1eebng t\u00e1c \u00fd qu\u00e1 nhanh; v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh [qu\u00e1 h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p] ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng (d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9) nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng hay kh\u00fac khu\u1ef7u, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y kh\u00f4n ngoan tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i khi chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft th\u00fac. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi [ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n] t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng (d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9) do thi\u1ec1n chi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i, g\u1ed3m m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. v.v&#8230; v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o khi t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u1ec1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>53. (3) V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec [ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n] kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhanh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng v\u0169ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, v.v&#8230; th\u00ec thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n do b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p s\u01b0 t\u1eed, h\u1ed5 b\u00e1o v.v&#8230; x\u00e9 x\u00e1c \u0111ang khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi [tu thi\u1ec1n] t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, thay v\u00ec ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tu ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 [<strong>71<\/strong>] ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng tham d\u1ee5c v.v&#8230; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>54. (4) V\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00fd qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p c\u0169ng n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v.v&#8230; d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u00e2m b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m do nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. v.v&#8230;thay v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111ang tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 g\u1eb7p tai ho\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Taxila (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ja. i. 393) Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m [v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c] t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v.v tu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Taxila v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>55. (5) Khi v\u1ecb tu thi\u1ec1n t\u00e1c \u00fd theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, th\u00ec theo c\u00e1ch tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, [\u0111\u00e3 tu luy\u1ec7n n\u01a1i ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp] v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn111\">[111]<\/a>&nbsp;nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn112\">[112]<\/a>&nbsp;R\u1ed3i ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng [theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef] nh\u01b0 \u2018t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n\u2019 th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c [m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hay tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng] theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 trong r\u1eebng v\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng (d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9) nh\u01b0 b\u1ebb g\u1eaby c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y v.v nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 [theo d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3]. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00eam n\u1eefa. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 \u2018t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u\u2019, \u2018l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n [b\u1eb1ng ba c\u00e1ch] b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, qu\u00ean \u0111i, c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>56. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: Nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00edch gh\u00ea t\u1edfm \u0111\u00f3? Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00ec sao? R\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (i) m\u00e0u s\u1eafc (ii) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng? (iii)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u00e1ch: (a) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, (b) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, (c) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, (d) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, (e) v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau:&nbsp;<em>T\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u&nbsp;<\/em>th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ta khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc [<strong>72<\/strong>] khi v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3 t\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i, ngay khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. (b) h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u0169ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ngay c\u1ea3 khi v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y hay s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng m\u00f3n \u0103n hay \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 ngay th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i cho d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t ngon, n\u1ebfu s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c hay s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u00f3n \u0103n hay th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. (c) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t gh\u00ea t\u1edfm b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i v\u1ecb n\u1eefa khi m\u00f9i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u k\u1ec7m hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n c\u00e0i hoa tr\u00ean t\u00f3c, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf xem ra r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n. V\u00e0 khi ta ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed1t tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecbt m\u0169i v\u00e0 t\u1ecf b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t nh\u0103n nh\u00f3, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. (d) Ch\u00fang th\u1eadt kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea9y l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn l\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi ch\u00fang s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddm d\u00e3i, m\u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u00e1u. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c, v.v&#8230;[t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng] th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n&#8230; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. (e) V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m t\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1eadn b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp da \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111ang bao b\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00fap ta t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>57. (ii) Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00ec t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea7u xanh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 (<em>kasina)<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn113\">[113]<\/a>&nbsp;v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4ng. R\u0103ng c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ta t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc khi ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>58. (iii) Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu cho ta d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, th\u00ec t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i) do tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn114\">[114]<\/a>&nbsp;b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ecdn b\u00e1t thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn115\">[115]<\/a>&nbsp;c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>59. (6) V\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u2018th\u00f4ng qua \u2018vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u2019. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t trong ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u1ec9a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn116\">[116]<\/a>&nbsp;[\u0110\u1ee9ng] \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc m\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi, con \u0111\u1ec9a m\u1edbi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u0169ng v\u1eady [d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ec3 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i xem x\u00e9t t\u1ef7 m\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. ng\u00e0i (t\u00e1c \u00fd) \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 khi s\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, [<strong>73<\/strong>] ng\u00e0i li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf qua th\u1ec3 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta th\u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf t\u1eebng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>60. (7) Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>61. (i) Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>VibhA. 