{"id":6727,"date":"2020-11-30T22:56:08","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T15:56:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/ban-ve-luat-nhan-qua\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T22:56:08","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T15:56:08","slug":"ban-ve-luat-nhan-qua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/ban-ve-luat-nhan-qua\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"

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I. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu m\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra<\/span> s\u00e0n di\u1ec5n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u<\/span> cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c ra \u0111\u1eddi do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u00e1nh ch\u1edbp l\u00f3e l\u00ean, s\u1ea5m n\u1ed5 r\u1ec1n, gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i r\u1ea1t r\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 hay tri\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2ng cao, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> ch\u00fang l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span>, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, ngh\u00e8o c\u1ef1c, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> di\u1ec5n thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp lang<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (causality), h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (the principle of causality), hay lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (law of causality).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui lu\u1eadt n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, cho th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>; v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u00edt ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

II. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecm nh\u00e2n<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft trinh th\u00e1m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span>, khi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1eed thi<\/span> nh\u00e9t trong t\u1ee7 \u00e1o, hai tay b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i qu\u1eb7t ra sau l\u01b0ng, vi\u00ean th\u00e1m t\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra<\/span>. Y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2<\/span>, c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 khi sai h\u01b0\u1edbng. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> y v\u1eabn t\u00ecm ra<\/span> th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su Nam b\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0ng da v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh<\/span> khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed1n r\u1eebng xanh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecf, cho t\u1edbi khi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00e1 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u00e1c b\u1ea9n. \u1ea2o thu\u1eadt<\/span> gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Hungary *Harry Houdini (1874-1926), theo l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i g\u1ecdi h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u1ed3ng khi \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang y nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gia t\u0103ng<\/span> t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay trong bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, hai tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Anh Francis Bacon v\u00e0 Thomas Hobbes \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea5y. C\u1ea3 hai nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> nhu c\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u1ea3 hai v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> cho ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ea9m tra tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 r\u00fat t\u1eeb quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ra \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u2013 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> duy nghi\u1ec7m do Locke, Berkeley v\u00e0 Hume tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi thuy\u1ebft duy ng\u00e3<\/span> (solipsism) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, v\u00ec thuy\u1ebft duy ng\u00e3<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai; h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u0103n n\u1eafp<\/span>, t\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9nh<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>; h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111i qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia nh\u1eefng minh h\u1ecda v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u00f9ng s\u1edf th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i g\u00ec khi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3” v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9<\/span>, th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi h\u1ecd n\u00f3i khi h\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng “M\u1ed7i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n”.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> mang t\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ecd cho ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e9p. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi ta \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi “n\u00f3ng” m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u1edbi “l\u1ea1nh”, ho\u1eb7c “d\u00e0i” m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u1edbi “ng\u1eafn”. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n” ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u1edbi “k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3”, v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>: l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> B kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> A \u0111i li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh ra n\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> A \u0111i li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> B v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ed1 B, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ta c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec c\u00e2u n\u00f3i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> kia qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3? T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1edbi? N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng nhau. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nhau th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng B kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi A th\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng B ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng A th\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t n\u00e0o cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2-3 sau C.N., ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span> cho Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau (v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb);\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> (v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia \u2013 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00fang n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u00ec n\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o);\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> (v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb);\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo t\u01b0 duy<\/span> qui \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

5. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh qui \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(Xem \u00d0\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u00d0\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Nan gi\u1ea3i khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/p>\n

Sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> t\u1ef1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i mang t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. V\u00ec khi ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3<\/span> suy ng\u1eabm \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> khi n\u00f3i: “C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 c\u1eeda k\u00ednh”, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u00e2y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00ec t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 c\u1eeda k\u00ednh.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1eeda k\u00ednh b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 \u1ea5y qui tr\u00e1ch cho k\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111ang n\u00e9m c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1. Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy t\u1ea7m<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 khi b\u1ecb ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ecbch bi\u00ean nh\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 mua nh\u00e0 n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 n\u00e9m v\u1ee1 c\u1eeda k\u00ednh nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qui cho nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>. Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng can t\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phi l\u00fd<\/span> h\u01a1n khi cho r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 tham gia<\/span> Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn Hai ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u<\/span> C\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb n\u00e9m bom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau do c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y. S\u1eed gia v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 *Will Durant (1885-1981) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec xung kh\u1eafc<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00ecnh \u00e1i<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc vua ch\u00faa, v.v. t\u00f9y v\u00e0o s\u1edf th\u00edch<\/span> ho\u1eb7c quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c qui k\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qui cho nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, d\u00f9 qui cho m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng trong nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i”. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n” t\u1eadp k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1ea5y v\u00e0o trong n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed1i \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5c c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc (philosophers of science), kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho h\u1ecd h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u1ee3p qui c\u00e1ch (legitimate) n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n” hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n” \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1edb v\u1ea9n<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> v\u1eeba xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n” kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> trong ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1edbi lui<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 n\u00e0y (dilemma), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho ra, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.
<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

