{"id":6834,"date":"2020-12-01T00:42:26","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T17:42:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/ban-ve-khong-gian-va-thoi-gian\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T00:42:26","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T17:42:26","slug":"ban-ve-khong-gian-va-thoi-gian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/ban-ve-khong-gian-va-thoi-gian\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian"},"content":{"rendered":"

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I. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> chung \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u1ee7i thay, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Cho t\u1edbi nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> ba lo\u1ea1i: <\/span><\/p>\n

a. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perpetual space); <\/span><\/p>\n

b. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual space); <\/span><\/p>\n

c. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical space). <\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ba \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kia sai; <\/span><\/p>\n

b. Ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kia.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>2. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo quan s\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perpetual space) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 theo hai c\u00e1ch:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; <\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> (ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3) t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u: thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (objects).<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Khi b\u1ea1n ng\u1ed3i trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u00e1ch, n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng xanh bao la<\/span>, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng. Ng\u1ed3i trong con t\u00e0u gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. <\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n gia t\u0103ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng nh\u00f2m, t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ng\u0103n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> bao b\u1ecdc \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. M\u1ed9t m\u00e9t (th\u01b0\u1edbc) kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nhau th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng nhau, c\u1ea3 hai m\u00e9t \u0111o \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di d\u1eddi<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho ta \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft r\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, mang n\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n<\/span> so \u0111o ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y \u0111i<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 ta c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n tay ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay hay ch\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u00f3ng m\u00eda. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u1edf Trung Hoa \u0111em sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u00e0y h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ba chi\u1ec1u. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0o trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo<\/span> ba h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c giao vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9a trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eadt, objects) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>2. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/p>\n

Do ta quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Suy ng\u1eabm v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual space), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng bao b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Khi ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1eb3n th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> xa h\u01a1n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc, h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thi s\u0129 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> La M\u00e3 *Lucretius (k.94-k.55 tr.C.N.) t\u1eebng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mang m\u1ed9t cung th\u1ee7 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> r\u1ed3i ra l\u1ec7nh cho anh ta b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00f9y v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> chung s\u1ebd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u0169i t\u00ean s\u1ebd x\u00e9 gi\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (cosmogony) s\u1ebd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u1eefa, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1ecb d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> n\u00f3. Berkeley v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u2013 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u00edch c\u1ee1 m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span> n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> chia kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ra t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u00ednh chia \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ta ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> cho t\u00ednh chia \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00ec t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chia \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nan<\/b> gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i. V\u00ec gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> khi chia v\u00e0 sau khi l\u00e0m xong t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i, t\u00f4i l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ednh th\u1ebf nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng (d\u00ea-r\u00f4) nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1eabn th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m t\u00ednh chia \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean<\/span> “undo” m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u2013 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00fang, n\u00ean t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i \u1ea5y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1 nano \u2013 1 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e9t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> (dilemma), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> nan gi\u1ea3i, t\u1edbi lui<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f3, v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean<\/span> (undo) vi\u1ec7c chia. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> chia m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai n\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng nhau, r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1m r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> chia \u0111\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Zeno<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p *Zeno th\u00e0nh Elea (k.400-k.429 tr.C.N.) \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chia b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c<\/span> thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> do \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zeno b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u2013 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u2013 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb A t\u1edbi B, ta nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ngang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> vi\u00ean nh\u1ea3y r\u00e0o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y qua h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Achilles v\u00e0 con r\u00f9a<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ngang \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> Achilles, v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p n\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ea1y nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Achilles th\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t con r\u00f9a ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t v\u00ec Achilles r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean anh ta cho con r\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 ngang \u0111\u00e2y, Achilles cho th\u1ea5y anh ta d\u1ed1t to\u00e1n “kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i”! <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Achilles cho con r\u00f9a ch\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng, anh ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> n\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp n\u00f3. V\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 Achilles ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngang qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5m gi\u1eefa A n\u01a1i anh ta \u0111ang \u1edf, v\u00e0 B n\u01a1i con r\u00f9a \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n; Achilles kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng Achilles tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m con r\u00f9a v\u1eeba b\u00f2 qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> n\u00f3. V\u00ec con r\u00f9a c\u0169ng \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac Achilles \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, con r\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> chia \u0111\u00f4i ra nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, Achilles kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> con r\u00f9a!<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1edb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 r\u00f9a, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 kh\u00f4n ngoan tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua \u1ea5y s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u00e0o: kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hoang mang kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 1, 2, 3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> r\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc (1, 2, 3, 4, …) b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n s\u1ed1, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra n+1. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111i n\u1eefa, h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00f3; v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thay chu\u1ed7i 1, 2, 3, 4, … \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng 1, 3, 5, 7, … v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> 2 v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u0169 v\u00ec cho d\u00f9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> 2 v\u00e0o con s\u1ed1 “cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng n\u00e3n l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> so s\u00e1nh<\/span> hai chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. V\u00ec \u1edf trong chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 trong chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean. V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec l\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay go<\/span>. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>4. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> h\u01a1n<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebft ba chi\u1ec1u nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ba chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft. V\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hai chi\u1ec1u; t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba. C\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba th\u1eadt ra do th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem b\u1ed9 phim Tam qu\u1ed1c<\/span> ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ean m\u00e1y v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Phi \u0111ang ph\u00f9ng mang tr\u1ee3n m\u1eaft<\/span> t\u1eeb xa phi ng\u1ef1a r\u01b0\u1ee3t theo T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o, th\u00ec ng\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang nh\u00ecn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t. \u00d0\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/span> r\u1ea5t r\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1eb3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> che \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i \u1ea5y t\u0103ng th\u00eam hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Descartes, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> gh\u00e9t cay gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1eafng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (a vacuum).<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>5. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1eafc m\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical space) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1edbi hai kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kia kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng? <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0m \u00fd \u1ea5y l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nan gi\u1ea3i, v\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 xung kh\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc khi h\u1ecd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc phi-Euclid (non-Euclid geometry).<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> chung (commonsense) h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc phi-Euclid, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Euclid. H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian l\u00e0 ba chi\u1ec1u, v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i \u1ea5y v\u00ec Euclid qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song n\u1ebfu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 ga xe l\u1eeda, nh\u00ecn d\u1ecdc theo hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111ang song song, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang g\u1eb7\u00efp nhau \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 xa xa n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1edbi am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eb1ng xe l\u1eeda ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray song song. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ecbu thua<\/span> h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch m\u1eafng m\u1ecf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> sao c\u1ea3 gan<\/span> l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclide. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song v\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ea5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>, n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span> hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid. H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc phi-Euclid cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song, v\u00e0 Einstein c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u00f3i chung ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ea5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, v\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra chuy\u1ec7n l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00edch n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> gi\u1eefa New York v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eebng cong v\u00ec m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00ec n\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> cong th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> khi cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u1eeba v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. V\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> mang h\u00e0m \u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n mang h\u00e0m \u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Lucretius v\u1ec1 cung th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Trong cu\u1ed1n Philosophy for the Future<\/i> (Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, 1949), nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> Ba Lan *Leopold Infeld (1898-1965) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> “th\u00ec h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean. (V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ean kia)”. <\/span><\/p>\n

