{"id":6769,"date":"2020-11-30T23:31:22","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:31:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/ton-giao-va-gia-tri-thuc-tai\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T23:31:22","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:31:22","slug":"ton-giao-va-gia-tri-thuc-tai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/ton-giao-va-gia-tri-thuc-tai\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

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I- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i v\u00e0o<\/span> quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span>. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, song, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n dung<\/span> ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

– T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Oxford ghi r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1edd, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, v.v… (System of faith and worship; human recognition of super human controlling power and especially of a personal God entitled to obedience, effect of such recognition on conduct etc…).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

– Carlyle th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ghi kh\u1eafc<\/span> trong l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> u huy\u1ec1n<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5” (The thing a man does practically to heart and knows for certain, concerning his vital relations to this mysterious universe and his duty and destiny therein).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

– J.S.Mill th\u00ec b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: “Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng” (The essence of religion is the strong and earnest direction of the condions and desires towards an ideal object recognized as of the highest excellence, and as rightly paramount over all selfish objects of desire).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

– Aldous Huxley th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n” (Religion is, among many other things, a system of education, by means of which human beings may train themselves, first to make desirable changes in their own personalities and, at one remove, in society, and in the second place, to heighten consciousness and to establish more adequate relations between themselves and the universe of which they are parts).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 hai, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thomas Paine, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4i, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 anh em c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” (The world is my country, mankind are my brotherhood, and to do good is my religion).<\/i> Hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, khi b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u1ea4n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> uy\u00ean \u00e1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner experience), kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Presence of the divine) trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giao \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00f3i chung, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> Thi\u1ec7n (Loving-kindness) m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, Thomas Paine, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: “… L\u00e0m l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u01b0? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 xin \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u00e0n c\u00e3i<\/span> !<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> xin \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, theo c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> D.T.Suzuki, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> (Rligion refuses to be objectively defined, for this will be setting a limit to the growth of its spirit). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span>: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span>, hai l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span>, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, quan s\u00e1t<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh nhi h\u1ea1 (physique). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u thuy\u00ean th\u00edch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (implicit hermeneutical structure), t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean<\/span> (monisme), nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> (dualisme) v\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> (pluralisme), n\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (m\u00e9taphysique), t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi m\u00f4ng lung h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> x\u00e9 toang b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n m\u00f4ng lung h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3i c\u1ee7a logic t\u01b0 duy<\/span> h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay trong c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner necessity) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Suzuki ti\u1ebfp: “\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n sinh l\u1ef1c<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o” (The definition of Buddhism must be that of the life-force which carries forward a spiritual movement called Buddhism). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i n\u00e0o thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng sinh th\u00e1i t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (inner individual experience). C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea b\u00e1c n\u00e0o cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> quy k\u1ef7 (egocentric). V\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, khi c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span>, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i (I), c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (mine) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (myself). Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 quy k\u1ef7 (nonegocentric), v\u00ec ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (ultimate reality) v\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng: n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tathata – Nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> (existential), m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> su\u00f4ng hay quy t\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i do quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng kinh s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec u huy\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: “Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u00f3 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghe x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0 ao h\u1ed3 ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m nh\u01a1. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c \u0111i lang thang b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa” (Like earth, a balanced and well disciplined person recents not. He is comparable to an indakhila. Like a pool unsullied by mud, is he, to such a balanced one life\u2019s wanderings do not arise — Dhp, 95.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

II\/- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span> A.Einstein ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eabn si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span>, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean trong c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y” (The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. It should transcend a person God and avoid dogmas and theology. Covering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religion sence, arising from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description – Einstein Testament).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

1)- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Suy cho c\u00f9ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0 con chim, h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1, c\u00e0nh me… \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (paticcasamupp\u00e0da) c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p; nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c<\/span>, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> sinh ra” (Owner of their karma are the beings, heirs of there karma, the karma is their womb from which they are born, their karma is their friend, their refuge…).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0m cho ta \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>; trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> hay \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u01a1i ta, ch\u00ednh ta l\u00e0m cho ta \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh ta l\u00e0m cho ta trong s\u1ea1ch”.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00f4 lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebb duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh y<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> hay \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3, th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> li\u00ean ti\u1ebfn xa x\u00f4i, y \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi<\/span>, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>… c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh y<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng (orientated biological causation). Do v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, tr\u00ean g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ecu d\u1eaft<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, y bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu m\u1ecdi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> do t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i n\u00e0o. Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u1ed3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “N\u1ebfu Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eady<\/span> trong \u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u00f3a ra h\u01b0 gi\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i” (If Christ be not raised, your faith is vain, ye are yet in your sins).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

