{"id":6993,"date":"2020-12-01T22:26:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/nhung-van-nan-cua-phat-tu-tay-phuong-ve-nghiep-va-tai-sinh\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T22:26:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:26:05","slug":"nhung-van-nan-cua-phat-tu-tay-phuong-ve-nghiep-va-tai-sinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/nhung-van-nan-cua-phat-tu-tay-phuong-ve-nghiep-va-tai-sinh\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh"},"content":{"rendered":"

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NH\u1eeeNG V\u1ea4N N\u1ea0N<\/span><\/b> C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT T\u1eec<\/span> T\u00c2Y PH\u01af\u01a0NG<\/span><\/b>
V\u1ec0 NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 T\u00c1I SINH<\/span><\/b><\/span>
Qu\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Minh<\/span><\/span>
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Trong khi nh\u1eefng tinh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (sinh m\u00f4i), v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>), v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>)\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> ni\u1ec1m n\u1edf<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Ba<\/b> nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u2018ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p\u2019, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Tam Ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n\u2019 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u2018nghi\u1ec7p\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u00e1i sinh\u2019, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u2019. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u2018c\u00f3\u2019 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> hay tin<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u2018Nghi\u1ec7p\u2019. <\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> do Newton kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan<\/b> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/b> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u2018ch\u01b0a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u2019 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u2018lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u2019 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/b> ban th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u2018kh\u00e1ch quan\u2019 n\u00e0o ban th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1c? Trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u2018th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u2019 c\u1ea7m s\u1ed5 \u2018ghi ch\u00e9p\u2019 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ban th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00ean Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn<\/b> to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ai l\u00e0 \u2018ph\u00e1n quan\u2019 gi\u1eef s\u1ed5 \u201c\u0111\u1eadu \u0111en \u0111\u1eadu tr\u1eafng\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t? Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 khai t\u1eed nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u2019 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Nietsche \u0111\u00e3 khai t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u2018l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 2000 n\u0103m qua\u2019<\/b>. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u2018\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u2019 v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u2018l\u00f2ng tin\u2019<\/b> l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u2018truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng\u2019 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u2018di\u1ec5m ph\u00fac\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018Ch\u00faa\u2019 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a!<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> (fundamentists) do \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u2018b\u00e1m v\u00edu\u2019 v\u00e0o \u2018l\u00f2ng tin\u2019 ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u2018b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri\u2019 (agnostics), nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed<\/span> ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span> n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u2018y\u00ean s\u1ef1 sinh, n\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eed\u2019<\/i>, \u2018qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n<\/span> k\u00ednh nhi vi\u1ec5n chi\u2019<\/i>, hay quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n<\/span> (atheists). Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u2018b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n\u2019 hi\u1ec7n nay trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018tin\u2019 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u00f3a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u2018\u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y\u2019 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> (\u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc), bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> – hay \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. C\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> do l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u. T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> \u2018ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019 t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7p \u2018t\u1ed1t\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00e0m t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, theo b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt<\/span>; c\u00f2n c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> \u2018ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019 t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u1ec7p \u2018ch\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 n\u00ean ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y c\u00f2n b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu th\u00ea nhi v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3<\/b> T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span> \u2018c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c\u2019, may ra \u2018ki\u1ebfp sau\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018t\u00e1i sinh\u2019 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n hay c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u2018tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed nh\u01b0 lai\u2019 trong ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> cho gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> t\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> \u2018nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\u2019 n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Th\u00e1i, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c\u2019 cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span>, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u01b0 n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018cho\u2019 hay \u2018b\u00e1n\u2019 hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m<\/span> linh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u2019, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111em gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ra bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u2018ti\u1ec1n\u2019 g\u1edfi nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng, khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111em ra x\u00e0i hay mua th\u00eam c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c! Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> h\u01a1n, khi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> hay \u0111em \u2018b\u00e1n\u2019 hay cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh \u2018Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1o\u2019. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u1edf Th\u00e1i \u0111i c\u00e1c xe m\u1eafc ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111i xe m\u1eafc ti\u1ec1n ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> h\u1ecd \u2018\u0103n kh\u00e1ch\u2019 v\u00ec \u2018c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 cho hay<\/span> b\u00e1n v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018ph\u00e1p\u2019 th\u00ed, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> \u2018th\u1eddi h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\u2019 n\u00e0y t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> \u2018ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u2018gi\u00e0u c\u00f3\u2019, \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 mua c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c! T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Sulak Sivaraksa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u2018hoa sen\u2019 sang \u2018b\u00e0n tay qu\u1ef7\u2019 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nghi\u1ec7p theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u1ea4n (nh\u01b0 Gandhi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi Ambedkar), b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o, x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em nghi\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh, Nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u2018\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2019 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nghi\u1ec7p theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ba La M\u00f4n<\/span> gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. C\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u00e9p mi\u1ec7ng<\/span> hay xoa tay<\/span>: \u2018Nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0!\u2019. V\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i! <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 \u2018\u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba\u2019 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ghi l\u1ea1i! T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 b\u00e3o l\u1ee5t mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ea1i v\u00ec d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> qu\u00e1\u2019. Thay v\u00ec l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u00ean g\u00f3p<\/span> ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u00e3o l\u1ee5t, h\u1ea1 th\u1ee7<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i<\/span> h\u1ebft cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. V\u1ee5 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i v\u1ecb t\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1! Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 David Roy c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cho d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i<\/span> trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II l\u00e0: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d Thay v\u00ec l\u00ean \u00e1n \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u2018nghi\u1ec7p\u2019 \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec hu\u1ed1ng g\u00ec Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> s\u01a1 c\u01a1!