{"id":7050,"date":"2020-12-01T22:58:43","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:58:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/01\/gioi-thieu-khai-quat-ve-nhan-minh-hoc-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-01T22:58:43","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T15:58:43","slug":"gioi-thieu-khai-quat-ve-nhan-minh-hoc-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/01\/gioi-thieu-khai-quat-ve-nhan-minh-hoc-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\"nhanminhhocpg-minhchi\"

Trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc” v\u00e0 “logic h\u1ecdc” nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a, v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00f4n logic h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong b\u00e0i, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00f4n logic h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o (h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nyaya, d\u1ecbch sang H\u00e1n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd), th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ed5 Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> (Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5) v\u00e0 m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2n Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> (Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1edbi).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 Sankaravisman (Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span>), hay cu\u1ed1n “Nyaya bindu” (M\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt logic) c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 Dharmakirti, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> hai ph\u1ea7n: Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>. N\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u00c9pist\u00e9mology v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 Syllogism. Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai, \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi hai ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, c\u00f2n t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (the logical mark).<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec trong Nh\u00e2n minh lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn. C\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Syllogism) tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> (Dignaga) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ng\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> g\u1ecdi Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (inference for others). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span> m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn “Nyaya bindu” c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>) \u0111\u00f3”. (C\u00e2u Anh ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Th.Scherbatsky nh\u01b0 sau: “All successful human action is preceded by right knowledge. Therefore, this knowledge is here investigated”).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, Dharmakirti, khi n\u00f3i “m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> (t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span>) v\u00e0 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> (tha ng\u1ed9<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi. M\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nghe ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn” (Syllogism) trong Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

NH\u1eacN TH\u1ee8C<\/span> LU\u1eacN PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; hai l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

“Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1eadp t\u1ee3 duy t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9”.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ee3 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai. T\u1ee3 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 sai, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span>. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f2n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> xem hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, t\u00ecm bi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> trong cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn” \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. V\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, xa l\u00eca<\/span> m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 danh ng\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i v.v… (\u01b0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng ngh\u0129a, ly danh ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eb3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> hai ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>. Hai l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> (understanding hay intellect).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> n\u00f3i. Khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perception) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> (sensation). Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c hay tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1i b\u00e0n (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ee7, l\u00e0 gh\u1ebf v.v…), v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i b\u00e0n kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00e1i b\u00e0n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn<\/span> (realists) l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> khi n\u00f3i “th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00e0n” v\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, con m\u1eaft v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> (sense-data), sau \u0111\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 con m\u1eaft hay nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span>, so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> v.v…, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i b\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 hai ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i… khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, th\u00ec trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>; c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Anh ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 indeterminate perception, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ban s\u01a1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang l\u1eafm, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Dharmakirti g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> (pure sensation). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u00e2u n\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t (s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1t na<\/span>, ksana), v\u00ec tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, n\u1ed1i theo sau<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Dharmakirti g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (mental sensation, theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Th.Scherbatsky). C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y tuy l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> (\u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean…).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, hay th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 Th.Scherbatsky, trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef cu\u1ed1n “Nyaya bindu” hay d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb intellect hay understanding, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u00e0y. \u00d0i\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u00ec t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v.v… m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hay ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. M\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u1ed5i danh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> (Sankaravisman), Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>), Dharmottara (Ph\u00e1p Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>) v.v… nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span>), v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> (ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span>). Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span> do ph\u1ea7n Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>) trong Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

* M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i… \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u trung gian<\/span> n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

* Hai l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. V\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Dharmakirti xem t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (\u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (inner organ). V\u1edbi t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c, Dharmakirti mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> l\u1ed9 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (the outer organs), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c hay t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tai kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i tai v.v… C\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> (t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft (nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>) v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ee9c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0: C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> (pure sensation). Hai l\u00e0: C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> n\u1eefa m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, k\u00e8m theo sau<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span>, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v.v… C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span>, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span>, theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

* Lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Theo Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span>, m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> hay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> vui, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang vui. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> vui m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thi\u1ebfu t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111ang th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00e0n. \u00d0\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

* Lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Trong thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, m\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th.Scherbatsky d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 intelligible intuition. B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span>. B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 khi trong “B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m kinh”, vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>… B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft m\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, tuy g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u0103n m\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, tuy l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> “n\u0103m c\u0103n vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng” nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng tai, nghe b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v.v… M\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i, c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> Quang \u00c2m<\/span> (m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> thu\u1ed9c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>) c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m thanh<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng (v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quang \u00c2m<\/span>), hay l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> H\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00edch<\/span> (n\u01a1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span>), n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng…<\/span><\/p>\n

Sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra, theo Dharmakirti, khi con m\u1eaft b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh, khi \u0111i tr\u00ean t\u00e0u, khi c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh hay do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung l\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v.v… m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u1eefa. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dharmakirti, Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> n\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nyaya c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o t\u00e0i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (inference hay inferential knowledge)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Dharmakirti trong cu\u1ed1n “Nyaya bindu” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

“M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i”. “A cognition which is produced indirectly through a mark that has threefold aspect and which refers to an object, not perceived but inferred is internal reference”. (“Nyaya bindu”, p.48).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

a) D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngang qua m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 logic h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic (logical mark). V\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y minh h\u1ecda r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u1edf \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
V\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e0ng xa nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. Kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic, th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic? B\u1edfi v\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1eeda l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, h\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (l\u1eeda) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 do suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft. Suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

Logic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n, t\u1eeb Sanskrit l\u00e0 Hetu, Th.Scherbatsky d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 the Reason. D\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00f3i v\u00e0 l\u1eeda, th\u00ec kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao n\u00f3i c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u1ee9<\/span> l\u00e0 khi l\u1eadp c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, th\u00ec c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>. S\u00e1ch H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. (Xem cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn”).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i, th\u00ec c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf l\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec kh\u00f3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3i. B\u1ebfp l\u00f2 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. Th.Scherbatsky d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u00e0 “similar cases”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ph\u1ea3i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> d\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. D\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u1ebfp l\u00f2, th\u00ec trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> d\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. Th.Scherbatsky d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 “dissimilar cases”. Dharmakirti c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u00f5 th\u00eam \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), “ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1eeda th\u00ec v\u1eadt d\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n. Khi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 hay m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft (s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u00f4n), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00f4n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sai, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0m minh ch\u1ee9ng. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u1ea5y, s\u00e1ch H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> theo ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ecb t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span>
– \u00d0\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu t\u00e1nh
– D\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m bi\u1ebfn v\u00f4 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> I: Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ecb t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1eb7p t\u1eeb t\u00f4n<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft, hay m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp t\u00f4n: \u00c2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. M\u1ed9t t\u00f4n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n: Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e2m thanh<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span> hay l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef (subject) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng sau l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef (predicate). B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp: \u00c2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp t\u00f4n n\u00f3i: \u00e2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (t\u00f4n), v\u00ec \u00e2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ecb l\u00e0m ra (nh\u00e2n). Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> hay \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n, h\u1eefu ph\u00e1p<\/span> (ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span> hay ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef) v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00e1p (h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span> hay v\u1ecb ng\u1eef). \u00d0\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi \u00e2m thanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra hay l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3. V\u00e0, m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra hay l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda
Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i (ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span> hay l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ph\u00e1p<\/span>), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>: \u00d0\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 D\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m bi\u1ebfn v\u00f4 t\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1eeda th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eeda th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u00f5 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n l\u1eadp ra m\u00e0 c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> hay ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft (t\u1ee9c t\u00f4n) s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) Ba \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n (the reason).<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> ra \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft. Suy di\u1ec5n<\/span>, so \u0111o m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt che gi\u1ea5u, c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u01a1i \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quan s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1eeda th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u. \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(1) Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m quan<\/span>, hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span>
(2) C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>
(3) Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>
(4) Tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00f2n t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5:<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp t\u00f4n: \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n.
Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp t\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u00e0ng kia c\u00f3 c\u00e2y.
Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e2y lan.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2y lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 c\u00e2y lan l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 c\u00e2y. V\u00ec c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e2y lan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp t\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eeda v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. L\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i (qu\u1ea3), th\u00ec ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t bi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda (nh\u00e2n). M\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

d) Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, hay t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 Th.Scherbatsky d\u1ecbch ra Anh ng\u1eef l\u00e0 internal inference, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, s\u00e1ch Anh ng\u1eef g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 inference for others. S\u00e1ch H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tha t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thao t\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tha t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u00fang nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tha t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xong nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t l\u1edbn kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xong ph\u1ea7n I c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn. T\u00f4i xin n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>, ng\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u1ed5 sung kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ea7n hai c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: ph\u1ea7n Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> l\u00e0 tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb “Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn” (syllogism).<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (syllogism)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00f4n logic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span>, c\u00f2n Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span>. V\u00ec sao?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 Th.Scherbatsky kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 trong cu\u1ed1n “Logic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o” (Buddhist logic), m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a logic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>… m\u00e0 Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Syllogism is not a source of knowledge, p.275). Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 Th.Scherbatsky n\u00f3i, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> m\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> g\u1ecdi Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 “nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c” (inference for others), (s\u0111d, tr.275).<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i \u1ea5y c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh. \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1eeb \u00c1 sang \u00c2u-M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb \u00d0\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>. M\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 logic h\u1ecdc hay Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n “Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9” (Indian philosophy) t\u1eadp II, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Radhakrishnan, ngay trong b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf trang 17, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5:<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn, logic h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ph\u1ed7 bi\u1ebfn”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n g\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t g\u00ec? T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c t\u1ea9y qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u1ecfi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a…”.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n: “For the great Buddhist thinkers, logic was the main arsenal, where were forged the weapons of universal destructive criticism… Buddhism served as a cathartic in clearing the mind of the cramping effects of ancient obsttructions…” – s\u0111d, p.17).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1c tha<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> logic h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ”Pramana samuccaya” (H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: T\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> logic h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Jinendrabuddhi. \u00d0\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 trong b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> logic h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi v\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng “chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” (The conquest of the world, Th.Scherbatsky, Buddhist logic, trang 34). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> c\u0169ng chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

a) \u00d0i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (syllogism) c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Aristotle. Tuy ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Aristotle) \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb syllogism, t\u1ee9c Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle l\u00e0 ba ph\u1ea7n hay ba m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u00ec Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span>. H\u00e3y d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a logic h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft (m\u1ee5c I)
Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1: Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (m\u1ee5c II)
K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: Cho n\u00ean Socrates c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft (m\u1ee5c III)<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c I c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Major premise). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c II l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1eefa m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 Socrates, v\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung l\u1ea1i, Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy<\/span> logic, nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Socrates, b\u1eadc v\u0129 nh\u00e2n Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Platon v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau danh nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span>, l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i, Socrates c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, tuy l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i: Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e0ng xa, kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda c\u1ea3. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, cho n\u00ean c\u00e3i nhau<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft b\u00e8n n\u00f3i: Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. M\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, cho n\u00ean bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Anh ta n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, trong khi \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a logic h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristotle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 trong t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Trong khi ba m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00f4n, nh\u00e2n, d\u1ee5, th\u00ec ba m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic trong Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0111ang c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, cho n\u00ean, trong tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, b\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1i, ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> c\u0169ng tham gia<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta so\u1ea1n ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “S\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft” (“Vigraha sthana sastra”, m\u00e0 Th.Scherbatsky d\u1ecbch ra Anh ng\u1eef l\u00e0 “Manual of the Respondent’s failures”). Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi 22 l\u1ed7i. N\u1ebfu x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t hay v\u00e0i l\u1ed7i trong s\u1ed1 22 l\u1ed7i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft xem nh\u01b0<\/span> b\u1ecb thua cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung 22 l\u1ed7i, qua s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th.Scherbatsky:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) T\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.
(2) Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> sang m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>.
(3) B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i.
(4) Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.
(5) v\u00e0 (6) Thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n l\u00fac<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c.
(7-10) \u00d0\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u.
(11-12) L\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng, t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a.
(13) N\u00f3i tr\u00f9ng l\u1eafp nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1edd<\/span>.
(14) \u00d0\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i n\u1eefa.
(15) Th\u00fa th\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00ecnh d\u1ed1t.
(16) Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i l\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec.
(17) Xin t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ho\u00e3n cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb b\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh<\/span> s\u1eafp thua cu\u1ed9c.
(18) Gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i.
(19-20) Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac.
(21) Kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00ecnh n\u00eau ra l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>.
(22) \u00d0\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> logic sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> k\u00e8m theo cu\u1ed1n “Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nyaya”, cho n\u00ean Th.Scherbatsky ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nyaya. Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nyaya l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> logic c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, s\u00e1ch H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0i “Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n” b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span>, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> logic (logical fallacies). Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 33 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> logic, chia th\u00e0nh:<\/span><\/p>\n

