{"id":6911,"date":"2020-12-01T07:25:45","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T00:25:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/giao-nghia-can-ban-cua-dai-thua\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T07:25:45","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T00:25:45","slug":"giao-nghia-can-ban-cua-dai-thua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/giao-nghia-can-ban-cua-dai-thua\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba"},"content":{"rendered":"

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GI\u00c1O NGH\u0128A<\/span> C\u0102N B\u1ea2N<\/span> C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span> <\/b>
E. Conze – d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t: H\u1ea1nh Vi\u00ean<\/span>
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Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u2018kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u2018ti\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u2019 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> \u1edf thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> (svarga) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> song song v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>.[4] B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u2018kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 n\u00e0y, Sthavira \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Mah\u0101sanghika \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n II [\u0111\u0103ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. ND] ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavira<\/i>) kho\u1ea3ng 140 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n ly v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101sanghika<\/i>), l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mah\u0101y\u0101na<\/i>). \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u2018nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u2019,* \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong k\u1ef3 K\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> P\u0101taliputra, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> h\u01a1n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u0103ng l\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span>. B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1i sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ti\u1ec1n-\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, trong khi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m<\/span>: (I) c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 (II) c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 300 sau TL).<\/span><\/p>\n

I. Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sthavira th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ba lan \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span>[1] r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5, \u2018ti\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u2019, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ebf, l\u00e0m sao ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qui chi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>) nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d?[2] Cho n\u00ean \u2018th\u1ee9c\u2019 nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Kinh Sad\u1e0dh\u0101tus\u016btra<\/i> (L\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> kinh<\/i>) cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ec3, hay Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u2018th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>, soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp\u2019.[3] Song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0101tman <\/i>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m<\/span> phi-v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t T\u00e2m uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean v\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 quang minh<\/span> (prabh\u0101svara<\/i>) trong b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1eafm v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Sthavira. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Mah\u0101sanghika v\u00e0 Mah\u0101y\u0101na \u0111\u00e3 cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span> trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u00f9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xa ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n (pada<\/i>, x\u1ee9) hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span>), \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> (dharma<\/i>) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi T\u00e2m hay th\u1ee9c quang minh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> do v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ea7n th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u2018Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi\u2019 (dharmadh\u0101tu<\/i>) t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t (acyutta<\/i>). Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ti\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (dharma<\/i>) tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean h\u00e3y tin n\u01a1i th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang<\/span> t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb s\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span> si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, trong khi Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sthavira n\u00f3i chung h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>, v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u2018kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u2018ti\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u2019 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> \u1edf thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> (svarga<\/i>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> song song v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>.[4] B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u2018kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 n\u00e0y, Sthavira \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Mah\u0101sanghika \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. Theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span>, Mah\u0101sanghika \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1ed1n c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Sthavira \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. Mah\u0101sanghika c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 xem m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>[5], v\u1ed1n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> si\u00eau xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n hay b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u1ef1c, v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1n t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, do Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> theo th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, m\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 v\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa Sthavira v\u00e0 Mah\u0101sanghika \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra do quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> sau cho r\u1eb1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> m\u00e0 Sthaviras \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n cho<\/span> h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00ec, trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u<\/span> b\u1edfi \u00e1c ma<\/span>, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00f4 tri<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a giai v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i m\u1eabu nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng. V\u1edbi Mah\u0101y\u0101na c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh<\/span> tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n m\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> ki\u1ebfp c\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u00ec tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra \u2018\u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn\u2019, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u2018t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u2019 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c coi m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span> tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 nhau, v\u00ec l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> (praj\u00f1apti<\/i>), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> t\u00f9y \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u00fang <\/i>(nguy\u00ean v\u0103n, ipso facto<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c dharma \u0111ang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi<\/span> hay v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> ta t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> theo nh\u01b0<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (Sams\u0101ra<\/i>). Mah\u0101y\u0101na \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u2018t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u2019 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong Mah\u0101sanghika, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n mang ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u Sthavira mu\u1ed1n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u2018t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3\u2019 trong c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Abhidharma \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a tan n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p phi h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ecnh. Mah\u0101sanghika tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1<\/i> hay b\u1edfi<\/i> \u2018ch\u00ednh n\u00f3\u2019, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c (dharma-nair\u0101tmya, <\/i>ph\u00e1p-v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya<\/i>), v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai, nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec1u \u2018r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng\u2019 nh\u01b0 nhau.[6] Qu\u1ea3ng ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u2018t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u2019 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Mah\u0101y\u0101na. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u2018t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh-kh\u00f4ng\u2019 (svabh\u0101va-\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Sthavira c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u2013 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, hay h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u2013 l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u2019 n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u2018t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u2019, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft (p. 60), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng l\u1eabn tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y. Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch duy l\u00fd, ngh\u0129a sau th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u00ed. Nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00fang<\/span> ta, Mah\u0101sanghika v\u00e0 Mah\u0101y\u0101na c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1p phi h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kinh K\u0101\u015byapaparivarta <\/i>(Ca-di\u1ebfp v\u1ea5n<\/i>) so s\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span>, trong khi v\u1edbi Sthavira n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i hang m\u1ed1i \u2013 nh\u1eefng con m\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e0o hang v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu g\u1ed7 (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i \u0111i nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1p). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>[7] c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u2018h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.[8] C\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span>[9] v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n t\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> thai ngh\u00e9n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Mah\u0101sanghika \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u2018Thanh v\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c\u2019, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u2019. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> sung s\u1ee9c, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> phong ph\u00fa<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong t\u1ea7m tay. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 Mah\u0101y\u0101na cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ec9 ghi ch\u00fa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> hay nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec v\u00f4 danh<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Kinh do Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span>, tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u2018h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng\u2019 r\u1ea5t v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u nh\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. Mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang ch\u00fang ra c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span>.[10] Tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u2018h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng\u2019 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft Mah\u0101y\u0101na nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra sao, hay n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n (vaipulya<\/i>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ng\u1eafn. V\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span> (Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>).[11] N\u1ebfu tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u0169 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 <\/i>n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng duy l\u00fd m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c kinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1i, hay v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, hay \u2018th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc\u2019. