{"id":6999,"date":"2020-12-01T22:27:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:27:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/hinh-tuong-banh-xe-trong-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T22:27:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:27:05","slug":"hinh-tuong-banh-xe-trong-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/hinh-tuong-banh-xe-trong-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1nh xe trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n<\/p>\n

\n

\"banhxetrongphatgiao-thichdongthanh\"

\u00a0<\/b>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh quan<\/span> tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe. Th\u1eed nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> giao th\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe th\u00f4 s\u01a1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> m\u00e1y m\u00f3c tinh x\u1ea3o, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, hay nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2n b\u00ean tri\u1ec1n n\u00fai, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1eeb thu\u1edf xa x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Iraq, Ph\u1ea7n Lan, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung Hoa\u00a0cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng<\/span> ng\u00e0n n\u0103m TrCN, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> giao th\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, b\u00e1nh xe c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>, thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> trong h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I. B\u00e1nh xe trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 th\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u v\u0103n <\/span>h\u00f3a <\/span>n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 suy nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Theo phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> \u1ea4n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng[1]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> di\u1ec5m \u1ea3o v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> trong bu\u1ed5i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> mong manh<\/span>, v\u1ea7ng th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1<\/span> n\u01a1i ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi xa th\u1eb3m v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> hay chu k\u1ef3 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 suy nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> trong d\u00e2n gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0<\/span>, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh xe. Th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe th\u1ea5t m\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y con ng\u1ef1a n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho b\u1ea3y s\u1eafc m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. B\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a c\u1ed7 xe t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nan hoa t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nan hoa c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 5, 12, ho\u1eb7c 360, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho n\u0103m m\u00f9a, 12 th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c 360 ng\u00e0y trong n\u0103m. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, b\u00e1nh xe c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho th\u1ea7n Vishnu, hay cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> (Atharva Veda). Kinh\u00a0Rg Veda<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch<\/span>. B\u1ed9\u00a0Brihadaranyaka Upanishad<\/i>\u00a0(IV-13&15) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1c nan hoa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nan hoa \u1ea5y v\u1edbi v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi[2]. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 hoa sen<\/span>, ch\u1eef v\u1ea1n, s\u1ea5m ch\u1edbp\u2026 th\u00ec b\u00e1nh xe v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t: c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> (Cakravatin), kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> hai ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, th\u1ea7n Krishna th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> b\u1ed9\u00a0Bhagavat Gita<\/i>..v.v\u2026 Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i\u2026 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u00fd<\/span> ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u0103m qua c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 m\u00f9a, th\u00e1ng, ng\u00e0y, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