Infeld \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0 “v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e9p k\u00edn”, v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00e3i r\u1ed9ng ra h\u1ebft c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thi n\u00f3 s\u1ebd co d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1ea5t vi \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy\u00ean s\u01a1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ngay “s\u00e1t na” x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng xung kh\u1eafc<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “kh\u00f4ng gian”, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ba kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span>, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o. R\u1ee7i thay, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, v\u00ec trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u2013 d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d0\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1\u00efng ch\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>6. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i “c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian”<\/i>. D\u00f9 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef “trong” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tuy kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng \u2013 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Newton n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> “trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di \u0111\u1ed9ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> Newton c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c” v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Newton, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u1edbi. Sau khi Galileo tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m tra v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f2n xem kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> theo s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/span><\/p>\n

Newton b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y v\u00ec n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> minh t\u1ea1i sao tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> an t\u00e2m<\/span>. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, Kant c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3, xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kant cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u Newton d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 Newton quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u00fd do<\/span> g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>7. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1ch quan khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nan gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan th\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn qua nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u1eadt, kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, objects) \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 Berkeley, Russell l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u00e0n h\u1ecdc b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, c\u00e1i b\u00e0n th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3ng \u0111en, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa” hai c\u00e1i kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u1eefa; ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec theo Kant, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> do l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Khi quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kant d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c Newton. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Kant nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> trong tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng cho d\u00f9 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam<\/span> gi\u1eef trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> do l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Kant cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (the realm of phenomena), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt (the real world) m\u00e0 Kant g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (the realm of noumena); ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Kant, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i (the external world). Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> (a subjective ordering principle), tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m (the world of experience).<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>8. C\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u00fd<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> trong m\u1ea5y trang tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd trong t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> ”kh\u00f4ng gian”. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n, li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1eb3n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y \u0111ang d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. S\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0111ang ra s\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, tuy th\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y. Cho t\u1edbi khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

II. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> g\u00e2y s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, nay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn sang th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1eaft xem x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111ang v\u00e2y b\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u01b0 m\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. V\u00ec mang theo<\/span> n\u1ed7i th\u00f4i th\u00fac<\/span> \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>1. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u1ebb ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “th\u1eddi gian” bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd n\u00e0o? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn ba \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3ng ru\u1ed9t<\/span> ch\u1edd ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng tan tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef “th\u1eddi gian” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 v\u1eady nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c *Augustine (354-430) c\u0169ng t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> t\u1edbi khi \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. V\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho n\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n Confessions <\/i>(T\u1ef1 th\u00fa, 400, t\u1eadp xi), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: “Th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng? Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong t\u01b0 duy<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi? Trong \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian? Th\u1ebf th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho t\u00f4i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o”.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>2. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> gian nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ngang qua hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, bao h\u00e0m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eafm, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m d\u00ecu d\u1ecbu<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 nhung khi t\u00f4i ch\u1ea1m tay v\u00e0o; b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng trong h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf. T\u1ef1 th\u00e2n b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0o gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng hoang mang v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n hoa v\u1eeba g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1i nay c\u00f4 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd giao t\u1eadn nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i, tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n kia, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u khi t\u00f4i, trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi ch\u00fang? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u01a1n c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span> mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 vui v\u1ea7y b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e1i (1777-1813) ho\u1eb7c H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng (k. cu\u1ed1i tk 18), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed1n Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh C\u00f4n (1920-1979) \u0111i l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng cho \u00d0\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung, hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft The Time Machine<\/i> (C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, 1895) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Anh *Hebert G. Wells (1866-1946), hay nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> hay \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0103n kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hollywood. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> th\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tin vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 n\u1eef s\u0129 H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vua Quang Trung nay v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> th\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/span>, thu h\u00fat v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbi h\u1ee9a “nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai” v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1eafp tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. Ngang \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a<\/span> b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> mang t\u00ednh *m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (mechanistic system) trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y t\u1edbi cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00f4ng tin \u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ee9a trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> cao v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111ang bi\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t b\u1edfi k\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “tr\u1eddi ph\u00fa cho c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ee9 hai” ho\u1eb7c “luy\u1ec7n xong con m\u1eaft th\u1ee9 ba”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> khi h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span> khi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1edd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, h\u1eb3n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> (eternal). \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i n\u00e0o. Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m<\/i>, thi s\u0129\u00f8 th\u01a1 Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u (1916-1985) than th\u1edf<\/span>: “\u00d4i! Ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd h\u1ecdp m\u1eadt! \u00d4i! V\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat trao y\u00eau!” Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ta c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang k\u00e9o ra th\u1eadt d\u00e0i. K\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a l\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> l\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 ba h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi nghe m\u1ed9t n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea3y l\u00ean t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc t\u00e2y ban c\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> nhau khi\u1ebfn cho k\u00fd \u1ee9c can d\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0o d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u01a1n khi thay v\u00ec nghe m\u1ed9t n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u0129 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> l\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ee9 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean nghe m\u1ed9t dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 cho gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ngang v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o. V\u00ec trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y n\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n. Tuy r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i n\u00e0o, n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 c\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc l\u1ebdm c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111ang di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>3. Chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1edfi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Bergson di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> h\u00f3a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nan gi\u1ea3i \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f4i \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi c\u00e1i sau, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u (direction) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hoang mang, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch (dimensions) nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng (direction). <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> anh ch\u00e0ng Tarzan tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng c\u1ea7u parabol \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft<\/span> trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh ta \u0111ang r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 nh\u00f4 ra cao v\u1eddi v\u1ee3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e1c khi anh ta s\u1eafp s\u1eeda ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> (flash-back) v\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n sao m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e3o suy da m\u1ed3i t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c<\/span> r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ebb ra kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1eadp ch\u1eedng t\u1eadp \u0111i t\u00e9 l\u00ean ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1edbc phim v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 th\u00ec sao? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u tr\u00f4i xu\u00f4i. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cdt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1eadt g\u00f9<\/span>: “Th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng c\u00e2u qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5!” S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e2u v\u00ed von \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tin ch\u1eafc<\/span> ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng con ng\u1ef1a \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y qua s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 luy\u1ebfn nh\u1edb \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p mi\u1ec7ng<\/span>: “Th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y qua c\u1ea7u!” Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb\u00f8 \u0111\u00f3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n nhau trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u1eabn y nh\u01b0<\/span> nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc \u0111ai du h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> khi qu\u1ea5n v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng du h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1edbi ba v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c: ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, ngang v\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n du h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quang c\u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> ngang v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t quang c\u1ea3nh<\/span> th\u00f4i; l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1n tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1eedng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed1n phim N\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fa ng\u1ee7 trong r\u1eebng<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c quang c\u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u1eadn Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng r\u01b0\u1ee3t T\u00f4 \u00d0\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea1y th\u1ee5c m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u00e0u. L\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3o suy \u1ea5y s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111i qua tu\u1ed5i trung ni\u00ean t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ch\u1eadp ch\u1eedng t\u1eadp \u0111i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> x\u00e9t theo v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo ba v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 ba g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh xa x\u00f4i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau \u00f4n l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ai c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> minh h\u1ecda qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb<\/span> \u1ea5y s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111ang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u1eeb Th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c L\u01b0u Th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n Tri\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong khi m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 “vui v\u1ebb” \u1edf \u0111\u00e0o nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn m\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m d\u00e2u bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ra sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Augustine \u0111\u00fang khi \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng: “N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n du h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh xa h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian!” D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> cho t\u1edbi nay, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7\u00efn th\u1eddi. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u2013 nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u2013 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>4. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perpetual time), tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> theo v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Hai ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> trong r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu b\u00f3ng khi xem phim Titanic<\/i> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 hai gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n ng\u1ed3i nghe m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n<\/span> trong gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i b\u00ean H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng ng\u00f3ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1eb9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ed3ng Xu\u00e2n. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> lung tung<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u00f2 h\u1eb9n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eb9n<\/span> n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> qui \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2y kim xoay quanh<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> thao t\u00e1c \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb th\u00eam n\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi c\u00e1i sau, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>5. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual time) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> n\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>), nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u01a1n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u2013 v\u1edbi l\u00fd do<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n b\u1edfi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Arthur Eddington l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1ecdc (thermodynamics) l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u1ef1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u1ef1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> (theology) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Big Bang v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> 13.7 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u0169 tru,\u00ef th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. T\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang c\u00f3 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf (expension). “B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i” v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi h\u1ebft t\u1ea7m tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u co l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf vi c\u0169 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u0103m 1965, hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Bell Telephone Laboratories t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang New Jersey, l\u00e0 Arno A. Penzias (1933- ) v\u00e0 Robert W. Wilson (1936- ) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00e0n t\u00edch trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> n\u0103m 1978.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chu<\/b> k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1ec1 chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o gia c\u00f2n n\u00eau con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 129.600 n\u0103m. K\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. M\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u tam nguy\u00ean<\/span>: th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>, trung nguy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng T\u1eafc (1890-1959), H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Tam k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> (Cao \u00d0\u00e0i), trong b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh T\u00e2y Ninh ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m \u00d0inh H\u1ee3i (1947) th\u00ec m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 12.000 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean<\/span>, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft *Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i M\u1edbi (New Age) c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 2.000 m\u1edbi \u0111i qua h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao. M\u1ed7i cung l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t “th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i”. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Song ng\u01b0 (Piscean age) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 1997 v\u1eeba qua, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o b\u00ecnh<\/span> (Aquarium age), ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 an b\u00e0i?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> chu k\u1ef3 trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong d\u1ea1ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng, t\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xa l\u1eafc<\/span> xa l\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m l\u00fac n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u1ea3y sinh trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>6. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 quan<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical time) kh\u1eafc h\u1eb3n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi c\u00e1i sau trong khi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00f3i t\u1edbi “t” nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, y ch\u1ec9<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 Bergson g\u1ee3i \u00fd, khoa h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp” (independent variable) ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng (tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> theo ki\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n tri<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0o nhau c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a “t”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n L\u2019Evolution cr\u00e9atrice<\/i> (Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>), Henry Bergson vi\u1ebft: “H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng… r\u1eb1ng qu\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i T c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f2e ra, h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nan qu\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> T1, T2, T3… c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u2018d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian\u2019”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bergson tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch l\u00eca v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00ec t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> sang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>7. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Isaac Newton th\u1eddi gian<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (absolute);<\/span><\/p>\n

b. l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>; <\/span><\/p>\n

c. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y;<\/span><\/p>\n

d. kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy<\/i> (C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, 1687), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i”. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton c\u00f3 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra “trong” th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> mang h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t (nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>) v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> “li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn”. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n chia n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i y h\u1ec7t nhau, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 \u0111o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng (measurements) th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00f3t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> (modern theory of relativity). V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>8. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (relative), s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan mang h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, hay v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1ea5y (changing events) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span> tr\u1ecb. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u2013 trong khi li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> “c\u00e1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa” c\u1ee7a Russell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng cho d\u1eabu c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> (the fact of change).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> (subjective relativity). Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang khi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kant nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>. N\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (coexistence) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (a priori)<\/i> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i> ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m <\/i>(a priory condition of experience), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> (chaos) c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00ec trong khi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eddi gian<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (internal consciousness) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hoang mang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ed1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> l\u00f2ng ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hoang mang, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chung chung v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i suy x\u00e9t<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn, v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span>, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh suy x\u00e9t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00ec hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m trong khi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> khi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y k\u00e9p, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ea3n (duplication of worlds), m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> (noumenal world), m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (phenomenal world), v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

III. Kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> hoang mang<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 an t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> chung r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt, v\u00ec trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd g\u00ec. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7i hoang mang \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng<\/span> khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1eaft ng\u00f3 sang khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng; c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ecb n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i (a hyphenated whole). Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian (space-time), n\u01a1i d\u1ea5u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. G\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u; c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e1i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb x\u1ea3y ra trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u1ed3i \u1edf th\u1ec1m t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ngay ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd<\/span> t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi khung vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span>, hay khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> (frame of reference) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh xa x\u0103m<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f4i tai nh\u1ecf nh\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc n\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nghe ra nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea5y. N\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, v\u00ec tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 30.4 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00f4i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00f9y v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9ng (standpoint) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian ho\u1eb7c mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u00e1m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u00ednh \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u1eabn th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> (unchangeable particles), nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft Newton t\u1eebng ngh\u0129, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> (standing of space).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thay c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (energy), nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111ang l\u00e0m, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u1eabn th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n) t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> (ultimate atoms) mang h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i xem v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian (a space-time continuum). X\u00e9t theo nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef, chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch sao cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt k\u1ebf c\u1eadn nhau tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111i l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> “h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i xa d\u1ea7n, gi\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> r\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n” h\u1eb3n S\u01a1n \u00d0i\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ebft Kh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i, khi \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> “space-time continuum” ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c” (Nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>,<\/i> t.65, Nxb Nh\u01b0 Mai, Hoa K\u1ef3, 2007).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. M\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> theo khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> b\u1ed1n-chi\u1ec1u<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n m\u1eddi t\u00f4i t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng chim s\u00e1o chi\u1ec1u n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a nhau sang s\u00f4ng, bay t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eadu r\u0129a l\u00f4ng cho nhau tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4i chim \u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

Hai chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n; chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba s\u1ebd mang m\u1eaft t\u00f4i t\u1eeb hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn l\u00ean \u0111\u00fang c\u00e0nh li\u1ec5u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i chim s\u00e1o; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4i chim d\u00ecu c\u00e1nh sang \u0111\u1eadu, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e2u y\u1ebfm<\/span> r\u0129a l\u00f4ng cho nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4i chim s\u00e1o tr\u00edu m\u1ebfn nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng son m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian, v\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> r\u00fat t\u1ec9a t\u1eeb chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> n\u00f3 do b\u1edfi<\/span> h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu (model) \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conception) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu cho n\u00f3. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> n\u00f3 theo ki\u1ec3u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y \u0111i<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid g\u1ee3i \u00fd, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (a set of mathematical ordinates).<\/span><\/p>\n

Cong v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 theo nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 cong. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng ra theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. R\u1ee7i thay, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u1ed7 c\u0169, do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u01b0 sau. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u r\u1eddi c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, nh\u1eafm th\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i<\/span> \u0111i, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/span> ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i, cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1edbi H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng. Con t\u00e0u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c cong. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> (continuum) v\u00e0 cong, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00ec v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. V\u00ec d\u00f9 b\u1ecb b\u1ecdc quanh hay b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u1eeba v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1ch quan hay ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5y cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian hi\u1ec7u h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan hay ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0y, tuy \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda sai<\/span> Kant<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kant x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i theo<\/span> Kant, trong khi b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (a priori<\/i> condition of experience), c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u00f4ng<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> qua kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c \u1ea5y. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eed li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 suy ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt” (specious present), c\u00e1i quy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3i g\u00ec th\u00ec n\u00f3i, v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian, l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean theo th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Bergson \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y, m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eeba c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ngay b\u00ean trong n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> minh h\u1ecda<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i banh tuy\u1ebft, theo Bergson, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i, c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i banh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 cho n\u00f3 l\u0103n xu\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e1i banh tuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y c\u00e0ng l\u0103n c\u00e0ng to ra v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i l\u00e0, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u00f2n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 *ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> Sigmund Freud r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>; d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u1ea5y theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (determinism) b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> (the principle of creativity) l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. <\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 trong c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng (tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

IV. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng an t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u01b0a hay qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch?<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (theoretical physicist) v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (particle physics) v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (cosmology) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa K\u1ef3 Lisa Randall (1962- ), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2005 v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe’s Hidden Dimensions<\/i> (Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i \u0111i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c: t\u00ecm ra<\/span> b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, Randall b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ea5t; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec bay v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u1edf xa ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00fang \u1edf c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong gang t\u1ea5c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00f4i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/span> th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Randall \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m<\/span> 2008, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u00e0i 27 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 100m t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u2013 Ph\u00e1p. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10. 2008, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c<\/span> k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a 2 ch\u00f9m proton chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m \u1ea5y l\u00ean ngang v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, cho ch\u00fang va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y 800 tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n proton, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn (Big Bang) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n 13.7 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o 200 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.. N\u1ebfu khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 bay v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Du\u1ed7i, cong v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lisa Randall \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/span> Big Bang trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng xa, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf toang c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c minh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Randall v\u00e0 “kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m” \u1ea5y s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (cosmogony).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, n\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> (*Big Bang), c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf, “v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 du\u1ed7i” b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra mi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i lo\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi t\u1ed1i \u0111en m\u1ecbt m\u00f9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1edbi g\u1ea7n<\/span> cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5i sang kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 cong”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd cu\u1ed9n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m Big Bang nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span>. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u00fat l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00e0 khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf s\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y ra xa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 h\u00fat l\u1ea5y nhau<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i “Big Bang!”, b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> ra theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> h\u01a1n: “v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u1eb3ng”; theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Tuy m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 15 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb “y\u00eau nhau m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung v\u1edbi nhau”, s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau ch\u1ebft chung v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c lo\u00e3ng ra nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3i bay trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i hay co c\u1ee5m v\u00e0o nhau th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf vi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau n\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng<\/span> bung ra!<\/span><\/p>\n