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> u huy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7\u00a0 Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 <\/i>ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u2018Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p li\u00ean hoa<\/span><\/i>\u2019,[12] m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> h\u00f9ng v\u0129 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Avatamsaka<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3ng Ph\u1eadt Hoa Nghi\u00eam kinh<\/span><\/i>), m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n.[13] V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 Sam\u0101dhir\u0101ja<\/i> (Tam-mu\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/i>),[14] v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ng\u1eafn, c\u00f3 \u2018Duy-ma-c\u1eadt s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft<\/i>\u2019,[15] \u2018Huy\u1ec5n s\u01b0<\/span> B\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la (Bhadra) k\u00fd<\/i>\u2019.[16] Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ed9<\/span> \u2018Kim quang minh t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>\u2019[17] v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>.[18] Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u015aiksh\u0101samuccaya<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1eadp B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i>) c\u1ee7a \u015a\u0101ntideva (T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 1200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u015a\u0101str\u0101<\/i> (Lu\u1eadn). Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u016btras, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1eeb N\u0101g\u0101rjuna (Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>) tr\u1edf \u0111i cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1eb1ng sau th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng 5% kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Mah\u0101y\u0101na l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2% \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span>. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u1ed7n ch\u1ee7ng<\/i> (1953) r\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a F. Edgerton, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> h\u1ebft kho t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00e1i m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Mah\u0101y\u0101na n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c S\u016btras c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101y\u0101na ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh \u1edf ngo\u00e0i r\u00eca x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span> kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, hay mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u00c1c c\u1ea3m<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101y\u0101na t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eafm. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ao \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> n\u00e0y, hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Tahiti \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh h\u1ecda Paul Gauguin. Kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng tr\u00e1ng tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101y\u0101na, v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101y\u0101na, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y xa h\u01a1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u2018huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed<\/i>\u2019 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u2018duy l\u00fd<\/i>\u2019 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>. Khi d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u2018huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed\u2019 (mystic) v\u00e0 \u2018duy l\u00fd\u2019 (rationalist), \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u2018duy l\u00fd\u2019 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch<\/span> gay g\u1eaft<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Edward Gibbon, David Hume, Lady Wootton v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i B\u00e1o duy l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u2018th\u1ea7n b\u00ed\u2019 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> duy l\u00fd cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Petrus Damiani, m\u1ed9t William Blake, hay c\u00e1nh \u2018ngu d\u00e2n\u2019 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> Ca-t\u00f4-l\u00edch Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y ban nha hay \u00c1i nh\u0129 lan.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Mah\u0101y\u0101na, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy l\u00fd mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed <\/i>c\u1ee7a Therav\u0101da v\u00e0 Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf chung tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> khi m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> duy l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean n\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> phi l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a sam\u0101dhi<\/i> (\u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 praj\u00f1\u0101 <\/i>(hu\u1ec7). H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u00e1n cho<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n-\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span>,[19] h\u01a1n n\u1eefa h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giai v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n trong Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u2013 hay tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u2013 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> hay V\u00f4 vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay[20] v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> duy l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u2018s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019, t\u1ee9c \u2018C\u00e1i b\u1ea5t t\u1eed\u2019, hay Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 t\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span> gia tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> thi\u1ebfu x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft\u2019. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00f3 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang h\u01a1n. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng khi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> coi ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> su\u1ed1t n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> V\u00f4 vi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. X\u00e9t theo b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u00e1i \u2018V\u00f4 vi\u2019 – m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ma tr\u01a1i<\/span> kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> quan s\u00e1t<\/span>, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n, vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tim \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00ec mi\u1ec7ng ph\u00e1t th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ec7 kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n d\u00e0i ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, hay \u00edt ra g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ea5t trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00ean nhau kh\u1eafp trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> trung th\u1ef1c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00f3i hay ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. V\u1edbi Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> say s\u01b0a v\u1edbi c\u00e1i V\u00f4 vi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3, v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn xem c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ecbch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u00e1ch ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ed1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang, ta c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ta n\u00ean l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> trong Abhidharma, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> Abhidharma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra. Abhidharma c\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u2018h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh\u2019 hay \u2018c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u2019, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c dharma. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng do t\u1eeb bi<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, d\u1eabu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> phi h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng \u2018ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o\u2019. Abhidharma ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> cho l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1i V\u00f4 vi<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda. Abhidharma \u0111\u00e3 vun b\u1ed3i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> li\u1ec5u gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u2018t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh\u2019 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c dharma. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>) \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i xem t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c dharma n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 nh\u00ecn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111a th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9<\/span> tinh qu\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cao h\u01a1n. Khi t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ecb s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi khi\u1ebfn gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0169ng kho\u00e1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebd khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ee9t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xa l\u1ea1<\/span> m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> h\u1ed3n \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1eeb Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (Therav\u0101da<\/i>) l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec, theo l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Murti,[21] h\u1ecd \u2018c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9\u2019. Trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> sau n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00edn l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1edbi Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u2018ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t\u2019 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. V\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, l\u00fac ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> canh t\u00e2n n\u00e0o, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> duy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> chung.[22] Qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 500 n\u0103m[23] th\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u1ecb<\/span>, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> nh\u01b0 kho b\u00e1u \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc \u1edf ngo\u00e0i kia. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m linh<\/span> m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169 th\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong Abhidharma.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Coi vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> (vipary\u0101sa<\/i>) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean,[24] \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00e1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span>: (1) th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t vipary\u0101sa<\/i> th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, \u2018m\u00ea l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u2019, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> h\u01a1n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y b\u1ed1n sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kia; (2) x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u00e9o m\u00f3 v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>; (3) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu; (4) b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>; (5) ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u00e0 (6) tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1eefu, d\u00f9 th\u1eadt ra ch\u00fang b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> (samutthita<\/i>) t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u2018\u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn\u2019 m\u1edbi, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 asad-vipary\u0101sa<\/i> (\u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> phi h\u1eefu<\/span>),[25] n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3, \u2018t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c\u2019.[26] \u2018N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d l\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edb v\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m ngu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span>.\u2019[27] Hay, nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t kinh kh\u00e1c[28] \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng\u2019 c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eef nh\u00e2n<\/span> do nh\u00e0 huy\u1ec5n thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o ra, y c\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ed1 m\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a y b\u1eb1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v.v… Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u0103ng h\u00e1i<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v.v., khi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u00f4 t\u00e1c<\/span>, b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span>. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang ra c\u00f4ng d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c cho m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111ang \u2018bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef th\u00e0nh \u00fd<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu\u2019. Vi\u1ec7c y \u0111ang l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c.[29]<\/span><\/p>\n

2. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh hay ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh,[30] b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp, c\u0169ng m\u00e9o m\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span> n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>.[31] Ch\u1ea5p h\u1eefu<\/span> hay phi h\u1eefu<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111a th\u00f9 (vicitrit\u0101<\/i>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o\u2019; th\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111a th\u00f9.[32] Tin ch\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u2018\u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019.[33] B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tai h\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. V\u00ec l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c \u2018\u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn\u2019 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> hay tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang; b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn do ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t<\/span>… m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> <\/i>(ipso facto<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n.[34]<\/span><\/p>\n

4. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 v.v., v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi V\u00f4 vi<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> v.v., v\u00ec trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span> b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n<\/span>. N\u0101g\u0101rjuna (Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>) n\u00f3i, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019,[35] m\u00e0 Candrak\u012brti (Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>)[36] l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u2018n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, hay gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, v\u1ed1n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o?\u2019 N\u0101g\u0101rjuna \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng[37] cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Candrak\u012brti di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 sau: Tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si, c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a kle\u015ba <\/i> (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>), l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.[38] V\u1edbi tham, c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 ng\u1ee5y; v\u1edbi s\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi c\u00e1i xem ra<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/span> do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n; si l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh di\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean khi t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc<\/span> r\u1eb1ng xem c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang khi g\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 v.v… cho t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, hay cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, hay c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. C\u1ea3 hai, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span>, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>.[39] \u2018V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady so v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o?\u2019 H\u00e0m \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3<\/i> s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, \u00edt ra b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> – ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> – h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i. Vipary\u0101sa <\/i>c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, c\u00f3 khi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span>, m\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1ec1 vipary\u0101sa <\/i>th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span><\/i> r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 a\u015bubha<\/i> (qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>), r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch trong gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>, \u2018t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh\u2019 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 h\u00f4i h\u00e1m gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed9t gan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c c\u0103ng c\u0103ng qua l\u00e0n \u00e1o m\u1ecfng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 Mah\u0101y\u0101na-sa\u1e43graha<\/i>[40] (Nhi\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, \u651d \u5927 \u4e58 \u8ad6 , c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>) ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>,[41] c\u00f3 l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>,[42] v\u00e0 l\u00fac kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng. Asa\u1e45ga (V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>) c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Yog\u0101c\u0101ra (Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u745c \u4f3d \u884c \u5b97, m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>) m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 La\u1e45k\u0101vat\u0101ras\u016btra<\/i> (kinh L\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>), d\u00f9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>. C\u00e1c trang 204-10 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n<\/span> vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, khi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y \u2018m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p do h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh (ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>) t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c\u2019. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u2018kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019.[43] T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00ec l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng; v\u00ec l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i du\u1ee1ng karma c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ebd ba ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n<\/span> (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>) ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lank\u0101vat\u0101ras\u016btra <\/i> r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span>. \u2018Th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb\u2019 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u2018Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 (Suchness) m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gatas<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec5u \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> trong t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh (\u0101rya<\/i>) tr\u00ed\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u2018th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t\u2019.[44] \u2018Th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng\u2019 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018phi-v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd trong c\u00e1c trang 60, 13-61, 2 v\u00e0 61, 9-12. V\u00ec l\u1ebd trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>, \u2018b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (sarva-prapa\u00f1ca-at\u012bta<\/i>)\u2019, kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng.[45] C\u00e1c trang 217-19 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> tr\u1ee5 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> theo ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>. \u2018Ba c\u00f5i th\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t sinh<\/span> t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i phi h\u1eefu<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u1eady. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 thu\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00ec (hai t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y) kh\u00f4ng (sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>). C\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u00ec h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span>, b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> ch\u01b0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ng\u00f4n t\u1ef1 th\u00ec c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> c\u00e1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, m\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu tham ch\u1ea5p, l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> y tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do b\u1edfi<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> y tr\u00ean tu\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u2018Nh\u1eefng ai h\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0Do tho\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>,<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> (prabh<\/i>\u0101vita<\/i>) ch\u00fang,<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>.<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0C\u00f2n th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>,<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0V\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0Tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n,<\/span><\/address>\n
\u00a0Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng.an><\/span><\/address>\n

