{"id":35432,"date":"2022-08-20T21:58:39","date_gmt":"2022-08-20T14:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=35432"},"modified":"2022-08-25T20:06:52","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T13:06:52","slug":"kinh-truong-bo-20-eng-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta-by-t-w-rhys-davids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2022\/08\/20\/kinh-truong-bo-20-eng-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta-by-t-w-rhys-davids\/","title":{"rendered":"Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 20 ENG : Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i (Mah\u00e0samaya sutta)   by\u00a0T.W. Rhys Davids"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35432\" class=\"elementor elementor-35432\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b01b57 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-around elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b01b57\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76ebaf7\" data-id=\"76ebaf7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b7d51de elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"3b7d51de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9981\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9981\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\" class=\"elementor-toggle-title\">Kinh Trung B\u1ed9 020 Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i (Mah\u00e0samaya sutta)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9981\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9981\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/20\/kinh-dai-hoi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/20\/kinh-dai-hoi\/\">Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i (Mah\u00e0samaya sutta)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/20\/kinh-truong-bo-20-eng-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta-by-t-w-rhys-davids\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 20 ENG : Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i (Mah\u00e0samaya sutta) by\u00a0T.W. Rhys Davids<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/21\/kinh-truong-bo-20-pali-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 20 Pali : Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i (Mah\u00e0samaya sutta)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/09\/04\/kinh-truong-bo-ah20-kinh-dai-hoi-maha-samaya-sutta-kinh-dai-hoi-a-ham\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 AH20 \u2013 Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i (Mah\u00e0-Samaya Sutta) \u2013 Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ( A H\u00e0m)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9982\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9982\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\" class=\"elementor-toggle-title\">Ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9982\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9982\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/10\/29\/gg-kinh-phap-mon-can-ban-trung-bo-kinh-nikaya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2022\/08\/21\/giao-an-truong-bo-kinh-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Gi\u00e1o \u00c1n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh \u2013 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i (mah\u00e0samaya Sutta)<\/a><\/li><li>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng<\/li><li>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ecfa<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kinh Trung B\\u1ed9 020 Kinh \\u00d0\\u1ea1i h\\u1ed9i (Mah\\u00e0samaya sutta)\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<ul><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/20\\\/kinh-dai-hoi\\\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\" data-type=\\\"URL\\\" data-id=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/20\\\/kinh-dai-hoi\\\/\\\">Kinh \\u00d0\\u1ea1i h\\u1ed9i (Mah\\u00e0samaya sutta)<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/20\\\/kinh-truong-bo-20-eng-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta-by-t-w-rhys-davids\\\/\\\" rel=\\\"bookmark\\\">Kinh Tr\\u01b0\\u1eddng B\\u1ed9 20 ENG : Kinh \\u00d0\\u1ea1i h\\u1ed9i (Mah\\u00e0samaya sutta) by\\u00a0T.W. Rhys Davids<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/21\\\/kinh-truong-bo-20-pali-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta\\\/\\\" rel=\\\"bookmark\\\">Kinh Tr\\u01b0\\u1eddng B\\u1ed9 20 Pali : Kinh \\u00d0\\u1ea1i h\\u1ed9i (Mah\\u00e0samaya sutta)<\\\/a><\\\/li><li class=\\\"entry-title\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/09\\\/04\\\/kinh-truong-bo-ah20-kinh-dai-hoi-maha-samaya-sutta-kinh-dai-hoi-a-ham\\\/\\\" rel=\\\"bookmark\\\">Kinh Tr\\u01b0\\u1eddng B\\u1ed9 AH20 \\u2013 Kinh \\u00d0\\u1ea1i H\\u1ed9i (Mah\\u00e0-Samaya Sutta) \\u2013 Kinh \\u00d0\\u1ea1i H\\u1ed9i ( A H\\u00e0m)<\\\/a><\\\/li><\\\/ul>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ph\\u1ea7n gi\\u1ea3ng