251),&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p con kh\u1ec9 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t k\u1ec7 s\u0103n r\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eaft trong c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng d\u1eeba g\u1ed3m t\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai c\u00e2y, con kh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2y d\u1eeba n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c quay \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau. Khi kh\u1ec9 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m m\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ea5n song h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o bao quanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u00e1 d\u1eeba r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u00e2m l\u00e0 con kh\u1ec9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n r\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong s\u1ed1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Do thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y quanh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean quay \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0ng sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5m m\u1ec7t v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y quen nh\u1ea5t hay th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp; r\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n chi \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vis&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. iv. v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>VbhA.&nbsp;<\/em>249) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng [ph\u00e2n t\u00edch] ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n (<em>Vis<\/em>&nbsp;ch. xviii- xxii) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n. (<em>Vis.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. xxii).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>62. (ii) Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y nh\u01b0: m\u00e0u s\u1eafc (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>VbhA.&nbsp;<\/em>251<em>)<\/em>&nbsp;gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con kh\u1ec9&#8230; (nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u00a761 \u1edf tr\u00ean)&#8230; r\u1ed3i ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t hay th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua s\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o. 168-9)&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u1edd m\u00e0u s\u1eafc xanh hay m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>MA.&nbsp;<\/em>iii. 255tt). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 32 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>63. (iii) Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>VbhA.&nbsp;<\/em>252), v\u1ecb n\u00e0y t\u1eadp t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. xi. \u00a7\u00a7 48 tt.) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua x\u00e1c \u0110\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 S\u1eafc T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i (<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. Xi.) v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn117\">[117]<\/a>&nbsp;ng\u00e0i (8-10) t\u00e1c \u00fd th\u00f4ng qua ba b\u00e0i Kinh v\u1ec1 Tam Ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0: V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3, [<strong>74<\/strong>] \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tu luy\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng th\u00eam ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>64. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018L\u00e0m sao ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?\u2019 (\u00a751) v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi n\u1eefa, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1eadp ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (\u00a75) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>[Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>65. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi t\u1eadp ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 qua \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng (2) hai l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n (3) ba l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi (4) B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, (5) n\u0103m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111em ra ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c ta v\u1eady<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>66. (1) V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u2018th\u00f4ng qua \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng\u2019 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i \u2018\u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng\u2019 n\u01a1i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, qua \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu (discern) ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 theo t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n; v\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ta \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>67. (2) Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u01a1i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ebft d\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>68. (3) \u2018Th\u00f4ng qua gi\u1edbi\u2019 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ea1i (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u2018H\u1ee1i ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi\u2019 (<em>M.<\/em>&nbsp;iii. 239) trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m [v\u00ed d\u1ee5] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu (discern) ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc n\u01a1i t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh n\u01a1i t\u00f3c l\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 gi\u1edbi. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i t\u00f3c l\u00e0 ho\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu phong \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng x\u1ea9y ra nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>69. (4) Th\u00f4ng qua \u2018tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng\u2019: c\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u01a1i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n nh\u1edd l\u00e0m tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng n\u01a1i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean [<strong>75<\/strong>] \u201c\u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi\u201d l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eady th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>70. (5) Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u201cu\u1ea9n\u201d trong s\u1ed1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 khi t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u,v.v&#8230; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n, v.v&#8230; th\u00ec c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n]n\u01a1i t\u00f3c? C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau x\u1ee9 trong s\u1ed1 [m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e3n x\u1ee9]? c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau gi\u1edbi trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m [gi\u1edbi]? c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf trong s\u1ed1 [T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf]? V\u00e0 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau [b\u1ed1n] ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>71. Khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n th\u00e2n x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u1ecf kh\u00f4 hay g\u1eady g\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>\u2018Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng;<br>ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng.<br>Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y g\u1eady n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u2018ni\u1ec1m vui si\u00eau ph\u00e0m\u2019 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t xa v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_edn118\">[118]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>h\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n<br>R\u00fat lui v\u00e0o n\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng h\u01b0 v\u00f4.<br>r\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<br>S\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00f4 t\u1eadn (Dh.&nbsp;<\/em>373)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>R\u1ed3i ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 khi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0 quy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><em>Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n<br>\u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<br>\u01a0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f9ng s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn.<br>V\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. (Dh.&nbsp;<\/em>374)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n bao l\u00e2u n\u1eefa ng\u00e0i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t (n\u00edp-b\u00e0n) ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e0 nua hay ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lui t\u1edbi th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Ba M\u01b0\u01a1i Hai th\u1ec3 trong t\u1eadp ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>-ooOoo-<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\">\n<p><!-- \/wp:separator --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng&nbsp;<em>(Khuddak\u0101ni)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref2\">[2]<\/a>. \u0110o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>abodhentena s\u0101sanam<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh\u2019\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng\u2026ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p\u2019 nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p&nbsp;<em>Bodhento&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n&nbsp;<em>Bodhiti \u2018<\/em>t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (xem \u00a718) trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>bodheta)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Anubuddhas\u2019 (xem Ch.vi, n.31). C\u00e2u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o(xin \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u \u01b0\u1edbc mong v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (xem nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. xvii \u00a725\u2019tr. 522-3)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref3\">[3]<\/a>. Xin xem Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. xvii, \u00a7\u00a725-6\/tr.522-3<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref4\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp Kinh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m b\u1ed9 thay v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ba (Tam T\u1ea1ng) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 Lu\u1eadt T\u00f4ng (Vinaya) v\u00e0 Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma) v\u00e0o Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng xin \u0111\u1ecdc e,g.