{"id":6811,"date":"2020-12-01T00:03:45","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T17:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/nhan-doc-triet-hoc-the-than\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T00:03:45","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T17:03:45","slug":"nhan-doc-triet-hoc-the-than","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/nhan-doc-triet-hoc-the-than\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c Anh ng\u1eef: L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, The Philosophy of Vasubandhu<\/i>; Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch: \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span>, Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Saigon tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1973, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng ba hay b\u1ed1n \u201cd\u00e0n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.\u201d Con s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ngay trong gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> V\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u0103n, s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh sinh vi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a vi tinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00fa t\u00e0i IBM.\u201d \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u201cchi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d hay \u201cs\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d s\u1ebd t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00edt ai hi\u1ec3u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Cho n\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972, khi L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/span> V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span>, cho \u0111\u0103ng lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u00edt. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t n\u00eau l\u00ean trong b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u1ea5y l\u00e0 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo ng\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. N\u00f3i chung, d\u00f9 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span>, hay ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span>, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cx\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin\u201d c\u1ee7a vi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 xa l\u1ea1<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai l\u1ea1i n\u00eau th\u1eafc m\u1eafc, hay ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft hay t\u1eadp gi\u1ea5y. N\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Tuy v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3, hay ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0, c\u01a1 s\u1edf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111ang tham gia<\/span> m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tham gia<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span>, \u201cqu\u1ea3\u201d hay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta? N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u201cqu\u1ea3\u201d l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 truy nguy\u00ean<\/span> cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ed1i s\u01a1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t \u201cqu\u1ea3\u201d l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay khoa h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hay b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c? Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 duy t\u00e2m<\/span>, theo ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> Duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo ngh\u0129a: \u201cngo\u00e0i th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1ebft.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0, n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a L\u00ea m\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, \u201cth\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t (the strangest failure) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> quy k\u1ebft n\u01a1i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. (as some profound thesis of the absolute idealism and the like, according to which nothing exists except the consciousness).\u201d<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao di\u1ec5n ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u01b0 th\u1ebf? Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1edf ch\u1ed7 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Th\u1ebf<\/span> Th\u00e2n vi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u201cb\u1eaby s\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (traps of words, traps of similarity and traps of descriptions<\/i>). T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby s\u1eadp \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/span> n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> chung quanh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vip\u0101ka<\/i>. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 H\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch trong Ph\u00e1p hoa<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a La-th\u1eadp: \u201cPh\u00e1p s\u01b0 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f9ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 sanh x\u1ee9 \u53ca\u696d\u56e0\u7de3\u679c\u5831\u751f\u8655.\u201d Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Sanskrit c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: ye ca tasmin sattv\u0101 upapann\u0101 t\u0101n sarv\u0101n drak\u1e63yati karmavip\u0101ka\u1e43 ca te\u1e63a\u1e43 j\u00f1\u0101syat\u012bti<\/i>. Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb Sanskrit karmavip\u0101ka<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span>. Do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a La-th\u1eadp trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span> n\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. M\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eadu th\u00ec thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eadu, tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a th\u00ec thu ho\u1ea1ch d\u01b0a. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean d\u1ec5 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nan gi\u1ea3i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean b\u00e1c n\u00f4ng phu gieo gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa n\u00e0o th\u00ec s\u1ebd thu ho\u1ea1ch lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, hay nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf l\u00faa v\u00e0 th\u00f3c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, dinh th\u1ef1<\/span>; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u1eefa. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 b\u00e1c gieo v\u00e0o c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng; n\u00f3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu<\/span>. D\u1ea7m m\u01b0a, d\u00e3i n\u1eafng, toan t\u00ednh con n\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea7y khi v\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1eefa. B\u00e1c tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u00e1c thu ho\u1ea1ch mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u01b0a. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, th\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0a l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t khung \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, hay t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. Trong n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau, trong lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1: phalak\u0101lapr\u0101pta\u1e43 v\u0101 karma vik\u0101pa ity ucyate,<\/i> nghi\u1ec7p khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft<\/span> qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span>: \u201cNghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00edn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span>.