gi\\u1ea3i\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<ul><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/29\\\/gg-kinh-phap-mon-can-ban-trung-bo-kinh-nikaya\\\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Gi\\u1ea3ng gi\\u1ea3i c\\u01a1 b\\u1ea3n<\\\/a><\\\/li><li><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/tamhoc.org\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/21\\\/giao-an-truong-bo-kinh-kinh-dai-hoi-mahasamaya-sutta\\\/\\\" rel=\\\"bookmark\\\">Gi\\u00e1o \\u00c1n Tr\\u01b0\\u1eddng B\\u1ed9 Kinh \\u2013 Kinh \\u0110\\u1ea1i H\\u1ed9i (mah\\u00e0samaya Sutta)<\\\/a><\\\/li><li>C\\u00e1c b\\u00e0i gi\\u1ea3ng<\\\/li><li>T\\u00e0i li\\u1ec7u tham kh\\u1ecfa<\\\/li><\\\/ul>\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b239ed6\" data-id=\"b239ed6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61cc68b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61cc68b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4>Sacred Books of the Buddhists<br>Volume III<\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4>D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya<\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4>Dialogues of the Buddha<br>Part II<\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/dn\/idx_digha_nikaya.htm#p20\">Sutta 20<\/a><\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4>Mah\u0101 Samaya Suttanta\u0271<\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":1} -->\n<h1>The Great Concourse<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Translated from the Pali by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/gallery\/tw_rd.htm\">T.W. Rhys Davids<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Public Domain<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Originally published under the patronage of<br>His Majesty King Chul\u0101lankarana,<br>King of Siam<br>by The Pali Text Society, Oxford<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a><strong>[282]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4>Introduction to the Mah\u0101-Samaya Suttanta<\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The method followed in this poem is nearly the same as in the two previous Suttantas, only here it is rather the minor gods, \u2014 the local deities, the personification of natural phenomena, guardian spirits, fairies, harpies, naiads, dryads, and many others \u2014 who are represented as themselves proclaiming their adherence to the new movement. Important gods are indeed incidentally mentioned; and it is perhaps not without intention that great and small are here thrown together, as if Soma and Varu\u1e47a and Brahm\u0101 were really all of the same kind as the long list of spirits and fairies in which they appear.<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#in1\">i1<\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The poem is almost unreadable now. The long list of strange names awakes no interest. And it is somewhat pathetic to notice the hopeless struggle of the author to enliven his unmanageable material with a little poetry. It remains, save here and there, only doggrel still.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>There are three parts to the poem. The first is the list of gods; the second the frame-work, put into the Buddha\u2019s mouth, at the beginning (after the prologue), and at the end; the third the prologue, with the verses of the four gods of the Pure Abode. The prologue has been preserved as a separate episode in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/sn\/01_sagv\/idx_01_devatasamyutta.htm#p38\"><em>Sa\u0271yutta,<\/em>&nbsp;I, 27.<\/a>&nbsp;The way in which the list is fitted into the frame-work in our sections 4, 5, and 6 is very confused and awkward; and the grammar of the frame-work is inconsistent with the grammar of the list. It is highly probable therefore that the list itself, and also the epilogue, had been handed down as independent works in the community before our Suttanta was composed. The frame-work may be the work of the editor.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Our list here begins in \u00a7\u00a7 7, 8, with seven classes or groups of gods, without personal names. The personal names begin at \u00a7 9, with the four Great Kings of the four quarters; and&nbsp;<a><strong>[283]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;\u00a7\u00a7 10-20 follow with ten other groups in each of which the principal personal names are given. There is another list of gods in the A\u1e6d\u0101n\u0101\u1e6diya&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/dn\/idx_digha_nikaya.htm#p32\">(No. 32 in the&nbsp;<em>D\u012bgha<\/em>).<\/a>&nbsp;This other list also begins with the four Great Kings; and then adds, as a sort of afterthought or appendix, the names of forty-one gods, all mentioned one after another, without division into groups and without any details. Our \u00a7\u00a7 10-20 look very much like an improved and enlarged edition of the bare list in the A\u1e6d\u0101n\u0101\u1e6diya. The latter is just such a mnemonic doggrel as was found useful in other cases also by the early Buddhists, who had no books, and were compelled to carry their dictionaries and works of reference in their heads. There are other instances in Pali literature of the original mnemonic verses, and their subsequent expansion, having both been preserved.