{"id":6731,"date":"2020-11-30T22:56:46","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T15:56:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/co-nga-hay-khong-co-nga\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T22:56:46","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T15:56:46","slug":"co-nga-hay-khong-co-nga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/co-nga-hay-khong-co-nga\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f3 ng\u00e3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ‘C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.’\u201d M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: T\u1ea1i sao t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u1ed5? L\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u kinh Saccaka<\/span> (C\u016b\u1e37asaccaka Sutta), Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh n\u00e0y ghi l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 du s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Saccaka v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. C\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Saccaka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang y c\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a s\u1eafc l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1<\/span> hay \u00e1c s\u1ef1; nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecd, v..v…; nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1<\/span> hay \u00e1c s\u1ef1.\u201d Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec d\u00f9 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, Saccaka k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecfi Saccaka: \u201c\u00d4ng ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ef5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 vua Pasenadi n\u01b0\u1edbc Kosala, vua Ajatasattu con b\u00e0 Vedehi n\u01b0\u1edbc Magadha, vua n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng trong qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t?\u201d Khi Saccaka ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c vua \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecfi: \u201c\u00d4ng ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i ‘S\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta’, th\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc \u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ‘S\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y’ kh\u00f4ng?\u201d C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho Saccaka th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Saccaka \u0111\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qua cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1ea5y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ecb ch\u00fang \u00e1m \u1ea3nh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, kinh N\u0103m v\u1ecb hay V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng (Anattalakkhana Sutta), trong \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng l\u00fd V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> cho n\u0103m v\u1ecb T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. N\u1ebfu S\u1eafc l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, th\u1eddi S\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong r\u1eb1ng S\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, S\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, v\u00ec S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, n\u00ean S\u1eafc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mong r\u1eb1ng S\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, mong r\u1eb1ng S\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y.\u201d S\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, c\u00e1c Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 hay vui?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

- C\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> ch\u0103ng khi qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ‘C\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i?’<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/span><\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

- Do v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, ph\u00e0m S\u1eafc g\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u1ecb lai<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c trong hay ngo\u00e0i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, li\u1ec7t hay th\u1eafng, xa hay g\u1ea7n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ‘C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.’<\/span><\/p>\n

- Ph\u00e0m th\u1ecd g\u00ec, t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec, h\u00e0nh g\u00ec, th\u1ee9c g\u00ec…, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ‘C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.’\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> vui, cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 trong c\u00e2u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 hay vui?\u201d v\u00e0 trong c\u00e2u c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5? <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef kh\u1ed5 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n Duhkha ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 bi quan<\/span> y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef kh\u1ed5 (Duhkha) qua b\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>: v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh ba c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>: kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span>, l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u1ecd, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ba c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>: kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5<\/span>, ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/span>. V\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span> th\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1edbi l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span> th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/span>, v\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tuy vui nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1t n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vui. V\u1edbi x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> th\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na<\/span> cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 vui \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ngay trong c\u00e1i vui \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng vui<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u00f3 bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> b\u00ean trong cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfng kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ec9 chung v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1eeba tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecbch \u00fd<\/span>, tr\u00e1i \u00fd kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u00f2ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. \u0110au c\u0169ng l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3i c\u0169ng l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5,…, s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ng\u00e3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec v\u00ec m\u00ea l\u1ea7m<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 ta ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch ta mu\u1ed1n, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ng\u00e3 \u00e1i<\/span> n\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00eca b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 ng\u00e3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eddi th\u1eed h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang theo lu\u1eadt duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0: V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tuy ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1eb3ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pudgala, d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. V\u00ec do duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> n\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu<\/span>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong kinh Khemaka, Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9<\/span>, III, 126. <\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tu s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u00ean Khemaka \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Khemaka tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cV\u00ed nh\u01b0, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 Hi\u1ec1n<\/span>, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a hoa sen xanh<\/span>, hay hoa sen<\/span> h\u1ed3ng, hay hoa tr\u1eafng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: ‘H\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u00e1, hay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, hay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1ee5y hoa’, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang<\/span> kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