III. C\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Hai lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>. \u1ede nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ec5 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span> b\u1ecb h\u1ea5t c\u1eb3ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>; n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span> qui b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt cho b\u00f9a ng\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9c d\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng “Ho\u00e0ng thi\u00ean n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9”. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec7 sinh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf mang t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> hay huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> thi\u1ebfu v\u1ec7 sinh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> y d\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> cho t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Aristotle v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Aristotle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> k\u1ef9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu xem x\u00e9t<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”. M\u1ecdi c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u (material cause) cho m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i, hi\u1ec3u theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Aristotle th\u00ec c\u00e1i n\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng (potential) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u00d0\u1ec3 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7, v.v. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. \u00d0\u1ec3 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c hay th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1 hay th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebbo \u0111\u00e1. Ch\u00ednh qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kho\u00e1c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (efficient cause), hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng, c\u00e1i s\u1ea3n sinh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eed h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> minh h\u1ecda \u1ea5y v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1. Y kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3m g\u1ea1ch l\u00ean, n\u00e9m ch\u00fang v\u00e0o nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng. Trong khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span>, y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. B\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Aristotle, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c (form) bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c (formal cause).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 thu\u00ea th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 cho m\u00ecnh \u1edf, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho thu\u00ea, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xe ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 kho. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u1edbn lao trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o, b\u1ecf ra<\/span> bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thu\u00ea lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee3 n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> “m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch” (goal), c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, bao qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 “c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh” (purpose) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p telos, ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1eaft, \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi; m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con m\u1eaft nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. C\u1ea3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi \u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span>, hay \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> mang t\u00ednh *c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn (teleology). Trong m\u1eabu th\u1ee9c (pattern) ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> theo Aristotle, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> (final cause), hay nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 sau th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, cho r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec theo Aristotle, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o: ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (matter) v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c (form). Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> trong khi ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c (formal) ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> (actuality).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Aristotle, trong ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> (t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>) quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u2013 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> \u2013 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00fau c\u00e1nh” g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt-s\u1eafp-tr\u1edf-th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u sai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai phi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1eb1m trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> theo kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh phi th\u1eddi<\/span> gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2y b\u1eafp \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf s\u1eb5n trong h\u1ea1t b\u1eafp, v\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ea1t b\u1eafp s\u1eafp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u<\/span> l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ea1t b\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2y k\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e2y b\u1eafp. Su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o, d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y b\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aristotle v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n sang \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>) c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aristotle g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u00edt c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ebf gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo Aristotle bi\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> Aristotle. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t theo c\u00e1c c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Aristotle l\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u2013 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u2013 v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh (theory of essences), n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc do s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi Aristotle, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/span> do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01a1 l\u00e0<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i t\u1edbi: ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00f2ng \u01b0u \u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u1ea5y d\u00e0nh cho nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u00ean nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1ecb m\u1edd m\u1ecbt<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> khi\u1ebfn Francis Bacon kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> (t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> hay m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ch\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec1 cao nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c d\u1ed9ng<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng). Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Galileo, Bacon, Hobbes v\u00e0 Descartes. Galileo nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o thay v\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0o.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo Aristotle l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 an ngh\u1ec9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean tr\u1eddi v\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Galileo, \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u01a1n t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra trong li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (efficient causality) kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1ecf.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u0169i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00f4i trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Aristotle qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tinh ti\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c quay 180 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> n\u00e0y sang c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span> qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> trong c\u1ea3 hai.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ef1<\/span> nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> nh\u1edd n\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. Cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00f9a ng\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ti\u00eau ch\u1ea3y c\u1ea5p (d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3), cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd do<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u00e1c tai h\u1ecda<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o trong t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ebft th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i<\/span> kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i<\/span> gi\u00f2n gi\u00e3 h\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng l\u1edbp l\u1edbp \u1ea5y l\u1eadp n\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc (naturalist) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c *Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoe khoang r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n sinh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1n-Newton (pre-Newtonian science) t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c h\u00e3y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0169 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 la \u00f3<\/span> qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 g\u00e3 l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n h\u1ebft v\u1ed1n \u0111ang khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c n\u1ecd c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang ngh\u0129.