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>As the contents of the two lists, and their great importance for the history of religion in India, have been discussed elsewhere,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#in2\">i2<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;it is only necessary here to remind the reader that when these Suttantas were composed the names they contain were full of meaning to the people; and that the legends here told were intended to counteract the animistic delusions about them then so prevalent in the Ganges valley. They are almost the only evidence we have as yet outside the priestly books. Perhaps the most important fact to which they bear testimony is the continual change in animistic belief that went on in India. They are of especial value, as they show what those beliefs were at a particular period. We shall not be able to have a scientific history of religion in India until the absurd anachronisms of the classical Sanskrit literature have been discarded; and until we have learnt carefully to distinguish between the divers faiths and gods which, in those books, are mixed up together, and supposed to have remained the same for many centuries on end.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a><strong>[284]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pali\/dn\/dn.20.pali.bd.htm#p1\">1<\/a>][<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/ati\/dn\/dn.20.than.ati.htm#p1\">than<\/a>]&nbsp;Thus have I heard.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The Blessed One was once dwelling among the Sakiyas,<br>at Kapilavatthu in the Great Wood,<br>together with a great band of the brethren,<br>about five hundred of them,<br>all being Arahants.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And gods from the ten thousand world-systems<br>oft-times assembled there<br>that they might visit the Exalted One<br>and the band of brethren.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>2. Now to four gods of the hosts of the Pure Abodes<br>this thought occurred:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;That Blessed One is now dwelling among the Sakiyas, at Kapilavatthu in the Great Wood,<br>together with a great band of the brethren,<br>about five hundred of them,<br>all being Arahants.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And gods from the ten thousand world-systems<br>oft-times are assembling there<br>to see the Exalted One and his band of brethren.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>What if we, too,<br>were to go into his presence,<br>and before him<br>were to recite each of us a poem?&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>3. Then those gods,<br>as easily as a strong man might stretch out his arm,<br>or draw back his out-stretched arm,<br>vanished from the Pure Abodes,<br>and appeared before the Exalted One.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>There they saluted him<br>and stood on one side.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And so standing<br>one of the gods recited to the Blessed One<br>this verse:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Great is the gathering in the glade!<br>The hosts of heaven together met!<br>We too are come unto this congress blest,<br>and fain would see<br>The Company Invincible.&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Then another god recited to the Exalted One this verse:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a><strong>[285]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;&#8220;The brethren there, wrought up to concentration rapt,<br>make straight their hearts.<br>Wisely, as driver keeping grip on rein,<br>their faculties they guard.&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Then another god recited to the Exalted One this verse:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;All bars and bolts are hewn in twain for them,<br>The threshould is dug up.<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n1\">1<\/a>]<\/sup><br>In purity, their way they go,<br>Stainless, with vision clear,<br>like well-tamed elephants.&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Then the other god recited to the Exalted One this verse:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Who in the Buddha refuge take,<br>they shall not go to woeful doom.<br>When they put off this human frame they shall fill up the hosts in heaven.&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>4. Then said the Exalted One to the brethren:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Oft-times, brethren,<br>do gods from the ten world-systems<br>foregather to see the Tath\u0101gata<br>and the company of the Brethren.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Whosoever, brethren,<br>in the past<br>were Arahant Buddhas supreme,<br>upon them waited a like number of the heavenly hosts,<br>and a like number shall wait upon whosoever shall,<br>in the future,<br>be Arahant Buddhas supreme.