II. B\u00e1nh xe trong V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eef\u00a0cakka<\/i>\u00a0(S: cakra) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u00e1nh xe (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span> III), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed (B\u1ed5n Sanh I), hay m\u1ed9t trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n<\/span> (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span> II). Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1ea5y h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh sau: c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0nh, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f4i khi danh t\u1eeb cakka c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u00a0catucakkam<\/i>\u00a0(T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> I) hay\u00a0iriy\u0101patha-cakka<\/i>\u00a0(Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ed1n oai nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span>, ch\u1eef\u00a0cakra\u00a0<\/i>th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ean<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi (cakrap\u0101\u1e47i, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>), t\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c<\/span> (cakra-vimala<\/i>,\u00a0cakra-s\u2019atapattra<\/i>), v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai bao quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (cakra-v\u0101\u1e0da<\/i>,\u00a0cakrav\u0101\u1e37a<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. V\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef\u00a0cakra<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>\u00a0sa\u1e43s\u0101ra-cakra<\/i>\u00a0hay\u00a0bhava-cakra<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span>, lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> hay v\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n chu k\u1ef3: sanh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> hay v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong kinh Th\u00ed D\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng du <\/span>h\u00f3a <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7<\/span>, s\u00fac sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3nh ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span>, b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, c\u1ea3nh mu\u00f4n th\u00fa tranh gi\u00e0nh<\/span>, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhau, c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i qu\u1ef7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t<\/span> d\u1eb1n v\u1eb7t, c\u1ea3nh thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> h\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span>, suy vong, c\u1ea3nh lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb tham \u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ea5u x\u00e9, b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c\u2026, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> b\u00e8n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f5i Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1<\/span> (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>) v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe n\u00e0y cho b\u1ed1n ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, khuy\u00ean h\u1ecd n\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i Ta B\u00e0<\/span> m\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> tu tr\u00ec<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 sanh<\/span> an t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1ecd, khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111em nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn ho\u00e1<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> va t\u1ea1i gia<\/span>. Khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111ang v\u00e2y quanh v\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e8n h\u1ecfi ng\u00e0i A Nan<\/span> v\u00ec sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111ang v\u00e2y quanh t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean<\/span>, khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean do<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e8n d\u1ea1y: \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean<\/span> hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i (\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>), v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh b\u00e1nh xe g\u1ed3m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ngay l\u1ed1i ra v\u00e0o (c\u1ee7a tinh x\u00e1<\/span>).\u201d L\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft n\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e1nh xe nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 sau: n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ho\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ba c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, s\u00fac sanh<\/span>, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7<\/span>, hai c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1ea1 c\u1ea3nh b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n, T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u Ho\u00e1, B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u00f4, v\u00e0 Nam Thi\u1ec7m B\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o. \u1ede gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ba lo\u00e0i th\u00fa: chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u<\/span> (d\u1ee5 cho tham), r\u1eafn (d\u1ee5 cho s\u00e2n), v\u00e0 heo (d\u1ee5 cho si), h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang<\/span>, h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ho\u1ea1 qua v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ch\u00ecm n\u1ed5i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00f2ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> 12 chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> theo hai chi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch<\/span>. B\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecb nu\u1ed1t b\u1edfi (qu\u1ef7) v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u00ean, hai c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> theo ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc b\u00ean b\u00e1nh xe. C\u0169ng theo b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ebfn tinh x\u00e1<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u01b0<\/span> s\u0129 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo b\u00e8n ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tri s\u1ef1<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u01b0<\/span> s\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd th\u1eafc m\u1eafc[3].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong c\u00e1c th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Trung Hoa v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tr\u00ean, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u00ean, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> A-tu-la, v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 sanh<\/span>. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i minh ho\u1ea1 sau. Gi\u1eefa v\u00f2ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ba con th\u00fa g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng, r\u1eafn, v\u00e0 heo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ng\u1eadm \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a nhau. M\u00e0u l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf t\u00eda pha v\u00e0ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span>, g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt v\u1eeba tham nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ki\u00eau c\u0103ng<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Mi\u1ec7ng g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng ng\u1eadm \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a con r\u1eafn l\u1ee5c, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 tham lam<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tham lam<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u00e1t sanh. S\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0m tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> xung \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u00e2m \u1ec9 h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t<\/span> qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> th\u00f4 l\u1ed7<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/span>. \u00c1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o, dai d\u1eb3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 thu\u00f4n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a r\u1eafn. M\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a r\u1eafn bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng<\/span>, thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. R\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n. Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> r\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con heo v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. \u0110u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a heo b\u1ecb mi\u1ec7ng r\u1eafn ng\u1eadm ch\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 heo nho\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang ngu\u1ed9m \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng. Heo n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho si. V\u1ebb n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span>, u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n. Heo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i tham ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 hay t\u00ecm th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u00f4i b\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ea1ch nh\u01a1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, thi\u1ebfu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> trong c\u1eb7n b\u00e3<\/span> danh v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Ba lo\u00e0i th\u00fa tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u00e0u xanh da tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 tham, s\u00e2n, si s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f3 tr\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n. V\u00f2ng l\u1edbn k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eafc x\u00edch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho 12 chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. C\u1ea3 b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, t\u1ee9c qu\u1ef7 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t<\/span>, \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Trong M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>,\u00a0cakra<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n xa (cakra) n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c lu\u00e2n xa n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n nhau. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft tinh th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi[4]. B\u1ea3y lu\u00e2n xa ch\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp g\u1ed3m:\u00a0M\u016bl\u0101dh\u0101ra-cakra<\/i>\u00a0(khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec7t H\u1ed9i \u00e2m, khu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span>),\u00a0sv\u0101dhi\u1e63\u1e6dh\u0101na-cakra<\/i>\u00a0(khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec7t Quan nguy\u00ean, khu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c<\/span>),\u00a0manipura-cakra<\/i>\u00a0(khu huy\u1ec7t Trung qu\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i giao thoa gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng),\u00a0an\u0101hata-cakra<\/i>\u00a0(khu huy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea3n trung, khu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>),\u00a0visuddha-cakra<\/i>\u00a0(khu huy\u1ec7t Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t, khu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp),\u00a0\u0101j\u00f1a-cakra<\/i>\u00a0(khu huy\u1ec7t \u1ea4n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, khu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>), v\u00e0\u00a0sahasr\u0101ra-padma<\/i>\u00a0(khu huy\u1ec7t B\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i<\/span>, khu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>). \u0110\u00f4i khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> cakra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb m\u1ea1n-\u0111\u00e0-la (ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/i>). Trong l\u00fac h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> Du-gi\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n to\u00e0n th\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1n-\u0111\u00e0-la l\u1edbn bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1n-\u0111\u00e0-la nh\u1ecf (lu\u00e2n xa) kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n xa c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ba th\u00e2n<\/span> (Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span>, B\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng Ho\u00e1<\/span> th\u00e2n), ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

a). Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> (P.dhammacakka<\/i>, S.\u00a0dharmacakra<\/i>), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hay ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> trong \u0111\u00eam th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho nh\u00e2n gian<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 cho gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, g\u1ed3m ba ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh: t\u1ed3i ph\u00e1 (Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span> di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> t\u1ed9i \u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>), tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> (s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00f4n di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng tr\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o hay n\u01a1i n\u00e0o), v\u00e0 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> (gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe)[5]. \u0110\u00f4i khi, ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span>. Theo lu\u1eadn\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9<\/i>, ch\u1eef ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau: 1) Ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m; 2) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> (t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3) \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m; 3) L\u00fac m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn th\u1ec9nh<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span>; 4) Trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ea1i Ba-la-n\u1ea1i, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span>; 5) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n th\u1eddi x\u01b0a<\/span> v\u1ed1n t\u00f4n qu\u00ed<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span>[6]; 6) Ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m; 7) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, lu\u00f4n d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span>[7]. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ea1y tu thi\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ea1y tu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>[8].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span> I<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 b\u1ed9\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nam Truy\u1ec1n I), sau khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, theo l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 Ba-la-n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u1eeba ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u0103m nh\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> l\u00f5a th\u1ec3 Upaka, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 K\u0101si \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span>[9]. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 Ba-la-n\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong kinh\u00a0Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span><\/i>: ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Kinh\u00a0T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A H\u00e0m<\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u0103m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> sau: (1) chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, (2) \u0111\u1ed9 cha m\u1eb9<\/span>, (3) ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span> ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>, (4) khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u00fd ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, (5) th\u1ecd k\u00fd<\/span> cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai[10]. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

