{"id":7003,"date":"2020-12-01T22:27:47","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:27:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/ngon-ngu-phat-hoc\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T22:27:47","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:27:47","slug":"ngon-ngu-phat-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/ngon-ngu-phat-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u00f4n Ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

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NG\u00d4N NG\u1eee<\/span> PH\u1eacT H\u1eccC<\/span> <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Brookzyporyn (Northwestern University) <\/span>
Th\u00edch Nhu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch<\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n


<\/span>
\"ommanipadmehum\"

C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh kim kh\u1ea9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i ch\u0103ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111ang c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavira) cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng Trung \u1ea4n<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, P\u0101li l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Trung \u1ea4n<\/span>. Trong khi ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ed5 Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 (Magadha), ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cti\u1ebfng C\u00f4i-n\u00ea 1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u0101li \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y. Do v\u1eady, r\u1ea5t an t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea5y, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111i qua. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 quy chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> hay ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>. Theo m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u0103n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/span> trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 hai v\u1ecb t\u0103ng, v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit (trong kinh Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea1c<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00ean truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn lao th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Trung \u1ea4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: P\u0101li v\u00e0 G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b. P\u0101li hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, trong khi G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Qu\u00fd S\u01b0\u01a1ng (Kushan) \u1edf v\u00f9ng Bactria v\u00e0 Trung \u00c1, P\u0101li tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0110\u00e0m-v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ee9c.2 C\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pai\u015b\u0101c\u012b, Apabhra\u1e43\u015ba, v\u00e0 Maddhyodde\u015bika. Apabhra\u1e43\u015ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho Ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sammit\u012byas) ho\u1eb7c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (s: sthavira). C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Maddhyodde\u015bika \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika). <\/span><\/p>\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Trung \u1ea4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u Sanskrit h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 b\u1ea9m. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c Sanskrit h\u00f3a nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u0103n h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (M\u016bla-sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, nh\u01b0ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng c\u1ed5 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9<\/span> cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o d\u1edf dang<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0110\u00e0m-v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ee9c (Dharmaguptaka) c\u0169ng tham d\u1ef1<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Sanskrit h\u00f3a, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 trong v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Afghanistan t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf b\u1ed9<\/span> (Lokottarav\u0101da), \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit v\u00e0 Sanskrit \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> lai t\u1ea1p Sanskrit c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u2018maddhyodde\u015bika; e: intermediate recitation), m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n

B\u1ea2O L\u01afU HAY PHI\u00caN D\u1ecaCH<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan t\u1ecfa v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>, nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 kinh v\u0103n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i: b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u01b0u gi\u1eef b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span>, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> linh thi\u00eang<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi kinh truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> linh thi\u00eang<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ngay ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span> trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u1eefu \u00edch chung trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng (multiethnic) v\u00e0 \u0111a ng\u00f4n<\/span> ng\u1eef (multilingual), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf khi m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00ec ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> phi \u1ea4n-\u00c2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, cho d\u00f9 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> thay th\u1ebf cho<\/span> kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn (methodological), ng\u1eef v\u0103n (philological) v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n hai s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. <\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u2013 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai. C\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 trong nghi l\u1ec5<\/span>) trong khi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n<\/span> c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> Trung Hoa v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> khi nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec s\u1edbm hay mu\u1ed9n, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, truy\u1ec7n k\u00fd, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, thi ca<\/span>, kinh nh\u1eadt t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1edbi theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Newari, Tamil, v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 Java b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit; v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Th\u00e1i, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li; d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. <\/p>\n

TRUNG \u00c1<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u1ea5t minh h\u1ecda cho nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong h\u1eadu b\u00e1n thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Tocharian (d\u1ea1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n-\u00c2u mi\u1ec1n C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng), nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Saka, Tumshuq v\u00e0 Khotanese (Trung Iranian), v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Uigur (m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3), n\u01a1i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Sanskrit nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u2018ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u2019 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o song ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Kinh v\u0103n, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1ebb h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit \u1edf gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> Tocharian v\u00e0 Uigur, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xen k\u1ebd nhau t\u1eebng ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng d\u00f2ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng. <\/span><\/p>\n


Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> Trung Hoa v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Sogdian, 7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Iran, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Qu\u00fd S\u01b0\u01a1ng sang Trung Hoa. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng Sogdian t\u1eeb h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 trong \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng<\/span>, n\u01a1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n


Theo Jan Nattier, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf Kashgar, t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 mi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec5n T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng Tarim. \u0110\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Afghanistan x\u00e1c minh cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> d\u1ecbch hay nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u00ec t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n


TRUNG HOA V\u00c0 \u00c1 CH\u00c2U<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


Ngay khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. L\u00fd do<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m<\/span> gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung Hoa. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sang Trung Hoa, n\u01a1i l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> r\u1ea5t cao, khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n

K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span>, t\u0103ng s\u0129 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00f3i. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> theo h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra theo phong c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. <\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n


M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebfk\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 khi nh\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp (350-409\/413) m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ban phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng nhau coi s\u00f3c<\/span> t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tangul, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> v\u00e0 M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u. <\/span><\/p>\n