\u201d B\u00e1o t\u1ee9c b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng<\/span>. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng<\/span>, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ng: m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1eaft, r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1n r\u0103ng. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9<\/span> cho ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9<\/span>: \u201cAi gi\u1ebft Cain, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9<\/span> b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n.\u201d Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb vip\u0101ka<\/i> ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh ra l\u00e0 retribution<\/i>. C\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c quy k\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i duy t\u00e2m<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cV\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quan<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb \u2018vip\u0101ka\u2019 l\u00e0 \u2018x\u1eed l\u00fd\u2019 (processing) thay cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018ho\u00e0n b\u00e1o\u2019 (retributory), nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. C\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch sau, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trong chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u2018ho\u00e0n b\u00e1o\u2019 hay \u2018t\u00edch ch\u1ee9a\u2019 (store). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vip\u0101ka c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u00edn\u2019 (ripening), hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u2018ch\u00edn\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o hay h\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u2018x\u1eed l\u00fd\u2019, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n nay trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng tin<\/i>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quen v\u1edbi Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc<\/span> s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i<\/span> trong c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t sao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eed \u0111\u1ecdc nguy\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe transformation of consciousness is a verbal construction; what is verbally constructed by it does not exist; therefore, whatever there is, is all merely what causes one to know. For consciousness has all the seed, the transformation of it proceeds in such and such ways through mutual influence so that such and such verbal construction is produced. When a previous processing is completed, the impressions of action together with the impressions of the double-form cognition produce another processing different from it<\/i>\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>: \u201cS\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho ta bi\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf qua \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> sao cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Khi m\u1ed9t x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>, nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u1ea1ng k\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/i>\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Sanskrit c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> trong Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng, Tri\u1e43\u015bik\u0101 17-19: <\/span><\/p>\n

vij\u00f1\u0101naparin\u0101mo’ya\u1e43 vikalpo yad vikalpyate\/ tena tan n\u0101sti teneda\u1e43 sarva\u1e43 vij\u00f1aptim\u0101trakam\/\/ sarvab\u012bja\u1e43 hi vij\u00f1\u0101nam parin\u0101mas tath\u0101 tath\u0101\/\/ y\u0101ty anyonyavas\u0101d yena vikalpa\u1e25 sa sa j\u0101yate\/\/ karmano v\u0101san\u0101 gr\u0101hadvayav\u0101sanay\u0101 saha\/ k\u1e63\u012bne p\u016brvavip\u0101ke’nyad vip\u0101kam janayanti tat\/\/<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 d\u0129, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay th\u1eafc m\u1eafc, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb5n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng qua b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span>: Th\u1ecb ch\u01b0 th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn\/ Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1edf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\/ Do th\u1eed b\u1ec9 giai v\u00f4\/ C\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> duy th\u1ee9c\/ Do nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng th\u1ee9c\/ Nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span> bi\u1ebfn\/ D\u0129 tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ed1\/ B\u1ec9 b\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> sanh\/ Do ch\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u00ed\/ Nh\u1ecb th\u1ee7<\/span> t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u00e2u\/ Ti\u1ec1n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> k\u00fd t\u1eadn\/ Ph\u1ee5c sanh d\u01b0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c\/ \u662f\u8af8\u8b58\u8f49\u8b8a [02]\u5206\u5225\u6240\u5206\u5225
\u7531\u6b64\u5f7c\u7686\u7121 \u6545\u4e00\u5207[03]\u552f\u8b58 \u7531\u4e00\u5207\u7a2e\u8b58 \u5982\u662f\u5982\u662f\u8b8a
\u4ee5[04]\u5c55\u8f49\u529b\u6545 \u5f7c\u5f7c\u5206\u5225\u751f \u7531\u8af8[05]\u696d\u7fd2\u6c23 [06]\u4e8c\u53d6\u7fd2\u6c23\u4ff1
\u524d\u7570\u719f\u65e2\u76e1 \u5fa9\u751f\u9918\u7570\u719f <\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> h\u01a1n: \u201cS\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. B\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Do Th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng (chuy\u1ec3n) bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho n\u00ean ph\u00e1t sanh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u1ebf kia. Do c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f9ng c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ee7 (n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u1ee7<\/span>), khi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> sanh.<\/i>\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfng Anh, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y trong ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ta v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> sanh t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ea m\u1edd, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sanh t\u1eed<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i: v\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n<\/span>, n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady, trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vikalpa<\/i>. Gi\u1edf t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1n-Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Wogihara, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1ea1n H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng: ph\u00e2n \u5206, t\u01b0 \u601d<\/span>, ni\u1ec7m \u5ff5, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u60f3<\/span>, t\u01b0 duy\u601d\u60df, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u5206\u5225, n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u80fd\u5206\u5225, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1c\u60f3\u4f5c, k\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u8a08\u8457, ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u57f7\u8457, d\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u7570\u5206\u5225, h\u01b0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u865b\u5206\u5225, ch\u1ee7ng ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5206\u5225, d\u1ecb tho\u00e1t sai bi\u1ec7t\u7570\u812b\u5dee\u5225, sai bi\u1ec7t\u5dee\u5225, nghi\u7591, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng\u5984\u60f3, h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u865b\u5984\u5206\u5225. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n? <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1eabn Biardo trong Th\u00e9orie de la connaissance et philosophie de la parole dans le brahmanisme classique<\/i>: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCependant, d’autre part, la notion de vikalpa revient \u0101 chaque page du texte, sous la forme verbale ou comme substantif. Nous l’avons traduite jusqu’ici par \u2018imagination\u2019, \u2018imager\u2019.<\/i>\u201d Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m vikalpa tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed7i trang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb hay th\u1ec3 ng\u1eef. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d\u2026 <\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span>: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u2018s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019 hay \u2018c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u2019, v.v., nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00e9o m\u00f3, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u2018quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadn\u2019 hay \u2018duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn\u2019, v.v., v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u2018Du gi\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t\u2019, v.v<\/i>\u2026\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi: vikalpa<\/i> = verbal construsction<\/i>, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, mang t\u00ednh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Stcherbatsky, trong Buddhist Logic, d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3. C\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n-na \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u1edfi Stcherbatsky v\u00e0 L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau: tatra pratyak\u1e63a\u1e43 kalpan\u0101po\u1e0dham abhr\u0101ntam<\/i>. Stcherbatsky: \u201cDirect knowledge means here neither construction (judgment) nor illusion<\/i>\u201d (Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>). L\u00ea m\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t: \u201cperception is a cognition free from verbal construction and without illusion<\/i>\u201d (tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>). Nh\u01b0ng Stcherbatsky v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.\u201d \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201ckalpan\u0101 meaning primarily \u2018arangement\u2019 (yojan\u0101) and vikalpa meaning choice, dichotomy (dvaidh\u012b-kara\u1e47a) are both used in the sense of imagination, but pure imagination (utrpek\u1e63a\u1e47a-vy\u0101p\u0101ra) is distinguished from the constructive imagination (lingaja-vikalpa).<\/i>\u201d (Kalpan\u0101, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed\u201d (yojan\u0101) v\u00e0 vikalpa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span>, ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 (dvaidh\u012b-kara\u1e47a); c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> (utprek\u1e63a\u1e47a) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.) <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y, trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u1eeb vikalpa<\/i> kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, nh\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d khi ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> nh\u1eadn y m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> ch\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 Stcherbatsky n\u00f3i nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaby s\u1eadp c\u1ea7n th\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ee1. Cho n\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> n\u00f3, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cV\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43saka, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> ho\u1eb7c hai d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u2019 m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>: th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y, trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, x\u00e9t theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Yogas\u016btra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> chung quanh t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019.\u201d<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a theo m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (impressions), hay nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u01b0a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng xung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTh\u1eadt v\u1eady, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1i ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. Qua n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch kh\u1edfi th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n: ida\u1e43 sarva\u1e43 vij\u00f1aptim\u0101trakam<\/i>, m\u00e0 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft duy th\u1ee9c\u201d, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c; b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, qua c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 therefore, whatever there is, is all merely what causes \u201cone to know<\/i>\u201d: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho ta bi\u1ebft. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin. <\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec, trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb vij\u00f1apti<\/i>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng xem nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> vij\u00f1\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>, hay l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cli\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t\u201d, Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p, Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u<\/i>, m\u00e0 sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (hay ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng v\u1eady) n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cinformation<\/i>\u201d (th\u00f4ng tin) b\u1edfi Louis de La Vall\u00e9e Poussin (L\u2019Abhidharma de Vasubandhu<\/i>, chap. iv). Trong c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, hai n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. Nh\u01b0ng trong t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a de La Vall\u00e9e Poussin, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> li\u1ec1n li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tin h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a de La Vall\u00e9e Poussin ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> vi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb information<\/i> theo ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tin h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cx\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin\u201d c\u1ee7a tin h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, hay xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tin h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1eadn t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao kho\u00e1n cho th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> quan