2)- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eabn si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang qua \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>; v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> – tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> (nondualism).<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean (interconnecting # condition). Trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7, h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e1i (ecosystem) hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh th\u00e1i (ecological structure) trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (paticcasamupp\u00e0da-anatta); bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgalanairatmya); hay c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng (Sunyata). Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span>; tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, Kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu v\u00e0 V\u00f4, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 “\u00fd ni\u1ec7m” v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (ontological), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng” \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi xa x\u0103m<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 y lu\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00f4ng lung, h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n<\/span> !<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i “Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng”, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o logic t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, mong soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> (category) ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> (sub-category) trong d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu (abhava) ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 (bhava) theo m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu tri\u1ebft l\u00fd (philosophical # pattern), ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3i (map-out) theo nh\u1eefng c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a<\/span> (interpretine concepts) th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, y c\u1ee9<\/span> lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n trong h\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span>, sinh-di\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng-\u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u1ee9-lai, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span> (original reality) v\u1ed1n mang m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (dharma) t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (svabhava), kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, v\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathata)”.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn<\/span> (ontological analysis) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn<\/span> (soteriological attainment), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> (true nature) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (dharma). Do tri nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n tri<\/span> (hay gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>). N\u00f3i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (the world of phenomena) m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m minh gi\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (becoming) tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> (non-entity), kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. Theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> qua t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

a. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> (Parikalpita-svabhava)
b. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> (Paratantra-svabhava)
c. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Parinispanna-svabhava)<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

a\/- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>: R\u1eb1ng theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> (natural stance), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (visera). Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (nihsvakhava), v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> t\u00ednh (anatta). Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (mang t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3) v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan – th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 – \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (skandhas), x\u1ee9 (ayatanas), v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi (dhatus).<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

b\/- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span>: R\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i minh<\/span> c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (process of becoming) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eeba ph\u00ea b\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> quy n\u1ea1p (reduction) th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> “ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean”, theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> – \u0111ang l\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

c\/- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>: R\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span> (Tathata), v\u00ec trong t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, hay l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (anatta).<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n “Kh\u00f4ng”; r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 “Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi”; r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> minh \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> “Nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0” (mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>) v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ngay trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i m\u00eanh mang, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> qua ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> ba v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

III\/- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m<\/span>: “Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh<\/span>, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u00fd trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>” (Not to do evil,to do good, to purify one\u2019s mind)<\/i>. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y gian tru\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1eed Siddhartha t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner experience) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u0103ng hoa V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 “ng\u1ed9” l\u00e0 gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u1edf n\u1ee5 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u00e1c con h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i, trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, c\u00e1c con l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc”.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> coi tr\u1ecdng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, cho n\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, trong kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u00fd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau<\/span>, nh\u01b0 xe ch\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00e9o… \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd thanh<\/span> t\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau<\/span>, nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi h\u00ecnh”. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, trong l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u01b0 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ba ng\u00f4i Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ehi-pasiko, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tri nh\u1eadn”. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tin v\u00e0 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ehi-pasiko. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n th\u1edd. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n \u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

“M\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a di\u1ec1u l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi gi\u00f3
Bu\u00f4ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u00fac kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 sang s\u00f4ng”<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng – hay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n tri<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m linh<\/span> tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00e0o quang<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 d\u1eabm n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb ng\u0103n che b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o. Tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u0103ng hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> – l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> ngay t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>, t\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau nh\u01b0 sau: “Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng dung ng\u00e3. Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> – v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f3 v\u00e0o. Mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. C\u1eeda Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng t\u01a1 t\u00f3c, n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3. C\u00e1i th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mang theo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, v\u1ec1 ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang theo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i ta c\u00e0ng to th\u00ec c\u00e0ng xa Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: h\u1ec5 h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, m\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/b><\/i>.”<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\n

I- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i v\u00e0o<\/span> quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span>. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/span> <\/p>\n

\n

T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, song, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n dung<\/span> ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