a) 9 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n (l\u1eadp t\u00f4n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft v\u1eady, v\u00e0 t\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef logic v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef logic).<\/span><\/p>\n

b) 14 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n. Nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00f4n hay l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) 10 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5 hay v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00f4n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u00eam s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u1ed7i:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic theo Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u1edf bi\u1ec3u sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n: 9 l\u1ed7i<\/span><\/p>\n

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4 l\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– N\u0103ng bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh<\/span>
– S\u1edf bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh<\/span>
– C\u00e2u b\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh<\/span>
– T\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5 l\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– T\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– Th\u1ebf gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– T\u1ef1 ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e2n: 14 l\u1ed7i: chia ra<\/span><\/p>\n

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4 l\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– S\u1edf y<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh
– Do d\u1ef1<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh
– T\u00f9y nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh
– L\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e2u b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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6 l\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– C\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>
– B\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>
– \u00d0\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>
– D\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>
– C\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>
– T\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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4 l\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– Ph\u00e1p sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– H\u1eefu ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>
– H\u1eefu ph\u00e1p<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1ee5: 10 l\u1ed7i:<\/span><\/p>\n

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5 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– N\u0103ng l\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh
– S\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh
– C\u00e2u b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh
– V\u00f4 h\u1ee3p
– \u00d0\u1ea3o h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/p>\n

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5 l\u1ed7i d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– N\u0103ng l\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ea5t khi\u1ec3n
– S\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ea5t khi\u1ec3n
– B\u1ea5t ly
– \u00d0\u1ea3o ly.<\/span><\/p>\n