&nbsp;<em>DhsA.<\/em>&nbsp;26 v\u00e0 DA. I. 15,23<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;Xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>P\u0101nini v\u00e0 K\u0101sik\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>ii<em>i 3, 31&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>S\u0101ratthandipani&nbsp;<\/em>t\u1eadp&nbsp;<em>Ponikas<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Cikkhallikas<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Chi\u1ebfn Binh (<em>khattiya)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (<em>Nikayas<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Ponika<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Cikkhallikas<\/em>, &#8220;th\u1ebf gian&#8221; trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ngo\u00e0i ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref6\">[6]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Vaci-bhela-&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ph\u00e1n ra\u2019 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi; xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u00f9 kh\u00f3<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref7\">[7]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Brahmana B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean\u2019 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y xin xem ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u1ee5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;Ch\u00edn chi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:&nbsp;<em>Sutta \u201c<\/em>Kh\u1ebf Kinh\u201d,&nbsp;<em>Geyya&nbsp;<\/em>(\u2018\u1ee8ng t\u1ee5ng\u2019 hay l\u00e0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7\u2019)&nbsp;<em>Veyy\u0101karana&nbsp;<\/em>(\u2018L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u2019), k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng&nbsp;<em>G\u0101th\u0101, Ud\u0101na&nbsp;<\/em>(Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft), nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft \u2018<em>Itivuttaka\u2019, \u2018J\u0101taka&nbsp;<\/em>(Kinh B\u1ed5n Sanh), v\u1ecb T\u1eb1ng h\u1eedu (<em>Abbhudhamma) \u2018 Vedalla&nbsp;<\/em>(ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3ng) \u2013 xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>e,g. M.&nbsp;<\/em>I 133.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref9\">[9]<\/a>&nbsp;\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec1m ng\u1eabm t\u1eeb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt &#8216;<em>Abhidhammaka\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb\u2019 xin \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam Ch. iv. n.12<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref10\">[10]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Visavit\u0101 \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea3y l\u1ed9c: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi l\u1ea1i trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH;&nbsp;<\/em>Xin \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong s\u1ed1 \u00a720 v\u00e0 n. 16 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng xem danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3. Ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vikasit\u0101 (<\/em>nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong b\u1ea3n in&nbsp;<em>PsA. Ti\u1ebfng Sinh.)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00fang theo nh\u01b0&nbsp;<em>Ppn.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref11\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Ps.&nbsp;<\/em>trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n&nbsp;<em>H\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Pali&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i ghi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>nirupadhi.&nbsp;<\/em>(\u2018tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi Sanh y\u2019) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh theo sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref12\">[12]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Ek\u0101yana- &#8216;<\/em>\u0111i tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i\u2019 xin \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb k\u00e9p trong&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 74; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 55 \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t,\u2019 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng? Xin xem&nbsp;<em>MA.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 229 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>PsA. 333.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref13\">[13]<\/a>&nbsp;Xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ph\u1ee5 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I., ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref14\">[14]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Sacchika-<\/em>&nbsp;th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH;&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref15\">[15]<\/a>&nbsp;S\u01a1 qua ta th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \u201c<em>budd\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u2018th\u1ee9c d\u1eady\u2019 hay l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra\u2019 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u2019 (m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ta \u0111i qua ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) c\u00e1ch trung v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0111t.&nbsp;<em>Bujjhati,&nbsp;<\/em>dt.&nbsp;<em>Buddhi.&nbsp;<\/em>tt.&nbsp;<em>Buddha)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp hay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019) trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n (\u0111t.&nbsp;<em>Boddeti&nbsp;<\/em>dt.&nbsp;<em>Bodhi,&nbsp;<\/em>tt.&nbsp;<em>bodha )&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr<em>\u1ef1<\/em>c ti\u1ebfp trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra (v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019 h\u1ecd hay l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0ng ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;<em>PsA.&nbsp;<\/em>333<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref16\">[16]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>Visavana-&nbsp;<\/em>tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ra\u2019: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH;&nbsp;<\/em>Xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3. C. \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vikasana.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref17\">[17]<\/a>&nbsp;N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 trong P.T.S, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>niddukkhayavibuddho&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec t\u1eeb k\u00e9p s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau&nbsp;<em>nidd\u0101 +ukkhaya+ vibuddha; v<\/em>\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>ukkhaya ho\u1eb7c vibuddha&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH. ;<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec C,. v\u00e0 Ss l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh&nbsp;<em>nidd\u0101kkhaya \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>niddakkhaya-.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref18\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp;B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc trong C. v\u00e0 Ss.&nbsp;<em>Tappas\u0101da-taggaruko hi.&nbsp;<\/em>Ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 P.T.S, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y,&nbsp;<em>Ss.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y \u1edf hai d\u00f2ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:&nbsp;<em>aparappaccay\u0101 v\u0101 parappaccay\u0101.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref19\">[19]<\/a>. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc<em>&nbsp;Patanjali ad Panini&nbsp;<\/em>i. 4. 51, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ta di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch; hai \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch.,&nbsp;<em>buddham&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>saranam,&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>gacchati&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. L\u00e0m cho th\u1eafc m\u1eafc kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang lu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p \u1edf ti\u1ebfng Pali.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref20\">[20]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Abyabhicarana \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH,&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref21\">[21]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Appasidhi \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u2019 :t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref22\">[22]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Dhatu \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>g\u1ed1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u2019: m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em>&nbsp;xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong&nbsp;<em>MA.&nbsp;<\/em>I 131.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref23\">[23]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>Payoga &#8211;&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o: ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref24\">[24]<\/a>&nbsp;Ti\u1ebfng Ceylon \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 P.T.S..; c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>tasm\u0101 ayuttam etan ti. Tan ca ma. Kasm\u0101?.