{"id":6761,"date":"2020-11-30T23:27:58","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:27:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/su-hinh-thanh-dai-thua\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T23:27:58","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:27:58","slug":"su-hinh-thanh-dai-thua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/su-hinh-thanh-dai-thua\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mahayana (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> 250 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 150 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn 100 CN, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u01a1 khai<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi d\u1eady t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i trong x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan m\u1edbi, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb si\u00eau nh\u00e2n<\/span>, si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m (Abhidhamma, Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p<\/span>), ph\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 “kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh” s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan tri\u1ebft l\u00fd m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> n\u1ea7y, ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o n\u1eafn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Mahayana \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung \u1ea4n<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef v\u0103n “Sanskrit t\u1ea1p”, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Sanskrit c\u1ed7, ng\u1eef v\u0103n qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u0103n li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> — l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> — \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> trong phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u0169, v\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 200,000 v\u1ecb tu s\u0129<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> theo phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u0103n li\u1ec7u<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 “l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt” (Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n – Buddhavaccana) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. Th\u1eadt ra, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng khen ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung v\u1edbi t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> lu\u1eadt.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Mahayana ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n” v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u \u0111i t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea7n r\u1eafn (Naga, Long v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>), cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kinh th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang qua n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> trong l\u00fac tham thi\u1ec1n<\/span>. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> tham thi\u1ec1n<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> xem nh\u01b0<\/span> “th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai”, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cao s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c kinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span>, t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc, tham c\u1ee9u<\/span>, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span>, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Mahayana \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, tu s\u0129<\/span> l\u1eabn c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1edbi trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> th\u00eam t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd ca ng\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span>, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua vi\u1ec7c khai ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> — gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m<\/span> (bodhi-citta), m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do<\/span> ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 “m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i”, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 650 CN. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129<\/span> \u1ea9n danh<\/span>, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 khi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tr\u0103m trang gi\u1ea5y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ba trang. Th\u1eadt ra, trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n<\/span> cao qu\u00fd, xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, chung quanh l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>. C\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Mahayana \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ea7y. Trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span>, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y, \u0111a ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i n\u1ea7y, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd, s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span>, thu h\u00fat qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>, gi\u00fap th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Th\u1eeba<\/span> (Bodhisatva-yana). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi Thanh V\u0103n Th\u1eeba<\/span> (Sravaka-yana) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahat), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Samma-sambuddho). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c Th\u1eeba<\/span> (Pratyeka-Buddha-yana), d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>, trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span> ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span>, khi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1edbi, phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng<\/span> ca ng\u1ee3i<\/span> t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng m\u1edbi: Mahayana (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>). C\u00e1c “th\u1eeba” kh\u00e1c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb khinh ch\u00ea l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Hinayana (Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>). L\u00fd do<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho c\u00e1i “l\u1edbn” c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1edf trong 3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span>: \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span> mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ed5 v\u00f5<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 200 CN, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean “Hoa sen c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p” (Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa<\/span>, Saddharmapundarika) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1ng<\/span> “Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba”, b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> trong v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ph\u1ea9m 2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u1ea7y, trong vi\u1ec7c dung n\u1ea1p<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>: quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o”. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u00f9y theo<\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0103n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe — vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00e1o b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p cao si\u00eau cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi “v\u00f4 minh, c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> th\u1ea5p”, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1ea1o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> qua qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. V\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n nghe th\u00eam n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> n\u1ea7y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng A-la-h\u00e1n, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe, Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba<\/span> (eka-yana), c\u1ed7 xe c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o” \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra 3 c\u1ed7 xe kh\u00e1c: Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n c\u1ed7 xe n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec5n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n cho c\u1ed7 xe Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, v\u00ec kinh \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> cao B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, kinh n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1edbi. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Mahayana \u0111\u1ec1u theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u1ea7y. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng trong ba th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n<\/span> n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span> h\u01a1n Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Theravada ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u00ean — v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n — l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o cho r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y khai s\u00e1ng Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129<\/span> Thanh V\u0103n Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong to\u00e0n x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 500 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng khai Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Theravada v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> Theravada h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>, v\u00e0 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> t\u1edbi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> Theravada \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n, h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> theo c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span>, ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 th\u00e1nh<\/span> (D\u1ef1 L\u01b0u<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t Lai<\/span>, B\u1ea5t Lai<\/span>, v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u khi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span>, phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> \u0111i theo<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tu s\u0129<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1ec1 sau, vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> (Vimalakirti-nirdesa). T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span>, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng hy sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, chia x\u1ebb<\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c, ph\u00fang t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, x\u00e2y th\u00e1p v.v. Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang Trung Hoa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c th\u00eam t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> theo c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Thanh V\u0103n Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng \u1edf chung<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> ri\u00eang r\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. V\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y, danh t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> (Hinayana) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n, th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span>, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mahayana).Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, danh t\u1eeb Hinayana kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean do<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Mahayana \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> danh t\u1eeb “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Kinh B\u1ed9” (Nikaya Buddhism) ho\u1eb7c “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi” (Original Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” (Northern Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> (M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>), “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” (Eastern Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, v\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” (Southern Buddhism) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Cam B\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

John R. O’Neil
(“The Formation of Mahayana”, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea1nh tr\u00edch d\u1ecbch<\/span>)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] Phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mahayana (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi gian 250\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6762,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-6761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6761"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6761\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6761"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=6761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}