– V\u1eady ch\u01b0 Hi\u1ec1n<\/span>, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp: \u201cCh\u01b0 Hi\u1ec1n, h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hoa. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo thuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1nh (emergent property), khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u1edf y<\/span> cho ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y. Ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00ean l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, r\u1ed3i sinh tham \u00e1i<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu,…, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> h\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00ec sao ngang qua ch\u00ednh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra c\u00e1i Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> g\u1ed3m s\u1eafc, v..v…, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 t\u00e1nh m\u00e0 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, s\u1eafc, v..v…, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Ch\u00fang h\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, do Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ed, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ba la m\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ba-la-m\u1eadt v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span>, cho n\u00ean Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. V\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i ba la m\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kinh:<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eafc v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u1eafng ng\u00e3 (t\u1ee9c Ng\u00e3 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eafc t\u00e1nh t\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh Ng\u00e3. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 trong n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span> do ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c Ng\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft.\u201d (Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, trang 798c, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9 d\u1ecbch) <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7y Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> Ng\u00e3. Do ph\u00e0m phu<\/span>, ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> (n\u01a1i n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span>). Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> sau khi ch\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Upanishad).<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c: Ch\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1c, ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span>, ch\u00e2n t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ph\u00e0m phu<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng,…, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh, th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>. C\u00f2n Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> n\u01a1i Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u00e1m th\u1ee9 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> n\u01a1i Ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean n\u00f3i, Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> do tu qu\u00e1n<\/span> b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (m\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Man g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00e1c<\/span>) n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> qu\u00e1n Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (Th\u1eafng Man g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n V\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span>. Thuy\u1ebft Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c kinh Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Th\u1eafng Man, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft. L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0<\/span> c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n. Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau c\u0169ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp minh nhi\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft, ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn, m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1i v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c t\u00edn, n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ebfu l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Daniel Dennett, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ed nh\u1ecfm nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cB\u1ea1n \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> n\u00e3o qua con m\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>, quanh qu\u1ea9n<\/span> chung quanh c\u00e1i v\u1ecf, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eebng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hay bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u01a1 v\u1eadn, g\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 n\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o.\u201d (Elbow Room. Trang 74-75) <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng? Ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1edb sao l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1edb v\u1ea9n<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eadt v\u00ec m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y, nghe, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, s\u1edd, t\u01b0\u1edfng. Y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, d\u1eadt d\u1edd, lo l\u1eafng<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fac tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> t\u00e1m c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 thua, danh th\u01a1m<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng x\u1ea5u<\/span>, ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> [P\u00e0li: Attha loka dhamma: l\u0101bha, al\u0101bha; yasa, ayasa; pasa\u1e43s\u0101, nind\u0101; sukha, du\u1e25kha. T\u00e1m ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. H\u00e1n: B\u00e1t phong<\/span>: H\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 suy s\u1ee5p<\/span>, danh d\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u00e1ng, x\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u00e0i, an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>].<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i do t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c do k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eadt\u201d \u1ea5y ch\u0103ng? <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 khi hi\u1ec7n khi bi\u1ebfn, t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> mong manh<\/span>, th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u00e0 sao kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p? Trong t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1ng qua c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ngay kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9<\/span>, trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ta nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ghi nh\u1edb hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, tr\u00ec t\u1ee5c c\u00e1i t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean \u1edf trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m. Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> David Hume \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cV\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4i, khi \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> g\u1ea7n g\u0169i m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d th\u1eddi t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tri nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y hay n\u1ecd v\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng hay l\u1ea1nh, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hay o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> hay kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u201ct\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y do tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 khi t\u00ecm n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea3ng l\u1edd xem nh\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u201ck\u1ebft \u00e1n\u201d ph\u1ea3i tin v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t si\u00eau ng\u00e3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>, sinh l\u00fd<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

PH\u00c9P QU\u00c1N NI\u1ec6M<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u01b0\u1edbng hay kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span> trong \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> si m\u00ea<\/span>. Nh\u1edd qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra c\u00e1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5y trang kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>: Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Ni\u1ec7m, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9<\/span>, V.180, ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c- N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> h\u00e3y tr\u00fa ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ta cho c\u00e1c \u00d4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

- V\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> tr\u00fa, qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c tham \u01b0u \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi,…. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

