{"id":6898,"date":"2020-12-01T05:53:55","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T22:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/dao-lo-tu-tap-cua-phat-giao-theravada\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T05:53:55","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T22:53:55","slug":"dao-lo-tu-tap-cua-phat-giao-theravada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/dao-lo-tu-tap-cua-phat-giao-theravada\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Theravada"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0110\u1ea0O L\u1ed8 TU T\u1eacP<\/span> C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span> THERAVADA<\/b>
B\u00e1c s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m Do\u00e3n
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Qua h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1ef1<\/span> ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00fang: C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o? Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Chu\u1ea9n m\u1ed1c n\u00e0o? Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i chung, v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o L\u1ed9\u201d \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 sa m\u00f4n<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> qua b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 sa m\u00f4n<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn! Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau<\/span><\/p>\n

I. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng 250 n\u0103m t\u1ee9c sau l\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9\u00a03 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Asoka. Sau ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tan r\u00e3 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>. C\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> Theravada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i s\u1edbm tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> mang c\u00e1c t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111i v\u1ec1 Sri Lanka v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> (Theravada) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 x\u01b0a c\u0169 nh\u1ea5t, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 250 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau l\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (first sangha), Theravada l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba sau Vibhajjavada (th\u1ee9 hai) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0L\u00e3o B\u1ed9<\/span> (Staviravada):<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u00ec s\u1edbm <\/span><\/p>\n

Theravada nh\u1edd b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, n\u00ean ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang s\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> (truly original) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1eefa!<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec N\u0103m b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Nikaya c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> Theravada ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn (c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span>) gi\u1eefa \u201cph\u00e1p u\u1ea9n\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cph\u00e1p m\u00f4n\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, v\u1ec1\u00a0r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 84.000 ph\u00e1p u\u1ea9n<\/span> (dhammakhandha) t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i. Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>\u00a0gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>\u00a084.000 ph\u00e1p u\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> \u201cph\u00e1p u\u1ea9n\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cph\u00e1p m\u00f4n\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn 84.000 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 84.000 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y 84.000 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o L\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra l\u00e0 tam h\u1ecdc<\/span> GI\u1edaI \u2013 \u0110\u1ecaNH -TU\u1ec6 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 th\u00e1nh<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o L\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng\u00a0b\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1o, b\u1ed1n\u00a0Qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t N\u00edp B\u00e0n (Nibbana). V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0, \u0110\u1ea1o L\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 th\u00e1nh<\/span> (Nh\u1eadp l\u01b0u<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span>, B\u1ea5t lai<\/span>, A La H\u00e1n<\/span>) th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o L\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y! C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ngay trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng th\u00e1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. So s\u00e1nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ra hai ph\u1ea7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p H\u1ecdc (Pariyatti) v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh<\/span> (Patipatti), c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh<\/span>. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd an tr\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 N\u00edp B\u00e0n. Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc (c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft) c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh<\/span> (c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y) quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span>. S\u1ef1\u00a0gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ngay trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/span> ta nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> qui tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o L\u1ed9 Tu T\u1eadp<\/span> (the way for Dhamma Practice) trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Nikayas, b\u1ed9 vi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Abhidhamma) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> (Visuddhimagga), hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Theravada th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Mahasi:<\/span><\/h4>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n Shwe Oo min (U Tejaniya, Myanmar)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n Panditarama (U Pandita, Myanmar)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Wat Rampoeng (Ajahn Suphan, Thailand)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Boonkanjanaran meditation center (Ajahn Naeb, Thailand)<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i U Acinna Pa<\/i>–Auk<\/i> Tawya:<\/span><\/h4>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n Pa Auk (Pa Pauk sayadaw, Myanmar<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ajahn Brahmavamso (West Australia)<\/span><\/h4>\n

4.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 Ayya Khemal (Sri Lanka, Australia, Europe)<\/span><\/h4>\n

5.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Bhante Gunaratana (Sri Lanka, Washington DC, U.S.A)<\/span><\/h4>\n

6.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ajahn Thanissaro (San Diego, Cali, U.S.A)<\/span><\/h4>\n