– T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Oxford ghi r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1edd, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, v.v… (System of faith and worship; human recognition of super human controlling power and especially of a personal God entitled to obedience, effect of such recognition on conduct etc…).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

– Carlyle th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ghi kh\u1eafc<\/span> trong l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> u huy\u1ec1n<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5” (The thing a man does practically to heart and knows for certain, concerning his vital relations to this mysterious universe and his duty and destiny therein).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

– J.S.Mill th\u00ec b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: “Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng” (The essence of religion is the strong and earnest direction of the condions and desires towards an ideal object recognized as of the highest excellence, and as rightly paramount over all selfish objects of desire).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

– Aldous Huxley th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n” (Religion is, among many other things, a system of education, by means of which human beings may train themselves, first to make desirable changes in their own personalities and, at one remove, in society, and in the second place, to heighten consciousness and to establish more adequate relations between themselves and the universe of which they are parts).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 hai, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thomas Paine, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4i, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 anh em c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” (The world is my country, mankind are my brotherhood, and to do good is my religion).<\/i> Hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, khi b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u1ea4n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> uy\u00ean \u00e1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner experience), kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Presence of the divine) trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giao \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00f3i chung, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> Thi\u1ec7n (Loving-kindness) m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, Thomas Paine, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: “… L\u00e0m l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”.<\/span> <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u01b0? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 xin \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u00e0n c\u00e3i<\/span> !<\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> xin \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, theo c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> D.T.Suzuki, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> (Rligion refuses to be objectively defined, for this will be setting a limit to the growth of its spirit). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span>: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span>, hai l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i.<\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span>, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, quan s\u00e1t<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh nhi h\u1ea1 (physique). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u thuy\u00ean th\u00edch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (implicit hermeneutical structure), t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean<\/span> (monisme), nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> (dualisme) v\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> (pluralisme), n\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (m\u00e9taphysique), t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi m\u00f4ng lung h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> x\u00e9 toang b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n m\u00f4ng lung h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3i c\u1ee7a logic t\u01b0 duy<\/span> h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay trong c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner necessity) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>:<\/span> <\/p>\n

Suzuki ti\u1ebfp: “\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n sinh l\u1ef1c<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o” (The definition of Buddhism must be that of the life-force which carries forward a spiritual movement called Buddhism). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i n\u00e0o thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng sinh th\u00e1i t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (inner individual experience). C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea b\u00e1c n\u00e0o cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> quy k\u1ef7 (egocentric). V\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, khi c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span>, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i (I), c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (mine) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (myself). Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 quy k\u1ef7 (nonegocentric), v\u00ec ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (ultimate reality) v\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng: n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tathata – Nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> (existential), m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> su\u00f4ng hay quy t\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i do quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng kinh s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec u huy\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: “Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u00f3 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghe x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0 ao h\u1ed3 ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m nh\u01a1. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c \u0111i lang thang b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa” (Like earth, a balanced and well disciplined person recents not. He is comparable to an indakhila. Like a pool unsullied by mud, is he, to such a balanced one life\u2019s wanderings do not arise — Dhp, 95.<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span> <\/p>\n

II\/- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span> A.Einstein ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eabn si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span>, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean trong c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y” (The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. It should transcend a person God and avoid dogmas and theology. Covering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religion sence, arising from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description – Einstein Testament).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span> <\/p>\n

1)- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Suy cho c\u00f9ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0 con chim, h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1, c\u00e0nh me… \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (paticcasamupp\u00e0da) c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p; nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c<\/span>, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> sinh ra” (Owner of their karma are the beings, heirs of there karma, the karma is their womb from which they are born, their karma is their friend, their refuge…).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0m cho ta \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>; trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> hay \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u01a1i ta, ch\u00ednh ta l\u00e0m cho ta \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh ta l\u00e0m cho ta trong s\u1ea1ch”.<\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00f4 lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebb duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh y<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> hay \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3, th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> li\u00ean ti\u1ebfn xa x\u00f4i, y \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi<\/span>, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>… c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh y<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng (orientated biological causation). Do v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, tr\u00ean g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ecu d\u1eaft<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, y bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu m\u1ecdi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> do t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i n\u00e0o. Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u1ed3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “N\u1ebfu Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eady<\/span> trong \u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u00f3a ra h\u01b0 gi\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i” (If Christ be not raised, your faith is vain, ye are yet in your sins).<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

