{"id":7123,"date":"2020-12-02T05:17:23","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:17:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/logic-hoc-trong-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T05:17:23","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:17:23","slug":"logic-hoc-trong-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/logic-hoc-trong-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"Logic H\u1ecdc Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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LOGIC H\u1eccC TRONG PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Hoang Phong<\/p>\n

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Th\u1eadt v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 trong n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u00c1 ch\u00e2u. Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00f4gic n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u xin<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00fd l\u00f4gic nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00ec nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Aristote (Aristotle, Aristot\u00e9l\u00e8s) \u0111\u00e3 bao tr\u00f9m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00f4gic n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t : m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Aristote. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0i h\u00e0ng s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Aristote nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd<\/span> h\u01a1n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 L\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc Aristote<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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L\u00f4gic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy l\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Aristote (-384 – 322, tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sinh sau \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng 180 n\u0103m) \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 Alexandre d’Aphrodise (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, th\u00e1nh Thomas d’Aquin (1224 – 1274) th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Martin Heiddeger (1889 – 1976),…v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec Aristote ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 “hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3” (m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u), v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu” m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trong l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Aristote l\u00e0: ” kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung ” :<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u00a0- C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00f3; c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u00a0- B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/i>
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T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Aristote, s\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch r\u00fat t\u1ec9a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> (m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay l\u00e0 sai (g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1) \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> hay m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay l\u00e0 sai t\u00f9y theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Aristote tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u1ebfu a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b, v\u00e0 c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c<\/i><\/b>“. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi a (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 c (ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y: <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b<\/b> (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) l\u00e0 a<\/b> (ch\u1ebft) M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh
T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c<\/b> (Hy l\u1ea1p) l\u00e0 b<\/b> (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu
T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c<\/b> (Hy l\u1ea1p) l\u00e0 a<\/b> (ch\u1ebft) K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Aristote mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh (c\u00f3 hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang hay l\u00e0 sai, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 “l\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng”). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u00f4gic ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, v\u00ec theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i “kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” (ind\u00e9cidable), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Aristote c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3i chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Aristote, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00e2y: <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Con \u00f4ng A bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/i>
\u00a0Con \u00f4ng A kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/i>
\u00a0\u00d4ng A l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con\u00a0<\/i>
\u00a0
Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 “\u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> hi\u1ebfm mu\u1ed9n” (t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sinh \u0111\u1ebb). <\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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L\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc logic h\u1ecdc Aristote g\u1ea7n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> “th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf” h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mang m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> hay \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc<\/span> m\u00e0 Aristote \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra. Logic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba ”th\u1eadt” m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, s\u1edd m\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba “kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt” v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 “th\u1eadt” m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00ec ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, t\u1ee9c “hi\u1ec7n ra” v\u00e0 “bi\u1ebfn \u0111i” li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng “\u1ea3o gi\u00e1c”. Do \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a hai s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. <\/i><\/b>L\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Aristote.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu l\u00f4gic Aristote h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f4gic Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i><\/b>.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u00eda sau s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. V\u1eady k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn (tr\u00e9tral\u00e8me) ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 catuscoti. V\u1eady t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Najjhima Nikaya, kinh s\u1ed1 72) nh\u01b0 sau: “Nh\u01b0 Lai […] th\u1eadt s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u0103m d\u00f2<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>“. C\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Nam t\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y n\u00eau l\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau : <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0“C\u00f3 (ati)<\/i>
\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (neti)<\/i>
\u00a0C\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (ati ca natica)<\/i>
\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (nevati na neti):<\/i>
\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9”<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Quentin Ludwig trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Le Bouddhisme, histoire, courant religieux, cultures, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Eyrolles, 2005, trang 344) th\u00ec Aristote v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Platon (- 428 – 347 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00fd do<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00f4gic duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Trong khi \u1ea5y th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea1i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u01b0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00f4gic c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Aristote trong quy\u1ec3n “Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc” (M\u00e9taphysique) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau : “V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf <\/i>(t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn) th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3<\/i> (\u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>). B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa, c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/span> nhau c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng-ph\u1ea3i-th\u1ebf-n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u1eady n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n<\/i> (\u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 Aristote kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t). C\u00e2u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00edch t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u00e1ch khoa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Georges Bugault trong ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Catuscoti t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng xin l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> th\u00eam l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng trong ngo\u1eb7c k\u00e9p l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i<\/span>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Quentin Ludwig \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng Aristote (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Platon) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (?). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 trong ng\u00e0nh l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung ngo\u00e0i tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristote v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00f4gic bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> (logique dialectique), l\u00f4gic to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, l\u00f4gic ng\u0169 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, v.v… Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t ngang h\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Aristote. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00f4gic ra tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i><\/b>. Trong c\u00e1i T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u “c\u00f3 th\u1ec3” v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3”. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, v\u00e0 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 sau thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. B\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 : <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0- m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\u00a0- m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch (ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n) l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.