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I will detail to you, brethren,<br>the names of the hosts of gods,<br>I will publish abroad, brethren,<br>their names,<br>I will teach you, brethren,<br>their names.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Hearken hereunto<br>and pay heed,<br>and I will speak.&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Even so, lord,&#8221;<br>responded the brethren.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And the Exalted One spake thus:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>5. &#8220;In measured speech I will give utterance: \u2014<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Where&#8217;er their realm, there will ye find the gods,<br>But they who in the bowels of the hills<br>Sit with heart throughly purged and well composed,&nbsp;<a><strong>[286]<\/strong><\/a><br>Like to so many lions crouching still,<br>Are vanquishers over the creeping dread,<br>White-minded, pure, serene and undefiled.&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Seeing within Kapilavatthu&#8217;s grove<br>Five hundred such and more, disciples all,<br>To them who loved his word the Master spoke:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Celestial hosts draw nigh!<br>Look to it, brethren, that ye them discern!&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And they, hearing the Buddha&#8217;s word, forthwith<br>Strove ardently to see.<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n2\">2<\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>6. And lo! in them<br>Arose vision of those not born of men.<br>Some saw one hundred gods, ten hundred, some,<br>And some saw seventy thousand, others saw<br>Infinite multitudes thronging around.<br>And all their sight and seeing He Who Sees<br>Intuitively marked and understood.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Then to his followers who loved his Word<br>The Master turned and spoke: \u2014<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Celestial hosts<br>Draw near! Them do ye, brethren, recognize<br>As I, in rhythmic speech, each in their turn<br>Proclaim them unto you in order due: \u2014<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>7. Seven thousand Yakkhas of our country&#8217;s soil<br>Of wondrous gifts and powers exceeding great,<br>And comeliness, and splendid following,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n3\">3<\/a>]<\/sup><br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Six thousand Yakkhas from Him\u0101laya,<br>Diverse in hue, of wondrous gifts and powers<br><a><strong>[287]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;And comeliness and splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>From S\u0101ta&#8217;s Hill three thousand Yakkhas more,<br>Diverse in hue, of wondrous gifts and powers<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Have come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Thus have I sixteen thousand Yakkhas told,<br>Of diverse hue, of wondrous gifts and powers<br>And comeliness, and splendid following,<br>Who come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>8. Five hundred more from Vess\u0101mitt\u0101&#8217;s host,<br>Of diverse hue, of wondrous gifts and powers<br>And comeliness and splendid following,<br>Have come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Kumbhira, too, of R\u0101jagaha town,<br>Having his dwelling on Vepulla&#8217;s mount,<br>More than a hundred thousand in his train,<br>This Yakkha likewise to the wood is come.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>9. King Dhatara\u1e6d\u1e6dha rules the Eastern clime,<br>Lord of Gandhabbas, mighty monarch he,<br>With splendid following. Sons has he too,<br>Many and strong, all after Indra named.<br>And these of wondrous gifts and mighty power<br>And comeliness and splendid following,<br>Have come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Vir\u016b\u1e37ha, ruler of the Southern clime,<br>Lord of Kumba\u1e47\u1e0das, mighty monarch he,<br>With splendid following. Sons has he too,<br>Many and strong, all after Indra named.<br>And these of wondrous gifts and mighty power<br>And comeliness and splendid following,<br>Have come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a><strong>[288]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;Vir\u016bpakkha rules o&#8217;er the Western clime,<br>Lord of the N\u0101gas, mighty monarch he,<br>With splendid following. Sons has he too,<br>Many and strong, all after Indra named.<br>And these, of wondrous gifts and mighty power<br>And comeliness and splendid following,<br>Have come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Kuvera rules over the Northern clime,<br>Lord of the Yakkhas, mighty monarch he,<br>With splendid following. Sons has he too,<br>Many and strong, all after Indra named.<br>And these, of wondrous gifts and mighty power<br>And comeliness and splendid following,<br>Have come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>So stood those four great kings within the wood<br>Of Kapilavatthu, on the four climes<br>Shedding effulgent radiance round about:<br>Over the East King Dhatara\u1e6d\u1e6dha shone,<br>To right, Vir\u016b\u1e37haka, westward<br>Vir\u016bpakkha, Kuvera o&#8217;er the North.