2)- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eabn si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang qua \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>; v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> – tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> (nondualism).<\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean (interconnecting # condition). Trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7, h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e1i (ecosystem) hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh th\u00e1i (ecological structure) trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (paticcasamupp\u00e0da-anatta); bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgalanairatmya); hay c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng (Sunyata). Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span>; tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, Kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu v\u00e0 V\u00f4, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 “\u00fd ni\u1ec7m” v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (ontological), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng” \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi xa x\u0103m<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 y lu\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00f4ng lung, h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n<\/span> !<\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i “Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng”, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o logic t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, mong soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> (category) ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> (sub-category) trong d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu (abhava) ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 (bhava) theo m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu tri\u1ebft l\u00fd (philosophical # pattern), ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3i (map-out) theo nh\u1eefng c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a<\/span> (interpretine concepts) th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, y c\u1ee9<\/span> lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n trong h\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span>, sinh-di\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng-\u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u1ee9-lai, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span> (original reality) v\u1ed1n mang m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (dharma) t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (svabhava), kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, v\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathata)”.<\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn<\/span> (ontological analysis) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn<\/span> (soteriological attainment), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung.<\/span> <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> (true nature) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (dharma). Do tri nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n tri<\/span> (hay gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>). N\u00f3i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (the world of phenomena) m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m minh gi\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (becoming) tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> (non-entity), kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. Theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> qua t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span> <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

a. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> (Parikalpita-svabhava)
b. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> (Paratantra-svabhava)
c. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Parinispanna-svabhava)<\/span> <\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

a\/- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>: R\u1eb1ng theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> (natural stance), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (visera). Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (nihsvakhava), v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> t\u00ednh (anatta). Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (mang t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3) v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan – th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 – \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (skandhas), x\u1ee9 (ayatanas), v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi (dhatus).<\/span> <\/p>\n

b\/- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span>: R\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i minh<\/span> c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (process of becoming) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eeba ph\u00ea b\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> quy n\u1ea1p (reduction) th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> “ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean”, theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> – \u0111ang l\u00e0.<\/span> <\/p>\n

c\/- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>: R\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0<\/span> (Tathata), v\u00ec trong t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, hay l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (anatta).<\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n “Kh\u00f4ng”; r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 “Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi”; r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> minh \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> “Nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0” (mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>) v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ngay trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i m\u00eanh mang, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> qua ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> ba v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

III\/- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m<\/span>: “Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh<\/span>, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u00fd trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>” (Not to do evil,to do good, to purify one\u2019s mind)<\/i>. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y gian tru\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1eed Siddhartha t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner experience) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u0103ng hoa V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 “ng\u1ed9” l\u00e0 gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u1edf n\u1ee5 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u00e1c con h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i, trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, c\u00e1c con l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc”.<\/span> <\/p>\n

Trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> coi tr\u1ecdng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, cho n\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, trong kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u00fd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau<\/span>, nh\u01b0 xe ch\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00e9o… \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd thanh<\/span> t\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau<\/span>, nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi h\u00ecnh”. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, trong l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u01b0 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ba ng\u00f4i Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ehi-pasiko, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tri nh\u1eadn”. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tin v\u00e0 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft.<\/span> <\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ehi-pasiko. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n th\u1edd. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n \u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i: <\/span> <\/p>\n

“M\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a di\u1ec1u l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi gi\u00f3
Bu\u00f4ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u00fac kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 sang s\u00f4ng”<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng – hay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n tri<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m linh<\/span> tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00e0o quang<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 d\u1eabm n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb ng\u0103n che b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o. Tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u0103ng hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> – l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> ngay t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>, t\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau nh\u01b0 sau: “Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng dung ng\u00e3. Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> – v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f3 v\u00e0o. Mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. C\u1eeda Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng t\u01a1 t\u00f3c, n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3. C\u00e1i th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mang theo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, v\u1ec1 ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang theo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i ta c\u00e0ng to th\u00ec c\u00e0ng xa Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: h\u1ec5 h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, m\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/b><\/i>.”<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] I- Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0110i v\u00e0o quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6770,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-6769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6769","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6769"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6769\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6769"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=6769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}