\u00a0- m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y).\u00a0
\u00a0- m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf (hay v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u<\/span> h\u00f3a) c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong kinh Aggi-Vacchagotta thu\u1ed9c Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Mjjhima Nikaya), nh\u00e0 tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> Vacchagotta c\u00f3 h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 sau khi t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: “Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ph\u00eda sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 L\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu<\/i>“. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> cho Vacchagotta. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a l\u00f4gic Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4gic th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng-m\u00e2u-thu\u1eabn (non-contradictoire) t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> b\u1edfi hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y c\u0169ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, tu\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 sau c\u00f9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f4gic Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00e0nh ra hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau: l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (pratyaksa) v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> (anumana). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft” thu\u1ed9c tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>). S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 “d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i” trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. S\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (hai v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hay hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> suy l\u00fd<\/span> (connaissance discursive) li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tam hay t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> ra sao th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u1eafm v\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea5y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b>
\u00a0
Tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> theo d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean phong ph\u00fa<\/span> h\u01a1n. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> (Madhyamika), m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec giao l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh thi\u00ean<\/span> (Aryadeva) sinh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II hay \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ea k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III (?), v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> khai tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn B\u1ed1n tr\u0103m ti\u1ebft (Catuhsataka) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00eam v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 l\u00f4gic Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> (Dignaga). Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf th\u00e2n<\/span> (Vasubandu, ~316 – 396) m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, em c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (Asanga) ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> ra t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 Duy Th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span>. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Candrakirti), sinh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV. L\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Prasannapada) ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u1eadp Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadp Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamakavatara) th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> C\u1ee5 duy\u00ean t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Prasangika) c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII. C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t trong bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb trong gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u00e9t sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 tranh \u0111ua<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00ec d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> sau Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i l\u00f4gic chung c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00f4gic Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng sinh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n nh\u01b0ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1ed1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Pali c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u00d4ng th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc (ontologie), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y “kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu”<\/i>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 sai, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng sai, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec c\u0169ng sai. L\u00fd do<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u<\/span> ho\u1eb7c k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u “th\u1eadt”, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 “th\u1eadt” v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n c\u0103ng ra nh\u01b0ng ph\u00eda sau th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> s\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc: th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a A nh\u1ea5t<\/span> thi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a B, n\u1ebfu B kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00ec A c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, khi c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00ec \u00f4ng v\u1ea1ch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> phi l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00edch t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n “Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng” c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Philippe Cornu t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 Conseils au roi, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Seuil, collection Sagesses, 2000. T\u1ef1a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Rayaparikatharatnavali, t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Na-ti\u00ean T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> kinh): <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0<\/i>
\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 [n\u01b0\u1edbc]<\/i>
\u00a0C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00f4i [c\u00e1i ng\u00e3]<\/i>
\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/i>
\u00a0(ti\u1ebft 54, trang 28)
\u00a0C\u00e1i g\u00ec nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span>, ng\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>,<\/i>
\u00a0V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/i>
\u00a0C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span>, gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng,<\/i>
\u00a0V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/i>
\u00a0(ti\u1ebft 68, trang 32)
\u00a0
Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y trong \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 ta b\u00e0<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> “kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” (ind\u00e9cidable) m\u00e0 Aristote \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9<\/span> trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> phi l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd<\/span> trong c\u00e1i h\u1eefu l\u00fd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau h\u1ebft xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y nguy\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft trong t\u1eadp Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, phi l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span><\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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“[N\u1ebfu] ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng khi n\u00e0o “m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu” v\u00e0 ”m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/i>
N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu,<\/i>
[Th\u00ec] c\u00f3 ai d\u00e1m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng [s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9] “v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu”.<\/i>
R\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea5ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.<\/i>
R\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu? Hay c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9? Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1i kia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/i>
Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i>
T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t,<\/i>
T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/i>
Ranh gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh,<\/i>
Gi\u1eefa hai ranh gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, d\u00f9 cho l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y \u0111i n\u1eefa.<\/i>
Ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng,v.v.? S\u1ef1 v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, v.v.?\u00a0<\/i>
C\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, [th\u00ec] ph\u00eda sau ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i>
T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, [v\u1eady] l\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 quy cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-ch\u1ea5m-d\u1ee9t? v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 quy cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m-d\u1ee9t?<\/i>
Kh\u00f4ng-ch\u1ea5m-d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m-d\u1ee9t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-ch\u1ea5m-d\u1ee9t m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m-d\u1ee9t, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 quy cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/i>
Do \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam b\u1edbt<\/span>, do \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n?<\/i>
Do \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 v\u0129nh-c\u1eefu? Do \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng-v\u0129nh-c\u1eefu?<\/i>
Do \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 v\u1eeba v\u0129nh-c\u1eefu l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-v\u0129nh-c\u1eefu, hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i kia?<\/i>
H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> thay cho nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> thay cho s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng [c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt] \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng.<\/i>
\u0110\u1ea5ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0o”.\u00a0<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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(Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb t\u1eadp “C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ee5ng” (ti\u1ebft XXIV) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, ph\u1ecfng theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Michel Angot).