b)\u00a0Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>[11]. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> (P. dhammacakkappavattana, S. dharmacakra-pravartana). Ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>[12]. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n, b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span> v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay trong n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau[13]. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, kinh\u00a0Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> I, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi kinh La Ma<\/span> trong Trung A H\u00e0m<\/span>),Nid\u0101nakath\u0101<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kinh\u00a0B\u1ed5n Sanh<\/i>\u00a0(j\u0101takatthakath\u0101), kinh\u00a0Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(n\u1eb1m trong \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nam Truy\u1ec1n), kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01af<\/i>ng, v\u00e0 kinh\u00a0T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t[14]. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 tuy c\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.\u00a0Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u<\/span><\/i>\u00a0thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> cho n\u0103m T\u1ef3-kheo v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00f4 sanh<\/span>, v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>[15]. Kinh\u00a0La Ma<\/span><\/i>\u00a0th\u00ec ghi r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>[16]. Ri\u00eang trong kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span><\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng U\u1ea9n<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> III) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>[17], c\u00f2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> V) th\u00ec thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>[18]. Theo kinh\u00a0T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 15, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> cho c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span>[19]. Kinh\u00a0Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>\u00a0th\u00ec ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 l\u00fd Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> cho n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tuy c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh\u00a0Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>, ngay sau khi<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span>, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> truy\u1ec1n nhau r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u00a0B\u00e1nh xe Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn \u1edf Ba-la-n\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1i Isipatana, n\u01a1i v\u01b0\u1eddn nai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi sa-m\u00f4n, b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, Thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi\u00a0<\/i>.<\/i>\u201d Li\u1ec1n khi \u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang<\/span> to\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfu si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ea3 h\u00e0o quang<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span>[20]. Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u201cchuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>, l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec lu\u00f4n kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u00ean gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>, lan t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 l\u00fd<\/span> vi\u00ean dung<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn ngay t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ba-la-n\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 th\u00ec Ba-la-n\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i qui t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f9ng Xa-n\u1eb7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ca-t\u1ef3-la, th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1i kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u1ebf tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> si\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngay sau khi<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Ba-la-n\u1ea1i, kinh th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m<\/span> linh th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, mang \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00dd nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1edfi g\u1eafm cho t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, v\u1ecb h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00e0y S\u00e0riputta, v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed<\/span>, con vua Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua cha v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y S\u00e0riputta, \u00d4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ta chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn<\/i>.\u201d[21]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p. Do v\u1eady h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1eadp hay ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>\u00a0ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0ph\u00e1p hu\u1ec7<\/i>) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> – b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>: \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p (k\u00edch ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5<\/span>), th\u1ed5i k\u00e8n ph\u00e1p (suy ph\u00e1p loa<\/span>), d\u1ef1ng c\u1edd ph\u00e1p (th\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u00e0ng), \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111u\u1ed1c ph\u00e1p (nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1p c\u1ef1<\/span>), tu\u00f4n m\u01b0a ph\u00e1p (v\u0169 ph\u00e1p v\u0169<\/span>)\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>[22].<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>\u00a0ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng khi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y cho n\u0103m anh em t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay<\/span> ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ai chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hay Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ba ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span> b\u1edfi l\u1ebd th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, v\u1edbi th\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Theo\u00a0Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>,\u00a0Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/i>\u2026, trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> th\u00ec m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110a V\u0103n b\u1ed9<\/span>, Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9\u2026 l\u1ea5y B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u1ea8m Quang<\/span> b\u1ed9\u2026 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>[23]. Trong kinh\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Trang Nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 minh gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y cho ng\u00e0i Di L\u1eb7c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 sau: ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1ed1n th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span>, vi di\u1ec7u<\/span>, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f3 ng\u1ed9, ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span>, bao la<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 suy nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, l\u00eca m\u1ecdi th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span>, m\u1ecdi phan duy\u00ean<\/span>, xa r\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd\u2026 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed Kim Cang<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>. V\u00ec ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> b\u1ea5t sanh<\/span> b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1eadt t\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ai chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Bi\u1ebfn Tri<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0<\/span>[24]\u2026 L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 song<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ba-la-n\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e0-da, V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span>, T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly, X\u00e1 V\u1ec7\u2026 tuy kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>. Theo ng\u00e0i Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, n\u0103m \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c<\/span>, nh\u00e2n, c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p<\/span>, gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>.v.v\u2026, Nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 hay sanh gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u0103n, t\u01b0, t\u01b0 .v.v\u2026Quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf\u2026 Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>[25]. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u trong ba l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>, t\u1ea1i Ba-la-n\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u00e1nh<\/span> Thanh V\u0103n<\/span>. D\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, song \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, v\u00f4 sanh<\/span>, v\u00f4 di\u1ec7t, b\u1ed5n lai t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>. Tuy gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u1eadm th\u00e2m<\/span>, hy h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, c\u00f2n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba. Trong l\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eeba gi\u00e1o<\/span>, gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00f4 sanh<\/span>, v\u00f4 di\u1ec7t, v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn trong l\u1ea7n sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hy h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecdng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0o, to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>[26]. B\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> sau n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ba l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 hai l\u1ea7n sau l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Thanh V\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u<\/span> ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o (hay v\u1ecb li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u2013 ney\u0101rtha) v\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o<\/span> (n\u012bt\u0101rtha). Li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, c\u00f2n B\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u<\/span> ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o <\/span>h\u00f3a <\/span>ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 mu\u00f4n v\u00e0ng sai kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed – nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n nhau[27]. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e2m \u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Tsong kha pa (T\u00f4ng-kh\u00e1ch-ba) \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn ho\u00e1<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Tsong kha pa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> h\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i y c\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng huy\u1ec1n k\u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>[28].<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ng\u00e0i Tsong kha pa, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ba th\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span> trong m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> trong m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u01a1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span> l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u01b0 duy<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3. Trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3. Trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tam t\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 tam v\u00f4 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p[29]. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tsong kha pa, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u00e1i Dge lugs pa \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf[30].<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> (499-569) v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> (600-664), hai nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft tam ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>, trong 45 n\u0103m ho\u1eb1ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ba ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n, chi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 tr\u00ec. Ba l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> hi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt. M\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00eam th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u00eam nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n ba ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>. Hi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>. Trong 31 n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kinh B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> .v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1ea3y n\u0103m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft Kinh<\/span> Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span>.v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> l\u00fd trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ec ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u00e2n[31]. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>\u00a0Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Ngh\u0129a<\/span> Ph\u00e2n T\u1ec1<\/span> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>, ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu y c\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0Kim Quang Minh<\/span><\/i>, v\u00e0\u00a0Lu\u1eadn Du Gi\u00e0<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>th\u00ec gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u trong ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn nai<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>; th\u1ee9 hai, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c m\u1eadt \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>; th\u1ee9 ba, Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 tam t\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00fd ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> hi\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ec ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u00e2n[32]. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba th\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, song gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a l\u1edbn, th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span>, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p \u1ea9n-hi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3-kh\u00f4ng. X\u00e9t theo l\u00fd trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00f4 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>[33]. Thuy\u1ebft tam ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean. Theo ng\u00e0i, ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ba lo\u1ea1i; c\u0103n b\u1ed5n, chi m\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp m\u1ea1t qui b\u1ed5n. C\u0103n b\u1ed5n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho kinh\u00a0Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i>\u00a0m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ngay sau khi<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Chi m\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u00e2n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft cho h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9n c\u0103n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span>. Nhi\u1ebfp m\u1ea1t qui b\u1ed5n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o\u00a0Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span><\/i>\u00a0qui ba th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u1eeba[34].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a kinh\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ba l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u00f4ng qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean Thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span>; trong l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1eeba<\/span>, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> y c\u1ee9<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>; v\u00e0 trong l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0<\/span>\u00a0Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0Nh\u01b0 Lai T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>\u2026 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> tam t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u00e1nh, tam v\u00f4 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n\u2026\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh trang cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>[35].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

c). Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0<\/span>, tay b\u1eaft \u1ea5n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p t\u00f2a<\/span>, tay b\u1eaft \u1ea5n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con nai, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u1ebb l\u1ea1i khung c\u1ea3nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng khi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> cho n\u0103m anh em t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a tay \u0111\u1ec3 minh ho\u1ea1 cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> bu\u1ed5i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai tay c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> t\u01b0 th\u1ebf hai tay c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> (\u1ea5n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>) v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>) t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> nhau. \u1ea4n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng l\u00ean ngang ng\u1ef1c, l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea7u hai ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng nh\u1eb9 l\u00ean, l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong, ng\u00f3n gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea1m nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> tr\u00ean. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00edch ho\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i Aja\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101, hai tay n\u00e2ng l\u00ean ngang ng\u1ef1c, tay tr\u00e1i n\u1eafm ch\u00e9o y, ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u1ea5n nh\u1eb9 tr\u00ean ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i. C\u0169ng trong th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> hai tay n\u00e2ng l\u00ean trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m nhau. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Gandh\u0101ra, b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i co \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i, l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong, ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i, c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u co l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u1ea5n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau: tay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ngang ng\u1ef1c, l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i, ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau, ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i c\u0169ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau, l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong, \u0111\u00f4i khi tay tr\u00e1i che ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c che h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eefa l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i[36].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 t\u00e1m nan hoa. Tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u00e1m nan hoa t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho B\u00e1t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3ckh\u1eafc th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n d\u00f2ng xo\u1eafn, m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 m\u1ed7i m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho T\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> hay b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> (\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda)[37]. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span>, ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 v\u1edbi 12, 16, 32, hay v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> nan hoa v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho 12 chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, 16 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, 32 t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u0103t tr\u1eddi, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, hay v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>, ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch Ca<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span> t\u1eeb TK I Tr. CN t\u1ea1i th\u00e1p Sanchi c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>. B\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1 hai t\u1ea7ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> xung quanh<\/span>. Theo nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Cunningham, b\u00e1nh xe l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e1p Sanchi[38]. C\u1ed5ng ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p Barhut (\u0111\u1ea7u TK I Tr. CN) c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ec7 bao quanh l\u00e0 d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f2ng hoa<\/span>, xung quanh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span> hay \u0111i xe t\u1ee9 m\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fang b\u00e1i t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd tr\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, khi m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1, th\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0: c\u00e2y b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, t\u00f2a kim cang<\/span>, hoa sen<\/span>, d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span>.v.v\u2026 N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec b\u00e1nh xe l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh\u00a0x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc Pali, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> B\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng ho\u00e1<\/span> th\u00e2n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ri\u00eang thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0<\/span> \u201cNh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dhammak\u0101ya) hay Ph\u1ea1m th\u00e2n<\/span> (Brahmak\u0101ya)<\/i>\u201d (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span> III), hay \u201cAi th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Ta (Ph\u1eadt)<\/i>\u201d (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> III). Do v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t\u00a0khi ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i[39].<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u01a1n (Mah\u0101purisa), Nh\u1eadt Ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> (\u0100dicca-bandhu), Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> (R\u0101j\u0101 cakkavatt\u012b), Thi\u00ean Trung Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Dev\u0101tideva)\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. C\u00e1ch t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u01a1n hay Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ngo\u00e0i ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n<\/span> hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng : \u201cTa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, C\u00e0n-th\u00e1t-b\u00e0, D\u1ea1-xoa, hay ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>.\u201d (T\u0103ng Chi II). \u0110\u00f4i khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u thi\u00ean h\u1ea1<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Sela \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, b\u1eadc \u0110i\u1ec1u Ng\u1ef1<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e8n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vua, nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe b\u00e1u (nh\u01b0 Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n xe b\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb thi\u00ean h\u1ea1<\/span>), nh\u01b0ng b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> (Kinh Sela<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> II). N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>, cho uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, cho Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, th\u00ec h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 cho ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u00f9ng xe b\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1c o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbch<\/span>, cai tr\u1ecb thi\u00ean h\u1ea1<\/span>, gi\u1eef y\u00ean b\u1edd c\u00f5i, c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

d). Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> theo s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span>. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905 F.O. Oertel \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb g\u00e3y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u00e2n tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span>. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n con s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> xoay v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> tr\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> oai h\u00f9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. B\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n con s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>. B\u1ed1n con s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n con th\u00fa kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span>, voi, b\u00f2, v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a. Gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n con th\u00fa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh xe. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u00e9t \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span> ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> V.A. Smith \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTh\u1eadt kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u00fa c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>.\u201d[40]\u00a0H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai con nai n\u1eb1m hai b\u00ean trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c<\/span>. Nai b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb oai phong, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho con \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 con b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u00f3 n\u00e9t nhu m\u00ec, m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i. Ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span>, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i nai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f2n n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span>, xu\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n<\/span> theo ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span>, b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng sinh, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt, gi\u1eefa h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> duy\u00ean sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng thanh tho\u00e1t<\/span> ng\u00e2n xa m\u00e3i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea7ng th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>, len s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ea7u, \u00e2m vang t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 Ba-la-n\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lan to\u1ea3 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n v\u0169<\/span>, th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con tim, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. B\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span> d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u1eef Ambap\u0101l\u012b th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 N\u00e3o<\/span> th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m kh\u00e1t khao th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n xoay tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> vi\u1ec5n chinh c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span>, vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong kh\u1eafp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> l\u00e2n c\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t xa x\u00f4i. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span>, khi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i bang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u00f9 b\u1ecb suy vi<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u1eafm r\u1ec5, sinh s\u00f4i v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. B\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, cho kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> oai phong v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng r\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u00fa uy d\u0169ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd vang v\u1ecdng m\u00e3i, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1eadn ng\u00e0n sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cho d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> x\u01b0a kia<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 \u1ea4n v\u00e0 tung bay ph\u1ea5p ph\u1edbi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. H\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> qu\u1ed1c huy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Sau khi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u<\/span> theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> do Mahatma Gandhi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, trong l\u00fac h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111ang b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c huy c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c k\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1ea4n ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>. V\u00e0o l\u00fac 10 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 22-07-1947 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Rajendra Prasad v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/span>, Jawaharlal Nehru, v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f5ng d\u1ea1t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>: \u201cQuy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m ba d\u1ea3i m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7, tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadm n\u1eb1m ngang c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i nhau. Gi\u1eefa d\u1ea3i m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe m\u00e0u xanh n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho Chakra. M\u1eabu b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y theo m\u1eabu b\u00e1nh xe n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sarnath\u2026Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a A D\u1ee5c, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n A D\u1ee5c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa x\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/i>.\u201d[41]\u00a0Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua, ng\u00e0y 15-08-1947 ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Ambedkar, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cKhi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1eeb v\u0103n ho\u00e1 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u nguy<\/span> cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span>\u00a0d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharma-Chakra) l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span><\/i>.\u201d[42]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

4. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng qua h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> B\u00e1nh xe trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

a. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe \u0111ang l\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0 tuy chu vi c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u00e1nh xe m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> xem cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, d\u00f9 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eafng cay hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span> trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, linh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. S\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

b. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>: t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1eebng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ai th\u1ea5y (hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m) gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y ng\u00e0i A Nan<\/span> sau khi Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00ean xem gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n<\/span>, n\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> trong \u0111\u00eam th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, song an l\u1ea1c<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt ba \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean xem Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span>. Khi n\u00e0o gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

c. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> h\u00f4m nay lu\u00f4n bao h\u00e0m hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span>: 1. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh t\u00f9y duy\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>, m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> mang m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1u trung c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>; 2. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn nhanh nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> hay t\u00e2m linh<\/span> th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe, th\u00ec <\/span>c\u1ed7 <\/span>xe \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed3m hai b\u1ed9 b\u00e1nh song h\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>, t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh xe v\u0103n minh<\/span>, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

d. Chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao, t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe \u0111ang v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai ch\u1eadp ch\u00f9ng. C\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00e0ng k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o, tuy\u1ec7t m\u1ef9<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng gian nan<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ngay khi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u0103ng hoa trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> trong sang th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

