{"id":7076,"date":"2020-12-02T01:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/su-tranh-cai-ve-ky-thi-gioi-tinh-trong-tang-doan-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T01:49:39","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T18:49:39","slug":"su-tranh-cai-ve-ky-thi-gioi-tinh-trong-tang-doan-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/su-tranh-cai-ve-ky-thi-gioi-tinh-trong-tang-doan-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh trong t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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S\u1ef0 TRANH C\u00c3I v\u1ec1 K\u1ef2 TH\u1eca GI\u1edaI T\u00cdNH trong <\/b>
T\u0102NG \u0110O\u00c0N<\/span> PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span> <\/b>
T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>: Anthony Burns -Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf Th\u00e1i Lan
Th\u00edch n\u1eef<\/span> T\u1ecbnh Quang d\u1ecbch
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\u00d4ng Anthony Burns l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Irish trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Zen h\u01a1n 16 n\u0103m. \u00d4ng ta hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta qua email: anthonymburns@hotmail.co.uk<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\"kythigioitinh\"

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t con voi (Udana 6,4), vi\u1ec7c sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, chia r\u1ebd, l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span> chia t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> Aryan – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> trong h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ed1n d\u0129 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>. B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o nhau. May m\u1eafn<\/span> thay, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh l\u00fd<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ed5 Aryan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, x\u00e9t t\u1eebng ch\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> (DN 16). Ng\u00e0i l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kalama khi ng\u00e0i b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tin v\u00e0o l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng kinh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (AN 3,65). N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban cho<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> tu s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1eb9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong Cullavagga c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea7m kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Ni \u0110o\u00e0n – T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia<\/span> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi (v\u00e0) s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. (7) (3) (4). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u201cvi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4\u201d. Thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span>; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> n\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1eed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span> xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean t\u00ecm ra<\/span> cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span>. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> Aryan, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u00edt. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> ngang t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, Sudra. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 sinh con cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng “tr\u1eddi” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. (1) (6) “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hy sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch<\/span> ch\u1ed3ng, c\u00f4 ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span>.” (2).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sau, “Lu\u1eadt Manu” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0<\/span>, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin n\u1ed5i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> th\u1ea5p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ea5c thang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tranh c\u00e3i sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>. “N\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn”(5). M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Upanishad (\u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0<\/span>), ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kh\u00e1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Khi ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> hay Linh h\u1ed3n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Upanishad v\u00e0 Sramana v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Trong kinh Anatta-lakkhana, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u01b0\u1edbng nam v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1eef. Trong c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i. “T\u1ef3 kheo, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u2018h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u2019 Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00ec h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>,’h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kia kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u2019 (SN 22,59)) Trong kinh Satipatthana \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> x\u00f3a tan s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. “H\u01a1n n\u1eefa … gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tay \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ec3, hay \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2, ng\u1ed3i \u1edf ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng mi\u1ebfng, T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> k\u1ef9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd \u2013 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span>: \u2018Trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3.\u2019 (MN 10.) Trong ‘Lesser Discourse on Emptiness\u2019 from the Majhima Nikaya (Majhima Nikaya, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec3u Kinh<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khuy\u00ean A Nan<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, “l\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c” \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.” Khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u1ed3i \u201cth\u00ec nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.\u201d (MN.121). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0y xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 phong ph\u00fa<\/span> trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u1ec1 sau khi l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n phong ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i qua \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