&nbsp;<\/em>Ti\u1ebfng sanskrit \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>vuttam<\/em>&nbsp;sau t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>etam.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref25\">[25]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>Itarath\u0101 \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng\u2019: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em>.; xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref26\">[26]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>\u2018Samuppatana \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u0111i\u2019 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Salakiya \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>dao ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt\u2019 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref27\">[27]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>Nana-locana&nbsp;<\/em>thay v\u00ec l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u00f1\u0101na-cakkhu&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong vi\u1ebft theo c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 d\u00e2n gian (nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Kinh B\u1ea3n Sinh. T\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>locana (m\u1eaft)&nbsp;<\/em>r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref28\">[28]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018-<em>ppabhuti-&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi\u2019 (hay \u2018v.v\u2026\u2019 =&nbsp;<em>adi)&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em>&nbsp;hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y; xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref29\">[29]<\/a>. C \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 P.T.S.., nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n Mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gho&nbsp;<em>pakativajjato varamaniyo.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref30\">[30]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Man\u0101ti-&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref31\">[31]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Pajjate \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh:\u2019ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1ng ghi trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref32\">[32]<\/a>. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 trong C.B v\u00e0 Ss.&nbsp;<em>annath\u2019eva tu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref33\">[33]<\/a>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit:&nbsp;<em>vatthbbam, yattha ca panatipatassa.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref34\">[34]<\/a>. Rupa t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201c<em>s\u1eafc\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. U\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c (trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u \u2018ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9\u2019(l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc, c\u1ea3nh thinh, c\u1ea3nh kh\u00ed, c\u1ea3nh v\u1ecb, c\u1ea3nh x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e1p). \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1eafc\u2019 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft. S\u1eafc x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u2018\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, \u2018m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n\u2019 (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u2018ch\u00fang sanh\u2019 l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u2018ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>ch. xiv \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft), c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018s\u1eafc\u2019 (v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1ch quan (kh\u1ea3 tri hay kh\u00f4ng) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref35\">[35]<\/a>. M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>pann\u0101tti&nbsp;<\/em>hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018m\u00f4 t\u1ea3\u2019) xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>PugA.)<\/em>&nbsp;h\u01a1n l\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a trong Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya) (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1\u2019, \u2018quy \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2019 xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong&nbsp;<em>Kankhavitarani 22)&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam n. 16 \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u2018th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 y sinh ph\u00e1t sanh\u2019 cho ch\u00fang sinh. C\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean hay t\u00ecnh c\u1edd trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref36\">[36]<\/a>. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc C v\u00e0 Ss,&nbsp;<em>et\u0101sam p\u0101ccattam pannapiyatte,&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng M. l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>et\u0101sam pancavidhattam vinn\u0101yati.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref37\">[37]<\/a>. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc C v\u00e0 Ss l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>et\u0101sam paccattam, p\u0101nnap\u012byae,&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i ghi&nbsp;<em>et\u0101sam p\u00e2ncavidhattam vinn\u0101yati.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref38\">[38]<\/a>. \u201c<em>Kamma-bhanda \u2013 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3.\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>V\u00e0<em>&nbsp;\u2018kammun\u0101-bajjhati \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3\u2019 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong<em>&nbsp;T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH;&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref39\">[39]<\/a>. B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>yobhanath\u0101naviy\u0101bik\u0101lo;&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 P.T.S., nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc C l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ghi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>yabhanatth\u0101v\u012byadi-.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref40\">[40]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH&nbsp;<\/em>cho l\u00e0 \u2018k\u1ebb x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c\u2019 (<em>muulattha&nbsp;<\/em>ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018) ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n\u2019 nh\u01b0ng trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y th\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ra l\u1ec7nh hay thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;<em>Pamsudhovaka (<\/em>n\u0111. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lau nh\u00e0\u2019) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH;&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref41\">[41]<\/a>. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ceylon \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0<em>&nbsp;d\u0101thauddh\u0101d\u012bnam d\u0101ahakotanam viya;&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a P.T.S.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref42\">[42]<\/a>. Trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ceylon, ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>k\u0101yato ca k\u0101yacitato ca,&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u00a752. ghi ch\u00fa: vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt T\u00f4ng (Vinaya) (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Kankh\u0101vitaramn\u012b 22)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m l\u00fd tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. (xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o,&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. xx \u00a7\u00a730tt)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref43\">[43]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh vi (<em>kamma)&nbsp;<\/em>nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00f4n (<em>kamma dv\u0101ra)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o (<em>kamma-patha)&nbsp;<\/em>xin xem&nbsp;<em>DhsA,&nbsp;<\/em>81 tt.m\u1ed9t t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 sau: hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 \u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea9y ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang k\u1ec7i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nghi\u1ec7p m\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u00e2n, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, hay \u00fd, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 th\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 \u00fd m\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref44\">[44]<\/a>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u00e9p n\u00e0y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (b\u00e2ng qu\u01a1) \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh (ri\u00eang t\u01b0) &#8211; m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u2018\u00fd ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u2019 (<em>paramtha)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc (<em>sammuti)&nbsp;<\/em>hay thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 do suy lu\u1eadn\u2019 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c n\u0103m u\u1ea9n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00fang qui \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong khi \u2018c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tu\u1ef3 \u00fd) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u0103m u\u1ea9n cho d\u00f9 h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u ri\u00eang r\u1ebd t\u1eebng u\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. iv. n. 12.