[ad_1]\n<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/noscript> <\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\nL\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00f4t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1<\/span> \u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111eo \u0111\u1eb3ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea7n n\u00ean th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ph\u00e2t Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 B.C. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 B.C khi Alexander x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle, \u00f4ng ta th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 cho qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 giao thi\u1ec7p<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Pataliputra, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Maurya Eprise.<\/span><\/p>\nV\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 B.C, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> Asoka c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 ba s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (bia \u0111\u00e1 2, 5 v\u00e0 13) kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 vua th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dharma-mahamatra) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u201cS\u1ee9 Gi\u1ea3 Trung Th\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta g\u1eedi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean Five Greek Kings (N\u0103m v\u1ecb vua Hy L\u1ea1p). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u01b0 Antiochus 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Syria (261-246 B.C), Ptolemy 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp (285-247 B.C), Antigonas Gonatas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Macedonia (276-246 B.C), Magas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Cyrene (300-258 B.C) v\u00e0 Alexander c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Epirus (272-258 B.C). \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 try\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o (duta) truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1edbi hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Greek v\u00e0 Aramaic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea1i Afghanistan (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0, Aramaic l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span>). S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Greek, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1ec1 Dharma (Ph\u00e1p- Dharmalipi) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> India. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Asoka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00ec \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\nNh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda, b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (A.C), ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milinda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nagasena. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> vua Manandros c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nB\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00f4t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1<\/span> \u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111eo \u0111\u1eb3ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea7n n\u00ean th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ph\u00e2t Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 B.C. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 B.C khi Alexander x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle, \u00f4ng ta th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 cho qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 giao thi\u1ec7p<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Pataliputra, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Maurya Eprise.<\/span><\/p>\nV\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 B.C, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> Asoka c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 ba s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (bia \u0111\u00e1 2, 5 v\u00e0 13) kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 vua th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dharma-mahamatra) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u201cS\u1ee9 Gi\u1ea3 Trung Th\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta g\u1eedi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean Five Greek Kings (N\u0103m v\u1ecb vua Hy L\u1ea1p). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u01b0 Antiochus 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Syria (261-246 B.C), Ptolemy 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp (285-247 B.C), Antigonas Gonatas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Macedonia (276-246 B.C), Magas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Cyrene (300-258 B.C) v\u00e0 Alexander c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Epirus (272-258 B.C). \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 try\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o (duta) truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1edbi hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Greek v\u00e0 Aramaic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea1i Afghanistan (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0, Aramaic l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span>). S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Greek, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1ec1 Dharma (Ph\u00e1p- Dharmalipi) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> India. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Asoka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00ec \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\nNh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda, b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (A.C), ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milinda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nagasena. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> vua Manandros c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nB\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 B.C. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 B.C khi Alexander x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle, \u00f4ng ta th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 cho qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 giao thi\u1ec7p<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Pataliputra, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Maurya Eprise.<\/span><\/p>\nV\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 B.C, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> Asoka c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 ba s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (bia \u0111\u00e1 2, 5 v\u00e0 13) kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 vua th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dharma-mahamatra) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u201cS\u1ee9 Gi\u1ea3 Trung Th\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta g\u1eedi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean Five Greek Kings (N\u0103m v\u1ecb vua Hy L\u1ea1p). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u01b0 Antiochus 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Syria (261-246 B.C), Ptolemy 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp (285-247 B.C), Antigonas Gonatas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Macedonia (276-246 B.C), Magas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Cyrene (300-258 B.C) v\u00e0 Alexander c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Epirus (272-258 B.C). \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 try\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o (duta) truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1edbi hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Greek v\u00e0 Aramaic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea1i Afghanistan (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0, Aramaic l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span>). S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Greek, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1ec1 Dharma (Ph\u00e1p- Dharmalipi) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> India. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Asoka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00ec \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\nNh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda, b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (A.C), ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milinda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nagasena. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> vua Manandros c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nB\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 B.C, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> Asoka c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 ba s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (bia \u0111\u00e1 2, 5 v\u00e0 13) kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 vua th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dharma-mahamatra) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u201cS\u1ee9 Gi\u1ea3 Trung Th\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta g\u1eedi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean Five Greek Kings (N\u0103m v\u1ecb vua Hy L\u1ea1p). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u01b0 Antiochus 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Syria (261-246 B.C), Ptolemy 2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp (285-247 B.C), Antigonas Gonatas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Macedonia (276-246 B.C), Magas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Cyrene (300-258 B.C) v\u00e0 Alexander c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Epirus (272-258 B.C). \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 try\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o (duta) truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1edbi hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Greek v\u00e0 Aramaic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea1i Afghanistan (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0, Aramaic l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span>). S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Greek, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1ec1 Dharma (Ph\u00e1p- Dharmalipi) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> India. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Asoka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00ec \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\nNh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda, b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (A.C), ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milinda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nagasena. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> vua Manandros c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nB\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1edbi hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Greek v\u00e0 Aramaic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea1i Afghanistan (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0, Aramaic l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span>). S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Greek, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Asoka v\u1ec1 Dharma (Ph\u00e1p- Dharmalipi) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> India. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Asoka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00ec \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\nNh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda, b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (A.C), ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milinda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nagasena. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> vua Manandros c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nB\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda, b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (A.C), ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milinda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nagasena. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> vua Manandros c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nB\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
B\u1ed9 Great Chronicle (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka (Mahavamsa), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 A.C, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean B.C m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Alexanderia (Yona-nagara-Alasanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u0103ng Th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Dhamnarakhita, tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua Stupa (Ruvanvali-saya) t\u1ea1i Anurdhapura \u1edf Sri Lanka. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Alexandra t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Alexandria kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u201cS\u1ef1 khoan dung<\/span> c\u1ee7a Alexanderia, (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u201clinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d n\u00f3i) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 A.C, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi barbarians m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng S\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf nhoi? Hay s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sinh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\nSau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
Sau s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay m\u1eafc n\u1ee3<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/span><\/p>\nS\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> say m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1826, cho ra c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Essai Sur le Pali, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Lassen.Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> L\u2019 Introduction d I\u2019 Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien (1844). V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saddharma-Pundarika (1852). Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Burnouf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Miller. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xem Burnouf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u1edfi Bournouf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Paris qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sylvain Levi (1863-1935), \u00f4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Burnouf v\u00e0 Levi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>
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