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>10. With them are come their vassals versed in craft,<br>Hoodwinking wizards, apt to cloak and feign: \u2014<br>M\u0101y\u0101, Ku\u1e6de\u1e47\u1e0du, V\u1e6de\u1e47\u1e0du, Vi\u1e6du,<br>Vi\u1e6ducca, Candana, R\u0101mase\u1e6d\u1e6dha too,<br>Kinnugha\u1e47\u1e0du, Nigha\u1e47\u1e0du (nine in all).<br>Next, these Gandhabba chieftains all are come: \u2014<br>Pan\u0101da, Opama\u00f1\u00f1a too, and M\u0101tali<br>The driver of the gods, Cittasena<br>The Gandhabba, Nala, Janesabha,<br>Pa\u00f1casikha and Suriyavaccas\u0101,<br>Daughter of Timbar\u016b. These princes all<br>And with them other chiefs, Gandhabbas too,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>11. Now too N\u0101gas are come from Nabhasa,<br>And from Ves\u0101li and from Tacchaka,<br><a><strong>[289]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;Kambalas, Assataras, P\u0101yagas<br>With all their kin. N\u0101gas from Yamuna,<br>And Dhatara\u1e6d\u1e6dha, too, with brilliant trains,<br>Er\u0101vana, great among N\u0101ga folk,<br>He too is come into the forest glade.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>They who twice-born,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n4\">4<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;winged and keen<br>Of sight, the heavenly Harpies who,<br>With violence prey on N\u0101ga chiefs, \u2014<br>Gaudy and Well-winged are their names \u2014<br>Have flown into the wood. \u2014<br>The cobra kings felt quite secure.<br>A refuge from the dreadful birds<br>Buddha had made. With gentle words<br>Entreating one another they,<br>The Harpies and their prey alike<br>To the Buddha as their Sanctuary come.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>12. They whom the Lightning-Hand did smite,<br>Now dwellers in the ocean, Asuras,<br>V\u0101sava&#8217;s brethren, they of wondrous gifts<br>And splendid train<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n5\">5<\/a>]<\/sup>; \u2014 The K\u0101laka\u00f1jas all<br>Of fearsome shape, the D\u0101naveghasas,<br>Sucitti, Vepacitti, and Pah\u0101rada \u2014<br>With them came Namuc\u0101, spirit of Evil;<br>And Bali&#8217;s hundred sons, all of them named<br>After Veroca,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n6\">6<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;having armed a host<br>Of warriors, hied them to their noble liege,<br>And R\u0101hu said, &#8216;Good luck attend this mote<br>For which the brethren now have sought the wood!&#8217;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>13. The gods of Fire and Water, Earth and Air<br>Are hither come; celestial Varu\u1e47as<br><a><strong>[290]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;With their attendant Varuneian sprites,<br>And Soma with Yaso. Come, too, the gods<br>From Love and Pity born, with splendid train.<br>These ten, a tenfold host in all, of hue<br>Diverse, of wondrous gifts and mighty power,<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>14. Come Vish\u1e47u with his gods, the Sahalis,<br>The Asamas and the Y\u0101ma twins;<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n7\">7<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;the elves<br>That dwell within the moon attend the Moon,<br>The solar fairies too attend the Sun,<br>While fragile spirits of the Clouds attend<br>The Constellations; Lord of the Vasus, too,<br>God Sakka, Generous One of yore:<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n8\">8<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;\u2014<br>These ten, a tenfold host in all, of hue<br>Diverse, of wondrous gifts and mighty powers,<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>15. Now too are come the fairies Sahabhu,<br>In flaming radiance like crests of fire: \u2014<br>The Ari\u1e6d\u1e6dhakas, Rojas, like azure flowers,<br>With Varu\u1e47a and eke Sahadhamm\u0101,<br>And Accut\u0101 is come, Anejak\u0101<br>And Suleyya and Rucir\u0101 are come,<br>Come too V\u0101savanesi deities.<br>These ten, a tenfold host in all, of hue<br>Diverse, of wondrous gifts and mighty powers,<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>16. Sam\u0101nas, Great Sam\u0101nas, sprites like men<br>And sprites like Supermen, are come, the gods<br><a><strong>[291]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;Debauched-by-sport<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n9\">9<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;are come and those Debauched &#8211;<br>In-mind,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n10\">10<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;fairies that haunt the Green and they<br>That wear the Red, they too that Pass-Over,<br>And the Great Passers-o&#8217;er, with splendid following.