Kh\u1ed5<\/i> v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c<\/i> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u0101g\u0101rjuna d\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u2018kh\u1ed5\u2019 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3. V\u00ec kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c y nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018m\u00f9i th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a hoa \u0111\u1ed1m<\/span> gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi (khapuspa<\/i>)\u2019, th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ngo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t m\u00ea l\u1ea7m<\/span>, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vipary\u0101sa. <\/i>Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a sukha<\/i> (l\u1ea1c) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00ec n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u00e3 <\/i>v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1i. N\u0101g\u0101rjuna n\u00f3i,[46] c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u2018ng\u00e3\u2019,[47] c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y \u2018v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u2019,[48] v\u00e0 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>.[49] Candrak\u012brti[50] gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n xem x\u00e9t<\/span> c\u0103n t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi u m\u00ea<\/span> ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy v\u1eadt<\/span> C\u0101rv\u0101kas, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 David Hume \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u2018ng\u00e3\u2019. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span> v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m s\u00e2u t\u00ednh t\u01b0<\/span> l\u1ee3i b\u1edfi tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 phi h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n trong h\u1ecd th\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n\u2019. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018g\u1ea7n g\u0169i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt\u2019. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u2018C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e3n ch\u01b0\u1edbng (catarac) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00f3c hay ru\u1ed3i bay m\u00e0 ngu\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u00e3 hay v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m ngu<\/span> v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng.\u2019 T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, trong Ratn\u0101val\u012b<\/i> (B\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>)[51] N\u0101g\u0101rjuna c\u0169ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Trong ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 hay v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/address>\n
B\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ta tr\u00e1nh xa m\u1ecdi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/address>\n
C\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 nghe Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/address>\n
M\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt ngh\u0129a<\/span> (arthata\u1e25<\/i>).\u2019<\/span><\/address>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> n\u01a1i t\u00f4ng Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (M\u0101dhyamika<\/i>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u1ed9 K\u0101\u015byapa-parivarta<\/i> (kinh Ca-di\u1ebfp v\u1ea5n<\/i>):[52] \u2018Tin c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>; tin v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>.\u2019 Gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u2018ch\u00e1nh qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c\u2019.[53]<\/span><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> m\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> ki\u1ebfn. (I) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ta nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> ng\u01b0ng xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ta c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1n<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng, khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00fat b\u1ecf, m\u1ecdi n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb truy nguy\u00ean<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean c\u1edb<\/span>. (II) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u00f4ng mong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> m\u1ecdi hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng coi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ed n\u0103ng<\/span>, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5c. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hai thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1p tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y (sam\u0101dhi<\/i>) kh\u1edfi sinh s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span>, trong khi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. (III) Sthavira c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, trong khi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span>[54] v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ch\u1ebf[55] c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc qua, hay v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> (1) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, v.v., v\u00e0 (2) n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n cho<\/span> ch\u00fang ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ba \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.[56] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u1ed9<\/span> Sam\u0101dhir\u0101j\u0101<\/i> (Tam-mu\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> kinh)[57] m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. Kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018\u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> (aviparyasa-citta\u1e25: t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span><\/i>)\u2019 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i hay e s\u1ee3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra tham, s\u00e2n hay si. Theo Candrakirti[58], th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1 tan v\u00f4 minh<\/span> c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Sthavira \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u2019 \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng e s\u1ee3 ch\u00fang m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. B\u1ed9 Suvikr\u0101nta-vikr\u0101miparip\u1e5bcch\u0101<\/i> (Thi\u00ean D\u00f5ng M\u00e3nh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1ea5n<\/i> kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 593, h\u1ed9i 16)[59] n\u00f3i th\u00eam: \u2018Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> (theo ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u00e0nh (cary\u0101<\/i>)\u2019. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018v\u00f4 h\u00e0nh\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> lu\u00f4n song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> ki\u1ebfn g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n s\u1edbm tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean ph\u1edbt l\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng trong sinh t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u \u2013 xem th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. \u2018C\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u phi th\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>.\u2019[60]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 kh\u1ed5 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa kh\u1ed5<\/i> v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span> s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u00edch ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u2018ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u2019.[61] Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>: h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>; \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam cho s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>; g\u00e1n cho<\/span> n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u2018linh th\u00e1nh\u2019 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>; ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3; \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi an \u1ee7i<\/span> nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, v\u00e0 Candide, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> h\u01a1n Pangloss. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u00e3<\/i> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/i> n\u1ebfu trong tu t\u1eadp<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111em nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu y nh\u1eadp gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi sinh linh<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.[62]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1eafm t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u2018\u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn\u2019 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Epiktetos, theo \u0111\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1i trong quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> khi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> \u2018b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt\u2019. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u00e1i Nus<\/i>, hay L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1i phi l\u00fd<\/span>, trong khi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau. V\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec<\/span>, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft nh\u00e2n Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1i kh\u1eaft khe, n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1eaft g\u00f5ng v\u00e0 hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec, r\u1ea5t vui v\u1ebb<\/span>, t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1edfi m\u1edf, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> cao, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang v\u00ec ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecbp h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecf xa nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. S\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u2018Ba-la-m\u1eadt\u2019 (p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>), kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 s\u00e1u, g\u1ed3m:* b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span>, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>.** \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.[63] T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u2018phong c\u00e1ch\u2019 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c p\u0101ramit\u0101 <\/i>c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chung h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Gi\u1edbi\u2019 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103m gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ea5m, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 ahims\u0101<\/i> (b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i<\/span>), m\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn trong v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u2018thi\u00eang li\u00eang\u2019 hay \u2018\u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u2019. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u2018nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc\u2019 chung l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: \u2018T\u00e2m ta lang thang kh\u1eafp th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> nh\u1eefng ai lu\u00f4n mong c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i<\/span> l\u1ea1c cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u2019 L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y tuy v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chung quy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00ec \u2018l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u2019 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 xem b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 ahims\u0101<\/i> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t theo ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi h\u1ea1i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c.[64]<\/span><\/p>\n

Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> ahims\u0101<\/i> \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1ecf sau. M\u1ed9t du kh\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> m\u1eddi u\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0; m\u1ed9t con ru\u1ed3i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00e1ch tr\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1eafm m\u1edbi v\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ru\u1ed3i l\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u01a1i kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o, r\u1ed3i th\u1ed5i nh\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh n\u00f3 mau kh\u00f4; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1<\/span> trao t\u00e1ch tr\u00e0 l\u1ea1i cho kh\u00e1ch. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb s\u01b0 Trung hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb<\/span> b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc cho kh\u00f4 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed3. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> k\u1ebft ho\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u2018Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec sao?\u2019 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ahims\u0101,<\/i> n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019, \u2018kh\u00f4ng vi h\u1ea1i\u2019, \u2018kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p\u2019. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u2018lo\u00e0i thu\u1ef7 t\u1ed9c\u2019, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ru\u1ed3i hay mu\u1ed7i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec, trong \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> ham h\u1ed1 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> can thi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> c\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ahims\u0101 <\/i>v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u2018t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>, \u2018Ta kh\u00f4ng tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> ta; ai bi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian\u2019.[65] Trong Sutta<\/i> Nip\u0101ta<\/i>,[66] Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Thi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn<\/span> cho l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t; mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u2018ngu xu\u1ea9n\u2019. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y n\u00f3 tranh c\u00e3i. Bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u1ef1 k\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t tr\u00ean s\u1edf tri<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i, ch\u1ea5p thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd; khi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y nghe hay bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat v\u1ecdng kh\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf<\/span> \u2013 v\u1edbi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ee7, trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 ai v\u1ecdng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t?\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018T\u00f4ng Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang\u2019[67] nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Aryadeva (Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>), Dharma t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ahims\u0101.<\/i>[68] C\u00e1c Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>[69] \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u00ednh cao nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>, b\u1eadc \u2018kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, b\u1ea5t x\u00e1c, l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe; kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ai hoan h\u1ef7\u2019. \u2018L\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u2019 th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng h\u00f2a \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m<\/span> ai, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span>.[70] Tu-b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00fd Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng t\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u2018\u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 tr\u00e1nh<\/span> tr\u1ee5\u2019 (ara\u1e47\u0101-vih\u0101rin<\/i>),[71] l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i, v\u00e0 ai, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em an l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0o ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> kh\u00e1c ta, t\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c<\/span> h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ecd, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u2018\u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3\u2019. Khi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u01a1 n\u1ea3y sinh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018tri\u1ebft gia\u2019 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng theo l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>\u00a0hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 Lin-yu-tang (L\u00e2m Ng\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u2018tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi g\u01b0\u01a1m dao c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong tr\u00ed n\u00e3o<\/span> h\u1ecd\u2019. Ng\u00e0i Koestler, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span> t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 s\u00fang m\u00e1y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.[72] Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ethos+<\/i> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p, n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o<\/span> phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i. \u2018Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u201canh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i V\u00e2ng, v\u00e2ng, hay Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng\u201d. Anh ta coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm nh\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u2019[73] B\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> thu\u1ea7n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, ng\u00e0i Koestler th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tranh c\u00e3i khi b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ahims\u0101 <\/i>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u2018s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u00f4-gic\u2019[74] c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 E. A. Burtt trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>.[75] Gs Burtt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u2018s\u00ednh t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n\u2019 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u1ec1 \u2018t\u00ednh hung h\u0103ng tham chi\u1ebfn\u2019 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u2018kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u2019. \u2018Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau.\u2019 \u2018\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea7y k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n<\/span> s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i; khi hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp quanh bi\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, quan s\u00e1t<\/span> cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7y k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u00e1c \u2018b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn\u2019 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. D\u1eabu sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018c\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span> khi so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ebf t\u1eafc n\u00e0y\u2019.*<\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> tu\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span>. Quen v\u1edbi t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec ngh\u0129 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t Nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ta l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111a th\u00f9. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> do Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra. Gi\u00e1o th\u01b0 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u2018ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u2019, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> \u2018t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u2019 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u2018ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u2019 trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. C\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> tr\u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00f3 theo ki\u1ec3u ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> quy g\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i xem ra<\/span> c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Du-gi\u00e0 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> li\u1ebfc nh\u00ecn x\u00e9o \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng y\u00ean v\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c \u2018\u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa\u2019[76] c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. R\u1ea5t \u00edt khi<\/span> h\u1ecd ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nhau, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea1c h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.[77] N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e3i v\u00e3 v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 \u0111o\u00e1n voi, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp<\/span>, h\u00f2a nh\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 bao dung<\/span> v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1u \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c \u2018ba-la-m\u1eadt\u2019 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. Khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018tam lu\u00e2n t\u1ecbnh\u2019. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt cho, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn, hay s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eabn hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eabn. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> sang c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh t\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc qua v\u0169ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ngay khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span>, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn li\u00ean l\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> s\u1ebd m\u1edf s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u00e1c \u2018ba-la-m\u1eadt\u2019 bao h\u00e0m b\u1ed1n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span><\/i>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, xem c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. S\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft (upalabdhi<\/i>) t\u00ednh sai<\/span> bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ta xa r\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1i, hay t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.[78]<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0C\u00e1c t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> anabhinive\u015ba: v\u00f4 th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba m\u1eb7t: (a) kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. (b) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> an\u0101bhoga<\/i>, v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u00e0nh). (c) kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p ch\u00fang (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng asa\u1e45ga<\/i>, v\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>). Th\u1eadt v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span> khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 phi li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>.[79]<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n<\/span> trong h\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u2018b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019.[80] \u2018C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111a th\u00f9, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a\u2019.[81] Cho n\u00ean t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00f4 s\u1edf tr\u1ee5<\/span>,[82] v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u2018kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1edf tr\u1ee5\u2019[83], nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> \u2018v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9\u2019[84] hay, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t \u2018Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ee7\u2019.* Ch\u00ednh trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng y tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> minh tri\u1ebft to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>) ph\u1ea3i xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh tri\u1ebft phi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>. T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0o. V\u00e0, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o. C\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i phi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y (nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>) t\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

