{"id":6784,"date":"2020-11-30T23:38:42","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:38:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/11\/30\/tu-tuong-phat-giao-doi-dien-voi-hu-vo\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T23:38:42","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T16:38:42","slug":"tu-tuong-phat-giao-doi-dien-voi-hu-vo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/11\/30\/tu-tuong-phat-giao-doi-dien-voi-hu-vo\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u01b0 v\u00f4"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00a0“N<\/i><\/span><\/b>\u1ebfu d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cao c\u1ea3.” (MK. XXIV.1) “(N\u1ebfu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>) t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a (nh\u00e2n) qu\u1ea3, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00fd thi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> (Samuyavah\u00e0rams) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>.” (NK. XXIV. 6)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean cho t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00ec th\u1ee9 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u1ea5y? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>; b\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf: “Nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft r\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch; nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span>, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> cho k\u1ebb tr\u00ed n\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span>.” (MK. XXIV. 11)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u1ea5y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ec7<\/span>. Ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 binh v\u1ef1c cho gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span>, trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn. \u01a0?\u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0a d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m lu\u1eadn, hay th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o danh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i: “ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>; h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng”. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0a g\u1ecdi t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho n\u00f3: Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> duy danh lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span>. Duy danh<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy danh<\/span> (hay gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>), ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eabn nhau, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau. N\u1ebfu duy danh<\/span> – nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u2013 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u1edf ngay n\u01a1i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0: t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2013 b\u1ea5t x\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> hay h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat l\u1ea1i<\/span> trong c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : ”c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?” D\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>: kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee9t th\u1ec3. Hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: Kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ee9c la nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>; nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan: “m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n c\u00e0ng xanh khi m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecf c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecf” n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Ph\u00e1p, Paul Claudel; do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1c, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> m\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ef1c vi<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3o h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1m l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eeda. V\u00f2ng l\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1m l\u1eeda. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, do \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy danh lu\u1eadn<\/span>; trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m: c\u00f3 n\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> (Pdugala) hay kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00ec h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1i V\u00e0tsiput\u00ecrya l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Theo l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>, l\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 qua? Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> \u1edf ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i g\u00ec duy tr\u00ec<\/span> nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb b\u1eaft<\/span> bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n Ng\u00e3<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0L\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>. N\u00f3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i, kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>: Ng\u00e3 ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span>; B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3: c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>: Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span>, hay b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, do Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> \u2013 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> hay b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> \u2013 m\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>: nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3. Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 V\u00e0tsiputr\u0129yas th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. L\u00fd do<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0: b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Trong l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ”tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc” kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; d\u00f9 B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u, trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, hay trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n nguy\u00ean cho v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ebfu coi B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>; v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt: “c\u00f3 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3<\/span>.”<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0“C\u00f3 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3”: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean chung, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh do s\u1ef1 giao h\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/span> hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>: ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, hay c\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t: c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da: “C\u00e1i C\u00d3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y; c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y”. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Sautrantika: “c\u00e1i C\u00d3 th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3; c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG th\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0C\u00e1i C\u00d3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y; c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 C\u00d3, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 hay n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Pratityasamutp\u00e0da) : c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia. Khi \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n, th\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 truy nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadnho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 truy nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da theo nh\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Sanghabhadra, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu: a) th\u1eadt v\u1eadt h\u1eefu (dravyasat), l\u00e0 tinh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c kh\u1edfi hay tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span>; th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1m l\u1eeda trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eeda. b) gi\u1ea3 danh h\u1eefu<\/span> (prajnaptisat), l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> do g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1eefu; th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u00f2ng l\u1eeda. Trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1eefu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> trong t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc s\u00e1t na<\/span>. \u01a0?gi\u1ea3 danh h\u1eefu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edbng hay t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc s\u00e1t na<\/span> nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi; th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u1ed1<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, khi th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y ng\u1ee1 l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn; \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1ee5. Ch\u00ednh c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c kh\u1edfi. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Sautrantika. Theo nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y, thi th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 truy nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tu<\/span> thi\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh h\u1ebft. M\u00e0u xanh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 trong chi\u00eam bao<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a r\u00f9a hay s\u1eebng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecf. Tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y, Sautrantika \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ea1i sao trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu n\u00e0o c\u1ea3? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u xanh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> hay h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> trong chi\u00eam bao<\/span> m\u00e0 Sautrantika \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh trong d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ta nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u1ea5y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a r\u00f9a hay s\u1eebng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng trong d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 r\u00f9a, s\u1eebng v\u00e0 th\u1ecf. N\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c. V\u1edbi n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb; m\u1eb7t kia v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0V\u1edbi l\u1ed1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 H\u1eefu to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da); h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu ta th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u00fd? B\u1edfi v\u00ec, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh . Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn, r\u1eb1ng “v\u00ec Kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00ean C\u00f3” \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1eefu to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da \u0111\u00e3 b\u0169a ra \u0111\u00f3?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0B\u00e2y gi\u1edd x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Sautrantika: “c\u00e1i C\u00d3 th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3; c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG th\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng.” \u1ede tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00eau l\u00ean cho Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 KH\u00d4NG. N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sautrantika \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng Harivarma, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sautrantika, c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sarv\u00e0rtiv\u00e0da. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Harivarma, \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> li\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec C\u00d3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng C\u00d3 v\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng KH\u00d4NG, c\u00f3 g\u00ec tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat m\u00e0u xanh m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u xanh, th\u00ec trong c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “m\u00e0u xanh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat” nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “m\u00e0u xanh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3”; v\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da di\u1ec5n k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1eefu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c vi<\/span>. Khi truy nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc, m\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t cho k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng, ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Sarv\u00e0stiv\u00e0da, th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> h\u1ecd treo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Sautrantika c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea9y h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 duy th\u1ef1c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span>: khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i C\u00d3 th\u00ec n\u00f3i trong s\u1ef1 bao dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG; khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i KH\u00d4NG th\u00ec n\u00f3i trong s\u1ef1 bao dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i C\u00d3. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng: C\u00d3 v\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t song quan lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span>. B\u00ean trong gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. V\u00e0, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 b\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. C\u00e1i ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u1eabn \u1edf trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00ec h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.” (MK. XXIV. 14)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0N\u1ebfu t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn; th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> do \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n t\u00ednh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span>. H\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, trong d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m, h\u1eefu l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>. Trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> duy danh lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Yog\u00e0c\u00e0ra, th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang hay sai, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung cho gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef. Lankav\u00e0t\u00e0ra, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> dung h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng khuy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i cho t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong Vigrahavy\u00e0vart\u00e0n\u00ec. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Yog\u00e0c\u00e0ra kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna? L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ngay c\u1ea3 Aryadeva, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna, c\u0169ng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXIV c\u1ee7a Madhyamika-K\u00e0rik\u00e0, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu”, H\u1eefu to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7n. Trong c\u00e1i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> H\u1eefu to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>; li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> trong t\u1eebng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>; hay n\u00f3i<\/span> g\u1ecdn, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ta coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f3n tay ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span>; th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111ang l\u01a1 l\u1eedng<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y, ta \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa. T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> duy danh lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> H\u1eefu to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7n? Hay \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i? M\u01b0\u1ee3n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nietzsche: “th\u00e0 chun qua l\u1ed7 kh\u00f3a c\u00f2n h\u01a1n qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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