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy<\/span> l\u1ed1i h\u00e0m s\u1ed1<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang suy ng\u1eabm s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. H\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> (metaphysical implications) b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a hai bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1. B\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o trong bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> trong bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, qui lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1i kia. Trong l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0y, khoa h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> g\u1eafn b\u00f3<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c hai c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0m v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xem quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Hume v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi David Hume. C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng xem l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> xong xu\u00f4i<\/span>. Hume v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> nhau v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed9t trong hai c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ch\u00e2n Bacon, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Newton kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. “Hypothesis non fingo: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Newton. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Locke th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Locke th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9 xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Locke qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> do suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qua gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hume ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc duy nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (the general empirical principles) c\u1ee7a Locke nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> trong khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd mang m\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec t\u1edbi. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. L\u1eddi \u1ea5y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Hume<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, theo Hume, ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. N\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp khi c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u1eeda k\u00ednh v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u00ednh v\u1ee1; n\u00f3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> khi b\u00ecnh x\u0103ng \u00f4-t\u00f4 n\u1ed5 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe v\u0103ng ra ngo\u00e0i. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp. Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy ngh\u0129<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00f4 s\u01a1 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i tr\u00fang ng\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ebft. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> minh h\u1ecda \u1ea5y cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0m \u00fd trong ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> sang k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Khi tr\u00e1i bi-da l\u0103n t\u1edbi, ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i bi-da kh\u00e1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean<\/span>, tr\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang c\u00e1i kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m \u00fd trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> ta th\u1ea5y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hume chi\u1ebft ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1: \u2013 (1) g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau; \u2013 (2) n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau; \u2013 (3) truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho nhau; \u2013 v\u00e0 (4) nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea5y kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u1ea5n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u00e1c-quan (sense-impression) g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (1) g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau v\u00e0 (2) n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi c\u1eeda k\u00ednh, vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n v\u1edbi l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau trong s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hai tr\u00e1i bi-da. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (1) v\u00e0 (2) trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span> hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 (3) truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho nhau v\u00e0 (4) nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau. Ch\u01b0a ai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> sang k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a ai th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh suy ra, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u1ea5c c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean ho\u1eb7c d\u1eddi v\u1eadt ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed1i m\u00ecnh \u0111i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hume ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0y, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hume l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (4) nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (1) g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau v\u00e0 (2) n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau. Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau m\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 qui c\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> nhau, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> mang t\u00ednh quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbp tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o, l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 do t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau. Theo Hume, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (4) kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra theo nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (impression), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu<\/span> t\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00f2n d\u00ednh l\u00edu<\/span> t\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n d\u00ednh l\u00edu<\/span> t\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ebf n\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (1) “g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau” v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (2) “n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau” c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Hume k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau”.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Hume, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> qu\u1edf nhau<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Hume, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i! N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> r\u0103n \u0111e m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1eadp d\u1ecb thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u00e1m r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hume ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng xoay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, ch\u0129a m\u0169i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat t\u0129a t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n \u0111a nghi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, k\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>. Hume cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb Hume b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u1ebfu quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 4 “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau”, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> B s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> A n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, B lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> A, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 thi kh\u00e1c nhau (different degrees of probability). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> minh h\u1ecda cho t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1 \u1ea5y \u0111ang n\u1eb1m tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span> trong chu\u1ed3ng g\u00e0, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. B\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean ch\u00fa gi\u1eadt b\u1eafn c\u1ea3 l\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1nh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ch\u00fa te c\u00f2 ch\u1ea1y. Khi ch\u00fa quay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u0169, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1eafp. V\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan s\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fa ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ea1t b\u1eafp \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o, ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> quan s\u00e1t<\/span> 999 l\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fa nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qui lu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>; v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1 nu\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ”nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t b\u1eafp. N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a h\u1ec5 khi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, h\u1ea1t b\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y, ch\u00fa g\u00e0 t\u01a1 ra kh\u1ecfi chu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n c\u1ee7a y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1m \u01a1n l\u00f2ng t\u1eed t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a y. V\u00e0 b\u1ecb y v\u1eb7n c\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ednh c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau gi\u1eefa hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. V\u00e0 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i l\u1eddi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. V\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai ti\u1ebfng “g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0”.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hume<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hume t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng uy t\u00edn<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t<\/span>. N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p qui n\u1ea1p khoa h\u1ecdc (scientific induction) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec5 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hume c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>, c\u00e1i b\u1ecb n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i (the external objects) hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi y, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qui lu\u1eadt t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a y v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> trong cu\u1ed1n The Grammar of Science (Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, 1892), nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh *Karl Pearson (1857-1936) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