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II. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

III. Kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

IV. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

I. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> chung \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u1ee7i thay, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Cho t\u1edbi nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> ba lo\u1ea1i: <\/span><\/p>\n

a. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perpetual space); <\/span><\/p>\n

b. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual space); <\/span><\/p>\n

c. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical space). <\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ba \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kia sai; <\/span><\/p>\n

b. Ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kia.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>2. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo quan s\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perpetual space) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 theo hai c\u00e1ch:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; <\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> (ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3) t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u: thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (objects).<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Khi b\u1ea1n ng\u1ed3i trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u00e1ch, n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng xanh bao la<\/span>, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng. Ng\u1ed3i trong con t\u00e0u gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. <\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n gia t\u0103ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng nh\u00f2m, t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ng\u0103n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> bao b\u1ecdc \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. M\u1ed9t m\u00e9t (th\u01b0\u1edbc) kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nhau th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng nhau, c\u1ea3 hai m\u00e9t \u0111o \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di d\u1eddi<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho ta \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft r\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, mang n\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n<\/span> so \u0111o ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y \u0111i<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 ta c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n tay ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay hay ch\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u00f3ng m\u00eda. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u1edf Trung Hoa \u0111em sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u00e0y h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ba chi\u1ec1u. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0o trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo<\/span> ba h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c giao vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9a trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eadt, objects) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>2. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/p>\n

Do ta quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Suy ng\u1eabm v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual space), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng bao b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Khi ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1eb3n th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> xa h\u01a1n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc, h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thi s\u0129 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> La M\u00e3 *Lucretius (k.94-k.55 tr.C.N.) t\u1eebng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mang m\u1ed9t cung th\u1ee7 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> r\u1ed3i ra l\u1ec7nh cho anh ta b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00f9y v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> chung s\u1ebd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u0169i t\u00ean s\u1ebd x\u00e9 gi\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (cosmogony) s\u1ebd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u1eefa, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1ecb d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> n\u00f3. Berkeley v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u2013 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u00edch c\u1ee1 m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span> n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> chia kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ra t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u00ednh chia \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ta ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> cho t\u00ednh chia \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00ec t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chia \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nan<\/b> gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i. V\u00ec gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> khi chia v\u00e0 sau khi l\u00e0m xong t\u00ednh chia v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i, t\u00f4i l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ednh th\u1ebf nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng (d\u00ea-r\u00f4) nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1eabn th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m t\u00ednh chia \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean<\/span> “undo” m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u2013 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00fang, n\u00ean t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i \u1ea5y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1 nano \u2013 1 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e9t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> (dilemma), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> nan gi\u1ea3i, t\u1edbi lui<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f3, v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean<\/span> (undo) vi\u1ec7c chia. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> chia m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai n\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng nhau, r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1m r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> chia \u0111\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Zeno<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p *Zeno th\u00e0nh Elea (k.400-k.429 tr.C.N.) \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chia b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c<\/span> thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> do \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zeno b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u2013 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u2013 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb A t\u1edbi B, ta nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ngang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> vi\u00ean nh\u1ea3y r\u00e0o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y qua h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Achilles v\u00e0 con r\u00f9a<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ngang \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> Achilles, v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p n\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ea1y nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Achilles th\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t con r\u00f9a ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t v\u00ec Achilles r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean anh ta cho con r\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 ngang \u0111\u00e2y, Achilles cho th\u1ea5y anh ta d\u1ed1t to\u00e1n “kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i”! <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Achilles cho con r\u00f9a ch\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng, anh ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> n\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp n\u00f3. V\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 Achilles ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngang qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5m gi\u1eefa A n\u01a1i anh ta \u0111ang \u1edf, v\u00e0 B n\u01a1i con r\u00f9a \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n; Achilles kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng Achilles tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m con r\u00f9a v\u1eeba b\u00f2 qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> n\u00f3. V\u00ec con r\u00f9a c\u0169ng \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac Achilles \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, con r\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> chia \u0111\u00f4i ra nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, Achilles kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> con r\u00f9a!<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1edb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 r\u00f9a, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 kh\u00f4n ngoan tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua \u1ea5y s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> n\u00e0o: kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hoang mang kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 1, 2, 3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> r\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc (1, 2, 3, 4, …) b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n s\u1ed1, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra n+1. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111i n\u1eefa, h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00f3; v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thay chu\u1ed7i 1, 2, 3, 4, … \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng 1, 3, 5, 7, … v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> 2 v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u0169 v\u00ec cho d\u00f9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> 2 v\u00e0o con s\u1ed1 “cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng n\u00e3n l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> so s\u00e1nh<\/span> hai chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. V\u00ec \u1edf trong chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 trong chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean. V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec l\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay go<\/span>. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>4. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> h\u01a1n<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebft ba chi\u1ec1u nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ba chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft. V\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hai chi\u1ec1u; t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba. C\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba th\u1eadt ra do th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem b\u1ed9 phim Tam qu\u1ed1c<\/span> ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ean m\u00e1y v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Phi \u0111ang ph\u00f9ng mang tr\u1ee3n m\u1eaft<\/span> t\u1eeb xa phi ng\u1ef1a r\u01b0\u1ee3t theo T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o, th\u00ec ng\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang nh\u00ecn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t. \u00d0\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/span> r\u1ea5t r\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1eb3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> che \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i \u1ea5y t\u0103ng th\u00eam hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Descartes, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> gh\u00e9t cay gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1eafng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (a vacuum).<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>5. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1eafc m\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical space) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1edbi hai kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kia kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng? <\/span><\/p>\n