y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> m\u1ecdi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/i>\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0101san\u0101<\/i>, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/i>, m\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ng\u1eef Anh c\u1ee7a L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t d\u1eabn tr\u00ean l\u00e0 impression<\/i>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 theo ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ghi d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n. N\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u221aVAS: vasati, l\u01b0u tr\u00fa<\/i>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y trong Nhi\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/i>, c\u00f3 khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n \u221aV\u0100S: v\u0101sayati, x\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u01b0\u1edbp h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> hay chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u0103ng (\u015baktivi\u015be\u1e63a<\/i>), m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>. Khi c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span> \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u00f3 ghi ngay d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c-kho-ch\u1ee9a (\u0101laya-vij\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>), hay th\u1ee9c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span>, m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadp. D\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 karma v\u0101san\u0101<\/i>, t\u1ee9c impression of action<\/i>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf tr\u00ean. Trong H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span> hay n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u1ea5y khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd, n\u00f3 cho ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u012bja: seed<\/i>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3i: sarvab\u012bjam hi vij\u00f1\u0101nam parin\u0101mas tath\u0101 tath\u0101\/\/ y\u0101ty anyonyavas\u0101d yena vikalpa\u1e25 sa sa j\u0101yate\/\/ <\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Khi ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Pari\u1e47\u0101ma: transformations<\/i>, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span>, hay chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> theo t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n: th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn<\/span> (vij\u00f1\u0101na-pari\u1e47\u0101ma<\/i>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau, h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (anyonyavas\u0101d<\/i>). B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> (k\u1e63\u012bne p\u016brvavip\u0101ke<\/i>), k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c (anyad vip\u0101kam janayanti tat<\/i>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 trong H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ec1n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> k\u00fd t\u1eadn, ph\u1ee5c sinh<\/span> d\u01b0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i>\u201d: d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh. N\u1ebfu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u1ee9c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. Khi s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>, m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 thanh to\u00e1n<\/span>, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ee7 x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c t\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> sang m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ee9c h\u1ebft m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o s\u1ea1ch n\u1ee3, n\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac tr\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng vay th\u00eam n\u1ee3 m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a L\u00ea m\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t: When a previous processing is completed, the impressions of action together with the impressions of the double-form cognition produce another processing different from it<\/i>. Khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1edbi. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span> hay n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd. Khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> d\u00f9 d\u1ecbch hay gi\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0o, c\u00fa ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0o, hay ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng g\u00ec, \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn b\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00e0nh ta v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, khi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111ang c\u00f2n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1edbi. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi g\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u01a1m, t\u1ee9c g\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u1ee7i, v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u01a1m, g\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd b\u00e1o<\/span> xong, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u00ednh c\u01a1m l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau h\u00f3a<\/span>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft. Sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e2y, tr\u00e1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb vip\u0101ka<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 processing<\/i>: x\u1eed l\u00fd, thay v\u00ec d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 retribution<\/i>: b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng<\/span> hay qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3i: <\/span><\/p>\n

(\u2026) ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb \u201cvip\u0101ka (d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>)\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cx\u1eed l\u00fd\u201d (processing) thay cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cho\u00e0n b\u00e1o\u201d (retributory), nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. C\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch sau, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trong chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cho\u00e0n b\u00e1o\u201d hay \u201ct\u00edch ch\u1ee9a\u201d (store). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vip\u0101ka c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00edn\u201d (ripening), hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u201cch\u00edn\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o hay h\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u201cx\u1eed l\u00fd\u201d, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n nay trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng tin<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> g\u1ee3i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> tin h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7n phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb – mot \u00e0 mot<\/i>, n\u00f3i theo ki\u1ec3u Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t vi\u1ebft; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c t\u1eeb H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> bi\u1ebft L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u201cn\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1edf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.