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref45\">[45]<\/a>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>capala&nbsp;<\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u2018ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u2019 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>c\u0101palya (c\u0101palla)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong Vbh. 351, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>ii. 167 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan.&nbsp;<em>T\u1eea \u0110I\u1ec2N PALI-ANH&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u1ec9 cho ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018fickle\u2019 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref46\">[46]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Sabbh\u0101va- hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u2018(sana+bh\u0101va):&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali-Anh. xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/em>&nbsp;Ti\u1ebfng mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ceylon \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Vacikammam v\u0101 manokammam v\u0101, k\u0101yadv\u0101r\u0101d\u012bhi pavatti sabbh\u0101vapariy\u0101yena na kam\u0101patthavasena,&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i ghi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sambh\u0101va thay cho sabb\u0101va&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ebfng Ceylon \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a P.T.S.; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn&nbsp;<em>manokamma&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. vi \u00a7100.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref47\">[47]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Pekkha \u2013 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali-Anh&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;<em>Dialogues of the Buddha,&nbsp;<\/em>I 7-8 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>candalam. Vamsam dhovanam (dhopanam) trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m D.A&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref48\">[48]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Ss&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>ass\u0101dayato, h\u00ecnh&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng; ti\u1ebfng Ceylon l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>as\u0101dhiyitum&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>s\u0101diyato.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref49\">[49]<\/a>. Ss. \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>s\u0101diyitum&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ceylon<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref50\">[50]<\/a>. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i b\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (<em>iddhipada hay l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac\u2019)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref51\">[51]<\/a>. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ed1ng gi\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>Dhs.<\/em>&nbsp;147, 146 v\u00e0 1<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref52\">[52]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>\u2018Asubha\u2019 \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gh\u00ea t\u1edfm\u2019 (ho\u1eb7c\u2018d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n\u2019 hay \u2018x\u1ea5u x\u00ed\u2019) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 32 th\u1ec3) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00eau l\u00ean trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. vi. Tuy nhi\u00ean thi\u1ec1n chi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u2018v\u1ebb gh\u00ea t\u1edfm\u2019, \u2018m\u00e0u s\u1eafc\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n)\u2019 hay \u2018tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng\u2019. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. viii, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong&nbsp;<em>Vbh.A&nbsp;<\/em>251( = m\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. iv) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. xi. Hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra An ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (<em>ap\u0101nasam\u0101dhi)<\/em>nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i(<em>upac\u0101ra-sam\u0101dhi)<\/em>&nbsp;c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n th\u00eam v\u00e0o [] xin \u0111\u1ecdc \u00a7\u00a710 v\u00e0 56 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y (c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>VbhA.&nbsp;<\/em>249-51).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref53\">[53]<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>P\u0101timokkha,&nbsp;<\/em>tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u2018Tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1\u2019 (<em>p\u0101r\u0101jika)&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u0103ng l\u00e0m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ea1o ra \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp theo\u2019 (<em>sangh\u0101disesa)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref54\">[54]<\/a>. V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u2018t\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh\u2019 (<em>sallekha)&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>Sutta 8.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref55\">[55]<\/a>. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vin.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 61 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. iii, \u00a7\u00a761tt\/ tr. 98tt.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref56\">[56]<\/a>. V\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch xin \u0111\u1ecdc Ch. v. \u00a737 v\u00e0 n. 23.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref57\">[57]<\/a>. C\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc (<em>m\u0101tik\u0101)trong&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>Bhikkhu P\u0101timokkha &amp; Bhikkhuni P\u0101timokkha.(gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3n)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref58\">[58]<\/a>. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong&nbsp;<em>sattvidham.&nbsp;<\/em>Cho d\u00f9&nbsp;<em>dasavidham&nbsp;<\/em>xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00a750, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. viii. \u00a760\/ tr. 242, vi\u1ec7c qui l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i trong c\u00e2u \u00a760 (xin c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc n. 23 \u1edf tr\u00ean), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u2018Ba Kinh\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1 m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i s\u1ed1 ba n. 7 \u00a7\u00a78-10 trong ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch trong ti\u1ebfng Pali ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref59\">[59]<\/a>. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. viii \u00a7\u00a7 90-138\/tr. 249-65 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u so s\u00e1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u00e0 hai c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. viii v\u00e0 xi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref60\">[60]<\/a>. M\u1ed9t&nbsp;<em>likkh\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>(s\u1ed1 \u0111o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i) kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3y&nbsp;<em>\u016bk\u0101 (con&nbsp;<\/em>r\u1eadn)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref61\">[61]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>Singh\u0101taka \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>gh\u1ebf ba ch\u00e2n\u2019 xin \u0111\u1ecdc dn. Ch. vii, \u00a715.&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o, tuy nhi\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u2018c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng s\u1eaft c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng hay tam gi\u00e1c\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 x\u1eed cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref62\">[62]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>kunapa \u2013 ph\u00e2n, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i\u2019:<\/em>&nbsp;kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u1edf trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018x\u00e1c\u2019 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref63\">[63]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Bahig\u012bv\u0101 \u2013<\/em>&nbsp;ph\u1ea7n sau c\u1ed5\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018<em>abbhantara\u012bv\u0101 \u2013<\/em>ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5\u2019 (ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong c\u1ed5.\u2019) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref64\">[64]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>\u2018Kottha \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn l\u00ean\u2019 (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>kotteti);<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D,;&nbsp;<\/em>\u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb k\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref65\">[65]<\/a>&nbsp;Trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vattetv\u0101 \u2018<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n\u2019. Ceylon v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>thav\u0101 (?),&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng sanskrit th\u00ec l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>s\u016bnaka.