{"id":6867,"date":"2020-12-01T00:51:26","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T17:51:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/qua-vi-giac-ngo-su-giai-thich-cua-thuong-toa-bo-va-dai-thua\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T00:51:26","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T17:51:26","slug":"qua-vi-giac-ngo-su-giai-thich-cua-thuong-toa-bo-va-dai-thua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/qua-vi-giac-ngo-su-giai-thich-cua-thuong-toa-bo-va-dai-thua\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ea3 V\u1ecb Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9: S\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00edch C\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9 V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba"},"content":{"rendered":"

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QU\u1ea2 V\u1eca<\/span> GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/span>: <\/span><\/b>
S\u1ef0 GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH<\/span> C\u1ee6A TH\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eccA B\u1ed8<\/span> V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span> <\/span><\/b>
<\/b>Th\u00edch Hi\u1ec3n Ch\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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I. GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH<\/span> C\u1ee6A TH\u01af\u1ee2NG TO\u1ea0 B\u1ed8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Theo v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> P\u0081 li, c\u1ea3 ba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho Gautama Sidd\u0081 rtha trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> g\u00e1 v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span>: “b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n (araha\u1ecb , \u1ee9ng c\u00fang<\/span>), b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> (samm\u0081 sambuddho, ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri<\/span>), b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span> (vijj\u0081 -cara?asampanno, minh h\u1ea1nh t\u00fac<\/span>), b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (sugato, thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec7<\/span>), b\u1eadc tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> (loka-vid\u2030 , th\u1ebf gian gi\u1ea3i<\/span>), b\u1eadc hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> (Anuttara purisa damma s\u0081 rath? , \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu<\/span>), b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (setth\u0081 deva-manuss\u0081 na\u1ecb , thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u01b0<\/span>), b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (buddho, Ph\u1eadt) v\u00e0 b\u1eadc t\u00f4n qu\u00fd tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi (bhagav\u0081 , th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span>).” Trong m\u00f4-t\u00edp m\u01b0\u1eddi danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “Ph\u1eadt” k\u00e9o theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “A-la-h\u00e1n,” v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, nh\u01b0 danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 araha\u1ecb . C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb “araha\u1ecb ” th\u00e0nh “\u1ee8ng C\u00fang” m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng phi\u00ean \u00e2m A-la-h\u00e1n, v\u00ec theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay kh\u00e1c nhau? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> d\u1ef1a theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0081 li l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> (p\u0081 \u1ec9 ih\u0081 riya), \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng “c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 500 v\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa.” Ba th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1<\/span> (iddhi-p\u0081 \u1ec9 ih\u0081 riya, th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng<\/span>), th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0081 desan\u0081 -p\u0081 \u1ec9 ih\u0081 riya, tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng<\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> (anus\u0081 san? -p\u0081 \u1ec9 ih\u0081 riya). V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ba lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh theo ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> “gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t” v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (anuttar\u0081 vimutti). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> (yoniso manasik\u0081 r\u0081 , nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>) v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> (yoniso sammappadh\u0081 n\u0081 ). V\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> thi\u1ec1n (jh\u0081 na) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t (abhi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 ). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> trong kinh r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp<\/span> (Mah\u0081 Kassapa) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n Ca-di\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> trong kinh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (pa\u1ec9 hama-jh\u0081 na, s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai (dutiya-jh\u0081 na, nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 ba (tatiya-jh\u0081 na, tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (catuttha-jh\u0081 na, t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9<\/span> (\u0081 k\u0081 sana\u2013 c\u0081 yatana), th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9<\/span> (vi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 ?a\u2013 c\u0081 yatana), v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9<\/span> (aki\u2013 ca\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 yatana), phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9<\/span> (nevasa\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 n\u0081 sa\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 yatana), \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (vedan\u0081 nirodho), th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1<\/span> (iddhi-p\u0081 \u1ec9 ih\u0081 riya, th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng<\/span>), th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (\u0081 desan\u0081 -p\u0081 \u1ec9 ih\u0081 riya, tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng<\/span>), th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> nghe hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u00e2m thanh<\/span> (dibbasota-\u2013 \u0081 ?a, thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng<\/span>), th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> (pubbeniv\u0081 s\u0081 nussati-\u2013 \u0081 ?a-vijj\u0081 , t\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng<\/span>), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> (cut\u2030 pap\u0081 ta-\u2013 \u0081 ?a-vijj\u0081 , sanh t\u1eed<\/span> tr\u00ed), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> (\u0081 savakkhaya-\u2013 \u0081 ? a-vijj\u0081 , l\u1eadu t\u1eadn th\u00f4ng<\/span>). \u1ede cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t [abhi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 ], t\u00e2m ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, Ca-di\u1ebfp c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “a-la-h\u00e1n” (arahant) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “Ph\u1eadt” (Buddha) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> sanh t\u1eed<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (abhi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 ); v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0 t\u1eed. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “Ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri” (sambuddha) th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng chung cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Katz \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> “trong khi b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> “ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c” v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “gi\u00e1c” (ph\u1eadt) \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span>.” <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau, \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ai \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn (maggakkhayin). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y brahman, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ai m\u1edf, \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ai mang l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>, trong khi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> do \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> (satth\u0081 ) v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> (s\u0081 vak\u0081 ) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, do \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> P\u0081 li th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 “buddh\u0081 nubuddh\u0081 ” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> sau b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>.” M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh kh\u00e1c trong kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> (Majjhama Nik\u0081 ya) c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>: “Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.” <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y (loke pa\u1ec9 hamo), trong khi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai (s\u0081 vako bh\u0081 vitatto) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111ang c\u00f2n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span> (sekho) \u0111\u1ee9ng sau c\u00f9ng. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> (satth\u0081 ); k\u1ebf ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> (s\u0081 vako bh\u0081 vitatto); v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span> (sekho) nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111a v\u0103n<\/span> (bahussuto) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ba h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (pabha\u1ecb kar\u0081 ), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf toang c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> (amata) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00fang<\/span> sanh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> (s\u0081 vaka) v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span> (sekha) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng do v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> lo\u00e0i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> trong kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1edf Nid\u0081 na Sa\u1ecb yutta). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> trong r\u1eebng s\u00e2u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> xa x\u01b0a (pur\u0081 ?a\u1ecb a\u2013 jasa\u1ecb ), m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua. \u0110i l\u1ea7n theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng sinh s\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i li\u1ec1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5<\/span>. Sau khi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1n, loan b\u00e1o cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 trong r\u1eebng s\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecd t\u1eadn m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Kinh c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u00f5 th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> xa x\u01b0a \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u00e1nh g\u1ed3m t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>; th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u1ea5y \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> r\u1eebng s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca, b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> sau khi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (maggassa akkh\u0081 t\u0081 ), b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> (satth\u0081 ) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span> l\u1ea1i cho h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> (s\u0081 vak\u0081 ) m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103m anh em Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0 (pa\u2013 ca vaggiya) l\u00e0 n\u0103m v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n sau ng\u00e0i. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f9ng ra \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00f9 kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1ecb sau. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Katz \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi “\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean” trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>.” <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Ph\u1eadt N\u00f3i Nh\u01b0 V\u1eady (Itivuttaka), c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m A-la-h\u00e1n, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> nhau nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00f3i chung. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: ”Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 l\u00ean tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng h\u00f3a, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span>, l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ea7u \u01b0u, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>.” <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb “Ph\u1eadt” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1eeb “A-la-h\u00e1n” trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb “A-la-h\u00e1n” l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho “Ph\u1eadt” b\u1edfi l\u00fd do<\/span> “Ph\u1eadt” l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, trong khi “A-la-h\u00e1n” l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t hai kh\u00e1c ni\u1ec7m v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> tu ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 cho hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u00e2m<\/span> linh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

II. GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH<\/span> C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mah\u0081 y\u0081 na) c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb “A-la-h\u00e1n” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng hai t\u1eeb “Thanh V\u0103n” (\u01af ravaka) hay “Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c” (Prayekabuddha) t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (bodhi), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> (\u01af r\u0081 vaka-bodhi), gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Prayekabuddha-bodhi) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (anuttara-samyak-sambodhi \/ mah\u0081 -bodhi). Hai lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (samyak-sambodhi), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (buddha-j\u2013 \u0081 na), l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisattva). T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ba lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ba th\u1eeba<\/span> (y\u0081 na) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ba th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eeba Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> (\u01af r\u0081 vaka-y\u0081 na), th\u1eeba \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Prayekabuddha-y\u0081 na) v\u00e0 th\u1eeba B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisattva-y\u0081 na). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1eeda ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ban<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> g\u1ed3m ba th\u1ec1m b\u1eadc. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> g\u1ed3m ba th\u1ec1m b\u1eadc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh V\u0103n<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> hay ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> mong m\u1ecfi<\/span>. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> (anuttara-samyak-sambodhi). Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kinh Hoa Sen<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Saddharmapu?? ar? ka S\u2030 tra). Theo kinh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 ba th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thanh V\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span>, Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Thanh V\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span> cao si\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh Hoa Sen<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (Sarip\u2030 tra), Ca-di\u1ebfp (K\u0081 ? yapa), Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean (Mah\u0081 k\u0081 ty\u0081 yana), M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean (Maudgaly\u0081 yana), A-nan-\u0111a (\u20ac nanda) v.v. . . \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh trong ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 VII, ph\u1ea9m H\u00f3a Th\u00e0nh<\/span> D\u1ee5 ghi nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> x\u1ea5u, d\u00e0i xa ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>. N\u1ebfu Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eeba th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng mong m\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111i tr\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u00e0i, l\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb mau m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ec7t n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng hai th\u1eeba<\/span>. Khi ai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i th\u00ec Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m xong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1eeba Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh ra ba th\u1eeba<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t th\u1eeba m\u00e0 kinh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Thanh V\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u00fap cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 tr\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m linh<\/span> qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi<\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> linh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3. Sau khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u1ec1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, hai th\u1eeba<\/span> Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u1eadp l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c<\/span> cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111i tr\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a hai th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 c\u1ee7a kinh Hoa Sen<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ph\u1ea9m th\u1ecd k\u00fd<\/span> qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt cho 500 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1eeda giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>. 500 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nay h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh<\/span> b\u1ea1ch Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n! Ch\u00fang con \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang con \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Nay ch\u00fang con m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gieo tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. [C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i]. N\u00ean nay Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u1eadt trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh Hoa Sen<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, sau khi nh\u1ed5 t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> (\u0081 ? rava), b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> (bhum? ) cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (anuttara-samyak-sambodhi) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>. L\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m hai d\u1ee5ng \u00fd<\/span>: ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trong sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. L\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u1ecb tha<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u00e2n sanh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u sai, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> sai v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> P\u0081 li, t\u1eeb “B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ”A-la-h\u00e1n” v\u00ec t\u1eeb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1ed3-\u0111\u00e0m T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a (Gautama Sidd\u0081 rtha) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb “A-la-h\u00e1n” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, trong khi t\u1eeb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u0103m lo \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trong ba c\u00f5i<\/span>, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean, t\u1eeb A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “b\u1eadc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7” (the intellectually-cum-ethically worthy).” Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span>, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 trung t\u00e2m<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>, t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>. A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> kh\u1ecfi th\u00e1c l\u0169 v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span> (p\u0081 ragata), nh\u1ed5 l\u00ean t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i<\/span>, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> (\u0081 sava), th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n lu\u00f4n k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> hay v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span>. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> hay ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng To\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t ho\u1ea1 ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>. L\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng To\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u00edch cho lo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u00e1i \u0111i bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> 60 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> ra \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 cho tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f9ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean, A-nan, Ca-di\u1ebfp v\u00e0 Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 vun b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c cho r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span>, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span> n\u00f3i chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

D. I. 49; S. I. 219.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. II. 210-14; S. IV. 105; A. I. 172; A. III. 61.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