<br>These ten, a tenfold host in all, of hue<br>Diverse, of wondrous gifts and mighty powers,<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>17. Sukka, Aru\u1e47a, Karumha fairies too,<br>With Veghanasas, having at their head<br>Th&#8217;Od\u0101tagayhas, come; Vicakkha\u1e47as,<br>Sad\u0101mattas, Har\u0101gajas, and they<br>Called the Mixed gods with splendid following;<br>Pajunna thundering is come, he who<br>Pours down the rains upon the quarters four.<br>These ten, a tenfold host in all, of hue<br>Diverse, of wondrous gifts and mighty powers,<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>18. The Khemiyas and gods from Tusita<br>And Y\u0101ma heav&#8217;ns, the Ka\u1e6d\u1e6dhakas and suite,<br>Lamb\u012btakas and the chief L\u0101ma-gods,<br>The Fiery spirits, and the \u0100savas,<br>They who rejoice in shapes they make themselves,<br>And they who use creations not their own.<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n10\">10<\/a>]<\/sup><br>These ten, a tenfold host in all, of hue<br>Diverse, of wondrous gifts and mighty powers,<br>And comeliness, with splendid following,<br>Are come rejoicing to the forest glade<br>To see the brethren met together there.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>19. These sixty spirit hosts, of divers hues,<br>According to their name and class are come,<br><a><strong>[292]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;And with them others, whosoe&#8217;er they be,<br>Saying &#8216;Him who has outlived birth, for whom<br>No barrier stands, for whom the flood is crossed,<br>The \u0100savas are not, Him shall we see,<br>Ferry-man o&#8217;er the flood, mighty through purity,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n11\">11<\/a>]<\/sup><br>Moon that has passed beyond th&#8217;enshrouding dark.&#8217;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>20. Then Tissa, the Eternal Youth, and with<br>Him Paramatta and Subrahm\u0101, sons<br>Of the Potent One, came to the congress-wood.<br>Great Brahm\u0101, suzerain of thousand worlds<br>In Brahm\u0101-heaven, has thither been reborn,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n12\">12<\/a>]<\/sup><br>Mighty in power, and in shape awesome<br>And vast, of great renown. Ten of his lords,<br>Each regnant o&#8217;er a Brahm\u0101-world, are come,<br>And in their midst with all his suite comes H\u0101rita.&#8221;<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n13\">13<\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a><strong>[293]<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;21. To all of them thus hither come, those gods,<br>Marshalled around the Lord and Great Brahm\u0101,<br>The host of M\u0101ra cometh up. Lo! now<br>The folly of the Murky One:<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n14\">14<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;\u2014<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;Come on<br>And seize and bind me these, let all be bound<br>By lust! Surround on every side, and see<br>Ye let not one escape, whoe&#8217;er he be!&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Thus the Great Captain bade his swarthy host,<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n15\">15<\/a>]<\/sup><br>And with his palm did smite upon the ground<br>Making a horrid din, as when a storm-cloud<br>Thunders and lightens, big with heavy rains.<br>Then he recoiled, still raging, powerless<br>Aught to effect.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>22. And He-Who-Sees by insight knew all this<br>And understood. Then to his followers<br>Who loved his word the Master spake:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;The host<br>Of M\u0101ra comes! Brethren, beware of them!&#8221;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And they, hearing the Buddha&#8217;s word, forthwith<br>Held themselves all alert. The foe departs<br>From them in whom no lust is found, nor e&#8217;er<br>Upon whose bodies stirs a hair.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[Then M\u0101ra spake:\u2014]<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>&#8220;All they, those victors in the fight, for whom<br>All fear is past, great of renown, His followers,<br>Whose fame among the folk spreads far and wide,<br>Lo! now with all creation they rejoice.&#8221;&#8216;<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#n16\">16<\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#ifn1\">i1<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;So above,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.01.rhyt.pts.htm#pg17\">Vol. I, p. 17,<\/a>&nbsp;the worship of Agni is deliberately inserted in a list of animistic hocus-pocus.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#ifn2\">i2<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;Rhys Davids&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhammatalk\/buddhist_india_rd\/bi.012.religion1.htm#pg219\"><em>&#8216;Buddhist India&#8217;<\/em>&nbsp;pp. 219-237.<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn1\">1<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;&#8216;The bars and bolts and hindering threshould stone of lust, ill-will and stupidity,&#8217; explains Buddhaghosa.