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-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> I<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa logic t\u1ee9c Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 logic c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a logic h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 logic h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1edfi logic h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 (Stoiciens) v\u00e0 logic to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a logic h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle. Aristotle l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Platon. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> Alexander v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng sinh n\u0103m 382 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 322 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (premise, theo Anh ng\u1eef), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Major premise), nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Minor premise), nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> hay \u0111o\u00e1n \u00e1n<\/span>, r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean: V\u00ec Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span>. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang, r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i sai. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1: Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng
Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1: C\u00e1i g\u00ec vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00f2n
K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00f2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 sai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Aristotle thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 hay lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u theo m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7<\/span> ng\u1eef, v\u1ecb ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef. Hay trong c\u00e2u Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Socrates l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec Aristotle kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch to\u00e1n, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1eb3ng, tr\u00ean c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m A, B, C. V\u00e0 A \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa B v\u00e0 C. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, h\u00e3y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m D \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m D, B, A, C. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> ngay l\u00e0 A n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa D v\u00e0 C.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y \u0111em Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (syllogism) g\u1ed3m 3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle, so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft ph\u00e1i Nyaya, v\u00e0 tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ngay s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u0169 hay m\u1edbi, th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n, l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> gi\u1eefa b\u00ean l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u00ean ph\u00e1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e0ng xa l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eeda, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n, hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u nghi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: L\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft b\u00e8n n\u00f3i: B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f3i um l\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 trung gian<\/span> (the middle term). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1: tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 trung gian<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u00d0\u00fang l\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean l\u1eadp b\u00e8n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp: b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t<\/span>: \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy n\u1ea1p (induction). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> quy n\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a chung, ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 generalisation.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft” (Aristotle) hay nh\u01b0: “\u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda”, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a, quy n\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng (\u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>), c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean (Aristotle) th\u00ec r\u00fat t\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng) th\u00ec r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u00e0ng xa. Kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u logic, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> II<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o,
c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nyaya (Ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd ph\u00e1i<\/span>)<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft ph\u00e1i Nyaya d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c hay m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ng\u0169 chi l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> l\u1eadp:<\/span><\/p>\n

(L\u1eadp t\u00f4n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft v\u1eady)<\/span><\/p>\n

1. T\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
2. Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.
3. D\u1ee5: N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1i b\u1ebfp.
4. H\u1ee3p: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
5. K\u1ebft: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai kia c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 5 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 5 \u0111o\u1ea1n hay 5 chi. Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> r\u00fat 5 \u0111o\u1ea1n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n ba \u0111o\u1ea1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1, th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a logic h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (syllogism).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong 5 chi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n minh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0169, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 t\u00f4n, nh\u00e2n, d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft, b\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n, nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 d\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.
D\u1ee5: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u1ebfp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1eefa. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 th\u00eam: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Hai t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed7 bi\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> c\u0169, th\u00ec c\u1ea3 ba t\u00f4n, nh\u00e2n, d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (nh\u01b0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span> trong t\u00f4n \u00e2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>), v\u00e0 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>) l\u00e0 s\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span>. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, th\u00ec trong ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00f4n, nh\u00e2n, d\u1ee5 th\u00ec nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1eadp<\/span>, c\u00f2n t\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y, t\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> gi\u1eefa b\u00ean l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u00ean ph\u00e1, c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9 ba thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n, t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span>: \u00c2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. \u00c2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o? Trong Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> c\u0169, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai. V\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span> hay h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng, gi\u1ea3i: hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n y, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai t\u00f4n y l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n th\u1ec3. T\u00f4n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ee5, n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Trong b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b> <\/p>\n

1. L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau do Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, 1994. (Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 L\u00ea \u00d0\u00ecnh Th\u00e1m v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn “Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> k\u00e8m theo b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. \u00d0\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Anh:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

1. Nyaya bindu c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Dharmakirti, s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Dharmottara. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ra Anh ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 Nga Th.Scherbatsky.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. Buddhist logic c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 Nga Th.Scherbatsky (b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Hoa:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

1. Nh\u00e2n minh ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ed5n (1 cu\u1ed1n). \u00d0\u1ea1i V\u1ef1c Long<\/span> so\u1ea1n, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. Nh\u00e2n minh ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (1 cu\u1ed1n). \u00d0\u1ea1i V\u1ef1c Long<\/span> so\u1ea1n, Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

3. Nh\u00e2n minh nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (1 cu\u1ed1n). Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u1ebft La Ch\u1ee7<\/span> so\u1ea1n, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

4. H\u1ed3i Tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> so\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

5. Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span> thanh minh<\/span> d\u1eef Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ph\u00e1p. Tuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e0m so\u1ea1n (H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0i Loan xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00c2U H\u1eceI \u00d4N T\u1eacP<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1. Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

3. Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> (logic h\u1ecdc) Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi logic h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> n\u00e0o?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 logic h\u1ecdc hay l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7051,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-7050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7050"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7050\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7050"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7050"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7050"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=7050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}