- V\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> an tr\u00fa<\/span>, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t; bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng an tr\u00fa<\/span>, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>, l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00fa ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u201cb\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u201dKinh T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span>: v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m \u00fd, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u00fd. Ni\u1ec7m (sm\u1e5bti), ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7<\/span> th\u1ec3 trong T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Qu\u00e1n (vipa\u015byana) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> \u00fd nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu. T\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> trong v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tham d\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, d\u00f9 ta mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u1ea5y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> th\u1eddi t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00e2m. Khi ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1eddi t\u00e2m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u00ed. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1edb c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. L\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/span>. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> \u201cT\u00f4i suy ngh\u0129\u201d, Descartes \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u201cT\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129<\/span> (res cogitans). N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u1eddi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> ngay \u201csuy ngh\u0129\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u00fd \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span>, suy ngh\u0129<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Tu t\u1eadp<\/span> qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span>, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span>, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> b\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong gi\u1edd thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecda<\/span>. Ch\u1edb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111ang qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span>, soi s\u00e1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, v..v… c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1<\/span> nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span>, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1ea5t t\u0103ng, b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, khi \u0111\u1ed1i duy\u00ean x\u00fac c\u1ea3nh<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u00fd, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 tham, s\u00e2n, si chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span>, x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, sai s\u1eed. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tu theo b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cB\u1ea5t t\u00f9y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u1edfi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, th\u1eddi v\u1ecdng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng sanh, v\u1ecdng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sanh, th\u1eddi ch\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> song song c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i<\/span> v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span>. M\u1ed9t, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hai, theo d\u00f5i<\/span> v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ngay khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc v\u00e0 danh s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn hay k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Khi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> xem s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> r\u1ed3i ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u1edd ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, th\u1eddi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1edf ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1edf ch\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00e2n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00e2n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> hay tin<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng qua m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i vi n\u00e0o hay d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i do qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua suy ngh\u0129<\/span> hay l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Khi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1eddi ta m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u1ebd v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span>. Ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngay trong l\u00fac h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i \u00fd<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u00e1p b\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111au nh\u1ee9c n\u01a1i l\u01b0ng. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed7 \u0111au bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ee9c \u00e9p<\/span>, r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh th\u00ecnh th\u1ecbch. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, khi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u1eddi t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111au. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1<\/span> n\u1eefa. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i \u00fd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1eeb s\u00e1t na<\/span> n\u00e0y sang s\u00e1t na<\/span> kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1edbn lao chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span>. Ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> ta mu\u1ed1n. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> r\u1ed3i ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> theo lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. M\u1ed7i khi sinh x\u1ea3y ra th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span> s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u1edbi sinh b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i \u00fd<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> hay linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00ean trong th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n. Ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, nh\u1edd c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span>. Khi c\u00e1c \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi tham \u00e1i<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. <\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>, hay linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u1eeb s\u00e1t na<\/span> n\u00e0y sang s\u00e1t na<\/span> kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> danh s\u1eafc<\/span> hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta. M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> di\u1ec5n ra trong ta, \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, theo m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> khi ta ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ta ch\u0103ng? C\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> hay th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ta qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> hay l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hay b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1ed1n l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> trong kinh T\u1ee9<\/span> ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m kinh<\/span>: qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span>, qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> n\u01a1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span>, qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e2m \u00fd n\u01a1i t\u00e2m \u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> T\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span>, qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m \u00fd (ph\u00e1p) n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m \u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/span>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> T\u00edch Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m kinh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edch Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u00e0 do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>. T\u00e2m kinh<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u: \u201cX\u00e1 l\u1ee3i t\u1eed! S\u1eafc b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng, Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb S\u1eafc. S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb S\u1eafc<\/span>. Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, di\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u00e3. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, hay nh\u01a1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, hay sanh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u01a1n ng\u00e3. Ch\u1eef \u201cnh\u01a1n\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i sanh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> hay h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> h\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00f3i k\u1ec7 (T\u1ea1p A h\u00e0m<\/span>. I.265. Kinh Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span>, Ph\u1ea9m Ly th\u1ebf gian<\/span>):<\/span><\/p>\n

“Qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc,<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 bong b\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng y nh\u01b0<\/span> s\u00f3ng n\u1eafng,<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i,<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh, th\u1eddi T\u00e2m kinh<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cNg\u0169 u\u1ea9n giai kh\u00f4ng\u201d. N\u00f3i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 n\u00e0o. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> giai kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ngay ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>. T\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>), b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. N\u00f3i v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>. N\u00f3i Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u1eabn v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ea3 nh\u01a1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u1eabn ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, c\u00f3 kinh n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf trong kinh L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u00e0: \u201cNg\u0169 ph\u00e1p tam t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, b\u00e1t th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ecb v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u201d. D\u1ecbch l\u00e0: N\u0103m ph\u00e1p (danh, t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span>, nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span>), Ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, y tha<\/span> kh\u1edfi, vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eadt), T\u00e1m th\u1ee9c (N\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span>: th\u1ea5y, nghe, n\u1ebfm, ng\u1eedi, v\u00e0 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m; \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, M\u1ea1t na<\/span>, A l\u1ea1i da<\/span>), Hai v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (nh\u01a1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>; hay h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>). <\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> 600 cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m kinh<\/span>, b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> tinh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a 600 cu\u1ed1n \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn<\/span> l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e2u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y: \u201cQu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> h\u00e0nh th\u00e2m B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span> th\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> giai kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch\u201d. D\u1ecbch l\u00e0: V\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span>, chi\u1ebfu soi r\u00f5 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>. (Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. HT. Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau) <\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u theo hai ngh\u0129a<\/span>. M\u1ed9t, qu\u00e1n th\u1ebf \u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee9u<\/span> kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, c\u1ea7u xin<\/span> c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho h\u1ecd. Hai, qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span>. Qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed. Qu\u00e1n th\u1ebf \u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i tha<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 bi. Danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i<\/span>, l\u1ee3i tha<\/span>, tr\u00ed v\u00e0 bi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec cho Ng\u00e0i Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span>. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch dung th\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u kinh. L\u00fd do<\/span>: V\u00ec B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> tr\u00edch l\u1ee5c \u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span>, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1a, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng<\/span> y nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh, chi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9, ba ch\u1eef \u1ea5y \u0111i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. H\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 sinh tu\u1ec7. Chi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 soi r\u00f5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. Kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u00e3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng soi r\u00f5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh. B\u1edfi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u Kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00ean kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. T\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2m B\u00e1t nh\u00e3? Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> n\u1ebfu m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sanh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (nh\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng) m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3n B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span>. Khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1eefa, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2m B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span>. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span>, ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span>, b\u01b0\u1edbc qua b\u1edd gi\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i th\u00e2m B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> ba la m\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi\u1ebfu soi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u00e1ch V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda<\/span> Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Si\u00eau gi\u1edbi<\/span> thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tuy ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch<\/span> hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n T\u1ee9<\/span> ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai d\u00f9ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span> Qu\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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