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn2\">2<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;The connexion of the various clauses of this stanza is obscure; and the interpretations of the native scholars differ. We have followed the version of lhe Colombo Sannaya of 1891. Samarasekhara&#8217;s translation (Col. 1905) takes the&nbsp;<em>assit\u0101<\/em>&nbsp;in line 1 to refer to the Arahants. Buddhaghosa&#8217;s commentary may be understood either way. All agree in referring&nbsp;<em>\u00f1atv\u0101<\/em>&nbsp;in line 5 to the Buddha.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn3\">3<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;<em>Yassassino,<\/em>&nbsp;glossed here by Buddhaghosa as&nbsp;<em>pariv\u0101rasam-pann\u0101,<\/em>&nbsp;and later, in this Suttanta, by&nbsp;<em>yasena samann\u0101gat\u0101.<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn4\">4<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;All birds are twice-born, first from the mother&#8217;s womb (when she lays the egg), and then from the egg itself.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn5\">5<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;These are all born of Suj\u0101, V\u0101sava&#8217;s mother, and had been driven out of heaven by &#8216;Him-with-the-thunderbolt-in-his-hand.&#8217; The latter had been identified, at the time when this poem was composed, with Sakka.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn6\">6<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;That is, their uncle R\u0101hu.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn7\">7<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;The Castor and Pollux of Indian mythology.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn8\">8<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;This seems to come in here most strangely: but it is an epithet of Sakka expressly designed to distinguish him from Indra, the Vedic god, whose epithet was &#8216;Destroyer of Towns,&#8217; see&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.21.rhyt.pts.htm#pg297\">p. 297.<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn9\">9<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;On these described in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/dn\/idx_digha_nikaya.htm#p1\"><em>Brahmajala Suttanta,<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;see&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.01.rhyt.pts.htm#pg32\"><em>Dialogues<\/em>&nbsp;I, 32, 33.<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn10\">10<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;<em>Nimm\u0101narati, Paranimmita[vasavatti].<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn11\">11<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;In this word-play,&nbsp;<em>N\u0101go<\/em>&nbsp;means also&nbsp;<em>N&#8217;\u0101gu,<\/em>&nbsp;not having sin, says the Cy.: \u2014&nbsp;<em>\u0101gi\u0271 akara\u1e47ato.<\/em>&nbsp;So the gods, too, make bad puns! \u2014 untranslatable ones, alas.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn12\">12<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;<em>Upapanno.<\/em>&nbsp;Note the Buddhist care to bring even &#8216;Great Brahm\u0101&#8217; under the universal Law,&nbsp;<em>&#8216;rem inexorabilem.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn13\">13<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;The inter-dependence of the clauses, and also of the names, in this stanza, is ambiguous. It may hereafter become clear that the author (or authoress) thought of Tissa and the Eternal Youth as two distinct persons, or of the Eternal Youth and the Great Brahm\u0101 of the Buddha&#8217;s time as one. The grammar is against the first of these suppositions. But we have seen&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.19.rhyt.pts.htm#pg272\">(above, p. 272, 3)<\/a>&nbsp;that the Mah\u0101-Brahm\u0101 of Govinda&#8217;s time was San\u0271-kum\u0101ra, the Eternal Youth (so also&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pali\/dn\/dn.09.pali.bd.htm#pg200\"><em>D.<\/em>&nbsp;I, 200<\/a>&nbsp;compared with&nbsp;<em>D.<\/em>&nbsp;II,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pali\/dn\/dn.18.pali.bd.htm#pg209\">209,<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pali\/dn\/dn.19.pali.bd.htm#pg225\">225<\/a>); and Tissa according to tradition (<em>Smp.<\/em>&nbsp;p. 296, 7) was the name of a Mah\u0101-Brahm\u0101. Buddhaghosa explains &#8216;the Potent One&#8217;&nbsp;<em>(iddhi m\u0101)<\/em>&nbsp;as the Buddha; it is much more likely to have been intended for Brahm\u0101, who claims&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.18.rhyt.pts.htm#pg247\">(above, p. 247)<\/a>&nbsp;to have acquired the potency of&nbsp;<em>iddhi.<\/em><br>This legend of the Ever-virgin Knight, Sana\u0271-kum\u0101ra, is the Indian counterpart of the European legend of Sir Galahad. The oldest mention of it is in the&nbsp;<em>Ch\u0101ndogya Upanished<\/em>&nbsp;(Ch. VII), where the ideal of the saintly knight teaches a typical brahmin about the highest truth (compare Deussen&#8217;s note on p. 171 of&nbsp;<em>&#8216;Sechzig Upanishads&#8217;<\/em>). In the&nbsp;<em>Nik\u0101yas<\/em>&nbsp;the Eternal Youth is frequently quoted as the author of a famous verse which says that, though the knight takes precedence among all those that trust in lineage, he that is perfect in wisdom takes precedence over all (see&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.03.rhyt.pts.htm#pg121\">above, I, 121,<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pali\/mn\/mn.053.pali.bd.htm#pg358\"><em>M.