\u00a0
L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Kinh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sai. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 trong kinh Culamalunkya-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya – Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, 426-432, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a M\u00f4han Wijayaratna, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Cerf, 1988, trang 113-117). Trong kinh n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u00ean l\u00e0 Malunkyaputta c\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, v.v… \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Malunkyaputta th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, gi\u00e0 nua<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Malunkyaputta . C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Malunkyaputta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a01. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/i>
\u00a02. V\u1ee7 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t?<\/i>
\u00a03. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eeba b\u1ea5t-di\u1ec7t v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-b\u1ea5t-di\u1ec7t?<\/i>
\u00a04. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-b\u1ea5t-di\u1ec7t c\u0169ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-b\u1ea5t-di\u1ec7t?\u00a0<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u00a01. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn?<\/i>
\u00a02. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> t\u1eadn?<\/i>
\u00a03. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eeba v\u00f4-t\u1eadn l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-t\u1eadn?<\/i>
\u00a04. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-t\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-t\u1eadn?<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u00a01. M\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft?<\/i>
\u00a02. M\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-c\u00f2n-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft?<\/i>
\u00a03. M\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu\u00a0sau khi ch\u1ebft?<\/i>
\u00a04. M\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft?<\/i>
\u00a0….<\/i>
\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho Malunkyaputta: “N\u00e0y Malunkyaputta, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> theo \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> theo \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-c\u00f2n-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> theo \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> theo \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 sinh, c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, c\u00f3 than kh\u00f3c, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au, x\u00f3t xa v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng<\/span>.\u00a0Ta ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng cho con v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00e0y Malunkuyaputta, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y trong t\u00e2m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ta gi\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng<\/i>\u2026” <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng. Ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0 nua<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Malunkyaputta. Ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng cho Malunkyaputta l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc cho Malunkyaputta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef trong t\u00e2m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng.\u00a0
\u00a0
Tuy kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Malunkyaputta th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho Malunkyaputta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng cho Malunkyaputta v\u1ec3 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady Malunkyaputta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp, c\u00e1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Malunkyaputta kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ea7m c\u00e0nh hoa \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean cho Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp xem m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec c\u1ea3.\u00a0C\u00e1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0 nua<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ta b\u00e0<\/span>, c\u00e1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> Malunkyaputtra kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft.\u00a0
\u00a0
C\u00e1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.\u00a0
C\u00e1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. Trong t\u1eadp Nh\u1eadp L\u0103ng gi\u00e0 kinh<\/span> (Lankavatarasutra) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau :” T\u1eeb l\u00fac Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/i><\/b>“. (ph\u1ecfng theo l\u1eddi t\u00f3m d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Alain Grosrey trong quy\u1ec3n Le Grand Livre du Bouddhisme, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Albin Michel, 2007, trang 509). Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y theo b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: “B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Tu\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng : “Th\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> ! \u00d0\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00eam n\u00e0o ta ch\u1ee9ng \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 ? \u00d0\u00eam n\u00e0o ta v\u00e0o B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> ? Ta \u1edf trung gian<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i. \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a g\u00ec m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ? L\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> ?<\/i><\/b>“ (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> trong “Trang nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c”, www.quangduc.com). <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng l\u00e0m trung gian<\/span> gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu l\u00e0 sai, kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai, kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u sai n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u1ea3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00f3i g\u00ec l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. D\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nhau v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9. D\u00f2ng tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mang m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o.\u00a0
\u00a0
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i l\u00f4gic \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec c\u1ea3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng vang<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1i l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 u m\u00ea<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, m\u1ecdi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/div>\n

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