“S\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>; vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu n\u00e0o trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p lai”.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 duy th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (the logical positivism) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (logical entailment), nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 minh h\u1ecda trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat t\u1ec9a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Martin Christopher Johnson trong cu\u1ed1n Science and the Meanings of Truth (Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, 1946, t.14), vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu (pattern) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang”. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (mechanics) b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> s\u1ea3n sinh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1edbi hai bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 cho. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng k\u00e8m theo bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hume, c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 “g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau” v\u00e0 “n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau” b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00f3ng ma Hume<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (statistics) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi trong tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m<\/span> n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf y r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Hume l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i ch\u00e2m ch\u1ecdc<\/span> tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> khi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. Kant v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Hume gi\u1ea3m h\u1ea1 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hume v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 “g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau” v\u00e0 “n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau”, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft (conjunctions) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. S\u1ef1 thu nh\u1ecf<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea9y khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0i cao \u0111\u00e1ng h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng l\u00fd do<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Newton \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa! Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Kant l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> (the principle of order) do t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang bi\u1ebft. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kant s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> theo Locke, r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hay t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng 2 c\u1ed9ng 2 b\u1eb1ng 4, t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Hume ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu (necessary truth) v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> (contingent truth), ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (analytic judgment) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (synthetic judgment).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khi thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y 2 + 2 = 4 l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng y nhau. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp th\u1eeba (l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, tautology); n\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> trong ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb th\u00ec ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. “L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u00d0\u1ee9c” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a “L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m” r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb “ti\u1ebfng \u00d0\u1ee9c” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang cho anh ta. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” th\u00ec theo Hume, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i mang d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, v\u00e0 ta h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> “Ch\u00ecm d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> su\u1ed1t 60 ph\u00fat th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft”, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> cho c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat ng\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7n khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5y v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng kinh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 A-\u0111am v\u00e0 E-va, hai con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Kinh th\u00e1nh. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai t\u1edbi b\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 trong v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 trong v\u1eaft<\/span>, s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m v\u00e0 l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 pha l\u00ea<\/span>, E-va th\u1ea5y b\u00f3ng h\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, chung v\u1edbi t\u00f4m, c\u00e1, cua, v.v. nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edfn nh\u01a1 b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang. V\u00e0 n\u00e0ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi A-\u0111am r\u1eb1ng n\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e0n v\u1edbi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang tung t\u0103ng<\/span> b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec7u A-\u0111am c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a E-va trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ebft?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> A-\u0111am c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a nghe n\u00f3i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u1ea5y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” gi\u1eefa \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Sau khi th\u1ea5y ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i, A-\u0111am m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span>. \u00d4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u00ec trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hay quan s\u00e1t<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m (a posteriori synthetic judgment), n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. Theo Hume, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m (a posteriori), ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (a priori). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat g\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Hume th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m (a posteriori synthetic judgment);<\/span><\/p>\n

b. Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (a priori synthetic judgment).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kant tin r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea5y, Kant ph\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng t\u00ecm ra<\/span> c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft. Gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, c\u00f2n l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i dung \u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung l\u1eabn d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 hai d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> (forms of sensibility) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00fang. L\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span>; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (a priori). Theo Kant, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> trong t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (the science of mathematics) \u2013 v\u1ed1n li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> ho\u1eb7c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> n\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng do b\u1edfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0o trong t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (a priori principle of causality) qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Kant c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9<\/span> cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> *ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i<\/span> nghi (scepticism) c\u1ee7a Hume v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t b\u1edfi quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00f3 l\u1ed9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

IV. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u00d0\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> xoay quanh<\/span> (1) t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o (2) \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 (3) \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea5y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 ba c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u1ed9t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Hume kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00ec gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hume, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch n\u1ecd, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hume, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00ean n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>. C\u00e1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u2013 d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span> ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1i b\u1ea1t tai<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f4m \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n B\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 th\u01b0 k\u00fd<\/span> gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed7ng ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u00fam. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1edf thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 b\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1eafp t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. T\u1eeb v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng<\/span>, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi ng\u1ed3i ch\u1edd \u0103n t\u1ed1i, D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n B\u1ea3nh b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng con ch\u00f3 c\u1ee9 ch\u1ecf m\u00f5m sang h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m m\u00e0 s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e8o c\u00e0o lung tung<\/span> m\u1eb7t gh\u1ebf xa-l\u00f4ng. C\u1eadu con trai c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u1ea7u nghe nh\u1ea1c gi\u1eadt g\u00e2n, m\u1edf m\u00e1y l\u1edbn h\u1ebft c\u1ee1, ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng d\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ecnh th\u1ecbch. C\u00f4 con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai kh\u00f3c \u1ec9 i v\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1eb9 c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111i “m\u00faa \u0111\u00f4i” v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 t\u1ed1i nay. \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> che gi\u1ea5u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 pha m\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea r\u1ed3i ch\u00fai m\u0169i v\u00f4 t\u1edd b\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1eadu con \u00fat c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n B\u1ea3nh ch\u1ea1y \u00e0o v\u00f4 ph\u00f2ng, nh\u1ea3y th\u00f3t l\u00ean b\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1, l\u00e0m t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u00f4ng \u0111ang u\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb vu\u1ed9t tay<\/span> \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o s\u01a1-mi \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfu. Ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span>. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat r\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n, b\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec1n ngay cho k\u1ecbp \u0111i mua chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n \u0111i d\u1ef1 d\u1ea1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ef1u n\u1eef sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng; xe nh\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u1ed5 m\u00e1y ch\u1edd s\u1eb5n \u1edf ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng, D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n B\u1ea3nh vung tay<\/span> b\u1ea1t tai v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i. B\u00e0 n\u1ed5i \u0111i\u00ean<\/span>, b\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t! Th\u1ebf th\u00ec theo b\u1ea1n, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1ea1t tai \u1ea5y?<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> mang t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n B\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1t tai. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng quan s\u00e1t<\/span> ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n B\u1ea3nh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i b\u1ea1t tai \u1ea5y. Mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, ta ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra<\/span>. Th\u1eadt phi l\u00fd<\/span> khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb h\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. L\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00ean c\u00e1i kia, ph\u00e1t sinh ho\u1eb7c h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> mang t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 ta h\u1eb3n k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec “g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 nhau” v\u00e0 “n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau” l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> h\u1ee3p qui c\u00e1ch trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (an organic system). C\u00f2n “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” th\u00ec sao? Whitehead l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Hume sai khi \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau”, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, change) c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3, ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3; m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau”.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. “Nihil ex nihilo: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng”. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00e1i s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc s\u1eafp t\u1edbi?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngang \u0111\u00e2y, ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. Theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> (the emergent evolution), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> (a principle of creativity) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u01b0a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. S\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00f4i c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1edbi, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng “bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5u” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u “h\u01a1i b\u1ecb sai”!<\/span><\/p>\n

3. L\u1ef1c theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Hume, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho nhau”. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 giao truy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> s\u1ea3n sinh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng<\/span> l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c hay s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> (force), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> qua th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Clifford Barrett \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n Philosophy: an Introduction Study of Fundamental Problems & Attitudes (Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, 1946) r\u1eb1ng: “\u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>… ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho n\u00f3… Ng\u00e0y nay, quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy t\u1ea7m<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u00ed nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u1edb v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb<\/span>, ta r\u00fat t\u1ec9a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, tuy nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eb3n phi l\u00fd<\/span> khi gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb s\u1ea3n sinh k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>; c\u0169ng th\u1eadt th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m \u00fd trong b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb theo ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> mang t\u00ednh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (the atomic point of view).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, v\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (mechanism) ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> x\u01b0a c\u0169 v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f9ng d\u1ed3n \u00e9p m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n xem t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> x\u01b0a c\u0169 \u1ea5y v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng may thay, khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Khi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, y \u0111ang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span>. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian (the space-time world) ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> minh cho th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eed tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n xem c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> xem v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 hai ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n; h\u1ecd hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u01a1 may th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ri\u00eang r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xa l\u1ea1<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.
<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V. T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Hume \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00f3a h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ch\u00fang \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong khi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1edbi, s\u1ea3n sanh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 “thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau” gi\u1eefa ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft li\u00ean<\/span> nhau \u1ea5y gi\u1eefa ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> quan s\u00e1t<\/span> vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n th\u1ee3, th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n s\u1eafp t\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> an to\u00e0n<\/span> khi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean tai<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3o t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t cao r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1ea5y. \u1ede n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c (category) n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft duy m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i ti\u1ec1n-Hume v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] I. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp\u00a0 N\u1ebfu m\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6728,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-6727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6727"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6727\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6728"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6727"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6727"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=6727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}