{"id":6777,"date":"2020-11-30T23:32:56","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:32:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/triet-hoc-ve-tanh-khong\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T23:32:56","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:32:56","slug":"triet-hoc-ve-tanh-khong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/triet-hoc-ve-tanh-khong\/","title":{"rendered":"Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

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“Nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 trong t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt l\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c bao ph\u1ee7 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y”<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u00a0I<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Wenn am Sommertag der Falter sich auf die Blume niederl\u00e4sst und, die Fl\u00fcgel geschlossen, mit ihr Wiesenwind schwing\u2026 (Martin Heidegger, Aus der Erfahrung des Denkens)\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh<\/span> trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i s\u1eafp \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a nh\u01b0 th\u00e1c l\u0169, khi con b\u01b0\u1edbm m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh m\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe trong th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf n\u1ed9i. Ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u0103c l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh<\/span> k\u00fd th\u00e1c m\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean di\u1ec5n, l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ti\u1ebfn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t nh\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a con chim h\u1ed3ng: Nh\u1ea3y b\u00ean b\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1, nh\u1ea3y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea1n, nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean g\u00f2 cao v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> bay trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng khung \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4ng c\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p cho b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi [1] . Ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i c\u1ee7a con chim h\u1ed3ng, t\u1eeb tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y r\u01a1i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea1n. [2] T\u1eeb tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y r\u01a1i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eadp ch\u1eefng<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u01b0u mang<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea1o; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. [3]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 cho n\u00ean b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. B\u1ebf t\u1eafc cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i trung chinh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. [4]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 che d\u1ea5u<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng, T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec? “Khi con b\u01b0\u1edbm m\u00f9a h\u00e8 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3a hoa, kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 \u0111ong \u0111\u01b0a theo c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf n\u1ed9i hoa ng\u00e0n…”\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

II<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Im Denken wird jeglich Ding einsam und langsam. (M. Heidegger)\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb khi N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna (Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> 18 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng cung ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Sunyavada) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> s\u1eafc b\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span>. V\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> binh v\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ngh\u0129, ch\u00ednh T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (Sunya) l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span>, v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ngh\u0129a, r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u00e3 coi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> l\u1ea5y n\u00f3, t\u1ef1 binh v\u1ef1c cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 T.R.V.Murti, Ed. Conze, J. May, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1edf ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 Stcherbatsky, J. Takakusu, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p (dialectique). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u2013 Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 “Ngh\u00ecn t\u00e2m g\u1edfi b\u00f3ng t\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n [5] , tuy\u1ebft s\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> che ch\u1edf<\/span> cho th\u00e2n c\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb1ng”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ed. Conse n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. Ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u00e1ch d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span> sau: v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> = ce qui est est, ce qui n\u2019est pas (c\u1ee7a Parm\u00e9nide), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 dung n\u1ea1p<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng<\/span> dung n\u1ea1p<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Merleau Ponty n\u00f3i: “C\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>: (\u2026), s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u2026.” [6] .\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0ng, ng\u1eafn, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i cho ch\u00ed l\u00fd<\/span>, th\u00ec ki\u1ec3u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i k\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Aryadeva, xu\u1ed1ng Buddhapalila, qua Bhavaviveka, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Candrakirti (nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna). Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> lu\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec? “Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f4 li\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u1eefng th\u1eefng”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