[c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp]
D\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>: H\u1ea1nh Vi\u00ean<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

* M\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb bolsheviki<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi mensheviki<\/i>. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> Gs. Bareau.<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] St. Schayer. C. Regamey, Der Buddhismus Indiens<\/i>, 1951, pp. 248-64. Le probl\u00e8me du Bouddhisme primitif et les derniers travaux de Stanislas <\/i>Schayer, RO xxi, 1957, pp. 37-58. M. Falk, Il mito psicologico nell\u2019India Antica<\/i>, 1939. N\u0101mar\u016bpa and dharmar\u016bpa<\/i>, 1943.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Xem BS 195-7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr. 124 \u2026 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nam anidassanam anantam sabbato pabham. <\/i>DN xi 85.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam The Middle Way<\/i> xxxiv I, 1959, tr. 13.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] HBI 690-3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Mah\u0101su\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101v\u0101da<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> cho Kath\u0101vatthu<\/i> ch. 17, 167+77, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kimura 151. Ekavyavah\u0101rika<\/i> c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kimuara 67, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u015b\u016bnyatma-\u015b\u016bnyadharma-v\u0101da \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Param\u0101rtha trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Nik\u0101ya-avalambana-\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vybhavyav\u0101da, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Bareau 167-80), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vasubandhu, Hob. 185.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] a\u015braya<\/i>, upadhi<\/i> (y, \u4f9d; s\u1edf y<\/span>, \u6240 \u4f9d).<\/span><\/p>\n