<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Kalama, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ed9i tin theo<\/span> truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, hay truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm ra<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00fang theo tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ngh\u0129a \u2018truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u2019 v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> khai s\u00e1ng, khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. N\u1ebfu quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> khi Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ecf\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (135) Culakammaviblanga<\/i> Sutra d\u00f9ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb9p, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong c\u00e1c Kinh kh\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0 trong kinh Tinha<\/i> Sutra (T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> 3.61) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u2018T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n nay – l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span> ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>.. \u201dN\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n\u2026, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span>, b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>, tham lam\u2026 l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u201cn\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y\u201d N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00ean l\u00e0m, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd hoang mang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span>.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong <\/span>m\u1ed9t kinh ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c (Nipata<\/i> 36.21) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> Shivaka \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: \u201cn\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span>, hay kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span> hay x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span> ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y?;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span> hay x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Cho n\u00ean ta n\u00f3i l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/span> *(<\/i>d\u1eabn theo David Loy, Notes for a Buddhist Revolution, tr 59)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u2018b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri\u2019 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kinh Pali \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p trong Sanskrit hay Pali c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n: \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span>) kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng). M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Jack Kornfield n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a l\u00e0 \u201c nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n qu\u1ef5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c!\u201d Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 vay c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 T\u00e2m ph\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Erich From c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 Freud l\u00e0, d\u00f9 Freud l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng Freud kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean vai m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, l\u00f4 g\u00edch, nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> do nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u2018truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u2019 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e1m n\u00f3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh\u2019, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u2018b\u00ecnh c\u0169 r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1edbi\u2019. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi<\/span> r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. K\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n kho\u00e1c l\u00ean vai Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2n, Thi\u1ec7n, M\u1ef9, to\u00e0n tr\u00ed<\/span>, to\u00e0n n\u0103ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n kh\u00e1c l\u00fac b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u theo \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u2018t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2019, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> (hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u2019 so v\u1edbi \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o). Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u00ecnh th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111i\u1ec7u y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf<\/span> trong Cung O\u00e1n Ng\u00e2m Kh\u00fac. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> khai h\u00f3a<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra<\/span> r\u1ea5t d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ebf di\u1ec5u<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018l\u00f2ng tin\u2019 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 tin v\u00e0o thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> hay h\u1ecfa ng\u1ee5c<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> Th\u00e2n T\u00e2m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf MIT. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u00edt nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u2018\u0111\u1ea7u thai\u2019 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00fac gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> (sau n\u0103m 1949 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 50s hay 60s). Trong v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ee5c?<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m:<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7, t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.
<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/address>\n
N\u1ebfu \u0111em t\u00e2m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd theo nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n theo con v\u1eadt k\u00e9o xe.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/address>\n
Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.
<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/address>\n
N\u1ebfu \u0111em t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u01b0 vui v\u1ebb<\/span> s\u1ebd theo nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh <\/span>(b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span>, trang 9)<\/i><\/span><\/address>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n: \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> (\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i (kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>). H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t (hay nhi\u1ec1u) h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> (vikapa). C\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>) do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> (m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft). Thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> hay ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y hay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p- th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (nh\u01b0 kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn- nh\u01b0 \u2018b\u00f3ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh\u2019). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u1eb7ng hay nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p<\/span> (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa ng\u1ed9 s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 s\u00e1t). C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>: Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/b> (utilitarian) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/b> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (deontology) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/b> \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (virtue theories). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> (Ritualistic procedures- nh\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> ni\u1ec1m n\u1edf<\/span> v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi k\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: ng\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1eeb th\u00f3i quen<\/span>, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cI\u201d v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i t\u00f4i nho nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c (me, me, mes). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Gieo m\u1ed9t \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/address>\n
Gieo m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/address>\n
Gieo m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/address>\n
Gieo m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn.
<\/i><\/span><\/address>\n
Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i do \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> (\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>) <\/span><\/address>\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen<\/span><\/span><\/address>\n
Th\u00f3i quen<\/span> suy ngh\u0129<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh\u2019<\/span><\/address>\n
\u2018B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh\u2019 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i xem l\u00e0 \u2018ng\u00e3\u2019 (lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i) (hi\u1ec1n, d\u1eef, hay gi\u1eadn<\/span>, hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i, h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i\u2026)<\/span><\/address>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra cho t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> t\u00f4i t\u00f9y c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Sartre: T\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea9m sinh (ng\u00e3) m\u00e0 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> :\u201dT\u00ednh t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u00f9 l\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u2018tu t\u00e2m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e1nh\u2019. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c sau khi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. Tu t\u00e2m<\/span> s\u1eeda t\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00e3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Khi t\u00e2m t\u00ednh<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> <\/span>(motivations- \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>). Tinh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> c\u00f3 Ba<\/b> \u0111i\u1ec1u: l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m \u00fd.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhan \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t v\u1eeba \u00fd<\/span>: \u0110em nh\u00e2n gian<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi qu\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> hay ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi agnostic \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n y\u1ebfu: l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m \u00fd. <\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Minh<\/span>
<\/i><\/b>
Source: thuvienhoasen<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n

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[ad_1] NH\u1eeeNG V\u1ea4N N\u1ea0N C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT T\u1eec T\u00c2Y PH\u01af\u01a0NGV\u1ec0 NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 T\u00c1I SINHQu\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Minh Trong khi nh\u1eefng tinh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6994,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-6993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6993"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6993\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6994"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6993"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=6993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}