III<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. “Nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 trong t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt l\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c bao ph\u1ee7 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y” [7] Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft r\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng hai b\u00e0n tay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna l\u00e0 ai?\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9<\/span>. H\u00e9raclite trong b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5<\/span> Hom\u00e8re ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i chung b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hom\u00e8re mu\u1ed1n cho m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u00e3y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>. Zarathoustra xu\u1ed1ng n\u00fai, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Si\u00eau nh\u00e2n<\/span>, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng con s\u00e2u con ng\u1ee7 su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebft kinh tr\u1eadp th\u00e1ng Hai. Nh\u01b0ng, ”M\u1ed9t khi sinh ra, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, hay \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con ch\u00e1u c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb<\/span> s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady” (H\u00e9raclite). Nh\u1eefng con s\u00e2u con ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf m\u00ecnh trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i bao gi\u1edd c\u1ecf c\u00e2y n\u1ee9t v\u1ecf sau ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebft kinh tr\u1eadp r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady “gi\u1ea3i chi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1ec9 tai!” (qu\u1ebb L\u00f4i Th\u1ee7y Gi\u1ea3i, Kinh D\u1ecbch<\/span>).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con voi d\u1eef trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng ngay trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 n\u00e0y, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh cao \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Aryadeva. Ngay trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i t\u00ean N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 r\u1eafn d\u1eef. B\u1edfi v\u00ec Naga c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1eafn d\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng Aryadeva l\u1ea1i h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Hai th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e0 hai n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>: huy\u1ec1n chi h\u1ef1u huy\u1ec1n? Nhi\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1<\/span> b\u1edbt th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna, khi \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 n\u00fai cao, c\u1ea3 r\u1eebng r\u1eadm v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i r\u1eafn d\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u2013 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 ngoan ngo\u00e3n<\/span>, khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a vua r\u1eafn m\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/span>. \u00d4ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u1ed3i x\u1eed s\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea1o. [8]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00fac N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n minh tri\u1ebft \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i: T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eedng l\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; l\u1eedng l\u01a1 nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna t\u1eeb s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh minh v\u00e0 n\u1eafng qu\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh minh v\u00e0 n\u1eafng qu\u00e1i.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Yath\u00e0 m\u00e0ya tath\u00e0 svapno gandharva-nagaram yath\u00e0\/\u00a0
Tathosp\u00e0da tath\u00e0 sth\u00e0nam tath\u00e0 bhanga ud\u00e0hritah\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1n n\u1eafng, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa sa m\u1ea1c: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1edfi, t\u1ed3n t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. [9]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

IV<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Trong \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> Trung Hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a J. Takakusu, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 “L\u00e3o T\u1eed h\u00f3a H\u1ed3 kinh”, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> (Ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9) [10] . T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y n\u00f3i L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span> c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00e2u b\u1ecf x\u1ee9 Trung<\/span> Hoa \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n man di \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Th\u00edch Ca<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kumarajiva. C\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb th\u01a1. [11] C\u00f3 l\u1ebd N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna h\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0m L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u nghe l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i di\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 “huy\u1ec1n chi h\u1ef1u huy\u1ec1n” trong c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:”T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?” Nh\u1eefng vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a d\u1ec5 g\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

“C\u0169ng v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00edt sao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ngh\u0129: Nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c bao ph\u1ee7 trong t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y, d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt l\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c bao ph\u1ee7 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh Brahamaj\u00e0lasutta. V\u00e0 kinh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Imasmim ca pana veyy\u00e0karanasim bhannamane sahas\u00ec loka-dh\u00e0tu akampitth\u00e0ti. (Trong khi kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u rung \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