[9] buddhat\u0101<\/i> (Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span>), buddhasvabh\u0101va<\/i> (t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt).<\/span><\/p>\n

[10] Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a de Jong Jas, 1954, 545-6, Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a J. Nobel v\u1ec1 l\u1ea7n xb Suvarnaprabh\u0101sa<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; cf. III 1, 3 ct. 4.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] Xem th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong PL, 1960 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] Saddharmapu\u1e47dar\u012bka<\/i>. S ed. BB 1912. Wogihara 1933-5. N. Dutt 1955. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Kern (1884) \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. B\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a W. E. Soothill (1930) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13] Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng H\u00e1n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef, 2 ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Da\u015babh\u016bmika<\/i> [Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba kinh<\/span>, \u5341 \u5730 \u7d93], cf. III 1, 9 cht.2 v\u00e0 Ga\u1e47\u1e0davy\u016bha<\/i> [Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span>, \u83ef \u56b4, ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i], Suzuki v\u00e0 Idzumi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span>,1934.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] S. N. Dutt bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span>, 1941-54.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15] D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb H\u00e1n ng\u1eef b\u1edfi R. Robinson, 1953 (Ms).<\/span><\/p>\n

[16] K. Regamey d\u1ecbch, 1938. [\u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00edch kinh<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 85, h\u1ed9i 21: \u201cTh\u1ecd huy\u1ec5n s\u01b0<\/span> B\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la k\u00fd.\u201d \u2013 ND.]<\/span><\/p>\n

[17] Suvarnaprabh\u0101sa<\/i> [g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft Kim quang minh<\/span><\/i> kinh, \u91d1 \u5149 \u660e \u7d93], J. Nobel bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span>, 1937.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18] \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a R\u0101shtrap\u0101la<\/i>\u201d [H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1edf v\u1ea5n kinh, \u8b77 \u570b \u5c0a \u8005 \u6240 \u554f \u7d93], BB bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> 1901, J. Ensinck d\u1ecbch 1952.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19] e.g. Rahula 8, 76 sq<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20] R. L. Slater, Paradox and Nirvana<\/i>, 1951.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21] tr. 69.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22] T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Ratna-gu\u1e47asa\u1e43cayag\u0101th\u0101<\/i> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>, trong s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 90 c\u1ee7a Suzuki.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23] Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 500 sau TL. Xem Short History of Buddhism<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, 1960, c\u00e1c tr. ix-x, 74-5.<\/span><\/p>\n

[24] Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> th\u00eam ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> trong Lessing Festschrift<\/i>. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u0169ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong kinh Duy-ma-c\u1eadt s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft<\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, Duy-ma-c\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Ma-ha Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean: \u2018H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. N\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span> r\u1ed7ng su\u1ed1t tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hai; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

[25] Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> J. May, tr. 166 cht. 519.<\/span><\/p>\n

[26] Suv. vii 98b-99a, v\u00e0 A vi 151.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27] LS 106-7; c\u0169ng trong A vi 139 v\u00e0 AAA 333-4.<\/span><\/p>\n

[28] Tr\u00edch Pras. xxiii 463.<\/span><\/p>\n

[29] asat-sam\u0101ropa<\/i>. Xem J. May tr. 195 cht. 645.<\/span><\/p>\n

[30] M-v-t. tr. 50.<\/span><\/p>\n

[31] s\u0111d. tathat\u0101: vikalpa-anal\u0101mbanatv\u0101n na vipary\u0101savastu.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

[32] LS, tr. 279 v. III; tr. 280-1, vv. 120-6.<\/span><\/p>\n

[33] SP xiii 278.<\/span><\/p>\n

[34] Suv. vii 98b; 66b.<\/span><\/p>\n

[35] MMK xxiii 13, na-anitya\u1e43 vidyate \u015b\u016bnye<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[36] Pras 461.<\/span><\/p>\n

[37] Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng xxiii.<\/span><\/p>\n

[38] sa\u1e43kalpa<\/i> (t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>) = vitarka<\/i> (t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9), theo Candrak\u012brti.<\/span><\/p>\n

[39] vaipar\u012btya, Pras. xxiii 462.<\/span><\/p>\n

[40] Lamotte, II 1, tr. 126.<\/span><\/p>\n

[41] LS, tr. 116.<\/span><\/p>\n

[42] LS 115-16; \u2018v\u00ec s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

[43] C\u00e1c tr. 208-9. BT s\u1ed1 180.<\/span><\/p>\n

[44] C\u00e1c tr. 59-61. Tr. 218 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u2018nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> (abhisamaya<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