Khi v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Trung Hoa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u00f3. V\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> sang Cao Ly, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung Hoa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. \u1ede Trung \u00c1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean, kinh d\u1ecbch<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c cho vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng Sogdian, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Uigur v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sang ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 11 v\u00e0 13, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Tangut v\u00e0 Xixia, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 H\u00e1n- T\u1ea1ng (Sino-Tibetan) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Tangut \u1edf v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Trung Hoa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u01a1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb th\u00f4n t\u00ednh b\u1edfi Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n<\/span> (Genghis Khan). <\/span><\/p>\n


T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG<\/span> V\u00c0 M\u00d4NG C\u1ed4<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> mang t\u00ednh di s\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Hoa, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/span> c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Trung Hoa li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c<\/span> n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> chung cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp<\/span> cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> g\u1ed3m 9.500 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Sanskrit chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1eebng 400 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>. <\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u00ednh<\/span> l\u1ea1i theo theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> sau khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 15. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0o quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ed5 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Uigur \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span>. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Hoa c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> hai c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 Cam Ch\u00e2u Nh\u0129<\/span> (Bka\u2019gyur; Kanjur) v\u00e0 \u0110an Ch\u00e2u Nh\u0129<\/span> (Bstan \u2018gyur; Tanjur), hai t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb L\u1ea1t-ma M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u00ednh trong nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. T\u1eeb v\u00f9ng N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean Buryatia v\u00e0 Kalmyk \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span>, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> C\u00e0n Long \u1edf Trung Hoa, v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1eeb M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u (Manchu). D\u00f9 nh\u1eefng kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i theo ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1ng Cam Ch\u00e2u Nh\u0129<\/span> (Bka\u2019gyur ; Kanjur) c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u. <\/p>\n

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MI\u1ec0N NAM V\u00c0 \u0110\u00d4NG NAM \u00c1 CH\u00c2U<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


Khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111ang ho\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li ho\u1eb7c Sanskrit. D\u00f9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 Sinhalese, Burmese, Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Khmer, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> trong kinh v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li v\u1eabn gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> trung gian<\/span> trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1edf Sri Lanka v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 nh\u01b0 Burmese, Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Khmer. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ri\u00eang t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Burmese, Khmer, Lanna Thai v\u00e0 Mon, Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 11 tr\u1edf \u0111i, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Arakanese, Lao, Shan, Tai Khun, Tai Lue, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy phong ph\u00fa<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 Tan-tra th\u1eeba, \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Kam-pu-chia tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> du nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u1edf Java v\u00e0 Bali. <\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n


C\u00c1C PH\u01af\u01a0NG NG\u1eee HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 50 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khi t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> (literary language) n\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nay, ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf cho<\/span> ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

1 Gangetic koine: ti\u1ebfng C\u00f4i-n\u00ea (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba<\/span> Trung H\u1ea3i)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

2 Dharmaguptaka, \u0110\u00e0m-v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ee9c \u66c7\u7121\u5fb7,H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh<\/span> \u6cd5\u6b63, Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng \u6cd5\u85cf<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9 \u6cd5\u8b77<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p M\u1eadt<\/span> \u6cd5\u5bc6.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

3 Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit : Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Trung k\u1ef3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Indo-Aryan l\u00e0 do P\u0101\u1e47ini ti\u00ean phong<\/span>, v\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u1eeb Sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018trau chu\u1ed1t, b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> (\u0111\u00fang v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m<\/span>)\u2019, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb Pr\u0101k\u1e5bta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018(l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>) c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n\u2019. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> bi\u1ec3u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Indo-Aryan c\u1ed5; ti\u1ebfng Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> bi\u1ec3u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung k\u1ef3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Indo-Aryan.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

4 Apabhra\u1e43\u015ba: d\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Pr\u0101k\u1e5bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

5 Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Anh ng\u1eef: church. C\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi<\/i>
\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t<\/i>
l\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. \u1ede nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

6 Phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i-h\u1ed9t, ho\u1eb7c H\u1ed3i-h\u1ed3i. N\u01a1i ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ea1o Islam. M\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

7 \u5eb7 \u5c45 \u570b N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1ed5. \u0110\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khang qu\u1ed1c.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b89\u4e16 \u9ad8; C: \u0101n sh\u00ecg\u0101o, tk. 2; Cao t\u0103ng<\/span> x\u1ee9 An T\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> n\u0103m 148 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ecbch Kinh<\/span> s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kinh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, nh\u01b0 An-ban th\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> (s: \u0101- n\u0101p\u0101nasati). V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp ra Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n


An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc An T\u1ee9c<\/span> (e: parthie) nh\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u0111i tu v\u00e0 sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean 20 n\u0103m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. S\u01b0 l\u00e0 danh nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, S\u01b0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng<\/span> chuy\u00ean d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> s\u00e1ch. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 34 \u0111\u1ebfn 176. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: 1. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n (s: dhy\u0101na) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 An-ban th\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span>, qu\u00e1n Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9<\/span> (p: kasi\u1e47a), qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n<\/span> (p: k\u0101yag\u0101ta-sati)\u2026. 2. Kinh s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/span> theo h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> (s: pa\u00f1caskandha), L\u1ee5c x\u1ee9<\/span>. S\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o<\/span> (L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> s\u00e1ch sang H\u00e1n v\u0103n.
<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Mac Millan Refference. USA. 2003.<\/i>
Do R.E. Buswell ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

08-29-2008 11:23:46 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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