{"id":6570,"date":"2020-11-25T23:03:01","date_gmt":"2020-11-25T16:03:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/?p=6570"},"modified":"2020-11-25T23:03:04","modified_gmt":"2020-11-25T16:03:04","slug":"thanh-qua-trong-dao-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/25\/thanh-qua-trong-dao-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u1ee8 TH\u00c1NH QU\u1ea2\u00a0QUA\u00a0KINH T\u1ea0NG\u00a0P\u0100LI<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n


Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh

<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt<\/a> ch\u1ec9 ra gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tu ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 Th\u00e1nh t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m Th\u00e1nh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu ai cung k\u00ednh c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u00f9y theo c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c Ki\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/a> (samyojana)<\/em>. C\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebft s\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m Ng\u0169 h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u2018orambh\u0101giya-samyojana<\/em>\u2019 (th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, nghi, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7, d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u00e2n) ch\u00fang tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sinh trong ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi; v\u00e0 Ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u2018uddhambh\u0101giya-samyojana<\/em>\u2019 (h\u1eefu \u00e1i, v\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u00e1i, m\u1ea1n, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh), ch\u00fang tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sinh trong c\u00f5i s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tu t\u1eadp ngang qua Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc (gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7)<\/em> s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch ch\u00fang. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ki\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u-Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n (Sot\u0101panna)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u-Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n (Sot\u0101panna<\/em>) l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3. Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u2018M\u1edf con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p\u2019 (dharmacakkhu<\/em>), ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec sinh ra \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng). Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i t\u00edn\u2019. B\u1eadc th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 \u2018Th\u1ea5t lai\u2019, t\u1ee9c  l\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n sanh t\u1eed n\u1eefa m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n.  V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0: th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi<\/em>), nghi (vicikicch\u0101<\/em>), v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 (s\u012blabbatapar\u0101m\u0101sa<\/em>). Kinh t\u1ea1ng Nik\u0101ya<\/em> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecda \u00e1c th\u00fa, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/em>.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9 kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n theo gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 l\u01b0u nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, T\u1ef7 Kheo \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec c\u1edb sao? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, Ta kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m cho v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ki\u00ean tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y, ki\u00ean tr\u00fa gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y, do \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecda, quy\u1ebft ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c.[2]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u (Stream-winner<\/em>): Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc s\u01a1 qu\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1eadc d\u1ef1 l\u01b0u ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 g\u00f3c r\u1ec5 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusalamula<\/em>) nh\u01b0 tham (loba<\/em>), s\u00e2n (dosa<\/em>) v\u00e0 si (moha<\/em>). Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c r\u1ec5 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111i v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng th\u00e1nh, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng (parama sukha)<\/em> l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai – T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n (Sakad\u0101g\u0101mi)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 hai trong t\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t lai? B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n sanh t\u1eed n\u1eefa m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb v\u00f4 sanh. Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 l\u01b0u, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ki\u1ebft s\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, D\u1ee5c (k\u0101macchando<\/em>) v\u00e0 S\u00e2n (by\u0101p\u0101da<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai – T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n (Sakad\u0101g\u0101mi<\/em>). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cT\u1ef7-kheo \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt tham, s\u00e2n, si, th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Nh\u1ee9t lai, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i sanh l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi di\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.\u201d[3]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc, Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai (Once-returner<\/em>) th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c tham, s\u00e2n, si.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t lai-A Na H\u00e0m (An\u0101gami)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t lai-A Na H\u00e0m l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u0103m h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed (orambhagiya sa\u1e43yojana<\/em>), sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1i sinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cV\u1ecb T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t n\u0103m h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb h\u00f3a sanh, nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.\u201d[4]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t lai (Non-returner): <\/em>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn n\u0103m h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a sanh, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf lui \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eadc A Na H\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u0103m h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c (k\u0101macchando)<\/em> v\u00e0 s\u00e2n (by\u0101p\u0101da),<\/em> c\u00f2n ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi (th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, nghi v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n (Arahant)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi ph\u00e1 lu\u00f4n n\u0103m ki\u1ebft s\u1eed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1ee9c h\u1eefu \u00e1i, v\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u00e1i, m\u1ea1n, tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-na-h\u00e0m s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng A-la-h\u00e1n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh thi\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc, Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n (Arahant<\/em>), th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn 10 ki\u1ebft s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cL\u00fd do \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t lai l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi, qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. V\u00ec b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi\u2019, b\u1eadc Nh\u1ea5t lai c\u0169ng v\u1eady, b\u1eadc B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2019 v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u2018tu\u1ec7 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n\u2019.