[45] C\u00e1c tr. 189-90.<\/span><\/p>\n

[46] xviii 6.<\/span><\/p>\n

[47] Xem tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong Pras. xviii 354. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Pugalavada v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay t\u1ea1o ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

[48] Xem tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

[49] Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> du s\u1ef9 Vacchagotta l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng. Xem E. Lamotte, Trait\u00e9<\/i>, c\u00e1c tr. 32-3, v\u00e0 H. Oldenberg, Buddha<\/i>, 1959, c\u00e1c tr. 287-8, 508.<\/span><\/p>\n

[50] xviii 356-60.<\/span><\/p>\n

[51] II 3-4.<\/span><\/p>\n

[52] tr. 87.<\/span><\/p>\n

[53] S. Schayer, AKP, tr. 70, cht. 50 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1ea5t hay ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

[54] Paryvarjayitavya<\/i>, P. 221 = S 1465, trong s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 bh\u016bmi<\/i> (\u0111\u1ecba) th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. S\u1edb gi\u1ea3i cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Vibha\u1e45ga<\/i> (Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn<\/span>) n\u00f3i, tr\u00ean Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>, t\u00e1m vipall\u0101sa<\/i> (Skt. vipary\u0101sa<\/i>) b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecf; c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau th\u00edch suy gi\u1ea3m<\/span> d\u1ea7n tr\u00ean Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o (h\u01b0\u1edbng), v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n \u1edf qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span>; tr\u00ean A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o (h\u01b0\u1edbng) c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5-l\u1ea1c b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1eeb. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bh\u016bmi<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span>, c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u00e2u h\u01a1n; cf. Da-bhu<\/i>, c\u00e1c tr. 29, 12 v\u00e0 63, 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[55] atikr\u0101nto: vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span>,<\/i> trong T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span><\/i>. Xem BWB, tr. 97<\/span><\/p>\n

[56] sarva-vast\u016bn\u0101m-anupalabdhit\u0101m up\u0101d\u0101ya<\/i>, P. 221.<\/span><\/p>\n

[57] Tr\u00edch trong Pras. xxiii 472.<\/span><\/p>\n

[58] Pras. xxiii 469.<\/span><\/p>\n

[59] vi 67a; S 1411 = P 198.<\/span><\/p>\n

[60] Vimalak\u012brtinirde\u015ba<\/i>, ch. 5, tr. 38 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Robinson, 1953. [ND: B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a La-th\u1eadp: C\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span>, v\u00f4 phi<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1ea7u, th\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/i>. C\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f3 m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u phi th\u1eddi<\/span>.]<\/span><\/p>\n

[61] Candragomin: para-arthe du\u1e25kha\u1e43 sukham,<\/i> tr\u00edch Har Dayal, tr. 159.<\/span><\/p>\n

[62] Chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n, xem Har Dayal 16-18, 179-81.<\/span><\/p>\n

* V\u1ec1 sau, khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u2018B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n\u2019, s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

** Thay cho n\u0103m thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u2018ni\u1ec7m\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u2018T\u00edn\u2019 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> \u2018nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c\u2019, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> t\u00edn, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 Dharma tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[63] BT 135-8, SS 35-50, Mpps 621-1113.<\/span><\/p>\n

[64] Ud. V 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[65] SN iii 138.<\/span><\/p>\n

[66] 796-803. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> tr\u00edch vv. 796, 800 v\u00e0 802 theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Lord Chalmer.<\/span><\/p>\n

[67] Murti, tr. 132; cf. 160-4.<\/span><\/p>\n

[68] Catu\u1e25\u015bataka <\/i>xiii 23. BT, tr. 169.<\/span><\/p>\n

[69] MN i, tr. 395.<\/span><\/p>\n

[70] Sn 450-2.<\/span><\/p>\n

[71] Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> trong V 97-8, BWB 45. Chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>, xem M. Walleser, Die Streitlosigkeit des Subh\u016bti<\/i>, Stzb. Heid. Ak. d. Wiss. 1917.<\/span><\/p>\n

[72] A. Koestler, Arrow in the Blue<\/i>, tr. 213.<\/span><\/p>\n

+ T\u1eeb trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c. G\u1ed1c Greek, \u0113thos<\/i>, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh<\/span>, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span>; c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u2026 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \/ m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[73] The Lotus and the Robot<\/i>, tr. 219.<\/span><\/p>\n

[74] s\u0111d. tr. 225.<\/span><\/p>\n

[75] Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9?<\/i> PhEW v, 1955, c\u00e1c tr. 195-210.<\/span><\/p>\n

* Gs Burtt li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u2018b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u2019 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>; xem c\u00e1c trang ti\u1ebfp sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

[76] Suzuki, St. 170.<\/span><\/p>\n

[77] Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ms II 3 od. Murti 319, AAA 79, BS 190-217; cf. de la Val\u00e9e-Poussin v\u1ec1 \u2018m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn M\u0101dhyamaka-Yog\u0101c\u0101ra\u2019 trong MCB ii 47-54.<\/span><\/p>\n

[78] Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> qu\u00e1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u1eadp san Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean<\/span> Hu\u1ebf)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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