“R\u1ed3i ng\u00e0i A Nan<\/span> h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: \u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span>, ch\u00fang con n\u00ean c\u01b0 x\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef?”<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1eebng nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd, A Nan”.
”Nh\u01b0ng, b\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang con nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd?”
”\u0110\u1eebng n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, A Nan<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0ng, b\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span>, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00fang con?”
”Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, A Nan<\/span>, \u00f4ng n\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>.” (DN 16,23)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh Mahaparinibbana, trong \u0111\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong B\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch “Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>.” (DN 16.37)<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A Nan<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ngo\u00e0i ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tinh ngh\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tu s\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gh\u00e9t \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. Sau c\u00f9ng, trong b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u1eddi<\/span> \u0103n t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ebfm h\u1ea1ng sang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> (DN 17). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt hay A Nan<\/span> h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00fd<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u2018ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2019. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i A Nan<\/span> l\u00e0 khi nh\u00ecn hay n\u00f3i<\/span> chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111\u00f3), n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2019 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ‘T\u00f4i’ v\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i T\u00f4i\u2019, c\u00e1i t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sinh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> hay s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span>. “N\u00e0y T\u1ef3 Kheo<\/span>, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>, l\u00e0 s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t sinh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u1edf nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>: Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>. (SN IV.19)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> (k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb) v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u1edbn cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> khi ng\u00e0i A Nan<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 Paticcasamuppada (duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch<\/span> A Nan<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n, ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9?<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1ee9 hai nh\u01b0 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. (10) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef s\u1eafc<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i – nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> h\u1ecd (AN I. I.) Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5<\/span> n\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb mong mu\u1ed1n ri\u00eang m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span>. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 Kheo<\/span> khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0i A Nan<\/span>, v\u1ecb tu s\u0129<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf<\/span> b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t an<\/span> khi n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf<\/span> t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c<\/span>. “Xuy\u00ean qua 25 n\u0103m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> cao h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>. Xem, how powerfully the Dhamma works.\u201d (Thag 17.3 (v.1039) <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Sri Lanka, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u1edbn m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (4) ”trong khi d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kheo<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0y, T\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (T\u1ef3 Kheo<\/span>, T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span>, Thi\u1ec7n T\u00edn<\/span> nam, Thi\u1ec7n T\u00edn<\/span> n\u1eef) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o”(9).<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span> A La H\u00e1n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Therigathas (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Ni K\u1ec7<\/span>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Soma. Khi Mara n\u00f3i v\u1edbi A La H\u00e1n<\/span> Soma r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 ta \u0111ang l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan ‘hai ng\u00f3n tay’ c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ta (gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u c\u01a1m). Soma tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta c\u1ea7n n\u00ean b\u1ecf \u0111i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4 ta, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nam hay n\u1eef, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 qua s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta (8)<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng<\/span> may cho Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kheo<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u01b0 Soma. Trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> (Skandhas), ba Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n<\/span> (Marks), 18 Gi\u1edbi (Dh\u0101tu) v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 u\u1ea9n nam v\u00e0 5 u\u1ea9n n\u1eef, V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> nam v\u00e0 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u1eef. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> th\u1eafc m\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c) trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n?<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ecf. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00faa tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0 duy<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1edfi nam gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> Kyt\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00ea\u0341, c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nam tu s\u0129<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ariya bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> b\u1ed1n ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> di\u1ec7n. Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t<\/span>, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch<\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1<\/span> v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1eebng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd do<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Kheo Ni<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Link: http:\/\/ibc.ac.th\/en\/content\/argument-against-gender-discrimination-within-buddhist-sangha<\/span><\/p>\n

References<\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

* Sutta quotations from access to insight website. htp:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) Basham, A.L. 2000. The Wonder That Was India. Rupa & co. Delhi.
(pp. 137-182)<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) Website (section V. 147,148,154,155)
Buhler, George. 1886. Sacred books of the East vol. 25, The Laws of Manu.
Sacred texts. http:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/hin\/manu.htm<\/a> (accessed 2\/8\/08)<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) Horner, I.B. 1999. Women Under Primitive Buddhism. (pp.105-158)
Motilal Banarsidass Pub. Delhi.<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) Website; The Revival of Bhikkhuni Ordination in the Theravada Tradition http:\/\/www.budsas.org\/ebud\/ebdha347.htm<\/a> (accessed 2-9-08)<\/span><\/p>\n

(5) Bhikkhu, Buddhadasa. 2006. The Truth Of Nature FAQ. Amarin Pub. Bangkok. Pg.61<\/span><\/p>\n

(6) Chakravarti, Uma. 1996. The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism. Munshiram Manoharlal pub. Ltd. (pp.32)<\/span><\/p>\n

(7) Tsomo, Karma Lekshe. 1999. Buddhist Women Across Cultures. Sri Satguru Pub. Delhi. (pp. 4-30).<\/span><\/p>\n

(8) Bodhi, Bhikkhu, trans.1997. Discourses of the Ancient Nuns. Bodhi Leaves Publication no.143, B.P.S, Kandy, Sri Lanka.<\/span><\/p>\n

(9) Statement of his holiness the Dalai Lama to the First International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
July18-20,2007 http:\/\/www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org\/index.php?id=142<\/a>
(accessed 9\/8\/08).<\/span><\/p>\n

(10) The Sutra of 42 Sections (24) DRBA,City of ten thousand Buddhas, U.S.A., http:\/\/www.cttbusa.org\/42s\/42sections.asp<\/a> (accessed 10\/8\/08)<\/span><\/p>\n

Return to IBC Writers’ Cafe<\/a> for more articles<\/span><\/p>\n

Comments can also be directed to ibcwriters@gmail.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Source: thuvienhoasen<\/i>
<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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