{"id":6735,"date":"2020-11-30T22:57:45","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T15:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/chan-nhu-duyen-khoi\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T22:57:45","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T15:57:45","slug":"chan-nhu-duyen-khoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/chan-nhu-duyen-khoi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda<\/span> \u201cCh\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00f4ng (Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>), Duy Th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span>, Hoa Nghi\u00eam t\u00f4ng<\/span>, Thi\u00ean Thai t\u00f4ng<\/span>, M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng\u2026 S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft\u201d, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, v\u00ec khi ch\u1ec9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m – v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang l\u00e0m – th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>). <\/span>C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n tay ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span>.
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathata) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u201cb\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1ea5t t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sinh ra. Ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> trong Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> Kh\u1edfi T\u00edn<\/span> th\u00ec Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0: T\u00e2m Ch\u00e2n<\/span> Nh\u01b0 (\u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span>), Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2m<\/span>, Th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span>, B\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c<\/span>, C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, c\u00e1i g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c, T\u00e2m, Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi t\u00e1nh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt th\u1ec3\u2026 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y, nghe, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m, suy ngh\u0129<\/span> (nh\u00e3n nh\u0129 t\u1ef7 thi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n<\/span> \u00fd, s\u1eafc thanh<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u1ec1u sinh ra, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t trong Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u trong kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span>. Kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cBa c\u00f5i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m\u201d (ph\u1ea9m Th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecba<\/span>). Kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> th\u00ec hai ph\u1ea9m Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> th\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea7n B\u1ed5n m\u00f4n theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>) n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh L\u0103ng Gia n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, t\u1eeb n\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi sinh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/span> m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ta. Do kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00ean ba duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>. V\u00ec t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> (A l\u1ea1i da th\u1ee9c<\/span>), ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> x\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbp, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng sinh m\u00e3i ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00eca l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u00ec (\u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>) Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u01a1 u\u1ebf v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111ang c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c A l\u1ea1i da<\/span> n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u00e0ng A l\u1ea1i da<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh di\u1ec7t\u2026 N\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea1i Hu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> che \u0111\u1eady<\/span> n\u00ean v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng thanh t\u1ecbnh\u201d<\/span>. (quy\u1ec3n 8). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Th\u1eafng Man n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSanh t\u1eed y<\/span> tr\u00ean Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> t\u1ea1ng\u2026 C\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed n\u00f3i. Sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed, hai ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Do l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i c\u00f3 sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 sinh c\u00f3 t\u1eed. Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00eca ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5<\/span>, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, cho n\u00ean Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng y c\u1ee9<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i duy tr\u00ec<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp\u201d(Ph\u1ea9m T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1eb3ng H\u1ecdc n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p b\u1ed5n<\/span> t\u00e1nh thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. \u1ede trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng m\u00ea m\u1edd, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> Ba la<\/span> m\u1eadt\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam<\/span>, quy\u1ec3n IV, n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eeda gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n nh\u0129 t\u1ef7 thi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n<\/span> \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc thanh<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 minh hay v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft minh hay h\u1ebft v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span>, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>, \u1ee8ng C\u00fang<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh Bi\u1ebfn Tri<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c Ng\u00e3 T\u1ecbnh<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian<\/span> hay xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> gian”. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eeda gi\u00f3,\u00a0t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n nh\u0129 t\u1ef7 thi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n<\/span> \u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc thanh<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi<\/span>\u00a0cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 minh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 minh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> t\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 T\u1eadp Di\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>, \u1ee8ng C\u00fang<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh Bi\u1ebfn Tri<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c Ng\u00e3 T\u1ecbnh<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00eca \u2018t\u1ee9c l\u00e0\u2019, l\u00eca \u2018ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i\u2019, c\u0169ng \u2018t\u1ee9c l\u00e0\u2019, c\u0169ng \u2018ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i’. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> hay Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> hay Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Kh\u00f4ng Di\u1ec7u H\u1eefu<\/span>. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> Kh\u1edfi T\u00edn<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> (Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>) v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> (Di\u1ec7u h\u1eefu<\/span>). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u00ec Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i dung ch\u1ee9a m\u1ecdi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch: c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0129nh, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng\u2026 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eabn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> b\u1edfi ch\u00fang. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> hay Ch\u00e2n Kh\u00f4ng Di\u1ec7u H\u1eefu<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> su\u00f4ng thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n tay ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u00ec v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Kinh L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1i sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> kia l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i ch\u1eb3ng sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00ed. C\u00e1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u00ed\u2026 \u0110\u1ea1i Hu\u1ec7! Ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> di\u1ec7t th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n\u201d (Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> trong v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng sinh ch\u1eb3ng di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng sinh ch\u1eb3ng di\u1ec7t th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y x\u00e9t Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> trong so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hay tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> do Charles S.Peirce (1839-1914), William James (1840-1910) v\u00e0 John Dewey (1850-1954), c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> khi x\u00e9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> (1898) c\u1ee7a James l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd x\u00e9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> trong ba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>: Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>; S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>; C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

-Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>: V\u1edbi Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> theo nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, sinh t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong\/b\u1eb1ng Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t trong Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> theo nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n qua nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, v\u1eeba si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eeba n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. N\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i logic b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u201cbi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p\u201d c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u1eabn \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a \u201ckhu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0o. Ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> gi\u00e1c, xa l\u1ea1<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat g\u00ec thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> (si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. N\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f5i t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong t\u1ea7m tay n\u00f3, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, khi n\u00f3 t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a con m\u1eaft n\u00f3, khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 sinh t\u1eed<\/span> sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u00f9 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u quy v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ex nihilo. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. V\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u201ctheo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u1edf ngo\u00e0i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c<\/span> xa l\u1ea1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i qua c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng xa l\u1ea1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u do \u201c\u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> g\u00e2y l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span> cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>: N\u1ebfu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u \u00e1c trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u1ea5y?… <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea1i trong \u201ctr\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi\u201d v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t<\/span> v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a\u201d. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> th\u00ec \u1edf ngo\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 H\u00e9gel (1770-1831). V\u1edbi Hegel, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Tinh Th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Tinh Th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> (c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>) m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd “Tinh Th\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a “Tinh Th\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra bi k\u1ecbch<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Nietzsche n\u00f3i: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf ngo\u00e0i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span>) v\u00e0 \u1edf trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0m sao ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean bi k\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9t r\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>: \u0110i t\u00ecm th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t (Marcel Proust), L\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y<\/span> v\u00e0 Qu\u00ea nh\u00e0<\/span>, Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, K\u1ebb xa l\u1ea1<\/span>, Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Sisyphe (Albert Camus), Trong khi ch\u1edd Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (Samuel Beckett), Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> (Nathalie Sarraute)\u2026 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> m\u1ea1t th\u1ebf<\/span> lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u00ec v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a J.P. Sartre n\u00eau l\u00ean t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>: \u201cH\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, Proust, Joyce, Dos Passos, Faulkner\u2026 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u1ea1i trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ednh phi l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian\u201d, \u201cs\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, khi \u201cm\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng quay l\u1ea1i v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u201cgi\u00e2y l\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bao tr\u00f9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi c\u00e1i sau\u201d. Sartre, Saint Gen\u00eat, Com\u00e9dien et martyr, 1952, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u1ecb H\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, NXB \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/span> H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2005. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y<\/span> v\u00e0o tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea8n d\u1ee5<\/span> \u201c\u0110\u1ee9a con hoang \u0111\u00e0ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi cha\u201d trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span> \u201c\u0110\u1ee9a con kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi cha\u201d trong kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i l\u00ean th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u00ecn trong to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, theo \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 che gi\u1ea5u hay \u1ea9n m\u1eb7t<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng<\/span>, s\u01a1 T\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>: \u201cKh\u00f4ng t\u1eebng che gi\u1ea5u\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201c\u1ede kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi ch\u1ed7\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, t\u1ecf ng\u1ed9, th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng (t\u00e9l\u00e9ologie, vi\u1ec5n \u0111\u00edch lu\u1eadn hay c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> lu\u1eadn). T\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee7 trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5y, bi\u1ebft nghe, bi\u1ebft ng\u1eedi, bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfm, bi\u1ebft x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> hay l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch l\u00eca gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u00e0i kia, l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kinh C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc. S\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf K\u00fd n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: H\u00e3y sinh s\u1ea3n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby \u0111\u1ea5t; h\u00e3y l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng, h\u00e3y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec3n, lo\u00e0i chim tr\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf Ky 1, 28). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi Adam v\u00e0 Eva \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00ec \u0103n tr\u00e1i c\u1ea5m \u201cbi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ph\u00e1n c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef r\u1eb1ng: Ta s\u1ebd th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5<\/span> b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n trong c\u01a1n thai ngh\u00e9n; ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> khi sinh con, s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd cai tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d. (3, 16). R\u1ed3i ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Adam: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd sinh ch\u00f4ng gai<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e2y t\u1eadt l\u00ea, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd \u0103n rau<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng; ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i tr\u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0103n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u01a1i ra; v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (3, 18, 19). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u00e2y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a<\/span> cho s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00ec thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb hai ngu\u1ed3n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Descartes v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> th\u00eam h\u1ed1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 khai th\u00e1c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1edd b\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span>, hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eafn<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n, thu\u1eadn h\u00f2a<\/span> v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i, k\u00e9o theo c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh<\/span> th\u00e1i, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, theo T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i ra kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i t\u00ecm thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> n\u00ean m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00faa J\u00e9sus \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cThi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, s\u1ebd b\u00ecnh an<\/span>, s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh an<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a<\/span> g\u00ec thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a<\/span> g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i\u2026), v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eadt b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 che l\u1ea5p<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u00e3n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 sai, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ecnh\u201d, \u201cT\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\u201d. Di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>: N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> do ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra, s\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang, t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> – nh\u01b0 Adam v\u00e0 Eva – cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1eabn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t ‘tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc’ c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, th\u00ec thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1nh Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t do c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh an<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00e0y (B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span>), th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> m\u1ecdi xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span>, tham lam<\/span>, gi\u1eadn gh\u00e9t, chi\u1ebfn tranh. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1i \u0111i nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>). Khi v\u00f4 minh<\/span> ti\u00eau tan<\/span> t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. V\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> ta v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span>. Hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> g\u00e2y t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 tham lam<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn gh\u00e9t – tham kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec gi\u1eadn gh\u00e9t – \u0111\u1ec1u sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m c\u1ed9i g\u1ed1c cho m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ecdi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, x\u00f3a tan ch\u00fang, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam, khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p bao nhi\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa m\u1ecdi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh. Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1eabn tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i y v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> (Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>), t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> trong Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> h\u00f3a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u1ea8n d\u1ee5<\/span> vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> (c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u1eady (c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>) bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00e0nh v\u00e0ng r\u00f2ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00edch hai c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n L\u00e3o<\/span> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI) tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> vua L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00fac bi\u1ebfc hoa v\u00e0ng phi ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>
Tr\u0103ng trong m\u00e2y b\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n ch\u00e2n. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft (Ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span>). Nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> M\u00e3 T\u1ed5<\/span>: \u201cN\u1ebfu l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u1edbi th\u00ec th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>. N\u1ebfu l\u1eadp Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u00ec th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0\u201d. Hay nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Ho\u00e0ng B\u00e1<\/span>: \u201cT\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d ; \u201cT\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00ec l\u00f2ng tham? L\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> ti\u00eau th\u1ee5? <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y ngay r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, t\u00ecm t\u00f2i<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3, t\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00ec ch\u00fang y c\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n theo Kant, l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cv\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00f3\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne) c\u00f2n c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> (noum\u00e8ne) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Sau n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi Sartre, h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 (l\u2019en-soi) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (le pour-soi). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Wittgeinstein, Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span>. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/span> d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> hay tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (th\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>). N\u00f3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> theo khoa h\u1ecdc, theo lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> hay tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u00e2m linh<\/span> hay tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> (mystique). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a “gi\u1edbi” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1edbi th\u1ec3\u201d (v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span>, h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2026) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c hay quan s\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00fd h\u1ecdc chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u (ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span>) c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u00f2 ra<\/span> \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ea1ch phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m – m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u00f4 – th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m (v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span>) l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1edbi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (t\u00e2m v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m<\/span>), ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3 (hologramme, b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p giao thoa b\u1eb1ng tia laser, m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi r\u1ecdi ra \u0111\u1ec1u cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh) c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: \u201cT\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> (m\u1ed7i m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadp\u201d v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadp\u201d v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i To\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> (theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1o (y \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00f5 \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1o\u2026) v\u00e0 quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span> hay \u0110\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 L\u00fd h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI v\u00e0 XII c\u0169ng bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i l\u00fd (c\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1o) trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Fritjof Capra vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt ly, The Tao of Physics (1974) n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef \u201clogie\u201d: ontologie (h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc), ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn<\/span>), sociologie (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> h\u1ecdc), psychologie (t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc)\u2026 Ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef logie n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Logos c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, n\u00f3i theo \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> l\u00ean n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, sociologie c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, psychologie l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd\u201d\u2026 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c Logos. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng quy<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i chung cho c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y theo phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span>, t\u1eebng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> nhau m\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau, soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c\u201d l\u1eabn nhau, c\u00f9ng \u201cduy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u201cv\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadp\u201d v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span>. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Einstein, nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, cho nh\u1eefng paradigm (h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh, m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh, ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thomas Kuhn, 1962) c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>: “S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng…”. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu<\/span> c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> cho h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, lu\u00f4n m\u00e3i gieo tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, nh\u1eefng \u00e1ch n\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1edf kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> trong t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>; n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. L\u00e0m sao n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span> qua v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> \u0111\u00f3: \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1eddi. \u0110\u1eddi n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o, qua Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span>, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span>, trong c\u00e2u: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1eddi, Tr\u1eddi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0110\u1ea1o b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d) Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> qua m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: trong m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v.v\u2026 V\u00ec b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ea5y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> n\u00f3i th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc (su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> l\u1eabn th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u1eabn b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span>, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft sinh<\/span> t\u1eed v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i v\u1edbi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span>, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, c\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Qua v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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