(31.1.1970)\u00a0
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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I – Danh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> b\u1eddi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u00e1i danh bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> cho c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c. Phi th\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh. M\u00e0 phi c\u00e1i danh th\u00ec c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. M\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, n\u00ean m\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u0169ng mang trong n\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 c\u00e1i danh c\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u00ec Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. C\u00e0ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i? Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, trong khi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span>, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c tin<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00fd do<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00fd do<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u1ea3, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span> vi\u1ec5n v\u00f4ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5y thi\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi cao r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 quanh qu\u1ea9n<\/span> trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1; tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ta gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, th\u00ec bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra khi ta \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u00ecn l\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. C\u00e1i danh bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> cho c\u00e1i Th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1i Th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i danh. Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n<\/span>. V\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1i danh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i Th\u1ef1c, cho n\u00ean, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> m\u00e0 N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> khung kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> m\u1edbi cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec3u qua m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00fa ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. G\u00e1n gh\u00e9p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hay nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, v\u00ec Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng kinh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, khi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ph\u00e1p? Ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. Khi ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Trong v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span>, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> r\u00f5 trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Khi b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia, \u0111ang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c Th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Tr\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Khai th\u1ecb, Ng\u1ed9, Nh\u1eadp Tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u1eeba l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eeba bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eeba mang \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> duy nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> “b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt”, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m; hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m n\u1ed5i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5m \u0111en hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u00e0y t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u1eeba n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> “b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt” l\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> (x\u00fac, th\u1ee9 6 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u00e9o m\u00f3 b\u1ea9m sinh th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c ”kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t” c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ngay t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nhau \u1edf c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (k\u1ebft sanh<\/span> th\u1ee9c), n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> (h\u00e0nh) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. T\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t. S\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u00e0 ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 in s\u1eb5n v\u00e0o t\u1eebng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Cho n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> theo \u0111\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> do t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, v\u0103n minh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o<\/span> da th\u1ecbt<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y. Nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. S\u1ef1 m\u00e9o m\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 m\u00e9o m\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i khung \u1ea5y.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na<\/span> tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u<\/span> b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t, m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng s\u1eb5n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khung kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> “b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt” n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m n\u1ed5i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Khung hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ta \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> n\u00e0o d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> hay tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>: c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 phi th\u1ef1c<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean\u2026 V\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>; hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\u2026 Ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i khung hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt (nh\u01b0: n\u1eafm l\u00e1 trong tay so v\u1edbi l\u00e1 trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span>), Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hay m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u1edf xa t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i khung \u0111\u00f3. Bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n k\u1eb9t trong c\u00e1i khung t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, th\u00ec b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi khung kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, t\u1ee9c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1ee9c Kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c Gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u “l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”: chi\u1ec1u L\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u Ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa<\/span>, qua ng\u00f2i b\u00fat c\u1ee7a La-th\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau: “Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, sau khi tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Ba-La-N\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> cho n\u0103m th\u1ea7y T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u”, T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>: Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u1eadp, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>: Di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng khung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u1ed7i khi vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n x\u1ea3o” trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khai th\u00f4ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, t\u1ee9c nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m: Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. V\u1eady, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna v\u1eeba c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> (kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>), v\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00ean tr\u00ean chi\u1ec1u Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0y: Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> hay d\u1ecb th\u1ec3?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec khi Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>; b\u1edfi v\u00ec, khi th\u1ea5y b\u00ean n\u00e0y T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y b\u00ean kia Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean n\u00e0y T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> b\u00ean kia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> khi ch\u1ee9ng Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean kia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e0m s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ebfc. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Ngay trong m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, d\u00f9 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> hay v\u1ecb lai<\/span>, khi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. B\u1edfi, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 qua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu; c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1eafp \u0111i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u1edf hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> b\u1eb1ng hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. V\u1eady, nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

2. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ec3 th\u00ec sao? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ecb th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, khi mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 hai d\u1ecb th\u1ec3. Ta n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong d\u00f2ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>: khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111i; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai<\/span>, v\u00e0 khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ed7, cho n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i n\u00e0y xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u00e1i kia. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u1ea3 hai d\u1ecb th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nhau, t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1i danh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng danh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec danh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau; m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, hay t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y , t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng qua t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> khi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, th\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia, trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ecd. Qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t trong d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, m\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> \u1edf t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. V\u00e0, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t, n\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111a th\u00f9 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngay trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span>, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb t\u1ee9c Trung<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span>. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00e0y, khi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> t\u00ecm ra<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb, phi \u0111o\u1ea1n phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v.v. n\u00f3i th\u1ebf t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00fd n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, ta coi c\u1ea3 hai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, thay v\u00ec coi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span>. M\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u chia c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ra l\u00e0m ba, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00f3i, t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> C\u00f3, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng. V\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3i: Ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span> phi h\u1eefu<\/span>, n\u1ed9i th\u1ee9c<\/span> phi v\u00f4, phi h\u1eefu<\/span> phi v\u00f4 t\u1ee9c Trung<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u00e1p cho h\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Trung \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111i v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>. Ngay trong T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u1eeba bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u sanh t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u01b0\u1edbc ra<\/span> ngo\u00e0i Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i H\u1eefu, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i V\u00f4, n\u1ebfu b\u01b0\u1edbc ra<\/span> ngo\u00e0i Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, H\u1eefu v\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, thay v\u00ec coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> quy\u1ec1n x\u1ea3o.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u00e1i danh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kho\u00e1c cho c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 tinh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c \u0111o\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecb, v.v. Khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i danh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho c\u00e1i Th\u1ef1c, d\u00f9 v\u1eady, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng khung c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Khi \u0111i t\u00ecm Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tha. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 quay v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tha th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng khi l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span>, m\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf kia n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tha. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hay tha g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u1ef1 h\u1eefu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang; tha h\u1eefu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang; t\u1ef1 tha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 phi t\u1ef1 tha c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> phi th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u2013 c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ec9 d\u1ee5, Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ebft: “M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i<\/span>, hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u00e1p do duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00ean Kh\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ta th\u1ea5y duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ngay. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khung kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o”. Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u1ebfu trong lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n \u1ea5y b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> y v\u00e0o Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span>, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau s\u1eb5n \u1edf c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00f4i”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ebft: “N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng y T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p”. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh do s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u1ef1a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, khi \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t danh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> duy th\u1ef1c ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, qu\u00e1 tin<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> danh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1, tr\u00ean c\u00e1i sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> qua gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong Ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span>, Ph\u1ea9m II: “Th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u00e2n”, cho ta th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