A. I. 172.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. IV. 105.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Nathan Katz, Buddhist Images of Human Perfection. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications, 1989; 1st Ed. 1982), p. 124.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. II. 210-14.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. II. 214: Aha\u2013 ca bhikkhave \u0081 sav\u0081 na\u1ecb khay\u0081 an\u0081 savana\u1ecb cetovimutti\u1ecb pa\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 vimutti\u1ecb di\u1ec9 \u1ec9 heva dhamme sayam abhi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 sacchikatv\u0081 upasampajja vihar\u0081 mi. Kassapo pi bhikkhave \u0081 sav\u0081 na\u1ecb khay\u0081 an\u0081 savana\u1ecb cetovimutti\u1ecb pa\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 vimutti\u1ecb di\u1ec9 \u1ec9 heva dhamme sayam abhi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 sacchikatv\u0081 viharat? ti.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

M. II. 144: pubbeniv\u0081 sa\u1ecb yo vedi \/ sagg\u0081 p\u0081 ya\u2013 ca passati \/ atho j\u0081 tikkhaya\u2013 patto \/ abhi\u2013 \u2013 \u0081 vosito muni \/ citta\u1ecb visuddha\u1ecb j\u0081 n\u0081 ti \/ mutta\u1ecb r\u0081 gehi sabbaso \/ pah? naj\u0081 timara?o \/ brahmacariyassa keval? \/ p\u0081 rag\u2030 sabbadhamm\u0081 na\u1ecb \/ Buddho t\u0081 di pavuccat? ti \/\/.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

M. III. 8; MLS. III. 58-9. Xem th\u00eam M. II. 8; S. III. 65-66.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Thag. v. 1246: buddh\u0081 nubuddho yo thero ko?? a\u2013 \u2013 o tibbanikkhamo, l\u0081 bhi sukhavih\u0081 r\u0081 na\u1ecb vivek\u0081 na\u1ecb abhinhaso, v\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> k\u1ebf theo sau<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 an tr\u00fa<\/span> trong h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 ly.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

M. III. 6; MLS. III. 56.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

It. 79-80.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

It. 78. N\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u1edf A. I. 22 and M. I. 110, l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng cho hai h\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. II. 105-6.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. III. 66.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

D. xix. 14: a\u1ec9 \u1ec9 h\u0081 na\u1ecb kho eta\u1ecb m\u0081 ris\u0081 anavak\u0081 so ya\u1ecb ekiss\u0081 lokadh\u0081 tuy\u0081 dve arahanto samm\u0081 -sambuddh\u0081 apubba\u1ecb acarima\u1ecb upajjeyyu\u1ecb . Neta\u1ecb \u1ec9 h\u0081 na\u1ecb vijjati. So s\u00e1nh<\/span>. D. xxviii. 19; M. III. 65.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

N. Katz, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn (1989): 130: One very simple reason for this is that if a Buddha is characterized as one who discovers a way which had not been discovered before, then there simply cannot be two \u2018firsts\u2019 in the same world-system.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

It. 57: Yassa r\u0081 go ca doso ca avijj\u0081 ca vir\u0081 jit\u0081 \/ ta\u1ecb bh\u0081 vitatta\u2013 \u2013 atara\u1ecb brahmabh\u2030 ta\u1ecb tath\u0081 gata\u1ecb \/ buddha\u1ecb verabhay\u0081 t? ta\u1ecb \u0081 hu sabbapah\u0081 yinan ti\/\/<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

H. Dayal. The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1931), p. 10.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

The Lotus S\u2030 tra, tr. from the Chinese by Senchu Murano. (Kyoto: Nichiren Shu Headquaters, 1974), p. 132.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, p. 147-8.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

S. I. 33; A. II. 39.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Encyclopedia of Buddhism. III. 230b. So s\u00e1nh<\/span> Sn. pp. 6-12.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Vin. I. 19-21.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong ph\u1ea9m C\u0081 p\u0081 la Vagga thu\u1ed9c kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> (S. V. 257) \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. Trong Vin. I. 14, sau khi nh\u00f3m n\u0103m anh em Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0 (pa\u2013 cavaggiya) th\u00e0nh A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 6 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> sau s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (buddh\u0081 nubuddh\u0081 ). Thag. p. 111.<\/i><\/p>\n

Source: thuvienhoasen<\/p>\n

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