&nbsp;<\/em>Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref66\">[66]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Mansasunaka \u2013 x<\/em>\u00fac x\u00edch th\u1ecbt. Ti\u1ebfng Ceylon v\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>thatv\u0101<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref67\">[67]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Gamba-&nbsp;<\/em>m\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.;&nbsp;<\/em>xin xem danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref68\">[68]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Ti\u1ebfng Ceylon v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>gandappadesa<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref69\">[69]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Nuhi (nuha),&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi l\u1ea1i trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref70\">[70]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Pattap\u0101cana c<\/em>\u00f3 l\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00f9a trong r\u1eebng t\u1ea1i Ceylon ng\u00e0y nay) nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ecdc, hay l\u00e0 \u2018da\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean l\u1eeda; \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho to kh\u1ecfi r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref71\">[71]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ecdc trong ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn, ti\u1ebfng Ceylon v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>dve pitthib\u0101hatt\u012bni dve b\u0101tth\u012bni dve dve \u0101ggab\u0101hatth\u012bni.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref72\">[72]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Morasikali \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>m\u00e0u con c\u00f4ng (?) xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>mora.&nbsp;<\/em>Nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u01b0 trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i con c\u00f4ng\u2019 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2013<em>sakali.&nbsp;<\/em>Th\u1eadt h\u01a1i k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ceylon v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit (b\u1ea3n Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o?)&nbsp;<em>mudingaansanthaanaani ti pi eke (\u2018<\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf\u2019) nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vl. \u2018marasikali\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>trong ti\u1ebfng sanskrit c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>sikhandika&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018m\u00e0u\u2019 (con c\u00f4ng).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref73\">[73]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Dhammani \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>r\u1eafn s\u0103n chu\u1ed9t.: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u00a730.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref74\">[74]<\/a>. Trong t\u1eeb k\u00e9p&nbsp;<em>ann\u0101cch\u0101dik\u0101takhajj\u016brikal\u012brasanth\u0101nam<\/em>&nbsp;c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1&nbsp;<em>acchadu \u2018bao ph\u1ee7\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>)&nbsp;<em>v\u00e0 khajjurika (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 l\u00e0?)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.<\/em>c\u1ea3 trong ti\u1ebfng Ceylon v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>apan\u012btatacakhajjur\u016brikakalira (xin&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o)&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3&nbsp;<em>videlicet.&nbsp;<\/em>B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn&nbsp;<em>P.T.S.. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref75\">[75]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Ghattha- \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p xu\u1ed1ng\u2019 (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb Ghamsati?)&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref76\">[76]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Duttacchita \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdt t\u1ec9a s\u01a1 s\u00e0i. (du + ghamsati? Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb tacchita ):&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref77\">[77]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Aggijalanakabundi \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>b\u00f3 que s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 kim ho\u00e0n. (?) :<em>bundi (abundi? \u0100bundi, pumdhi&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref78\">[78]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Kumbhak\u0101rakehi (Kumbhak\u0101rehi) katac\u016blisanth\u0101m\u0101ni \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i noi do k\u1ec7 g\u1ed1m l\u00e0m.\u2019:&nbsp;<em>c\u016bl\u012b (culli) ):&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00f4i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ea nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t \u01b0\u1edbt (c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0nh khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu\u2019) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111ai (d\u00f9ng d\u1ebb r\u00e1ch b\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean tr\u00ean.&nbsp;<em>c\u016bli&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi<em>&nbsp;c\u016bla =&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00fam t\u00f3c<em>&nbsp;kannac\u016blik\u0101 =&nbsp;<\/em>dai tai\u2019 v.v..<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref79\">[79]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Sihaladd\u0101tta. \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>chi\u1ebfc li\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sinhale\u2019&nbsp;<em>datt\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.;&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref80\">[80]<\/a>. Trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Ceyl., ti\u1ebfng mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1n (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o) vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>hadayatthi&nbsp;<\/em>thay v\u00ec&nbsp;<em>p\u0101datthi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref81\">[81]<\/a>. B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Cey. V\u00e0 mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vamsakal\u012brakhanda.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref82\">[82]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Kamm\u0101r\u0101nam ayok\u016bt\u0101yotta \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec7 r\u00e8n\u2019&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>yottaka&nbsp;<\/em>d\u00e2y c\u1ed9t,d\u1ea3i, d\u00e2y th\u00f2ng l\u1ecdng, d\u00e2y th\u1eebng. \u0110\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Sinhale cu\u1ed1n&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o)<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Vis.&nbsp;<\/em>C\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu (\u2018<em>ileum<\/em>\u2019?) \u2018con dao n\u1ea1o\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea1o d\u1eeba n\u1ea1o c\u01a1m d\u1eeba b\u00ean trong qu\u1ea3 d\u1eeba,nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Ceylon. Tr\u00f4ng h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng (h\u00e0m \u1ebfch) v\u00f2m mi\u1ec7ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref83\">[83]<\/a>. b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ce. Ti\u1ebfng mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sankha-kap\u0101la. Trong&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1ea3n in t\u1eadp&nbsp;<em>VbhA.&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sankhath\u0101la-kap\u0101la.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref84\">[84]<\/a>. Ta c\u00f3 t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p sau \u0111\u00e2y&nbsp;<em>bahalaghatapunnapatapilotikakhandasanithaanam&nbsp;<\/em>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o (=&nbsp;<em>VbhA.)&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. D\u1ecbch theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau. \u2018c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i l\u1ecdc s\u1eefa tr\u00e2u \u0111\u1eb7c\u2019. \u0110i\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eb7n v\u00e1n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean ch\u00f3t v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1eefa d\u00ea \u0111ang trong l\u1eddi gian \u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n d\u1ea7u s\u1eefa d\u00ea ra.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref85\">[85]<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfng Ceylon \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ekaghana-&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ekaghana-&nbsp;<\/em>thay v\u00ec&nbsp;<em>ekasata.<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref86\">[86]<\/a>. Trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ceylon v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn.; h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u00e2u&nbsp;<em>enakasandh\u012b, samito na kehici; t<\/em>i\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sandhiyo thito (sic);&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ce.ti\u1ebfng mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit n\u01a1i d\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 6 \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau&nbsp;<em>\u00f1ugganhe c\u0101pi \u00f1uggandham bhedanamhi vayadhammam<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref87\">[87]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Nalaka \u2013 \u1ed1ng\u2019<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D,&nbsp;<\/em>trong \u0111\u00f3 ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u1eef&nbsp;<em>nala.&nbsp;<\/em>Xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref88\">[88]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vivatekappassam&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Cey. l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng sanskrit, ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e2u&nbsp;<em>vivaram ekam passam.&nbsp;<\/em>C\u00e2y&nbsp;<em>punn\u0101ga&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y&nbsp;<em>domba&nbsp;<\/em>\u1edf ti\u1ebfng Sinhale, c\u00e2y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eadu ph\u1ed9ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9 1,50 inh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref89\">[89]<\/a>. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. xiv. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n, v\u00ec \u2018\u00fd gi\u1edbi\u2019 v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi\u2019. Trong t\u1ea1ng vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u2018t\u00e2m\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1eafc (th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t =&nbsp;<em>r\u016bpam niss\u0101ya<\/em>). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng s\u1eafc(th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t) so v\u1edbi s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u00fd v\u1eadt\u2019 hadayavatthu xin \u0111\u1ecdc Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. xiv. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc) \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1u c\u00f3 trong tr\u00e1i tim. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tu\u1ef3 theo t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00ed. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng trong Tam t\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref90\">[90]<\/a>. C\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3&nbsp;<em>aggalatthambhaka&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.&nbsp;<\/em>theo nh\u01b0 v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref91\">[91]<\/a>. Theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a P.T.S. \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>dvattimsamamsakhanda.&nbsp;<\/em>Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng sanskrit l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>dvattimamsakhanda \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n.&nbsp;<em>Papph\u0101sa&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u2018ph\u1ed5i\u2019 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh ti\u1ec7m th\u1ecbt theo c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref92\">[92]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Dakas\u012btalika \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00e2y hu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u2019 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D; xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref93\">[93]<\/a>. Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>gomutta(ka)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eafn to\u00e9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 con b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1i ra (<em>&nbsp;go-mutta<\/em>&nbsp;c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8216;n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1i b\u00f2\u2019<em>)&nbsp;<\/em>hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u2018n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1i b\u00f2\u2019, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref94\">[94]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ecdc c\u00e2u&nbsp;<em>mamsalasa, bupalivethanakilitthap\u0101v\u0101rapuppha(ka) sadisam.&nbsp;<\/em>M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Sinhale c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>kunu mas kasala velu por\u0101n\u0101 kadek pup (\u2018<\/em>mi\u1ebfng thit d\u01b0 th\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng\u2019)&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i cho&nbsp;<em>p\u0101v\u0101ra&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u00e1o cho\u00e0ng. \u00e1o kho\u00e1c\u2019) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o trong chuy\u1ec7n \u2018qu\u1ea3 so\u00e0i\u2019 th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a sau n\u00e0y coi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u1ea3.&nbsp;<em>Pupphaka (<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>puppha=hoa)<\/em>&nbsp;t\u1eeb \u2018tr\u00e1i banh\u2019 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref95\">[95]<\/a>. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean c\u00e1c con gi\u00f2i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch suy \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i;&nbsp;<em>gandupp\u0101daka&nbsp;<\/em>(\u2018c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ed7 s\u01b0ng hay \u2018t\u1ea1o ra s\u01b0ng t\u1ea5y l\u00ean\u2019 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 con \u2018gi\u00f2i \u0111\u1ea5t\u2019 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.&nbsp;<\/em>r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. VisA l\u1ea1i g\u1edbi \u00fd t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>patatankuka&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>suttaka&nbsp;<\/em>l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref96\">[96]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>-Ppabhuti \u2013 v.v\u2026\u2019 :xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. ii. n.1<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref97\">[97]<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfng Cey. v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>koleyyakhalisunavamatthu.- Kolleyya&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong P.T.S. gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0111oc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>koliyakule&nbsp;<\/em>thay v\u00ec&nbsp;<em>koleyyakhali, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ghi l\u00e0 tantv\u0101yakhali (\u2018h\u1ed3 nh\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1\u00ec k\u1ec7 d\u1ec7t\u2019)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref98\">[98]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vutv\u0101<\/em>&nbsp;thay v\u00ec&nbsp;<em>bhutv\u0101<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref99\">[99]<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfng C v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vikuthitaduddhavannam&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>duddha&nbsp;<\/em>thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdcl\u00e0&nbsp;<em>duttha.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref100\">[100]<\/a>. Hoa&nbsp;<em>\u0100kuli&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eadu th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hoa m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng \u1edf Ceylon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>ranavar\u0101.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref101\">[101]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Up\u0101dinna(ka)-&nbsp;<\/em>th\u00e0nh do th\u1ee7 (nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra)\u2019m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>i. 185; \u0111n. Th\u1ea5y trong&nbsp;<em>Dhs. 653;&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong&nbsp;<em>Vis.&nbsp;<\/em>Ch. xx. \u00a7\u00a727tt\/tr. 614 tt. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ta, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p\u2019 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hay l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (<em>up\u0101d\u0101na)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng<em>(kamma)<\/em>. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00ec th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 (<em>kammaja, karaja).&nbsp;<\/em>C\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1, c\u00e2y v.v\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>anup\u0101 adinna(ka) =&nbsp;<\/em>phi th\u00e0nh do th\u1ee7\u201d \u201ckh\u00f4ng do nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref102\">[102]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Gand\u016bsa \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n.\u2019 Hay \u2018c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u2019;&nbsp;<em>P.E.D&nbsp;<\/em>l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 \u2018m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref103\">[103]<\/a>&nbsp;\u201c<em>N\u012bh\u0101ra \u2013<\/em>l\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecfng\u2019 xin xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch song ng\u1eef trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o;&nbsp;<em>P.E.D<\/em>. kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o v\u1ec1&nbsp;<em>n\u012bh\u0101ra&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref104\">[104]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Sippik\u0101 \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai\u2019: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D;&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3. B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ceylong v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng sanskrit l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra&nbsp;<em>suttik\u0101 xin doc l\u0101 sipptk\u0101.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref105\">[105]<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfng sanskrit \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>yavanghatka&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>pelaghataka;&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ebfng Cey. \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>pelanghataka&nbsp;<\/em>v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>yavanaghataka&nbsp;<\/em>xin c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o&nbsp;<\/em>ti\u1ebfng mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft la<em>&nbsp;varanaghata.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref106\">[106]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Upatth\u0101ti&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>up\u0101tthana&nbsp;<\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sati (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m.&nbsp;<\/em>Xin \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong Ps. i. 177 v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>MA&nbsp;<\/em>i. 237-8) v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y mang theo hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u2018xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u2019 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.;&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref107\">[107]<\/a>&nbsp;Ta \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Cey, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y :&nbsp;<em>\u0101avajjitesu tantu sannaham\u0101n\u0101\u2019va.&nbsp;<\/em>trong b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft&nbsp;<em>kessesu \u0101vajjitesu asantham\u0101n\u0101\u2019va.