“L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> suy ngh\u0129<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>: “Nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> nghe nh\u1eefng Tu B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00f3i?” Tu b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> nghe nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 nghe c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng”. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> suy ngh\u0129<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: “N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>. Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n”. Tu B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00f4i n\u00f3i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng: T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3<\/span>, A na h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3<\/span>, A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng”. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00f3i: “Th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i Tu B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng; t\u00f4i n\u00f3i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng”. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00f3i: ”\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Tu B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng?” Tu B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00f3i: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span>, gi\u1ea3 t\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00f4i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span>, huy\u1ec5n m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hai kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ea1m k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u00e0n nh\u00e2n<\/span>: “Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> tu B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa<\/span>, ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft th\u1eadt ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 danh”.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u00f9 c\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 duy gi\u00e3 duy danh<\/span>, duy v\u00f4 hay duy th\u1ef1c, duy nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng<\/span> can h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 c\u1ea3. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 phi h\u1eefu<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i l\u00e0 phi h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, t\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ngu\u1ef5 bi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i danh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> cu\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0
<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[1]Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ebb Phong S\u01a1n Ti\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Kinh D\u1ecbch<\/span>; s\u01a1 l\u1ee5c, h\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec7m vu can; l\u1ee5c nh\u1ecb, h\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec7m vu b\u00e0n; c\u1eedu tam h\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec7m vu l\u1ee5c; l\u1ee5c t\u1ee9, h\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec7m vu m\u1ed9c; c\u1eedu ng\u0169, h\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec7m vu l\u0103ng; th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eedu, h\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec7m vu qui.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[2]H\u00e0o c\u1eedu tam v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c t\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ebb Phong S\u01a1n Ti\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u00e0nh h\u00e0o l\u1ee5c tam v\u00e0 c\u1eedu t\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba B\u0129.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[3]Qu\u1ebb Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba B\u0129: l\u1ee5c tam, bao tu; c\u1eedu t\u1ee9, h\u1eefu m\u1ec7nh.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[4]\u201cB\u0129 chi ph\u00ed nh\u00e2n, b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i<\/span> qu\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/span> trinh, \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e3ng ti\u1ec3u lai, thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ea5t giao nhi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u00e3\u201d. L\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ebb B\u0129: Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ebf t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 trinh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. C\u00e1i l\u1edbn \u0111i, c\u00e1i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng giao c\u1ea3m, n\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng.\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[5]V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>: \u201c\u0110\u1eddi v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u00e0u, gi\u00e0u nhi\u1ec1u, gi\u00e0u n\u1eefa; trong bao n\u0103m, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y t\u1ec9a h\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng tr\u00f4i, n\u0103m s\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i; th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u00ecnh; c\u00e2y r\u1eebng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t; b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng m\u1ea5t. B\u00f3ng t\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea7m xi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed5, c\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u01a1n tr\u1ee5i s\u1ebd c\u00f2n nghe r\u00f5 trong hoang li\u00eau m\u1ed1i ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i<\/span> xu\u00e2n xanh xa m\u1ea5t. (Saint-Exupery, C\u00f5i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> Ta, B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[6]\u201cIL y a quelque chose irremplacable dans la pens\u00e9e occidentale: (\u2026), la rigueur du concept,\u2026 \u201c (MP.Signes, Gallimard, p.174)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[7]Kinh Brahamaj\u00e0-la-sut-ta. T.T. Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[8]Vi\u1ebft theo Long Th\u1ecd B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kumarajiva. DTK.2047 ; t\u1eadp 50, trang 184 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[9]N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna; Madhyamika-k\u00e0rika, VII. 34\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[10]\u0110TK. 2139; T\u1eadp 54, tr. 1266 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

[11]\u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u1ecd, c\u0169ng m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] “Nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 trong t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt l\u00ean, ch\u00fang\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6778,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-6777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6777"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6777\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6777"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=6777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}