<\/em>&nbsp;I, 358;<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/sn\/01_sagv\/idx_06_brahmasamyutta.htm#p11\"><em>S.<\/em>&nbsp;I, 153;<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/an\/idx_11_ekadasakanipata.htm#p11\"><em>A.<\/em>&nbsp;V, 326.<\/a>&nbsp;At&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/backmatter\/indexes\/sutta\/sn\/02_nv\/idx_21_bhikkhusamyutta.htm#p11\"><em>S.<\/em>&nbsp;II, 284<\/a>&nbsp;the verse is ascribed to the Buddha). A similar sentiment is ascribed to him in the&nbsp;<em>Great Bh\u0101rata.<\/em>&nbsp;In mediaeval literature he is said to have been one of five or seven mind-born sons of Brahm\u0101, like the Sons of the Potent One in our verse. (For the five see the references in Wilson&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>&#8216;Vish\u1e47u Pur\u0101\u1e47a,&#8217;<\/em>&nbsp;I, 38; for the seven those in Garbe&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>&#8216;S\u0101\u0271khya-philosophie,&#8217;<\/em>&nbsp;p. 35). Buddhaghosa has a similar tale (quoted&nbsp;<em>J.R.A.S.,<\/em>&nbsp;1894, p. 344). A later and debased Jain version of the legend tells us at length of the love adventures and wives of the chaste knight, with a few words at the end on his conversion to the saintly life (Jacobi,&nbsp;<em>&#8216;Ausgew\u00e4hlte Erz\u00e4hlungen in Mah\u0101ra<\/em>sht<em>r\u012b<\/em>&nbsp;pp. 20-28, translated by de Blonay in&nbsp;<em>&#8216;Rev. de l&#8217;H. des Rel.,&#8217;<\/em>&nbsp;1895, pp. 29-41).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn14\">14<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;Ka\u1e47ho, for M\u0101ra. Cf. K\u0101l\u012b, the Black Woman.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn15\">15<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;M\u0101ra is called&nbsp;<em>Mah\u0101-seno,<\/em>&nbsp;his army being of course&nbsp;<em>sen\u0101.<\/em>&nbsp;The P\u0101li, making no distinction between&nbsp;<em>syena<\/em>&nbsp;(hawk) and&nbsp;<em>sena,<\/em>&nbsp;it is not impossible that a pun is here intended.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/obo.genaud.net\/dhamma-vinaya\/pts\/dn\/dn.20.rhyt.pts.htm#fn16\">16<\/a>]<\/sup>&nbsp;We have followed the traditional interpretation in ascribing these last four lines to M\u0101ra. They may quite as well, or better, be a statement by the author himself.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54cc66c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-between elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54cc66c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d586033\" data-id=\"d586033\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8995e21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8995e21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"29369\" class=\"elementor elementor-29369\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-263b597c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"263b597c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-134cd20d\" data-id=\"134cd20d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bcd0b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bcd0b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u Kinh t\u1ea1ng Nikaya &#8211; T\u00e2m h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Online gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 kinh Nikaya , c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00edn c\u1eady tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng internet.<\/p><p>Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o , mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp; T\u00e2m h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Sacred Books of the BuddhistsVolume III D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya Dialogues of the BuddhaPart II Sutta 20 Mah\u0101 Samaya Suttanta\u0271 The Great Concourse Translated from the Pali by&nbsp;T.W. Rhys\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35356,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[375],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-35432","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kinh-truong-bo-eng"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35432"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35432\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36718,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35432\/revisions\/36718"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35356"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35432"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35432"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=35432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}