[5] Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y: \u201csanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn, ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh d\u0129 th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t th\u1ecd h\u1eadu h\u1eefu.\u201d<\/em> (\u2018Destroyed is birth, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more for this state of being.\u2019)<\/em>[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u xong b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c thi\u1ec1n<\/a>. Khi c\u00f4ng phu tu h\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ki\u1ebft s\u1eed n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang \u1edf t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Khi ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n. L\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ki\u1ebft s\u1eed k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean d\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n vi t\u1ebf h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t b\u1ecf. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tam thi\u1ec1n. N\u0103m ki\u1ebft s\u1eed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf. Khi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (final stage of enlightenment). <\/em>T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01a1i v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Trung B\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, trong ch\u00fang T\u1ef7-kheo n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef7-kheo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng A-la-h\u00e1n, c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, h\u1eefu ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, trong ch\u00fang T\u1ef7-kheo n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb n\u0103m h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a sanh, t\u1eeb \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, trong ch\u00fang T\u1ef7-kheo n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c tham, s\u00e2n, si, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Nh\u1ea5t lai, sau khi sanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc T\u1ef7-kheo nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong ch\u00fang T\u1ef7-kheo n\u00e0y. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, trong ch\u00fang T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.\u201d[7]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp trong Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y an tr\u1ee5 trong thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t ly m\u1ecdi tham \u00e1i, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0 huy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9ng, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham luy\u1ebfn g\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.[8]T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n: \u201cV\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, l\u00e0 hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n? Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u, Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai, Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t lai, v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n.\u201d[9]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A La H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eadc l\u1eadu t\u1eadn:<\/em>ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebft s\u1eed nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, bao g\u1ed3m: d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu. L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (\u0101sava)<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh r\u0129 ch\u1ea3y ra. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n t\u00e2m, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm ch\u00fang sinh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sinh t\u1eed. L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A La h\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A La h\u00e1n, b\u1eadc l\u1eadu t\u1eadn. Trong kinh t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTh\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (\u0100savakkhaya), v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc l\u1eadu t\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra.\u201d[10]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eadc A La H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc L\u1eadu t\u1eadn (\u0101sav\u0101na\u1e43khay\u0101 an\u0101sava\u1e43<\/em>). Theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 L\u01b0u Th\u1ea5t Lai (Sot\u0101patti),<\/em> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadu; Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai (An\u0101g\u0101m\u012b),<\/em> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 A la h\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu).[11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef A La H\u00e1n \u2018l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, \u2018ari\u2019<\/em> (th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch) v\u00e0, \u2018hana\u2019<\/em> (gi\u1ebft hay ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y). Theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch trung qu\u1ed1c, A la h\u00e1n c\u00f3 ba ngh\u0129a: nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1 Tam \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1eb7c; nh\u1ecb \u1ee9ng Nh\u01a1n Thi\u00ean c\u00fang; Tam lai th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t sanh. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xong, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eefa, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.\u2019 A La h\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eadc v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc (asekha) <\/em>kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc (sekha) <\/em>v\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n tu h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u2018v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sandhicchedo<\/em>, ngh\u0129a \u0111en, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 nh\u00e0, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 tan c\u0103n nh\u00e0 do tham \u00e1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Do v\u1eady, Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc l\u1eadu t\u1eadn tr\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: \u201cXuy\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, Nh\u01b0 Lai th\u00eanh thang \u0111i, \u0111i m\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u00e3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p, Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111i t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y. L\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n. N\u00e0y h\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0, Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u01a1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 cho Nh\u01b0 Lai n\u1eefa. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e3y, c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2n d\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 tan! Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 sanh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c\u201d (Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A-la-h\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hat\u0101vak\u0101so<\/em>, ngh\u0129a \u0111en, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hay nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp may c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i v.v… B\u1edfi l\u1ebd c\u00e1c B\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, n\u00ean c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi tham \u00e1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o tu\u1ec7 Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t (A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o), v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t B\u1eadc kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, B\u1eadc th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00f4 sanh, B\u1eadc ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 B\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i; v\u1ecb \u1ea5y x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 B\u1eadc t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n (Uttamapuriso<\/em>), B\u1eadc v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c (Vitaraga<\/em>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan.[12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A La H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 A La H\u00e1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. T\u01b0ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh III, ph\u1ea9m \u2018Tham Luy\u1ebfn\u2019, ph\u1ea7n \u2018Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c\u2019 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cNh\u01b0 Lai, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c, do y\u1ebfm ly, ly tham, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c.\u201d<\/em>[13]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Bhikkhu Bodhi,<\/em> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng trong kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u0101li s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e2u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n (iti pi so bhagav\u0101 araham samm\u0101 sambuddho<\/em> …); m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, tam mi\u1ec7u tam b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 (Sambodhi),<\/em> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Tam Mi\u1ec7u Tam B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 (Sambuddha Samma<\/em>) v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed (savaka)<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. V\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00eam, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb N\u0103m Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, \u0111\u00e3 an tr\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o B\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh tu t\u1eadp B\u1ea3y Gi\u00e1c chi, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed A La H\u00e1n. T\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh t\u1ea1ng Nik\u0101ya<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa Nh\u01b0 Lai Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n, l\u00e0 \u201cM\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018m\u1ed9t T\u1ef7 kheo gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1edfi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u2019: N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Nh\u01b0 Lai, b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1eadc T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u1eadm th\u00e2m vi di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadm th\u00e2m vi di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. T\u1ee9c ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.[14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: \u201cNh\u01b0 Lai, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0m cho kh\u1edfi l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia) ch\u01b0a kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111em l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia) ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia) ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft, b\u1eadc tri \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1eadc ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1eadc thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00f2n n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u (\u0111\u1ea1o).\u201d<\/em>[15]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y, T\u1ee9 qu\u1ea3 Thanh v\u0103n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tu ch\u1ee9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 hay qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. L\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ngang qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 ba la m\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nam t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u0101li \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb d\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ec7, gi\u00fap cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, xem m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tu tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.
Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh
Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

[1] Maurice Walshe (trans.),  D\u012bgha nik\u0101ya<\/em>, The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2012, p. 145<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] E.M. Hare, The Book of the Gradual Sayings (A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya),<\/em> Vol.1, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 2006, pp. 211-212. (T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 ph\u00e1p, IX. Ph\u1ea9m Sa-M\u00f4n, H\u1eefu h\u1ecdc 2.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]Maurice Walshe (trans.),  D\u012bgha nik\u0101ya<\/em>, The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2012, p. 145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]Ibid,<\/em> p. 145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Th\u00edch N\u1eef Tr\u00ed h\u1ea3i, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Gi\u1ea3ng V\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]Bhikhu Bodhi, (trans.) Sa\u1e43yutta nik\u0101ya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, <\/em>Wisdom publication,Boston, 2000, p. 912.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Bhikkhu \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli and Bhikhu Bodhi, (trans.), Majjhima nik\u0101ya, The Middle Discourses of the Buddha, <\/em>Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2009, p. 942-43.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] See, Bhikkhu Isidatta, Theravadin Essay<\/em>, Vol. 1, United States of America, 2009, p. 51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Bhikhu Bodhi, (trans.), Sa\u1e43yuttaNik\u0101ya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2000, p. 1541.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]Maurice Walshe, (trans.), D\u012bgha nik\u0101ya<\/em>, The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2012, p. 145-46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] Cf. Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines<\/em> (4threvised edition; Kandy, \u015ari Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society [1980]), pp. 27-28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] Acharya Buddharakkhita, Mind Overcoming Its Cankers<\/em>, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Srilanka, 2004, p. 218.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans.), Sa\u1e43yutta nik\u0101ya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, <\/em>Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2000, p. 900.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] Bhikkhu Bodhi (ed.), In the Buddha\u2019s words An Anthology of Discourses from the P\u0101li Canon<\/em>, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2005, p. 382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]\u00a0Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans.),\u00a0Sa\u1e43yutta nik\u0101ya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha,\u00a0<\/em>Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2000, p. 901.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Video B\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tuy\u00ean H\u00f3a khai th\u1ecb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n