\u201d C\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi \u0111\u1ecdc trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd, th\u1ee9c x\u1eed l\u00fd hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd, th\u00ec c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> quen bi\u1ebft<\/span> qua t\u1eeb d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. V\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb impression of action<\/i>, n\u00f3i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u1ec5 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, hay m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> trong th\u1ee9c kho ch\u1ee9a. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Anh ng\u1eef m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eed v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb description<\/i>. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>: the theory of descriptions<\/i>, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: in the present study the theory of descriptions is still held to be one of the cornerstone of Vasu\u00adbandhu’s philosophy<\/i>. Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n<\/span> Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> <\/i>n\u00e0y, thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n hay danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang n n\u00e0o ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb N; thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt m\u00e0 n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 n kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n n\u00e0o, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 (ix)N(x), trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (i…) cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o theo sau<\/span> thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng N(…) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y. V\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng N(x) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf, theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m f nh\u01b0 f(x) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m nh\u01b0 f(x)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y n\u00f3i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1eadt g\u00ec m\u00e0 ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay n\u00f3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>. V\u00ec m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin, cho n\u00ean lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 xe. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd cho xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ed7 xe l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u00e0ng, g\u1ecdng, b\u00e1nh v.v\u2026 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ed7 xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n = (ix)N(x). Trong \u0111\u00f3, n, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 xe, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ng\u1eef N n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 x khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>: Ya\u1e25 prat\u012bya-samutp\u0101da\u1e25 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u1e43 t\u0101\u1e43 pracak\u1e63mahe\/ s\u0101 praj\u00f1aptir up\u0101d\u0101ya pratipat saiva madhyam\u0101<\/i>. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00e0y qua b\u1ea3n h\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp: \u201cCh\u00fang nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sanh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ng\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb v\u00f4, di\u1ec7c vi th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3<\/span> danh, di\u1ec7c th\u1ecb trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ngh\u0129a. \u773e\u56e0\u7de3\u751f\u6cd5 \u6211\u8aaa\u5373\u662f\u7121 \u4ea6\u70ba\u662f\u5047\u540d \u4ea6\u662f\u4e2d\u9053\u7fa9\u201d \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ee9c th\u1ecb v\u00f4<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng<\/i>.\u201d T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/i> n\u00e0y m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i> trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh La-th\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u00e0 hai ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng chung m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m. D\u00f9 sao, y tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span>: Kh\u00f4ng, Gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>. V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb m\u00e0 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span><\/i>, nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c Ph\u1ea1n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 praj\u00f1apti<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 description<\/i>, d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh ra l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, sinh v\u1eadt, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v.v., ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>: praj\u00f1aptir up\u0101d\u0101ya<\/i>. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, theo thuy\u1ebft m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 th\u1eadt hay gi\u1ea3? <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a La-th\u1eadp, t\u1eeb up\u0101d\u0101ya<\/i> b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0ng up\u0101d\u0101ya<\/i>, trong ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201csau khi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean\u201d, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cho s\u1eb5n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (a given relation). N\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p hay c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cho s\u1eb5n gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn tr\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 cho s\u1eb5n, \u00fd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3: quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/span>, quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u hay quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n, v.v\u2026 Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, cho x m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb ng\u1eef N(x), th\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, cho x m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 sao cho (such that)<\/i>\u2026 Bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 x nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb Sanskrit pratyaya<\/i> (duy\u00ean: condition, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>). <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u201cx l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u201d, trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 (propositional function<\/i>), v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 cho x l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp (class) n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p\u201d v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng. V\u1eady, thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1eaft\u201d hay \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc\u201d, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7: mah\u0101bh\u016btam up\u0101d\u0101ya r\u016bpam<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>: praj\u00f1apti<\/i>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb praj\u00f1apti<\/i> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3. Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i dung thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> ngay trong b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng: \u0101tmadharmopac\u0101ro hi vividho ya\u1e25 pravartate, m\u00e0 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> l\u00e0: \u201cdo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ng\u00e3 ph\u00e1p\/ H\u1eefu ch\u1ee7ng ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u7531\u5047\u8aaa\u6211\u6cd5\u00a0\u6709\u7a2e\u7a2e\u76f8\u8f49\u2026\u201d N\u1ebfu theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p H\u00e1n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng \u201cdo gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i sai kh\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span>.