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref108\">[108]<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n (\u00a710) c\u00f3 ghi&nbsp;<em>vikkhepapatib\u0101hanato&nbsp;<\/em>(nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong Vis.tr. 211) h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>vikkhepappah\u0101nato&nbsp;<\/em>(lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m\u2019) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref109\">[109]<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Appan\u0101to&nbsp;<\/em>trong m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y (\u00a710) (ti\u1ebfng Cey, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng sanskrit l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>appan\u0101lakkhanato),&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>lakkhanato (c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ce, l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn)&nbsp;<\/em>trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em>&nbsp;th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n An ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ecbnh (Absorption) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>appan\u0101to (tr. 243)&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng xin \u0111\u1ecdc n.67 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y,&nbsp;<em>Appan\u0101kkhanato&nbsp;<\/em>h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref110\">[110]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Uppatip\u0101tiy\u0101 \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1edbp lang\u2019.&nbsp;<em>P.E.D. \u2018<\/em>g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn\u2019 th\u00ec l\u00e0 sai. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb kh\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref111\">[111]<\/a>. \u2018<em>Adhik\u0101ra \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>vi\u1ec7c tu luy\u1ec7n\u2019: xin \u0111\u1ecdc Vis. tr. 170; v\u1ec1 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1nh kh\u00ed (<em>carita)&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Vis.,&nbsp;<\/em>tr. 101tt. hai lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m (<em>adhimutti)&nbsp;<\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong&nbsp;<em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/em>&nbsp;Tr. 198; c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>h\u012bn\u0101dhimutti (<\/em>quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t) v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>pan\u012bt\u0101aghimutti (<\/em>quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn cao sang \u2018th\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u1ec7t\u2019) xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>Netti.&nbsp;<\/em>97.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref112\">[112]<\/a>&nbsp;Xin \u0111\u1ecdc&nbsp;<em>VbhA, 250.&nbsp;<\/em>c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng (<em>sunnata)&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 trong Kinh: (1) \u2018t\u1ed5ng h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng\u2019 (h\u01b0 v\u00f4 chung chung) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y trong&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>Kinh 212 v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>sankh\u0101ra-sunnatt\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>hay \u2018tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng trong quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m\u2019) v\u00e0 (2) \u2018tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9\u2019 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. N\u01a1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong&nbsp;<em>M.&nbsp;<\/em>kinh 122 v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>atta-sunnat\u0101 \u2018<\/em>hay l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng ng\u00e3\u2019 ho\u1eb7c \u2018v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u2019. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m&nbsp;<em>patisambhid\u0101magga (P\u1e63&nbsp;<\/em>ii 177tt)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref113\">[113]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ecdc trong b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Cey. v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfnv\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit&nbsp;<em>yedi pan\u2019assa upatthahanti, atha kes\u0101 n\u012blakasinavasena upatthanti, tath\u0101 lom\u0101:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref114\">[114]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Ghanvinibbhoga \u2013 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn\u2019:&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u1ef1v\u1eadt n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau. xin \u0111\u1ecdc<em>&nbsp;MA<\/em>. i. 242 v\u00e0 Vis. tr. 353, 364.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref115\">[115]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2018<em>Oatthamaka-sam\u016bha \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed3m t\u00e1m s\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m\u2019 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u01a1i s\u1eafc th\u00e0nh do th\u1ee7 (<em>up\u0101 \u0101dinnaka-r\u016bpa)&nbsp;<\/em>thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng \u2018b\u1ecdn s\u1eafc\u2019 hay \u2018\u0111o\u00e0n s\u1eafc\u2019 (<em>kal\u0101pa)&nbsp;<\/em>thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn s\u1eafc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, k\u1ebft d\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 (c\u0103ng ph\u1ed3ng), c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, kh\u00ed, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c (xin \u0111\u1ecdc Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o. Tr. 364,588) t\u00e1m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc th\u00e0nh do th\u1ee7 (<em>up\u0101adinnaka-r\u016bpa).&nbsp;<\/em>Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng \u2018nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u2019<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref116\">[116]<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Jaluk\u0101 \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>con \u0111\u1ec9a\u2019: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong&nbsp;<em>P.E.D.;&nbsp;<\/em>xin \u0111\u1ecdc trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref117\">[117]<\/a>&nbsp;T\u1eadp P.T.S. c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (s\u00edc!) \u2018\u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>atha (\u2018r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3\u2019),&nbsp;<\/em>nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sau v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u1eeb (\u2018G\u2019) -=t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 (7)\u2019 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf trang 73 d\u00f2ng 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>evam. \u201c<\/em>Ba b\u00e0i Kinh\u2019 s\u1ed1 (8), (9) v\u00e0 (10) trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba s\u1ed1 (7) ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. M\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e9o nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n (<em>appan\u0101kosalla) th<\/em>u\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o tr. 243 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1eeb N. 7 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c An ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u2018c\u00e1c tam ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n.\u2019 N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5n gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Ch. xi. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 An Ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/budsas.net\/uni\/u-kinh-cg\/cgtt01.htm#_ednref118\">[118]<\/a>&nbsp;Trong&nbsp;<em>Dh.&nbsp;<\/em>ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>bhikkhuno&nbsp;<\/em>thay cho t\u1eeb&nbsp;<em>t\u0101dino.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>-ooOoo-<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1ea38 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-between elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1ea38\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0331b02\" data-id=\"0331b02\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-283d37c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"283d37c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"29369\" class=\"elementor elementor-29369\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-263b597c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"263b597c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-134cd20d\" data-id=\"134cd20d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bcd0b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bcd0b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u Kinh t\u1ea1ng Nikaya &#8211; T\u00e2m h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Online gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 kinh Nikaya , c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00edn c\u1eady tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng internet.<\/p><p>Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o , mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp; T\u00e2m h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home [01] CH\u00da GI\u1ea2I Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I&nbsp;\u0110o\u1ea1n I &#8211; NH\u1eacP \u0110\u1ec0 1.&nbsp;[11]&nbsp;Con xin Quy y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (\u0110\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9), Con xin Quy y Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, Con xin Quy\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35261,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[354],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-35260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kinh-tieu-bo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35260"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35260\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35269,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35260\/revisions\/35269"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35260"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=35260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}