[1]\u00a0A. K. Haldar, \u201cSymbolism in Indian Art and Religion\u201d,\u00a0<\/b>The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism<\/i>, Vol. 9, No. 2. (Dec., 1950), p. 125.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]\u00a0S\u0111d, tr. 126.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0Xem chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eabu chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y trong Bhikkhu Khantipalo, The Wheel of Birth and Death, The Wheel Publication No. 147\/148\/149, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]\u00a0Xem th\u00eam\u00a0A. Govinda,\u00a0Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism<\/i>,\u00a0York Beach\u00a0, ME\u00a0: Samuel Weiser, 1982.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb<\/span> \u0110i\u1ec3n, tr. 3423.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, T (Taisho: \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh T\u00e2n Tu \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>) 25n1509, tr. 245.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb<\/span> \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i>, tr. 3423.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, T25n1509, tr. 245.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]\u00a0I.B. Horner (tr.)\u00a0The Collection of the Middle Length Sayings<\/i>, Vol. I, Delhi: Motilal, p. 215.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]\u00a0T1n25, tr. 699a.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]\u00a0C\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y. Kinh Qu\u00e1 Kh\u1ee9<\/span> Hi\u1ec7n T\u1ea1i<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 Kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> cho l\u00e0 sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> 21 ng\u00e0y, Th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecba Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> ghi l\u00e0 sau 14 ng\u00e0y, T\u1ee9 Ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadt<\/span> ghi l\u00e0 sau 42 ng\u00e0y, Kinh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Trang Nghi\u00eam<\/span> ghi l\u00e0 sau 49 ng\u00e0y, Ng\u0169 Ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadt<\/span> ghi l\u00e0 sau 56 ng\u00e0y, Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9 ghi l\u00e0 sau 57 ng\u00e0y.\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb<\/span> \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i>, tr. 6619.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]\u00a0W. Simpson, The Buddhist Praying-wheel, New Delhi: Oriential Publishers & Distributors, 1978, p. 52.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]\u00a0Xem\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea9m<\/span> I<\/i>\u00a0(Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n),\u00a0Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> I),\u00a0Kinh B\u1ed5n Sanh<\/span><\/i>\u00a0I, \u0110\u1ea1i S\u1eed<\/span> q.3,\u00a0Kinh Ph\u1ed5 Di\u1ec7u<\/i>, q. 7,\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m Kinh<\/span><\/i>, q. 16,\u00a0T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m kinh<\/span><\/i>, q. 2,\u00a0Ng\u0169 Ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>\u00a0q. 15,\u00a0T\u1ee9 Ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>, q. 32,\u00a0Kinh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Trang Nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i>, q. 11,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt B\u1ed5n H\u1ea1nh T\u1eadp Kinh<\/span><\/i>, q. 34,\u00a0Qu\u00e1 Kh\u1ee9 Hi\u1ec7n T\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3 Kinh<\/span><\/i>, q. 3,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt S\u1edf H\u00e0nh<\/span> T\u00e1n<\/i>, q. 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]\u00a0Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> . Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Hajime Nakamura, b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u1ed9i dung nguy\u00ean<\/span> thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ea7u<\/span>\u00a0H. Nakamura,\u00a0Gotama Buddha<\/i>, Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co., pp. 241-251.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]\u00a0I.B. Horner (tr.) s\u0111d., tr. 217.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]\u00a0Trung A H\u00e0m Kinh<\/span><\/i>, q. 56, T1n26, p. 777c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]\u00a0F.L. Woodward (tr.)\u00a0The Book of the Kindred Sayings<\/i>, Delhi: Motialal, P. III, pp. 59-60.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]\u00a0S\u0111d., q. V, pp.\u00a0356-360.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]\u00a0Kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span><\/i>, T2n99, tr. 107c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]\u00a0I.B. Horner (tr.)\u00a0The Book of The Discipline<\/i>, Oxford: The Pali Text Society, 1992, pp. 17-18.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]\u00a0C.R. Davids (tr.)\u00a0The Book of the Kindred Sayings<\/i>, Delhi: Motialal, P. I, 2005, p. 242.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt M\u1eabu<\/span> Xu\u1ea5t Sanh Tam Ph\u00e1p<\/span> T\u1ea1ng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt \u0110a<\/span> Kinh<\/i>, T8n228, tr. 608b.\u00a0Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa Kinh<\/span><\/i>, T9n262, tr. 3c, 24b. 62a.\u00a0Kim Quang Minh Kinh<\/span><\/i>, T16n664, tr. 340b, 384b.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb<\/span> \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i>, tr. 3423.<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]\u00a0T3n187, tr. 608b.<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]\u00a0Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa Kinh<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n T\u00e1n<\/i>, T34n1723, tr. 673a, 731a-b.\u00a0Qu\u00e1n Di L\u1eb7c<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sanh \u0110\u1ea9u Xu\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean Kinh T\u00e1n<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>T38n1772, tr. 288b.\u00a0Thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 C\u1ea5u<\/span> X\u1ee9ng Kinh T\u00e1n<\/span><\/i>, T38n1782, tr. 1011b<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]\u00a0Kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>, T16n676, tr. 697a. T. Cleary,\u00a0Buddhist Yoga<\/i>, Boston: Shambhala, pp. 39-40. J. Powers,Hermeneutics and Tradition in the Samdhinirmocana-sutra<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal, 2004, pp. 103-105.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]\u00a0E. Lamotte, \u201cAssessment of Textual Interpretation in Buddhism\u201d, D. Loper (ed.)\u00a0Buddhist Hermeneutics<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal, 1993, p. 16.<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]\u00a0J. Powers, S\u0111d., tr. 116.<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]\u00a0S\u0111d. tr. 131<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]\u00a0S\u0111d., 127.<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]\u00a0Nh\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> Kinh S\u1edb<\/i>, T33n1705, tr. 263b.\u00a0Kim Cang<\/span> \u00c1nh<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, T85n2734, tr. 60b.<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]\u00a0T45n1866, tr. 481a.<\/span><\/p>\n