\u201d Theo \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c. Ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: \u201cDo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 ph\u00e1p<\/span>.\u201d T\u1ee9c ng\u00e3 ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>: ch\u00fang l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 Wei Wat d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 sang ti\u1ebfng Anh, trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn<\/i> Th\u00e0nh duy th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>: Concepts of Atman and Dharma do not imply the existence of a real Atman and real Dharma, but a merely fictitious construsctions<\/i> [produced by numerous causes<\/i>]. \u201cNh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c Ng\u00e3<\/span>, th\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>).\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cthe description of self and things which functions in several ways is upon the transformation of consciousness<\/i>\u201d S\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb upac\u0101ra<\/i>, m\u00e0 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>. T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u upa-<\/i> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n CAR (upa-carati<\/i>), ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng trong ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span> (metaphor), hay d\u00f9ng theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh (figurative application). Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y b\u1edfi An Hu\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn trong Th\u00e0nh duy th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi d\u1ecbch nguy\u00ean c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> (Sthimarati, Tri\u1e43\u015bik\u0101vij\u00f1aptibh\u0101\u1e63ya<\/i>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3, L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span>: \u201cTuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng khi thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u00ean, An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/i>\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3. D\u00f9 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, hay c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, theo nh\u01b0<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00f4ng r\u00f9a, s\u1eebng th\u1ecf<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i theo th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch \u201cnh\u01b0 do huy\u1ec5n \u1ebf (\u7729\u7796) m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c, con r\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a nay<\/span> v\u1eabn hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do b\u1ecbnh \u201cnh\u1eb7m m\u1eaft\u201d m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c, hay \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i tr\u00f4ng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn. Trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 timira<\/i>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 b\u1ecbnh g\u00ec, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> x\u00e1c minh xem Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u00e0y theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1ec7nh timira, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i l\u00f4ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span>, v.v\u2026 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt\u201d m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i theo ki\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hay h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ta t\u1ea1o ra, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh timira nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, theo c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh timira, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh timira qu\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng y d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh timira l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/i>? <\/span><\/p>\n

Qua c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> H\u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i h\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef (pradicate), s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng (term), h\u00e0m m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 (prepositional function), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (relation xRy), v.v.; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Russell \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> chi li \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d (a paradigm of philosophy, Frank P. Ramsey). Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u “x: v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, hay $x: t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t x sao cho\u2026; khi \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh v\u1ecb ng\u1eef s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p (first-order predicate calculus), nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Russell c\u1ea7n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady, khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng: b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u1ebfu khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>, praj\u00f1apti<\/i>, ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o v\u1eady! C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eeb upac\u0101ra, description<\/i>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa, khi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, v\u1eady: Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u0103ng? <\/span><\/p>\n

May m\u1eafn<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 g\u1edfi cho \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t vui v\u1ebb<\/span> vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> hay b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. V\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u1ebd n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc xong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, xin c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n<\/span> d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00fa ph\u00e1p<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, Thu 2549. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9<\/i><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c Anh ng\u1eef: L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, The Philosophy of Vasubandhu; Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch: \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh, Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n. Saigon tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1973, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng ba hay\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-6811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6811","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6811"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6811\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6811"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6811"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6811"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=6811"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}