Khi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0m \u00fd \u1ea5y l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nan gi\u1ea3i, v\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 xung kh\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc khi h\u1ecd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc phi-Euclid (non-Euclid geometry).<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> chung (commonsense) h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc phi-Euclid, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Euclid. H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian l\u00e0 ba chi\u1ec1u, v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i \u1ea5y v\u00ec Euclid qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song n\u1ebfu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 ga xe l\u1eeda, nh\u00ecn d\u1ecdc theo hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111ang song song, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang g\u1eb7\u00efp nhau \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 xa xa n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1edbi am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eb1ng xe l\u1eeda ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray song song. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ecbu thua<\/span> h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch m\u1eafng m\u1ecf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> sao c\u1ea3 gan<\/span> l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclide. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song v\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ea5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>, n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span> hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid. H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc phi-Euclid cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song, v\u00e0 Einstein c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u00f3i chung ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ea5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, v\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra chuy\u1ec7n l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00edch n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> gi\u1eefa New York v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eebng cong v\u00ec m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00ec n\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> cong th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> khi cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u1eeba v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. V\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> mang h\u00e0m \u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n mang h\u00e0m \u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Lucretius v\u1ec1 cung th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Trong cu\u1ed1n Philosophy for the Future<\/i> (Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, 1949), nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> Ba Lan *Leopold Infeld (1898-1965) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> “th\u00ec h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean. (V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf qu\u00e1 b\u00ean kia ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ean kia)”. <\/span><\/p>\n

Infeld \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0 “v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e9p k\u00edn”, v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00e3i r\u1ed9ng ra h\u1ebft c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thi n\u00f3 s\u1ebd co d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1ea5t vi \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy\u00ean s\u01a1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ngay “s\u00e1t na” x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng xung kh\u1eafc<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “kh\u00f4ng gian”, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ba kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span>, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o. R\u1ee7i thay, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, v\u00ec trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u2013 d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d0\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1\u00efng ch\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>6. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i “c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian”<\/i>. D\u00f9 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef “trong” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tuy kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng \u2013 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Newton n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> “trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di \u0111\u1ed9ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> Newton c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c” v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Newton, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u1edbi. Sau khi Galileo tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m tra v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f2n xem kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> theo s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/span><\/p>\n

Newton b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y v\u00ec n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> minh t\u1ea1i sao tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> an t\u00e2m<\/span>. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, Kant c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3, xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kant cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u Newton d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 Newton quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u00fd do<\/span> g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>7. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1ch quan khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nan gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan th\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn qua nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u1eadt, kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, objects) \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 Berkeley, Russell l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u00e0n h\u1ecdc b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, c\u00e1i b\u00e0n th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3ng \u0111en, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa” hai c\u00e1i kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u1eefa; ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec theo Kant, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> do l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Khi quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kant d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c Newton. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Kant nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> trong tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng cho d\u00f9 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam<\/span> gi\u1eef trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> do l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Kant cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (the realm of phenomena), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt (the real world) m\u00e0 Kant g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (the realm of noumena); ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Kant, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i (the external world). Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> (a subjective ordering principle), tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m (the world of experience).<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>8. C\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u00fd<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> trong m\u1ea5y trang tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd trong t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> ”kh\u00f4ng gian”. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n, li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1eb3n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y \u0111ang d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. S\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0111ang ra s\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, tuy th\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y. Cho t\u1edbi khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

II. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> g\u00e2y s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, nay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn sang th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1eaft xem x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111ang v\u00e2y b\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u01b0 m\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. V\u00ec mang theo<\/span> n\u1ed7i th\u00f4i th\u00fac<\/span> \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>1. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u1ebb ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “th\u1eddi gian” bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd n\u00e0o? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn ba \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3ng ru\u1ed9t<\/span> ch\u1edd ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng tan tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef “th\u1eddi gian” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 v\u1eady nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c *Augustine (354-430) c\u0169ng t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> t\u1edbi khi \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. V\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho n\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n Confessions <\/i>(T\u1ef1 th\u00fa, 400, t\u1eadp xi), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: “Th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng? Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong t\u01b0 duy<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi? Trong \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian? Th\u1ebf th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho t\u00f4i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o”.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>2. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> gian nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ngang qua hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, bao h\u00e0m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eafm, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m d\u00ecu d\u1ecbu<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 nhung khi t\u00f4i ch\u1ea1m tay v\u00e0o; b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng trong h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf. T\u1ef1 th\u00e2n b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0o gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng hoang mang v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n hoa v\u1eeba g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1i nay c\u00f4 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd giao t\u1eadn nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i, tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n kia, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u khi t\u00f4i, trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi ch\u00fang? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u01a1n c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span> mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 vui v\u1ea7y b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e1i (1777-1813) ho\u1eb7c H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng (k. cu\u1ed1i tk 18), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed1n Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh C\u00f4n (1920-1979) \u0111i l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng cho \u00d0\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung, hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft The Time Machine<\/i> (C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, 1895) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Anh *Hebert G. Wells (1866-1946), hay nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> hay \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0103n kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hollywood. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> th\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tin vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 n\u1eef s\u0129 H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vua Quang Trung nay v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> th\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/span>, thu h\u00fat v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbi h\u1ee9a “nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai” v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1eafp tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. Ngang \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a<\/span> b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> mang t\u00ednh *m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (mechanistic system) trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y t\u1edbi cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00f4ng tin \u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ee9a trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> cao v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng am hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111ang bi\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t b\u1edfi k\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “tr\u1eddi ph\u00fa cho c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ee9 hai” ho\u1eb7c “luy\u1ec7n xong con m\u1eaft th\u1ee9 ba”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> khi h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span> khi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1edd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, h\u1eb3n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> (eternal). \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i n\u00e0o. Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m<\/i>, thi s\u0129\u00f8 th\u01a1 Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u (1916-1985) than th\u1edf<\/span>: “\u00d4i! Ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd h\u1ecdp m\u1eadt! \u00d4i! V\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat trao y\u00eau!” Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ta c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang k\u00e9o ra th\u1eadt d\u00e0i. K\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a l\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> l\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 ba h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi nghe m\u1ed9t n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea3y l\u00ean t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc t\u00e2y ban c\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> nhau khi\u1ebfn cho k\u00fd \u1ee9c can d\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0o d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u01a1n khi thay v\u00ec nghe m\u1ed9t n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u0129 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> l\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ee9 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean nghe m\u1ed9t dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 cho gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ngang v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o. V\u00ec trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y n\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n. Tuy r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i n\u00e0o, n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 c\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc l\u1ebdm c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111ang di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>3. Chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1edfi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Bergson di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> h\u00f3a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nan gi\u1ea3i \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f4i \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi c\u00e1i sau, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u (direction) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hoang mang, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch (dimensions) nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng (direction). <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> anh ch\u00e0ng Tarzan tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng c\u1ea7u parabol \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft<\/span> trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh ta \u0111ang r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 nh\u00f4 ra cao v\u1eddi v\u1ee3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e1c khi anh ta s\u1eafp s\u1eeda ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> (flash-back) v\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n sao m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e3o suy da m\u1ed3i t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c<\/span> r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ebb ra kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1eadp ch\u1eedng t\u1eadp \u0111i t\u00e9 l\u00ean ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1edbc phim v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 th\u00ec sao? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u tr\u00f4i xu\u00f4i. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cdt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1eadt g\u00f9<\/span>: “Th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng c\u00e2u qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5!” S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e2u v\u00ed von \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tin ch\u1eafc<\/span> ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng con ng\u1ef1a \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y qua s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 luy\u1ebfn nh\u1edb \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p mi\u1ec7ng<\/span>: “Th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y qua c\u1ea7u!” Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb\u00f8 \u0111\u00f3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n nhau trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u1eabn y nh\u01b0<\/span> nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc \u0111ai du h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> khi qu\u1ea5n v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng du h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1edbi ba v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c: ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, ngang v\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n du h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quang c\u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> ngang v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t quang c\u1ea3nh<\/span> th\u00f4i; l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1n tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1eedng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed1n phim N\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fa ng\u1ee7 trong r\u1eebng<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c quang c\u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u1eadn Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng r\u01b0\u1ee3t T\u00f4 \u00d0\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea1y th\u1ee5c m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u00e0u. L\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3o suy \u1ea5y s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111i qua tu\u1ed5i trung ni\u00ean t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ch\u1eadp ch\u1eedng t\u1eadp \u0111i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> x\u00e9t theo v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo ba v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 ba g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh xa x\u00f4i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau \u00f4n l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ai c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> minh h\u1ecda qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb<\/span> \u1ea5y s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111ang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u1eeb Th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c L\u01b0u Th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n Tri\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong khi m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 “vui v\u1ebb” \u1edf \u0111\u00e0o nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn m\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m d\u00e2u bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ra sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Augustine \u0111\u00fang khi \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng: “N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n du h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh xa h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian!” D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> cho t\u1edbi nay, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7\u00efn th\u1eddi. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u2013 nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> \u2013 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>4. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perpetual time), tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> theo v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Hai ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> trong r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu b\u00f3ng khi xem phim Titanic<\/i> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 hai gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n ng\u1ed3i nghe m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n<\/span> trong gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i b\u00ean H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng ng\u00f3ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1eb9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ed3ng Xu\u00e2n. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> lung tung<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u00f2 h\u1eb9n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eb9n<\/span> n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> qui \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2y kim xoay quanh<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> thao t\u00e1c \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb th\u00eam n\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi c\u00e1i sau, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>5. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual time) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> n\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>), nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u01a1n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> \u2013 v\u1edbi l\u00fd do<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n b\u1edfi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Arthur Eddington l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1ecdc (thermodynamics) l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u1ef1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u1ef1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> (theology) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Big Bang v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> 13.7 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u0169 tru,\u00ef th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. T\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang c\u00f3 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf (expension). “B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i” v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi h\u1ebft t\u1ea7m tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u co l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf vi c\u0169 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u0103m 1965, hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Bell Telephone Laboratories t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang New Jersey, l\u00e0 Arno A. Penzias (1933- ) v\u00e0 Robert W. Wilson (1936- ) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00e0n t\u00edch trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> n\u0103m 1978.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chu<\/b> k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1ec1 chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o gia c\u00f2n n\u00eau con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 129.600 n\u0103m. K\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. M\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u tam nguy\u00ean<\/span>: th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>, trung nguy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng T\u1eafc (1890-1959), H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Tam k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> (Cao \u00d0\u00e0i), trong b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh T\u00e2y Ninh ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m \u00d0inh H\u1ee3i (1947) th\u00ec m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 12.000 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean<\/span>, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft *Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i M\u1edbi (New Age) c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 2.000 m\u1edbi \u0111i qua h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao. M\u1ed7i cung l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t “th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i”. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Song ng\u01b0 (Piscean age) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 1997 v\u1eeba qua, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o b\u00ecnh<\/span> (Aquarium age), ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 an b\u00e0i?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> chu k\u1ef3 trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong d\u1ea1ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng, t\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xa l\u1eafc<\/span> xa l\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m l\u00fac n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u1ea3y sinh trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>6. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 quan<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical time) kh\u1eafc h\u1eb3n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi c\u00e1i sau trong khi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00f3i t\u1edbi “t” nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, y ch\u1ec9<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 Bergson g\u1ee3i \u00fd, khoa h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp” (independent variable) ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng (tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> theo ki\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n tri<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0o nhau c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a “t”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n L\u2019Evolution cr\u00e9atrice<\/i> (Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>), Henry Bergson vi\u1ebft: “H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng… r\u1eb1ng qu\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i T c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f2e ra, h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nan qu\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> T1, T2, T3… c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u2018d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian\u2019”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bergson tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch l\u00eca v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00ec t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> sang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>7. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Isaac Newton th\u1eddi gian<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (absolute);<\/span><\/p>\n

b. l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>; <\/span><\/p>\n

c. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y;<\/span><\/p>\n

d. kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy<\/i> (C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, 1687), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i”. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a Newton c\u00f3 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra “trong” th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> mang h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t (nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>) v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> “li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn”. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n chia n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i y h\u1ec7t nhau, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 \u0111o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng (measurements) th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00f3t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> (modern theory of relativity). V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b>8. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (relative), s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan mang h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, hay v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1ea5y (changing events) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span> tr\u1ecb. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u2013 trong khi li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> “c\u00e1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa” c\u1ee7a Russell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng cho d\u1eabu c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> (the fact of change).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> (subjective relativity). Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea1ch ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang khi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kant nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>. N\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (coexistence) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (a priori)<\/i> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i> ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m <\/i>(a priory condition of experience), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> (chaos) c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00ec trong khi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eddi gian<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (internal consciousness) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hoang mang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ed1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> l\u00f2ng ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hoang mang, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chung chung v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i suy x\u00e9t<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn, v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span>, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh suy x\u00e9t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00ec hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m trong khi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> khi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y k\u00e9p, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ea3n (duplication of worlds), m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> (noumenal world), m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (phenomenal world), v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

III. Kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> hoang mang<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 an t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> chung r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1eadt, v\u00ec trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd g\u00ec. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7i hoang mang \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng<\/span> khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1eaft ng\u00f3 sang khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng; c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ecb n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i (a hyphenated whole). Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian (space-time), n\u01a1i d\u1ea5u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. G\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u; c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e1i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb x\u1ea3y ra trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u1ed3i \u1edf th\u1ec1m t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ngay ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd<\/span> t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi khung vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span>, hay khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> (frame of reference) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh xa x\u0103m<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f4i tai nh\u1ecf nh\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc n\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nghe ra nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea5y. N\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, v\u00ec tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> du h\u00e0nh<\/span> chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 30.4 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00f4i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00f9y v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9ng (standpoint) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian ho\u1eb7c mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u00e1m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u00ednh \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u1eabn th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> (unchangeable particles), nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft Newton t\u1eebng ngh\u0129, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> (standing of space).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thay c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (energy), nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111ang l\u00e0m, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> l\u1eabn th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n) t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> (ultimate atoms) mang h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i xem v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian (a space-time continuum). X\u00e9t theo nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef, chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch sao cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt k\u1ebf c\u1eadn nhau tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111i l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> “h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i xa d\u1ea7n, gi\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> r\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n” h\u1eb3n S\u01a1n \u00d0i\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ebft Kh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i, khi \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> “space-time continuum” ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c” (Nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>,<\/i> t.65, Nxb Nh\u01b0 Mai, Hoa K\u1ef3, 2007).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. M\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> theo khung tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> b\u1ed1n-chi\u1ec1u<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n m\u1eddi t\u00f4i t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng chim s\u00e1o chi\u1ec1u n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a nhau sang s\u00f4ng, bay t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eadu r\u0129a l\u00f4ng cho nhau tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4i chim \u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

Hai chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n; chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ee9 ba s\u1ebd mang m\u1eaft t\u00f4i t\u1eeb hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn l\u00ean \u0111\u00fang c\u00e0nh li\u1ec5u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i chim s\u00e1o; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4i chim d\u00ecu c\u00e1nh sang \u0111\u1eadu, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e2u y\u1ebfm<\/span> r\u0129a l\u00f4ng cho nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4i chim s\u00e1o tr\u00edu m\u1ebfn nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng son m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian, v\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> r\u00fat t\u1ec9a t\u1eeb chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> n\u00f3 do b\u1edfi<\/span> h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu (model) \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conception) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu cho n\u00f3. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> n\u00f3 theo ki\u1ec3u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y \u0111i<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid g\u1ee3i \u00fd, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (a set of mathematical ordinates).<\/span><\/p>\n

Cong v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 theo nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 cong. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng ra theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. R\u1ee7i thay, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u1ed7 c\u0169, do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u01b0 sau. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u r\u1eddi c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, nh\u1eafm th\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i<\/span> \u0111i, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/span> ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i, cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1edbi H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng. Con t\u00e0u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c cong. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> (continuum) v\u00e0 cong, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00ec v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. V\u00ec d\u00f9 b\u1ecb b\u1ecdc quanh hay b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u1eeba v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1ch quan hay ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5y cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian hi\u1ec7u h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan hay ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0y, tuy \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda sai<\/span> Kant<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kant x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i theo<\/span> Kant, trong khi b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (a priori<\/i> condition of experience), c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u00f4ng<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> qua kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c \u1ea5y. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eed li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 suy ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt” (specious present), c\u00e1i quy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3i g\u00ec th\u00ec n\u00f3i, v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian, l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean theo th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Bergson \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y, m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eeba c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ngay b\u00ean trong n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> minh h\u1ecda<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i banh tuy\u1ebft, theo Bergson, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i, c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i banh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 cho n\u00f3 l\u0103n xu\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e1i banh tuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y c\u00e0ng l\u0103n c\u00e0ng to ra v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i l\u00e0, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u00f2n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 *ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> Sigmund Freud r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>; d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u1ea5y theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (determinism) b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> (the principle of creativity) l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. <\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 trong c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng (tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

IV. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch<\/span><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng an t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u01b0a hay qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch?<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (theoretical physicist) v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (particle physics) v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (cosmology) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa K\u1ef3 Lisa Randall (1962- ), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2005 v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe’s Hidden Dimensions<\/i> (Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i \u0111i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c: t\u00ecm ra<\/span> b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, Randall b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ea5t; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec bay v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u1edf xa ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00fang \u1edf c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong gang t\u1ea5c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00f4i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/span> th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Randall \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m<\/span> 2008, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u00e0i 27 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 100m t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u2013 Ph\u00e1p. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10. 2008, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c<\/span> k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. <\/span><\/p>\n

Theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a 2 ch\u00f9m proton chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m \u1ea5y l\u00ean ngang v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, cho ch\u00fang va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y 800 tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n proton, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn (Big Bang) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n 13.7 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o 200 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.. N\u1ebfu khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 bay v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Du\u1ed7i, cong v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lisa Randall \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/span> Big Bang trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng xa, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf toang c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c minh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Randall v\u00e0 “kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m” \u1ea5y s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (cosmogony).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, n\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> (*Big Bang), c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf, “v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 du\u1ed7i” b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra mi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i lo\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi t\u1ed1i \u0111en m\u1ecbt m\u00f9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1edbi g\u1ea7n<\/span> cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5i sang kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 cong”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd cu\u1ed9n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m Big Bang nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span>. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u00fat l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00e0 khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf s\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y ra xa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 h\u00fat l\u1ea5y nhau<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i “Big Bang!”, b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> ra theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> h\u01a1n: “v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u1eb3ng”; theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Tuy m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 15 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb “y\u00eau nhau m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung v\u1edbi nhau”, s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau ch\u1ebft chung v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c lo\u00e3ng ra nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3i bay trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i hay co c\u1ee5m v\u00e0o nhau th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf vi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau n\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng<\/span> bung ra!<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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