[33]\u00a0Thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 C\u1ea5u<\/span> X\u1ee9ng Kinh S\u1edb<\/i>, T38n1782, tr. 998c-999a.<\/span><\/p>\n

[34]\u00a0Hoa Nghi\u00eam Kinh<\/span> Th\u00e1m Huy\u1ec1n K\u00fd<\/i>, T35n1733, tr. 111b.\u00a0Ph\u00e1p Hoa Huy\u1ec1n T\u00e1n<\/span><\/i>, T34n1724, tr. 859b.<\/span><\/p>\n

[35]\u00a0D.L. Snellgrove,\u00a0Indo-Tibetan Buddhism<\/i>, London: Serindia, 1987, pp. 79-116. Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> Stcherbatsky,\u00a0Buddhist Logic<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal, 2000, Vol. I, pp. 3-14. T.R.V. Murti,\u00a0The Central Philosophy of Buddhism<\/i>, New Delhi: Munshiram, 2003, pp. 4-5.<\/span><\/p>\n

[36]\u00a0E. D. Saunders,\u00a0Mudra<\/i>, London: Routledge, 1960, pp. 94-95.<\/span><\/p>\n

[37]\u00a0R. Beer,\u00a0The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs<\/i>, London: Serindia Publications, 1999, p. 186.<\/span><\/p>\n

[38]\u00a0W. Simpson, S\u0111d., p. 50.<\/span><\/p>\n

[39]\u00a0A.K. Coomaraswamy,\u00a0Elements of Buddhist Iconography<\/i>, New Delhi: Mushiram, 1998, pp. 32-33.<\/span><\/p>\n

[40]\u00a0E. Hultzsch,\u00a0Inscriptions of Asoka<\/i>, New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 1991, p. xxi.<\/span><\/p>\n

[41]\u00a0J. Nehru, \u201cThe Asoka Chakra and the National Flag of India\u201d,\u00a0Asoka 2300<\/i>, H. B. Chowdhury (ed.),\u00a0Calcutta: Bauddha Dharmankur Sabha, 1997, pp. 165-168.<\/span><\/p>\n

[42]\u00a0D.C. Ahir, \u201cContribution of Buddhist Culture to Modern India\u201d,\u00a0A Panorama of Indian Buddhism<\/i>, D.C. Ahir (ed.), Delhi: Sri Sat Guru Publications, 1995, p.\u00a0607.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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