(B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Goenka v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> vipassana c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p trong c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n hay Th\u00e1i Lan, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u00f9a ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Mahasi. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a S\u00e1t na \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (khanisa Samadhi, momentary concentration).<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> Vipassana c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf (paramattha) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u201cnh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c\u201d (seeing as it is) khi v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n (ch\u00ed \u00edt ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>). \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo ng\u00e0i Mahasi c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u00e1t na \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (khanika Samadhi) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u201ctu\u1ec7 tri nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c\u201d (yath\u0101bh\u016bta\u1e41 paj\u0101n\u0101ti) m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. Khi v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec \u201cs\u00e1t na \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ecbnh\u201d s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi \u201cs\u00e1t na \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ecbnh\u201d. S\u00e1t na \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (s\u1eafc) \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p Kalapa, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y T\u00e2m (danh) \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c s\u00e1t na<\/span> t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> danh-s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3! T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n Pa Auk hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>. T\u1ea1i r\u1eebng Pa Auk, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu s\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> (4 rupa jhana & 4 arupa jhana) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111i theo<\/span> m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Gi\u1edbi-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Tu\u1ec7), l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> thu \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n Pa Auk:<\/span><\/p>\n

III. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n Pa Auk<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

1. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>:<\/span><\/h3>\n

Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span> gi\u00fap thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span>. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1edbi gi\u00fap l\u00e0m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ecbnh gi\u00fap t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Pa Auk, Myanmar, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1i tu<\/span> \u0110\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Tu\u1ec7 sau theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> (Visuddhimagga) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa<\/a> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 1500 n\u0103m. Theo th\u1ee9\u00a0t\u1ef1\u00a0tu t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ee9c an ch\u1ec9 (appan\u0101 sam\u0101dhi) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh (jhana), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> tu\u1ec7 (Vipassana). Ch\u00ed \u00edt (at least), c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh (upac\u0101ra sam\u0101dhi) c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u1ee9c b\u1eadc thi\u1ec1n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. C\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng xem nh\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00e0o d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ho\u1eb7c cho thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 \u00edch\u201d hay \u201cnguy hi\u1ec3m\u201d. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, trong tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u00eac tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea9m Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span> 1 v\u00e0 2 (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>), ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXII, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>), kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> (Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>) v\u00e0 v\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh kh\u00e1c trong n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Nikaya.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vipassana ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i coi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngay th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e0m th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> (DN Mahaparinibbana):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi Gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1edbn, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> l\u1edbn. Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1edbn, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> l\u1edbn. T\u00e2m c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi Tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u00f3n l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu<\/span>, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> (tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1eadu), v\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u1eadu\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

L\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n. Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1o (Patisambhidamagga) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ebfu B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 73 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span>. TR\u00cd (\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0\u00a0l\u00e0 khi Tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) \u0111\u00e3 to\u00e0n m\u00e3n. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ed (tu\u1ec7) [1]. Theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> (Visuddhi magga) ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span> qua b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t 16 t\u1ea7ng Tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao. B\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> 24, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> (Rathavinita Sutta, Kinh B\u1ea3y Tr\u1ea1m Xe) v\u00e0 trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> 34 c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span> (Dasuttara Sutta, Kinh Th\u1eadp Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>). C\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 minh<\/span> s\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> trong Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1o thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ebfu B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u Tu\u1ec7 Minh<\/span> S\u00e1t<\/span><\/h3>\n

Trong ph\u00e1p tu Thi\u1ec1n<\/span> Qu\u00e1n (Vipassana) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0<\/span> sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Danh S\u1eafc<\/span> (N\u0101ma-r\u016bpa-pariccheda \u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (Paccaya-parigaha-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 suy x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1ea5y danh s\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (Sammasa-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t (Udayabbaya-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span> s\u1ef1\u00a0ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> (BhangaAnupassan\u0101-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> (Bhayatupatthana-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> (Adinava-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t<\/span> (Nibbid\u0101-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Munacittukammayata-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Patisankha-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3<\/span> (Sankh\u0101ra-upekkh\u0101-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9<\/span> (Anuloma-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t d\u00f2ng ph\u00e0m c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed9c (Gotrabhu-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o (Magga-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 (Phala-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1n hay xem x\u00e9t<\/span> l\u1ea1i (Paccavekkhana-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/span><\/p>\n

5. S\u01a0 \u0110\u1ed2 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n
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